APA 7th

referencing
guide
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Contents
Part 1 Part 2
1. Books > 9. Why do we reference? > Click on a line to jump to the section
of your choice.

2. Journals & News > 10. Referencing your own work >

3. Websites & Social Media > 11. Authors >

4. Sound, Video, Images & Art > 12. Titles >

5. Legal materials > 13. In-text referencing >

6. Unpublished sources > 14. Reference list >

7. Reports and other academic 15. Online rules >

sources >
16. Captioning images >
8. Indigenous materials >
17. Copyright rules for images >

18. Using footnotes >

19. Appendices >

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1. Books
Whole books Edited books Other books
01. One author > 08. Edited book > 14. Book in a language other
than English >
02. Two authors > 09. Edited book with more than
one editor > 15. Translated books >
03. Three or more authors >
10. 
Chapter within an edited 16. Republished book >
04. Organisation as author > book >
17. Anthologies >
05. No author >
18. Classical works >
06. No date > Electronic books
19. Religious texts >
07. Different volumes > 11. Online book >
20. Dictionary, thesaurus &
12. Kindle or eReader > encyclopaedia >

13. Audiobook > 21. Diagnostic manuals >

22. Single entry in a diagnostic

manual >

23. Scripts >

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1.01 One author

Author, A. (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.

In-text:
(O’Sullivan, 2019) Tips:
O’Sullivan (2019) • If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Example: • If the book has a DOI, you can also include
According to O’Sullivan (2019), trading cities develop when the means of transport this at the end of the reference.
and trade mature enough to allow comparative advantage to emerge. • If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.

Reference List:
O’Sullivan, A. (2019). Urban economics (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

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1.02 Two authors

Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.

In-text:
Oshima and Hogue (2004) Tips:
(Oshima & Hogue, 2004) • For a work with two authors you need to
(Oshima & Hogue, 2004, p. 24) write both of their names.
• When you write the author names outside
of the brackets, connect the last and
Example: second last authors’ names with “and”, but
when using them inside the brackets use
… this point is further examined in Oshima and Hogue (2004).
“&”.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
Reference List:
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2004). Writing academic English (4th ed.). Pearson • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
Longman. at the end of the reference.
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.

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1.03 Three or more authors

Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Year). Title (Edition Number).
Publisher.

In-text: Tips:
• For works with three or more authors
Alysen et al. (2003)
include the name of the first author
(Alysen et al., 2003) only, plus “et al.” in all in-text citations
(Alysen et al., 2003, p. 32) (including the first one).
• When there are 21 or more authors, include
the names of the first 19 authors in your
Example: reference list, followed by “…” and then the
Alysen et al. (2003, p. 32) make the point that … name of the final author.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
Reference List: separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Alysen, B., Patching, R., Oakham, K. M., & Sedorkin, G. (2003). Reporting in a • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
multimedia world. Allen & Unwin.
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.

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1.04 Organisation as author

Organisation. (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.

In-text:
American Psychological Association (APA, 2019). Tips:
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2019) • If the organisation name is very long, you
APA (2019) can abbreviate it. To do this, write the
name out once in full followed by the
(APA, 2019)
abbreviation in brackets (see examples).
After that you can use the abbreviated
name in your writing.
Example:
• You must always write out the organisation
The American Psychological Association (APA, 2019, p. 101), states that … name in full in the reference list.
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
Reference List: • You don’t need to include the publisher
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American in this example, as the author and the
Psychological Association (7th ed.). publisher are the same.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.

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1.05 No author

Title (Edition Number). (Year). Publisher.

In-text:
Maximum Linux Security (1999) Tips:
(Maximum Linux Security, 1999) • The title is moved to the author position.
(Maximum Linux Security, 1999, p. 3) For books this will be in italics (as the book
title should be recorded in italics); in any
other case it should be contained within
Maximum Linux Security (2001) double quotation marks.
(Maximum Linux Security, 2001) • Capitalise all major words in your in-text
citations, as in the example. The title in
your reference list should be capitalised
Example: normally, as in the example.
Maximum Linux Security (1999) looks at protecting your server and workstation … • If the author of the work is credited as
“Anonymous”, you can use this as the
author name. In this case you would cite it
Reference List: as a   
normal book .
Maximum Linux security: A hacker’s guide to protecting your Linux server and • If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
workstation. (1999). Sams.
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Maximum Linux security: A hacker’s guide to protecting your Linux server and • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
workstation (2nd ed.). (2001). Sams. at the end of the reference.
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.

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1.06 No date

Author, A. (n.d.). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.

In-text:
White (n.d.) Tips:
(White, n.d.) • If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Example: • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
In colonial New South Wales … (White, n.d.). at the end of the reference.
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
Reference List:
White, J. (n.d.). Recollections of colonial New South Wales. Debrett.

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1.07 Different volumes

Author, A. (Year). Title (Edition Number, Volume Number). Publisher.

In-text:
Fiske et al. (2010) Tips:
(Fiske et al., 2010) • If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
Example: sure to include both in the reference and
(Fiske et al., 2010, p. 11) states that … separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference (as seen in the
example.
Reference List:
Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed.,
Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. [Link]

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1.08 Edited book

Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.

In-text:
Hamilton (2005) Tips:
(Hamilton, 2005) • If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
Example: sure to include both in the reference and
Hamilton (2005, p. 83) further explores this idea … separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
Reference List:
Hamilton, P. (Ed.). (2005). Visual research methods (4th ed.). Sage.

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1.09 Edited book with more

than one editor

Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.

In-text:
Burley and Harris (2008) Tips:
(Burley & Harris, 2008) • If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
Example: sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Burley and Harris (2008) make the argument that …
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
Reference List:
Burley, J., & Harris, J. (Eds.). (2008). A companion to genetics (2nd ed.). John Wiley &
Sons.

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1.10 Chapter in an edited book

Author, A. (Year). Chapter Title. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title (Edition

Number, Volume Number, Page Range). Publisher.

In-text:
Coleman (2003) Tips:
(Coleman, 2003) • If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
Example: sure to include both in the reference and
Coleman (2003) discusses the importance of … separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book doesn’t have a volume number,
leave this part of the reference out.
• If the book doesn’t have an adapting
Reference List:
author, you can leave this part of the
Coleman, S. (2003). Democracy in an e-connected world. In R. Davidson (Ed.), The reference out.
e-connected world: Risks and opportunities (2nd ed., pp. 125–132). McGill • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
Queens University Press. at the end of the reference.
Slee, R. (2014). Inclusive schooling as an apprenticeship in democracy? In L. Florian
(Ed.), The SAGE handbook of special education (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 217–229).
SAGE Publications.
Walsh, C. R. (2011). Nursing management: Musculoskeletal problems (A. Wyllie,
Adapt.). In D. Brown & H. Edwards (Eds.), Lewis’s medical surgical nursing:
Assessment and management of clinical problems (3rd ed., pp. 7390-7499).
Elsevier Australia.

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1.11 Online book

Author, A. (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher. DOI/URL

In-text:
Pridham et al. (2018) Tips:
(Pridham et al., 2018) • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
• If the book has no DOI, but has a free link
Example: on the web, use the URL instead.
In order to grow a dynamic community, Pridham et al. (2018, p. 105) state that you • If the book is found online in a library
database, treat it as a print book.
must …
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Reference List: • You do not need to put a full stop at the
Pridham, K. F., Limbo, R., & Schroeder, M. (Eds.). (2018). Guided participation in end of the DOI/URL.
pediatric nursing practice: Relationship-based teaching and learning with • If the book is a first edition, you should not
parents, children, and adolescents. Springer Publishing Company. [Link] include the edition number.
co/0lAiVgt

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1.12 Kindle or eReader

Author, A. (Year). Title [Format]. Publisher.

In-text:
Martin (2003) Tips:
(Martin, 2003) • Do not use Kindle location numbers in
your in-text references; just use the page
numbers.
Example:
… this can be seen again in Martin (2003) through …

Reference List:
Martin, G. R. R. (2003). Game of thrones [Electronic book]. Harper Voyager.

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1.13 Audiobook

Author, A. (Year). Title (A. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher.

(Year original work was published)

In-text:
Rowling (2015/1997) Tips:
(Rowling, 2015/1997) • If the audiobook was released in a
different year to the text version of this
book, you must include the original
Example: publication date in brackets at the end
As Hagrid says, “I should not have said that” (Rowling, 2015/1997, 5:36). of the reference (as seen in the example
provided). This original publication date
should also appear in the in-text reference.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
Reference List:
sure to include both in the reference and
Rowling, J. K. (2015). Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone (J. Dale, Narr.) separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
[Audiobook]. Pottermore Publishing. (Original work published 1997) • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
• To quote directly from the audiobook,
provide a time stamp in the in-text
reference in place of a page number (as
seen in the example).

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1.14 Book in a language other than

English

Author, A. (Year). Title [Title in English]. Publisher.

In-text:
Piaget and Inhelder (1966) Tips:
(Piaget & Inhelder, 1966) • If the book has been translated, you can
use the translated or reprinted book
format to reference it.
Example: • If there is more than one publisher, make
… as established by Piaget and Inhelder (1966, p. 87). sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
Reference List:
• If any element of the reference is written
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of the in characters, you should use an English
child]. Quadrige. transliteration, for example Pinyin for
Chinese characters.

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1.15 Translated book

Author, A. (Year). Title (A. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Year original

work was published)

In-text:
Piaget and Inhelder (1966/1969) Tips:
(Piaget & Inhelder, 1966/1969) • Include the original year of publication
as well as the year of the translated work
in the in-text reference (as seen in the
Example: example).
This concept was first introduced in Piaget and Inhelder (1966/1969, p. 100). • If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
Reference List:
at the end of the reference.
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.; 2nd
ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)

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1.16 Republished book

Author, A. (Year). Title. Publisher. (Year original work was published)

In-text:
Jordan (2019/1995) Tips:
(Jordan, 2019/1995) • If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Example: • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
“They cannot put their stamp upon your soul” (Jordan, 2019/1995, p. 17). at the end of the reference.
• If the republished work has been edited
or translated from the original, you must
include the name of the translator/editor
Reference List:
after the title in brackets. (Examples of this
Jordan, S. (2019). Winter of fire. Scholastic New Zealand. (Original work published can be seen under Edited book and
1995)
Translated book ).

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1.17 Anthologies

Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title. Publisher.

In-text:
Gold (1999) Tips:
(Gold, 1999) • If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Example: • If the book has a DOI, this can be included
This is covered extensively in Gold (1999). at the end of the reference (as seen in the
example).
• The date refers to the date the anthology
was published.
Reference List:
• For this type of reference, the editor’s
Gold, M. (Ed.). (1999). The complete social scientist: A Kurt Lewin reader. American name goes in the place of the author.
Psychological Association. [Link]

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1.18 Classical works

Author, A. (Year). Title (E. Editor, Ed./ T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher.

(Year original work was published)

In-text:
Aristotle (ca. 350 B.C.E/1994, Part IV) Tips:
(Aristotle, ca. 350 B.C.E/1994) • When citing a specific section, use the
name of the book, chapter, verse, line, and/
Shakespeare (1623/1995) or canto instead of page number where
applicable.
(Shakespeare, 1623/1995, 1.3.36-37)
• In the Shakespeare example, 1.3.36-37
refers to Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 36 and 37.
• For ancient Greek or Roman works, include
Example: the copyright date of the version used
As is stated in Shakespeare (1623/1995, 1.3.36-37), “I can give you intelligence of and the date of the original (ancient)
an intended marriage”. publication in brackets at the end of the
entry.
• When you only have an approximate
Reference List: date of the original publication, use the
Aristotle. (1994). Poetics (S. H. Butcher, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. http:// abbreviation “ca.”, which stands for circa,
[Link]/Aristotle/[Link] (Original work published ca. 350 before the date.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
B.C.E)
sure to include both in the reference and
Shakespeare, W. (1995). Much ado about nothing (B. A. Mowat & P. Werstine, Eds.). separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1623) • If the work has a DOI or URL, this should be
added as seen in the Aristotle example.

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1.19 Religious texts

Title. (Year). Publisher. (Year original work was published)

In-text:
King James Bible (1769/2017) Tips:
(King James Bible, 1769/2017, Song of Solomon 8:6) • When citing a specific section, use the
name of the book, chapter, verse, line, and/
or canto instead of page number where
The Torah (1962/2015)
applicable.
(The Torah, 1962/2015) • If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
Example: • If the text has a DOI or URL, this should
“... which hath a most vehement flame” (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Song of be added as seen in the King James Bible
Solomon 8:6). example.

Reference List:
King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online. [Link]
(Original work published 1769)
The Torah: The five books of Moses (3rd ed.). (2015). The Jewish Publication Society.
(Original work published 1962)

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1.20 Dictionaries, thesauri &

encyclopaedias

Author, A. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of Dictionary/Thesaurus/

Encylopedia. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

In-text:
Merriam-Webster (n.d.) Tips:
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.) • You do not need to put a full stop at the
end of the URL.
• When an online reference work is
Example: continuously updated, make sure to
Merriam-Webster (n.d.) defines this as … include a retrieval date.
• If the work cited is in print, leave out the
Retrieved date and URL and instead
Reference List: include the Publisher.
Anekar, A. A., & Cascella, M. (2022). WHO analgesic ladder. In Statpearls. Retrieved
27 May 2022, from [Link]
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Self-report. In [Link] dictionary. Retrieved
May 5, 2019, from [Link]

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1.21 Diagnostic manuals

Author. (Year). Title (Edition Number, Volume Number). Publisher.

DOI/URL

In-text:
Australian College of Operating Room Nurses (ACORN, 2020) Tips:
(Australian College of Operating Room Nurses [ACORN], 2020) • If the organisation name is very long, you
ACORN (2020) can abbreviate it. To do this, write the
(ACORN, 2020) name out once in full followed by the
abbreviation in brackets (see examples).
After that you can use the abbreviated
Example: name in your writing. You must always write
out the organisation name in full in the
ACORN (2020) states that …
reference list.
• You do not need to include a publisher in
your reference if the Author name is the
Reference List: same as the publisher.
Australian College of Operating Room Nurses. (2020). Standards for perioperative • If there is a volume number, you should
nursing in Australia (16th ed., Vol. 1). [Link] include this in brackets after the title and
edition number.
• If the URL requires a log in, or is session
specific (meaning it will not work if you try
and use it later), use the URL of the home
page or log in page (as seen in the given
example).

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1.22 Single entry in a diagnostic

manual

Author. (Year). Entry Title. In Title (Edition Number, Volume Number).

Publisher. DOI/URL Tips:
• If the organisation name is very long, you
can abbreviate it. To do this, write the
In-text: name out once in full followed by the
American Psychiatric Association (2013) abbreviation in brackets. After that you
can use the abbreviated name in your
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
writing. You must always write out the
organisation name in full in the reference
MIMS Australia (n.d.) list.
(MIMS Australia, n.d.) • See Abbreviating author names for more
details.
• You do not need to include a publisher in
Example: your reference if the Author name is the
… in panadol (MIMS Australia, n.d.). same as the publisher.
• When an online reference work is
continuously updated, make sure to
Reference List: include a retrieval date (as seen in the
second example). Not all diagnostic
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Anxiety disorders. In Diagnostic and
manuals will require a retrieval date.
statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). [Link] • If the book is a first edition, or no edition
books.9780890425596.dsm05 number is given, you do not need to
MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Panadol. In MIMS online. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from include this.
[Link]

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1.23 Scripts

Author, A. (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher. DOI/URL

In-text:
Williamson (1987) Tips:
(Williamson, 1987) • If the script you are reading is part of an
anthology, see Chapter in an edited book
• If the scripts lacks a DOI or a freely
Example: accessible URL, you can leave this part of
... this trait can be seen in the character of Colin (Williamson, 1987) the reference out
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number
Reference List: • If the script is found in a library database,
Williamson, D. (1987). Emerald city. Currency Press. see Report found in a database

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2. Journals & News

Journal articles News & magazines
01. One author > 09. Article from the Cochrane 11. Editorial >
Database of Systematic
02. Two authors > Reviews > 12. Media or press release >

03. Three or more authors > 10. Article from UpToDate > 13. Magazine >

04. No author > 14. Online magazine >

05. Combination of individual Many journal articles, whether they 15. Newspapers >
and organisation authors > are printed or online, have a DOI or
digital object identifier attached 16. Online news article >
06. Online article > to them. When this DOI is available,
you should always include it in your
reference.
07. In press >

08. Published in language

other than English >

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2.01 One author

Author, A. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume(issue), page

range. DOI

In-text:
Alderton (2014) Tips:
(Alderton, 2014) • If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Journal title and volume number are in
Example: italics.
Alderton (2014, p. 224) further explores this “Snape abuse”… • If the article doesn’t have an issue number,
leave this part of the reference out.

Reference List:
Alderton, Z. (2014). “Snapewives” and “Snapeism”: A fiction-based religion within
the Harry Potter fandom. Religions, 5(1), 219-267. [Link]
rel5010219

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2.02 Two authors

Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,

volume(issue), page range. DOI

In-text:
O’Toole and Vogel (2011) Tips:
(O’Toole & Vogel, 2011) • For a work with two authors, you need to
write both of their names.
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
Example: leave this part out.
… as is evident in the idea of conscious capitalism (O’Toole & Vogel, 2011, p. 71). • Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
• If the article doesn’t have an issue number,
Reference List: leave this part of the reference out.
O’Toole, J., & Vogel, D. (2011). Two and a half cheers for conscious capitalism.
California Management Review, 53(3), 60-76. [Link]
cmr.2011.53.3.60

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2.03 Three or more authors

Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume(issue), page range. DOI

In-text:
Gursoy et al. (2018) Tips:
(Gursoy et al., 2018) • For works with three or more authors,
include the name of the first author
Kalnay et al. (1996) only, plus et al. for every in-text citation
(Kalnay et al., 1996) (including the first one).
• When there are 21 or more authors, include
the names of the first 19 authors followed
Example: by “…” and then the name of the final
author in the reference list entry (as seen
As is established in Kalnay et al. (1996) …
in the example of Kalnay et al.).
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
Reference List: • Journal title and volume number are in
Gursoy, A., Wickett, K., & Feinberg, M. (2018). Understanding tag functions italics.
in a moderated, user-generated metadata ecosystem. Journal of • If the article doesn’t have an issue number,
Documentation, 74(3), 490–508. [Link] leave this part of the reference out.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M.,
Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins,
W., Janowial, J., Mo, K., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., … Joseph, D.
(1996). The NCEP/ NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. [Link]

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2.04 No author

Article title. (Year). Journal Title, volume(issue), page range. DOI

In-text:
“Schuth Wins Leibniz Prize” (2003) Tips:
(“Schuth Wins Leibniz Prize,” 2003) • The article title is used instead of the
author’s name.
• In your in-text citations, put the article
title within double quotation marks and
Example:
capitalise all major words, as in the
As seen in “Schuth Wins Leibniz Prize” (2003) … example.
• The title in your reference list is not
in quotation marks and is capitalised
Reference List: normally, as in the example.
Schuth wins Leibniz prize. (2003). Materials Today, 6(6), 61. • If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
• If the article doesn’t have an issue number,
leave this part of the reference out.

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2.05 Individual and organisation

authors

Author, A., & Organisation. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,

volume(issue), page range. DOI

In-text:
De Vries et al. (2013) Tips:
(De Vries et al., 2013) • If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Write the name of the group author as
Example: shown on the source. This example was
De Vries et al. (2013) note that … credited to “the members of Midwifery
Science Work Group”.
• Journal title and volume number are in
Reference List: italics.
De Vries, R., Nieuwenhuijze, M., Buitendijk, S. E., & the members of Midwifery • If the article doesn’t have an issue number,
leave this part of the reference out.
Science Work Group. (2013). What does it take to have a strong and
independent profession of midwifery? Lessons from the Netherlands.
Midwifery, 29(10), 1122-1128. [Link]

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2.06 Online article

Author, A. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume(issue), Article

Number. DOI/URL

In-text:
Burin et al. (2019) Tips:
(Burin et al., 2019) • If there is no DOI available for an online
journal article, then you need to include
Xanthoudakis (2020) the URL instead.
• If the journal article you are referencing
(Xanthoudakis, 2020)
has page numbers and provides you with
all the information relevant to the print
copy (as most articles within databases
Example:
will do), reference it as a print article using
… as demonstrated by the Supernatural fandom (Xanthoudakis, 2020). one of the previous templates.
• If the article does not have an article
number (as seen in the second example),
Reference List: leave this element out.
Burin, D., Kilteni, K., Rabuffetti, M., Slater, M., & Pia, L. (2019). Body ownership
increases the interference between observed and executed movements.
PLOS ONE, 14(1), Article e0209899. [Link]
pone.0209899
Xanthoudakis, A. (2020). Mobilizing minions: Fan activism efficacy of Misha Collins
fans in “Supernatural” fandom. Transformative Works and Cultures, 32.
[Link]

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2.07 In press

Author, A. (in press). Article title. Journal Title.

In-text:
Pachur & Scheibehenne (in press) Tips:
(Pachur & Scheibehenne, in press) • For journal articles that are in press, you
substitute the year of publication with the
words “in press”.
Example: • If the article has been submitted to a
… when taking a cognitive modelling approach to the issue (Pachur & Scheibehenne, Journal but not yet accepted, reference it
in press). as an unpublished book or article.
• In press articles do not have volume, issue,
or page range numbers, or a DOI, so these
Reference List: elements can be left out.
Pachur, T., & Scheibehenne, B. (in press). Unpacking buyer-seller differences in
valuation from experience: A cognitive modelling approach. Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review.

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2.08 Articles in a language other than

English

Author, A. (Year). Article title [Article title in English]. Journal Title,

volume(issue), page number. DOI

In-text:
Chaves-Morillo et al. (2018) Tips:
(Chaves-Morillo et al., 2018) • The article title is in the original language,
followed by the translated article title in
square brackets.
Example: • Journal title and volume number are in
Chaves-Morillo (2018, p. 158) found that … italics.
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
Reference List: • If any element of the reference is written
Chaves-Morillo, V., Gómez Calero, C., Fernández-Muñoz, J. J., Toledano-Muñoz, A., in characters, you should use an English
transliteration, for example Pinyin for
Fernández-Huete, J., Martínez-Monge, N., Palacios-Ceña, D., & Peñacoba-
Chinese characters.
Puente, C. (2018). La anosmia neurosensorial: Relación entre subtipo, tiempo
de reconocimiento y edad [Sensorineural anosmia: Relationship between
subtype, recognition time and age]. Clínica y Salud, 28(3), 155-161. https://
[Link]/10.1016/j/clysa.2017.04.002

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2.09 Cochrane Systematic Reviews

Author, A. (Year). Article Title. Database Name. DOI/URL

In-text:
Mehrholz et al. (2018) Tips:
(Mehrholz et al., 2018) • If there is no DOI available, you can include
the URL instead.

Example:
… benefits for patients who have suffered a stroke (Mehrholz et al., 2018).

Reference List:
Mehrholz, J., Pohl, M., Platz, T., Kugler, J., & Elsner, B. (2018). Electromechanical
and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm
function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews. [Link]

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2.10 UpToDate

Author, A. (Year). Article title. UpToDate. Retrieval date, from URL

In-text:
(Morey, 2019)
Tips:
Morey (2019) • Because information in the UpToDate
database changes over time, include a
retrieval date in your reference list.
Example: • Use the year of the last update in the date
Evidence exists that positive life expectancy outcomes can be achieved even if element of your reference.
exercise only begins after the age of 80 (Morey, 2019). • UpToDate is referenced in a similar way
to a journal article, in that the article title
is in regular font and the platform that
Reference List: publishes the article (UpToDate) is in italics.
Morey, M. C. (2019). Physical activity and exercise in older adults. UpToDate.
Retrieved July 22, 2019, from [Link]
activity-and-exercise-in-older-adults

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2.11 Editorials

Author, A. (Year). Title [Editorial]. Journal Title, volume(issue), page

number. DOI

In-text:
Cuellar (2016) Tips:
(Cuellar, 2016) • If the word “editorial” is part of the title,
you can leave out the word in square
brackets.
Example: • If you are referencing an editorial from
As stated in Cuellar (2016, p. 209) … a Newspaper, Magazine or any other
publication, you should use that reference
format but include “[Editorial]” after the
Reference List: title.
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
Cuellar, N. G. (2016). Study abroad programs [Editorial]. Journal of Transcultural
leave out this part.
Nursing, 27(3), 209. [Link]

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2.12 Media or press release

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Press release]. Publisher.

DOI/URL

In-text:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2019) Tips:
(U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019) • If there is no title given, you can use a brief
description of the press release in square
brackets in place of the title.
Example: • Include the Month and Day of the press
… the introduction of which has had many benefits (U.S. Food and Drug release after the year in the reference list.
Administration, 2019). • If there is a DOI, it should be prioritised
over a URL.
• If the Publisher is the same as the Author,
you can leave it out, as in the example.
Reference List:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019, February 14). FDA authorizes first
interoperable insulin pump intended to allow patients to customize treatment
through their individual diabetes management devices [Press release].
[Link]
[Link]

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2.13 Magazine article

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine title, Page range.

In-text:
Gutner (2003) Tips:
(Gutner, 2003) • If there is no day available (as seen in the
provided example), this can be omitted.
• If the magazine was published in a season
Example: (e.g. Summer), use the season name in
Gutner (2003) discusses the future of fashion … place of the month.

Reference List:
Gutner, T. (2003, August). Fashion futures. Business Week (Fashion Industry
Supplement), 9-10.

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2.14 Online magazine article

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine title. DOI/URL

In-text:
Bustillos (2013) Tips:
(Bustillos, 2013) • If your magazine article has a month or
season but no day of publication, just list
Marais et al. (2022) the month or season.
(Marais et al., 2022) • If your magazine article has a volume or
issue number, list them as you would for a
journal article
 .
Example:
Bustillos (2013) further demonstrates the storytelling capabilities of video games.

Reference List:
Bustillos, M. (2013, March 19). On video games and storytelling: An interview with
Tom Bissell. The New Yorker. [Link]
on-video-games-and-storytelling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell
Marais, B., Basseal, J., Gilbert, L, & Sorrell, T. (2022, June 14). How should an
Australian ‘centre for disease control’ prepare us for the next pandemic?
The Conversation. [Link]
centre-for-disease-control-prepare-us-for-the-next-pandemic-184149

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2.15 Newspaper

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper, Page range.

URL

In-text: Tips:
Hess (2019) • If the newspaper article has been viewed
(Hess, 2019) in print, or is found via a library database,
leave out the URL (as seen in the example).
(“Man accused of swimming in shark tank returns to BC”, 2019)
• If the newspaper article has no listed
author, move the article title to the front of
the reference list entry. When referencing
Example: an authorless article in-text, surround the
Feline behaviour can be very complex (Hess, 2019). title with double quotes (see examples).

Reference List:
Hess, A. (2019, January 3). Cats who take direction. The New York Times, C1.
Man accused of swimming in shark tank returns to BC. (2019, June 7). The Vancouver
Sun, A8.

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2.16 Online news article

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper. DOI/URL

In-text:
Darby (2004) Tips:
(Darby, 2004) • Treat an online newspaper as you would a
(“Mrs. Obama Says ‘Lovely Frame’ in box during awkward handoff”, 2018) print newspaper but omit the page range
element.
• Unlike references for web pages, which
Example: italicise the title of the page, references
… it is behaviours like this that caused Butler to leave his position (Darby, 2004). for online newspapers italicise the name of
the publisher/publication.
• If the newspaper article has no listed
Reference List: author, move the article title to the front of
the reference list entry. When referencing
Darby, A. (2004, August 10). Furious Butler quits as governor. Sydney Morning Herald.
an authorless article in-text, surround the
[Link] title with double quotes (see example).
oneclick=’true’
Mrs. Obama says ‘lovely frame’ in box during awkward handoff. (2018, February 1).
AP News. [Link]

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3. Websites & Social Media

Web page Social media
01. Individual as author > 06. Blog post > 15. YouTube >

02. Organisation as author > 07. Comment on a post >

03. Wikipedia > 08. Facebook post >

04. Tools & checklists > 09. Facebook page >

05. Golden Target Awards > 10. Instagram post >

11. Instagram highlight >

12. Online review >

13. Tweet >

14. Twitter profile >

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3.01 Individual as author

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Title of Website. URL

In-text:
McLeod (2020)
(McLeod, 2020) Tips:
• Give as much information about the date
as possible. Don’t use the copyright date
Example: at the bottom of the screen as this is
… as demonstrated in the hierarchy of needs (McLeod, 2020). probably not accurate. Instead, use “n.d.”
if there is no other date available.
• Include a retrieval date any time you
reference material from a site where the
Reference List:
content is likely to change over time. For
McLeod, S. (2020, March 20). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychology. an example of this, please see
[Link] Dictionaries, thesauri & encyclopedias.
• If there is no author listed (which is often
the case), use the Organisation as author
format.

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3.02 Organisation as author

Organisation. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Title of Website.

URL

In-text:
World Health Organization (2018) Tips:
(World Health Organization, 2018) • Give as much information about the date
as possible. Don’t use the copyright date
at the bottom of the screen as this is
Example: probably not accurate. Instead, use “n.d.”
The World Health Organization (2018) furthers this position suggesting … if there is no other date available.
• If the author name is the same as the
title of the website, you do not need to
Reference List: write this twice (as seen in the provided
example).
World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization
• If there are two organizational authors do
and vaccine safety. [Link] not place a comma between their names.
• If you are referencing multiple pages from
the same website, treat them as separate
references. If the pages are all published in
the same year, see Multiple works by the
same author.

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3.03 Wikipedia

Title of page. (Year, Month Day). In Wikipedia. URL

In-text:
“List of Oldest Companies” (2019)
Tips:
(“List of Oldest Companies,” 2019) • Bear in mind that most lecturers don’t
want you to use Wikipedia in your
reference lists at University, and you may
Example: lose marks for doing so. Generally, you
… is one of the oldest companies (“List of Oldest Companies,” 2019) should only use Wikipedia for background
reading and to help you find better
sources.
Reference List: • When citing a Wikipedia page, you should
List of oldest companies. (2019, January 13). In Wikipedia. [Link] use the archived version so that you can
org/w/[Link]?title-List_of_oldest_companies&oldid=878158136 retrieve it at a later date if necessary. This
can be found by selecting “view history”
and then the time and date of the page
you used.
• If you cannot find a link to the archived
version of the page, you may use the
standard URL, but you must also include a
retrieval date at the end.
• In your in-text citations, capitalise all major
words in the Title of page, as seen in the
example. In your reference list, capitalise
the Title of page normally, as seen in the
example.

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3.04 Tools & checklists

Organisation. (Year). Title. URL

In-text:
(Critical Appraisal Skills Program [CASP], 2020)
Tips:
(CASP, 2020) • If your checklist is a downloadable
Joanna Briggs Institute (n.d.) document without a URL, leave this
element of the reference list entry out.
• If you wish to abbreviate the author of the
Example: tool or checklist in-text, write it out in full
Before embarking on a randomised control protocol, it’s important to check the first time you cite it, followed by the
whether the study addresses a clearly focused research question (Critical Appraisal abbreviation in square braces. After that
Skills Program [CASP], 2020) you can cite using the shortened form (see
examples).

Reference List:
Critical Appraisal Skills Program. (2020). CASP randomised controlled trial standard
checklist. [Link]
RCT_Checklist_PDF_Fillable_Form.pdf
Joanna Briggs Institute. (n.d.). Checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies.
[Link]
Cross_Sectional_Studies.docx

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3.05 Golden Target Awards

PR Company Name. (Year). Title of entry [Golden Target Award

Entry]. Public Relations Institute of Australia. URL

In-text: Tips:
Leverage Pr (2020) • If there are two organizational authors do
(Leverage Pr, 2020) not place a comma between their names.

Example:
… public awareness has around child e-safety has been boosted by government
sponsored campaigns (Leverage Pr, 2020)

Reference List:
Leverage Pr. (2020). Child eSafety campaign [Golden Target Award Entry]. Public
Relations Institute of Australia. [Link]
target-awards/gta-case-studies/

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3.06 Blog posts

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Post title. Blog Title. DOI/URL

In-text:
Klymkowsky (2018) Tips:
(Klymkowsky, 2018) • Provide the DOI/URL for the specific blog
post you are referencing and not just the
LukeZ6 (2019 blog.
(LukeZ6, 2019) • If the author uses a screenname or
username see Screennames & usernames
for rules on how to include this.
Example:
Klymkowsky (2018) takes a scientific approach to this concept …

Reference List:
Klymkowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk scientifically about free will?
Sci-Ed. [Link]
about-free-will/
LukeZ6. (2019, December 16). The real reason Azula’s fire is blue. Reddit. https://
[Link]/r/TheLastAirbender/comments/ebd96f/the_real_reason_
azulas_fire_is_blue/

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3.07 Comment on a post

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Comment Title [Comment on “Post/

Article Title”]. Publisher/Website. URL

In-text:
KS in NJ (2019) Tips:
(KS in NJ, 2019) • Credit the person who left the comment
as the author and use the naming format
Zonination (2019) that appears with the comment (e.g. a real
(Zonination, 2019) name or a username).
• If the comment does not have a title (as in
the provided example), you should include
Example: the first 20 words of the comment.
As stated by KS in NJ (2019), “men are figuring something out that women have • If possible, provide the link to the specific
known forever”. comment you are referencing.

Reference List:
KS in NJ. (2019, January 15). From this article, it sounds like men are figuring
something out that women have known forever. I know of many [Comment
on the article “How workout buddies can help stave off loneliness”]. The
Washington Post. [Link]
Zonination. (2019, December 17). This will probably get buried, but that’s OK. Her
flame represents perfect flame combustion into the combustion products.
Her problem [Comment on “The real reason Azula’s fire is blue”]. Reddit.
[Link]
reason_azulas_fire_is_blue/
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3.08 Facebook post

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Text of post [Status update]. Facebook.

URL

In-text:
Gaiman (2018) Tips:
(Gaiman, 2018) • If the post has an image attached, you
need to indicate this by including “[Image
attached]” directly after the contents of
Example: the post (as seen in the provided example).
… this situation was also addressed in a Facebook post by Neil Gaiman (2018). • emojis , please follow
If the post features    
the APA rules for including them.
• Use only the first 20 words of the post.
Reference List:
Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious risk
during Bangladesh’s monsoon season. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador
Cate Blanchett is [image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. [Link]
ly/2JQzPAD

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3.09 Facebook page

Author, A. (n.d.). Page Name [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieval

date, from URL

In-text:
Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute (n.d.) Tips:
(Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, n.d.) • Use the page title in the reference, for
example, “Timeline”, “Home”, “Photos”,
“About”.
Example: • This format can be adapted for other
As seen on Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute (n.d.) … social media platforms or profile pages
(for example, YouTube, Instagram, Tumblr,
LinkedIn and so forth).
Reference List:
Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (n.d.). Home
[Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved July 22, 2019, from [Link]
[Link]/nationalzoo

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3.10 Instagram post

Author, A. [@screenname]. (Year, Month Date). Caption [Media

Type]. Instagram. URL

In-text:
Zeitz MOCAA (2018) Tips:
(Zeitz MOCAA, 2018) • If the post features    
emojis , please follow
the APA rules for including them.
• See          
Screennames & usernames for more
Example: details on including usernames in your
As seen in the post by Zeitz MOCAA (2018) … reference.
• Use only the first 20 words of the Caption.

Reference List:
Zeitz MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2018, November 26). Grade 6 learners from Parkfields
Primary School in Hanover Park visited the museum for a tour and workshop
hosted by [Photographs]. Instagram. [Link]
BqpHpjFBs3b/

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3.11 Instagram highlight

Author, A. [@screenname]. (n.d.). Caption [Highlight]. Instagram.

Retrieval date, from URL

In-text:
The New York Public Library (n.d.) Tips:
(The New York Public Library, n.d.) • Use “n.d.” for the date; although each story
within a highlight is dated, the highlight
itself may contain stories from multiple
Example: dates.
As seen in the highlight from The New York Public Library (n.d.) … • As a highlight can change over time, you
must include a retrieval date.
• See             
Screennames & usernames for more
Reference List: details on including usernames in your
The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight]. Instagram. reference.
Retrieved April 16, 2019, from [Link]

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3.12 Online review

Author, A. [screenname] (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review

of the descriptor Name of the thing being reviewed]. Title of
Website. URL

In-text: Tips:
• If the reviewer’s real name is available
Katagram81 (2019)
use their name as the author, followed by
(Katagram81, 2019) their username or screenname in square
brackets.
• If the reviewer uses only their real name
Example: and has no screenname you can leave this
Reviews of Indigemoji were generally favourable (Katagram81, 2019) part of the reference out.
• After the title element of the reference,
open square brackets, then write ‘Review
Reference List: of the...’ then provide a keyword or phrase
Alamoudi, A. (2022). Love the design of the spiral stair [Review of the library UTS that describes what is being reviewed eg:
Library]. Google Reviews. [Link] library, emoji, tour. Finally, place the title of
the thing that is being reviewed in italics,
Katagram81 [Katagram81]. (2019, March 12). Respect! [Review of the emoji
and close the square brackets.
Indigemoji]. Apple App Store. [Link] • See Screennames
& usernames for more
id1484422633?see-all=reviews details on including usernames in your
Rayna, E. [@emilyrE5671TD]. (2022, June 23). Absolutely worth it! [Review of reference.
the tour Colosseum Underground and Ancient Rome Semi-Private Tour].
Tripadvisor. [Link]
g187791-d11454539-or10-Colosseum_Underground_and_Ancient_Rome_
Semi_Private_Tour_MAX_6_PEOPLE_GUARANT.html

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3.12 Tweets

Author, A. [@screenname]. (Year, Month Day). Contents of the tweet

[Tweet]. Twitter. URL

In-text:
White (2018) Tips:
(White, 2018) • If the tweet has an image attached, you
need to indicate this by including “[Image
attached]” directly after the contents
Example: of the tweet (as seen in the provided
example).
White (2018) also makes mention of this in her tweet …
• If the post features    
emojis , please follow
the APA rules for including them.
• Screennames & usernames for more
See           
Reference List:
details on including usernames in your
White, B. [@BettyMWhite]. (2018, June 21). I treasure every minute we spent together reference.
#koko [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. [Link] • Use only the first 20 words of the Contents
status/1009951892546227456 of the tweet.

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3.13 Twitter profile

Author, A. [@screenname]. (n.d.). Page Title [Twitter profile]. Twitter.

Retrieval Date, from URL

In-text:
Jb Billy Goat (n.d.) Tips:
(Jb Billy Goat, n.d.) • You must provide a retrieval date for
profiles as they change over time.
• There are several tabs on a Twitter profile,
Example: ensure that you are referencing the correct
… convey an attempt at a comedic tone (Jb Billy Goat, n.d.). page name (for example, “Tweets”, “Lists”,
“Moments” etc.).
• See           
Screennames & usernames for more
Reference List: details on including usernames in your
Jb Billy Goat [@Jb_Billy_Goat]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved reference.
December 3, 2019, from [Link]

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3.14 YouTube

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

In-text:
Fogarty (2016) Tips:
(Fogarty, 2016) • The person who uploaded the video is
credited as the author even if they did not
Mayday Parade (2013) themselves create the work.
(Mayday Parade, 2013) • If the author’s real name is known use
that and include their username in square
brackets (as seen in the Fogarty example).
Example: Otherwise use the username as the
authors name.
… further discusses sentence structure (Fogarty, 2016, 1:30).
• See Screennames
& usernames for more
details on including usernames in your
reference.
Reference List: • To quote directly from the work, provide
Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2016, September 30). How to diagram a sentence a time stamp in the in-text reference in
(absolute basics) [Video]. YouTube. [Link] place of a page number (as seen in the
Mayday Parade. (2013, September 26). Mayday Parade - Monsters in the Fogarty example).
closet interview (part 1) [Video]. YouTube. [Link] • This format can be also used for other
video hosting websites like Vimeo.
watch?v=8rUZjj4bwzo

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4. Sound, Video, Image & Art

Sound Video Image
01. Album > 07. Live performances > 15. Image >

02. Song > 08. Film or video > 16. Infographic >

03. Podcast > 09. Film or video in a language 17. Map >
other than English >
04. Podcast episode > 18. Stock image or clip art >
10. Recorded webinar >
05. Radio program/interview >
11. TED talk >
06. Recording of a speech > Art
12. TV series >
19. Photograph >
13. TV episode >
20. Artwork in a museum or on
14. TV news segment >
a museum website >

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4.01 Album

Artist, A. (Year). Album Title [Album]. Record Label.

In-text:
(Bach, 1721/2010) Tips:
Bach (1721/2010) • For recordings of Classical works, provide
the composer’s name as the author and
note the individual or group who recorded
(Bowie, 2016)
the version you are using in square
Bowie (2016) brackets after the title (as in the Bach
example).
• For Classical works, you should note
Example: both the year of recording, and the year
The first key change in Bowie’s Blackstar (2016, 11:17) is very significant. of original publication, both in-text and
in your reference list (as in the Bach
example).
Reference List: • To quote directly from the work, provide
Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album a time stamp in the in-text reference in
recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work place of a page number (as seen in the
Bowie example).
published 1721)
• song , please see the
To reference a single   
Bowie, D. (2016). Blackstar [Album]. Columbia. template for songs.

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4.02 Song

Artist, A. (Year). Song title [Song]. On Album Title. Record Label.

In-text:
My Chemical Romance (2006) Tips:
(My Chemical Romance, 2006) • If a song has no associated album, you can
leave out that part of the reference.
• If a song is hosted on a web platform such
Example: as SoundCloud and is only accessible
The third verse of My Chemical Romance’s “Famous last words” (2006, 1:03) there, then you should include the URL at
exemplifies the emo movement ... the end of your reference.
• For recordings of Classical works, provide
the composer’s name as the author and
note the individual or group who recorded
Reference List:
the version you are using in square
My Chemical Romance. (2006). Famous last words [Song]. On The black parade. brackets after the title (as in the Bach
Reprise Records. example on the previous page).
• For Classical works, you should note both
the year of recording, and the year of
original publication, both in-text and in
your reference list (as in the Bach
example on the previous page).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).

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4.03 Podcast

Author, A. (Host). (Year, Month). Podcast title [Audio podcast].

Production Company. DOI/URL

In-text:
Vedantam (2015-present) Tips:
(Vedantam, 2015-present) • If you do not have a URL for the podcast
(e.g. if accessed through an app), leave out
that section.
Example: • To quote directly from the work, provide
Vedantam (2015-present, 1:30:40) covers this topic specifically … a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
Reference List: • If the Podcast is still airing, replace the
Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015-present). Hidden brain [Audio podcast]. NPR. https:// second year with the word “present” (as
seen in the example).
[Link]/series/423302056/hidden-brain

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4.04 Podcast episode

Author, A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (episode number)

[Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast title. Production Company.
DOI/URL

In-text:
Glass (2011) Tips:
(Glass, 2011) • If you do not have a URL for the podcast
(e.g. if accessed through an app), leave out
that section.
Example: • To quote directly from the work, provide
As discussed in Glass (2011, 1:05) … a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
Reference List:
Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio podcast
episode]. In This American life. WEBZ Chicago. [Link]
org/radio-archives/episode/443/amusement-park

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4.05 Radio program/interview

Host, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Source.

In-text:
de Beauvoir (1960) Tips:
(de Beauvoir, 1960) • For radio interviews that are found in
digital or physical archives, you should
PM (2004) credit the interviewee as the author.
(PM, 2004) • To reference other types of interviews, for
example ones published in magazines
or on TV programs, use the style of
referencing appropriate to that medium. In
Example:
some cases, the interviewee’s name may
de Beauvoir (1960) discusses this in detail … not be mentioned in the reference itself.
In this case, when you are citing it in-text,
you should make the interviewee’s name
Reference List: known.
de Beauvoir, S. (1960, May 4). Simone de Beauvoir discusses the art of writing • To quote directly from the work, provide
[Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https:// a time stamp in the in-text reference in
[Link]/programs/simone-de-beauvoir-discusses-art-writing place of a page number.
PM (2004, June 2). 702AM [Radio program]. ABC Radio. • When there is more than one Source
(as seen in the de Beauvoir example),
you must list all of them separated by a
semicolon (“;”).

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4.06 Recording of a speech

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Speech audio recording].

Publishing Company. DOI/URL

In-text:
King (1963) Tips:
(King, 1963) • The author is the person whose speech
has been recorded.
• If there is a DOI available, that is preferred
Example: over a URL.
… “I have a dream” (King, 1963, 3:30). • To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
Reference List: example).
King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American
Rhetoric. [Link]
htm

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4.07 Live performances

Live performances of music and theatre that have not been

recorded are not accessible to the public and therefore do not
need to be included in a reference list. Instead, refer to the
performance that you attended in the text.

Example: Tips:
…this kind of ensemble acting was exemplified in the Bill Bryden’s London • Place the title of a play, an album, or a tour
production of Glengarry Glen Ross in 1983 ... in italics, and in title case.
• Place the titles of songs in single quotes,
also in title case.
Bowie’s inclination towards high tech lighting rigs and elaborate sets reached its
• If relevant include information such as the
zenith on his Glass Spider Tour of 1987. date and the location of the performance
in the text.

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4.08 Film or video

Contributor, A. (Role). (Year). Title. [Media Type]. Production

Company.
Tips:
• For a film, you should credit the director
In-text: as the author. If the director is unknown,
Jackson (2001) you can credit someone in a similar role
that would help someone retrieve the work
(Jackson, 2001)
(this role then needs to be recorded within
brackets after the individual’s name).
• You do not need to record how you
Example: watched the film or video (e.g. in a theatre,
… and it has been established that second breakfast is a staple of the Hobbit on a DVD, etc.). However, you can include
feeding patterns (Jackson, 2001, 1:30:40). this information in the reference when it is
relevant – for example, if the version you
used had special features, commentary,
Reference List: or was a limited release. In this case, you
Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring. [Film; would include the information within the
four-disc special extended ed. on DVD]. WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz square brackets after the media type (as
seen in the example).
Company.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
• When there is more than one production
company (as seen in the example), you
must list all of them separated by a
semicolon (“;”).

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4.09 Film or video in a language other

than English

Contributor, A. (Role). (Year). Title [Title in English] [Media Type].

Production Company. Tips:
• If the film or video you are referencing is in
a language other than English, you should
include the English translation in brackets
In-text:
after the title.
Benigni (1997) • For a film, you should credit the director as
(Benigni, 1997) the author. If the director is unknown, you
can credit someone in a similar role that
would help someone retrieve the work (this
Example: role then needs to be recorded wit
… similar cinematic techniques were employed in Benigni (1997, 45:12) in brackets after the individual’s name).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
Reference List: place of a page number (as seen in the
Benigni, R. (Director). (1997). La vita è bella [Life is beautiful] [Film]. Melampo example).
• If any element of the reference is written
Cinematografica; Cecchi Gori Group.
in characters, you should use pinyin or
English transliteration.
• When there is more than one production
company (as seen in the example), you
must list all of them separated by a
semicolon (“;”).

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4.10 Recorded webinar

Author, A. (Year). Title [Webinar]. Publisher/Production Company.

URL

In-text:
Goldberg (2018) Tips:
(Goldberg, 2018) • This format should only be used for
recorded, retrievable webinars.
• If you want to reference an unrecorded
Example: webinar, you should use the personal
These negative effects were noted in Goldberg (2018, 30:40).   format.
communication
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
Reference List: place of a page number (as seen in the
Goldberg, J. F. (2018). Evaluating adverse drug effects [Webinar]. American example).
Psychiatric Association. [Link]
[Link]?ActivityID=6172

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4.11 TED talk

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. Platform. DOI/URL

In-text:
Giertz (2018) Tips:
(Giertz, 2018) • When the TED talk comes directly from
TED’s website, you can use the name of
the speaker as the author (as seen in the
TED (2012) Giertz example). However, when you are
(TED, 2012) YouTube , you must
taking the video from      
list the channel that uploaded it as the
author.
Example: • When the speaker is not listed as an
… introduce the idea that we should change our way of thinking (Giertz, 2018; TED, author, you can integrate their name into
2012, 1:40). the body of your assessment if necessary.
For example: “Brown discussed shame as
a shared human experience (TED, 2012)”.
Reference List: • To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make useless things [Video]. TED
place of a page number (as seen in the
Conferences. [Link] example).
make_useless_things • To reference multiple resources at the
TED. (2012, March 16). Brene Brown: Listening to shame [Video]. YouTube. https:// same time, separate them with a semi
[Link]/watch?v=psN1DORYYV0 colon. See Citing multiple works at the
   
same time for more information.

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4.12 TV series

Contributor, A. (Role). (Year). Title [Format]. Production Company.

In-text:
McCulloch and Thorne (2019-present) Tips:
(McCulloch & Thorne, 2019-present) • When a TV series spans multiple years,
separate the year range with a dash. If the
series is still airing, replace the second
Example: year with the word ‘present’ (as seen in the
… and challenges the authority of organised religion (McCulloch & Thorne, example).
2019-present) • When there is more than one Production
Company (as seen in the example), you
must list all of them separated by a semi-
Reference List: colon (“;”).
McCulloch, D., & Thorne, J. (Executive Producers). (2019-present). His dark materials
[TV series]. Bad Wolf; British Broadcasting Company (BBC); New Line
Cinema; Scholastic.

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4.13 TV episode

Contributor, A. (Role), & Contributor, B. (Role). (Year, Month Day).

Episode title (Season, Episode) [Format]. In C. Contributor (Role),
Series Title. Production Company.

In-text:
Davies and Lyn (2006) Tips:
(Davies & Lyn, 2006) • The season and episode number need
to be included within brackets after the
episode title.
Example: • The writer/s and director/s should be
Davies and Lyn (2006) posit that the British royal family are werewolves. credited as the authors for each episode.
These roles must be included in brackets
after each person’s name in the reference
Reference List: list.
• If available, you should also list the
Davies, R. (Writer), & Lyn, E. (Director). (2006, April 22). Tooth and claw (Season 2,
executive producer of the series before
Episode 2) [TV series episode]. In R. T. Davies (Executive Producer), Doctor the title of TV series, as seen in the
Who. British Broadcasting Company (BBC). example).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number.

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4.14 TV news segment

Presenter, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day of program). Title of

segment [Television broadcast]. In Title of program. Production
company. URL

In-text:
Denton (2006) Tips:
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
Example: place of a page number.
In an interview with Denton (2006), Raelene Boyle said that ….

Reference List:
Denton, A. (Host). (2006, September 25). Interview with Raelene Boyle [Television
broadcast]. In Enough Rope with Andrew Denton. ABC.

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4.15 Image Tips:

• This format can be used for general
images, note the type of image in the
“[Media type]” element.
Author, A. (Year). Title [Media type]. Source. URL • For untitled images, include a brief
description inside square brackets instead
of a title (as seen in the second example).
In-text: • If there is no author listed, use the name of
Aloha_Alona (2019) the Source as the author’s name. You can
then leave the Source element out.
(Aloha_Alona, 2019)
• If you are including an image, figure
or table from another source in your
(Smithsonian National Museum of National History [SNMNH], n.d.) assignment but not discussing it in text
Smithsonian National Museum of National History [SNMNH] (n.d.) (e.g. if you are just saying “see Figure 1”),
see Captioning Figures, Tables and
Zevster (n.d.) Images
(Zevster, n.d.) • If you are referring to an image that you
created yourself, you do not need to
reference it. However, you should make
it clear in the text that the image was
Example:
created by you.
As seen in the below image (Zevster, n.d.). • If you are referencing an image of an
artwork, the date is the year that the
artwork was created, and not the year the
Reference List: webpage was last updated.
Aloha_Alona. (2019). The Hobbit (1977) [Image]. The Poster DB. [Link] • If the author is an organisation whose
com/poster/25040 name is very long, you can abbreviate the
Smithsonian National Museum of National History. (n.d.). Willendorf Venus name. Do this by providing the abbreviated
[Sculpture]. [Link] name in square brackets the first time
you cite the source. Thereafter you can
figurines/willendorf-venus
cite using the abbreviated name only. Use
Zevster. (n.d.). [Lots of colourful polyhedral dice] [Stock image]. Shutterstock. the full name of the organization in your
[Link] reference list entry.
used-tabletop1555085273
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4.16 Infographic

Author, A. (Year). Title [Infographic]. Source. DOI/URL

In-text:
Rossman and Palmer (2015)
Tips:
(Rossman & Palmer, 2015)
• Use this format to cite, not reproduce, an
infographic.
• If you want to reproduce an infographic
Example: in work you are publishing, you may need
… through our space junk (Rossman & Palmer, 2015). to obtain permission; or a copyright
attribution may be necessary (this rule
does not apply to student assignments).
Reference List: • If you are including an image, figure
Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk [Infographic]. World or table from another source in your
Science Festival. [Link] assignment but not discussing it in text
junk-inforgraphic/ (e.g. if you are just saying “see Table 1”),
include the full reference list entry as a
caption underneath it.

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4.17 Maps

Author, A. (Year). Title [Map]. Source. URL

In-text:
Cable (2013) Tips:
(Cable, 2013) • If there is no title, instead describe the
map in square brackets in place of the title
and include a retrieval date before the URL.
Example: • If you are including an image, figure
… as seen in the racial dot map (Cable, 2013) … or table from another source in your
assignment but not discussing it in text
(e.g. if you are just saying “see Figure 1”),
Reference List: include the full reference list entry as a
Cable, D. (2013). The racial dot map [Map]. University of Virginia, Weldon Cooper caption underneath it.
Center for Public Service. [Link]
Dot-Map

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4.18 Stock images or clip art

Author, A. (Year). Title [Media Type]. Source. URL

In-text:
Sunny Studio (n.d.) Tips:
(Sunny Studio, n.d.) • For untitled images, include a brief
description inside square brackets instead
of a title (as seen in the example).
Example: • If you are including an image, figure
As seen in the below image (Sunny Studio, n.d.). or table from another source in your
assignment but not discussing it in text
(e.g. if you are just saying “see Figure 1”),
Reference List: include the full reference list entry as a
Sunny Studio. (n.d.). [Portrait of child in front of a blackboard] [Stock image]. caption underneath it.
Shuttershock. [Link]
classroom-toy-virtual-reality-709519363

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4.19 Photograph

Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Source. URL

In-text:
McCurry (1985) Tips:
(McCurry, 1985) • This format can be used for photos or other
artworks that are not associated with
Rinaldi (2016) museums or galleries.
(Rinaldi, 2016) • When the source is the same as the author,
it can be left out.
• For untitled photographs, include a brief
Example: description inside square brackets instead
of a title (as seen in the second example).
McCurry’s (1985) image is an example of a photograph that has …
• If you are including an image, figure
or table from another source in your
assignment but not discussing it in text
Reference List: (e.g. if you are just saying “see Figure 1”),
McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. [Link] include the full reference list entry as a
[Link]/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50- caption underneath it.
years-of-covers/#/[Link]/
Rinaldi, J. (2016). [Photograph series of a boy who finds his footing after abuse by
those he trusted]. The Pulitzer Prizes. [Link]
Jessica-rinaldi

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4.20 Artwork in a museum or on a
museum website

Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Museum name, Museum location.

URL Tips:
• For untitled artworks, include a brief
description of the art in square brackets in
place of the title.
In-text:
• This format can be used to cite all types
Wood (1930) of museum or gallery artwork, including
(Wood, 1930) paintings, sculptures, photographs, prints,
drawings, and installations. The type or
medium of the art needs to be included in
Example: square brackets after the title.
Wood’s American gothic (1930) is a widely influential example of … • Museum location should be in the format
City, State (if relevant), Country.
• If the artwork is not in a museum, replace
Reference List: all museum details with the source of your
Wood, G. (1930). American gothic [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, image, and include a URL.
• If your image comes from a database
United States. [Link]
behind a paywall, e.g. Oxford Art Online,
use the database name in place of the
museum details but leave out the URL.

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5. Legal materials

01. Acts > 08. Standards >

02. Bills >

03. Case law >

04. Treaties & international When referencing Australian legal

materials, use the conventions
conventions (multilateral) >
described in the Australian Guide
to Legal Citation referencing style
05. Treaties & international (AGLC, 4th ed., 2018). When using
conventions (bilateral or this style in your assignments, the
trilateral) > in-text references are written in
the same way as the entries in the
reference list.
06. Parliamentary debates
(Hansard)> In some cases, AGLC does not use
commas or full stops to separate the
07. Patents > elements.

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5.01 Acts

Title Year (Jurisdiction)

Title – should always be in italics.

Year – the year the legislation went into effect. Should always be in italics.
(Jurisdiction) – this is the geographical area in which the legislation applies (in Australia, this
means the Commonwealth or one of the States or Territories) written in shorthand within brackets
as per AGLC guidelines (Cth, NSW, Vic, Qld, SA, WA, Tas, ACT, or NT).

In-text:
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)
Tips:
(Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)) • When referring to a specific part of an
Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Act, you do not use page numbers but
(Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) s 54) rather, sections, abbreviated by “s” for one
section and “ss” for more than one (as
seen in the example).
Example: • When possible, it is recommended that
This is established in the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) (s 54). you use the narrative form of in-text
referencing. For example, Crimes Act 1958
(Vic).
Reference List:
Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW).
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic).

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5.02 Bills

Title Year (Jurisdiction)

Title – for Bills, the title should never be in italics

Year – the year the Bill was introduced into Parliament
(Jurisdiction) – written in shorthand within brackets, in the same way as an Act

In-text:
Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (Cth) Tips:
(Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (Cth)) • When there are multiple Bills with the
same name, the title may be followed by
Law and Justice Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth) a number (as seen in the given example);
(Law and Justice Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth) cl 22) make sure to include this.
• When referring to a specific part of a Bill,
you do not use page numbers but rather,
clauses, abbreviated by “cl” (as seen in the
Example:
example).
… as seen in the Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (cl 13). • When possible, it is recommended that
you use the narrative form of in-text
referencing. For example, Law and Justice
Reference List: Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth).
Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (Cth).
Law and Justice Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth).

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5.03 Case law

Case Name (Year) Volume Law Report Series Starting page

Case Name – should always be in italics

(Year) – some cases use square brackets around the year; you should copy whichever format is Tips:
used • To refer to a specific part of a case, after
Volume – not all cases will have a volume number; if they don’t, this can be left out the starting page number, place a comma
Law Report Series – this is an abbreviation of the full Law Report Series title. In some cases, an and a space, and then record the page
abbreviation of the Court name is used instead. number to which you are referring (as seen
Starting Page – only include the page number, no full stops. In some cases, a judgment number is in the given example).
used instead. • If the case is online and has paragraph
numbers rather than page numbers, place
a comma and a space, and then record
In-text: the paragraph number to which you are
Talacko v Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124 referring, enclosed in square brackets.
• If you need to know the full name of an
(Talacko v Bennet (2017) 260 CLR 124, 126)
abbreviated law report series, a list can
be found in Appendix A of the AGLC. A list
Fennell v The Queen [2019] HCA 37 of Court abbreviations can be found in
(Fennell v The Queen [2019] HCA 37) Appendix B.
• When possible, it is recommended that
you use the narrative form of in-text
Example: referencing. For example, Talacko v
… as set by the precedent in Talacko v Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124. Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124.

Reference List:
Fennell v The Queen [2019] HCA 37.
Talacko v Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124.
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5.04 Treaties & international

conventions (multilateral)

Title of treaty, Date Opened for Signature, Treaty Series Volume

Treaty Series Abbreviation First Page (Date of entry into Force)

In-text:
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature 1 July 1968,
Tips:
729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5 March 1970) • When referring to a specific part of a
treaty, you do not use page numbers, but
(Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature 1 July rather, articles (abbreviated as “art”, as
1968, 729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5 March 1970) art 3) seen in the example).

Example:
This possibility is clearly permitted (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons, opened for signature 1 July 1968, 729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5
March 1970) art 3).

Reference List:
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature 1 July 1968,
729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5 March 1970).

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5.05 Treaties & international

conventions (bilateral or trilateral)

Title of treaty, Party Names, Date Signed, Treaty Series Volume

Treaty Series Abbreviation First Page (Date of entry into Force)

In-text:
Agreement Regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of
Tips:
Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17
• When referring to a specific part of a
January 1922) treaty, you do not use page numbers, but
rather, articles (abbreviated as “art”, as
(Agreement Regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of seen in the example).
Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17 • In a bilateral or trilateral treaty, if the party
January 1922)) names are in the title of the treaty, they do
not need to be repeated after the title.

Example:
The debate over this aspect of the process was finally resolved (Agreement Regarding
the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of Northern Slesvig, Denmark-
Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17 January 1922) art 7).

Reference List:
Agreement Regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of
Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into
force 17 January 1922).
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5.06 Parliamentary debates (Hansard)

Jurisdiction, Parliamentary Debates, Chamber, Full Date of Debate,

Page Number (Name of Speaker).

In-text:
Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, 6854 Tips:
(Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, 6854) • “Parliamentary Debates” should always be
written in italics, whether it is in-text or in
the reference list.
Example: • The Jurisdiction is written in full: Australia,
… noted in Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland,
6854. South Australia, Western Australia,
Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, or
Northern Territory.
Reference List: • The Chamber is the House of Parliament
where the speech took place.
Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, 6854.
• The page number is the page on which the
speech begins.
• Include the name of the person whose
speech is being referred to if this is
relevant. Use the format First name Last
name.

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5.07 Patents

Inventor, A. (Year patent issued). Title of patent (Patent Number).

Patent and Trademark Office. URL

In-text:
Hiremath et al. (2016) Tips:
(Hiremath et al., 2016) • The year refers to the year that the patent
was approved, not the year it was applied
for.
Example: • The patent number refers to the unique
As set out in Hiremath et al. (2016) … identifier code that each patent is
assigned.

Reference List:
Hiremath, S. C., Kumar, S., Lu, F., & Salehi, A. (2016). Using metaphors to present
concepts across different intellectual domains (U.S. Patent No. 9,367,592).
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. [Link]
Parser?patentnumber=9367592

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5.08 Standards

Author, A. (Year). Title (Number). URL

In-text:
Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand (2018) Tips:
(Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand, 2018) • If the standard you are using is found in
a library database, just link to the home
page of the database (as seen in the
Example: example).
… based on the standard for hospital lighting (Standards Australia & Standards New • If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
Zealand, 2018).

Reference List:
Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Interior and workspace
lighting part 2.5: Hospital and medical tasks (AS/NZS 1680.2.5-2018). https://
[Link]/

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6. Unpublished sources
Materials from
universities Other
01. Lecture notes, slideshows 03. Unpublished manuscript for
& UTS Canvas > a book or journal >

02. Unpublished thesis or 04. Pamphlets or zines >

dissertation >
05. Personal communication >

06. Interviews >

07. Intranet >

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6.01 Lecture notes, slideshows or UTS

Canvas

Author, A. (Year). Title [Type of resource]. Company/University

Name. URL

In-text:
Allen (2012)
Tips:
(Allen, 2012) • If the slides (or resource) you are citing
come from a classroom website, learning
Yao & McManus (2020) platform, or company intranet that your
(Yao & McManus, 2020) audience has access to, provide the name
of the site and the URL for the login page
(as seen in the examples).
Example:
… in an effort to reduce plastic waste in groceries (Allen, 2012).

Reference List:
Allen, B. (2012). Things you need to know about groceries [Subject 95206 lecture
notes]. UTS Canvas. [Link]
Yao, J., & McManus, A. (2020). Insearch CDIC001: Referencing [Zoom lecture
recording]. UTS Canvas. [Link]

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6.02 Unpublished thesis or
dissertation

Author, A. (Year). Title [Unpublished publication type]. Source.

In-text:
Harris (2014) Tips:
(Harris, 2014) • Publication types common for this type of
reference include “doctoral dissertation”
and “master’s thesis”.
Example: • For unpublished dissertations or theses,
In Harris’s (2014) dissertation … the “source” is the name of the institution
(as seen in the example).
• See also Dissertation/thesis
Reference List:
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary
school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

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6.03 Unpublished book or article

Author, A. (Year). Title [Unpublished manuscript]. Source.

In-text:
Yoo et al. (2016) Tips:
(Yoo et al., 2016) • For manuscripts that have been submitted,
but not published, use the phrase
“Manuscript submitted for publication” in
Example: the square brackets.
Yoo et al. (2016), make the point that … • If you are referencing an article that has
been submitted to a journal, but is not yet
accepted for publication, do not list the
Reference List: name of the journal it has been submitted
Yoo, J., Miyamoto, Y., Rigotti, A., & Ryff, C. (2016). Linking positive affect to blood to. If it has been accepted but is not
in press.
printed yet, reference it as     
lipids: A cultural perspective [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of
Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

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6.04 Pamphlets or zines

Author, A. (Year). Title [Format]. Publisher.

In-text:
University of Technology Sydney (2009) Tips:
(University of Technology Sydney, 2009) • If your pamphlet or zine has no credited
author, move the title to the front of the
reference. For example, see No author .
Example: • If the author is the same as the publisher,
you do not need to repeat this (as seen in
… for an ergonomic workplace (University of Technology Sydney, 2009).
the example).

Reference List:
University of Technology Sydney. (2009). UTS: Staff safety & wellbeing at work:
Computer comfort [Pamphlet].

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6.05 Personal communication

A. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year)

In-text:
J. McAlpine (personal communication, November 14, 2019)
Tips:
(J. McAlpine, personal communication, November 14, 2019) • Personal communication is when an
individual person or group of people
has communicated privately with you.
Example: This can take several forms, including
An email (J. McAlpine, personal communication, November 14, 2014) confirming that conversations, emails, letters, text
results are accurate ... messages, and interviews.

Reference list:
Cited information from a personal communication does not appear in the reference
list.

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6.06 Interviews
Interview found in print or online
If you are referencing an interview someone else has conducted and that you’ve
found online or in print then use the reference type that best describes the place
where you found the interview, eg: web page, newspaper article, magazine article.

Interview you conduct with someone who is speaking ‘on the record’
If you conduct an interview with someone as part of your own research or study,
and have permission to reuse their names, use the personal communication
template when referencing.

Interview you conduct with someone who is speaking anonymously

If your work requires you to interview people who are speaking anonymously, do not
use the personal communication template. Instead quote them without creating an
in-text reference.

Eg: “Participant A said”

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6.07 Intranet
Intranet resources are recoverable by employees of an organization but not by the
general public. If the document you want to cite from an intranet resource will not
be accessible to your reading audience, treat the reference as personal

communication . When the audience you are writing for can retrieve the works you
used, cite intranet resources according to this template:

Author, A. (Year). Title of document [Format of document]. Name of

Intranet. URL

In-text: Tips
(Litting, 2022) • The URL in this case is the logon page
(Litting (2022) for the intranet, rather than a link to the
document itself.  
(S. Su, personal communication, 16 August, 2021)
• If the intranet document is a text file (eg:
Microsoft Word, PDF), you can leave the
format element of the reference out.
Example: • If the reference is not accessible to your
See Litting (2022) for an example on how APA 7th can be taught in hybrid mode. reading audience it is treated as personal
communication, and you do not need to
Ways of better advocating for open access publishing were a focus of the Library’s create a reference list entry.
Research team in spring 2021 (S. Su, personal communication, 16 August, 2021).

Reference list:
Litting, D. (2022, June 6). APA 7th in-class presentation for students [PowerPoint
slides]. SharePoint. [Link]
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7. Reports and other academic sources

Reports Conference Reviews
materials
01. Report by an organisation 14. Book review >
or government agency >
10. Paper presentation > 15. Film review >
02. Report by an individual on
11. Poster > 16. TV episode review >
behalf of an organisation or
government agency >
12. Session >
03. Report found in a database
>
13. Symposium > Data & technology
05. Working paper > 17. Data set >

06. Code of ethics > 18. Software & apps >

07. Grant >

08. Dissertation/thesis >

09. Test >

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7.01 Report by an organisation or
government agency

Agency/Organisation. (Year). Title. DOI/URL

In-text:
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009) Tips:
(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2009) • The names of parent agencies that are
(ABS, 2009) not present in the group author name
can appear in the source element as the
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2018) publisher.
• These examples show abbreviated authors
(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2018)
names. See the    Authors section for rules
(NMBA, 2018) on abbreviating authors names.
• If the report has a DOI, use this instead of
the URL.
Example: • If the report is not found online, and has no
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2009) … DOI, you can leave the DOI/URL part of the
reference out.
• If there are two organizational authors do
Reference List: not place a comma between their names.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Education and work, Australia, May 2009.
[Link]
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2018). Midwife standards for practice.
[Link]
Professional-standards/[Link]

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7.02  Reports by individuals on behalf

of an organisation or government
agency

Author, A. (Year). Title. Organisation/Agency. DOI/URL

In-text:
Fried and Polyakova (2018) Tips:
(Fried & Polyakova, 2018) • For works with three or more authors,
include the name of the first author only,
plus “et al.” for every in-text citation
Example: (including the first one).
Fried and Polyakova (2018) cover this topic extensively, suggesting … • When there are 21 or more authors, include
the names of the first 19 authors followed
by “…” and then the name of the final
Reference List: author in the reference list entry. For
example, see the second example from
Fried, D., & Polyakova, A. (2018). Democratic defense against disinformation. Atlantic
Journal article with three or more authors.
Council. [Link]
Defense_Against_Disinformation_FINAL.pdf

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7.03 Report found in a database

Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of report. Database Name. DOI/URL

In-text:
(Buchko, 2021) Tips:
Buchko (2021) • When providing a URL for a database,
(CSL, 2020) use the URL of the database’s public
CSL (2020) homepage, rather than links you arrive at
via the Library website.
• If there is no person listed as an author,
Example: use the database name as the author.
When you do this you do not have to repeat
Buchko (2021) notes that the size of the industry is expected to grow through 2026.
the database name after the title.
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
Reference List:
Buchko, M. (2021, February). Global milk and cream manufacturing. IBISWorld.
[Link]
Marketline. (2020, December). Leisure attractions in France. [Link]

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7.04 Working paper

Author, A. (Year). Title [Working paper]. Publisher. DOI/URL

In-text:
(Rubery, 2003) Tips:
Rubery (2003) • If there is no person listed as an author,
use the publisher’s name as the author.
When you do this you do not have to repeat
Example: the database name after the title.
Rubery (2003) notes that access to an independent wage income can help protect
women from poverty…

Reference List:
Rubery, J. (2003). Pay equity, minimum wage and equality at work: Theoretical
framework and empirical evidence [Working paper]. International Labour
Office. [Link]
declaration/documents/publication/wcms_decl_wp_20_en.pdf

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7.05 Code of ethics

Author, A. (Year). Title. URL

In-text:
American Nurses Association (2015) Tips:
(American Nurses Association, 2015) • If a code of ethics has been amended
over time, you can reflect that information
within parentheses after the title, e.g.:
Example: (2002, amended, effective June 1, 2010
… as per the nursing code of ethics (American Nurses Association, 2015). and January 1, 2017).
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
Reference List:
American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive
statements. [Link]

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7.06 Grants

Author, A. (Principal Investigator). (Start year-End year). Title

(project/Grant number) [Grant]. Source. URL

In-text:
Blair (2015-2020) Tips:
(Blair, 2015-2020) • The principal investigator should be listed
as the author with their role in brackets
afterwards (as seen in the example).
Example: • The dates in the bracket should capture
… in middle childhood (Blair, 2015-2020). the start year to the end year.
• The funding agency should be listed as the
source.
Reference List:
Blair, C. B. (Principal Investigator). (2015-2020). Stress, self-regulation and
psycho-pathology in middle childhood (Project no. 5R01HD081252-04)
[Grant]. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &
Human Development. [Link]
cfm?aid=9473071&icde=40092311

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7.07 Dissertation/thesis

Author, A. (Year). Title [Type of Publication, Name of Institution].

Database/Archive. DOI/URL

In-text:
Hollander (2017) Tips:
(Hollander, 2017) • The university where the degree was
awarded should be included in the square
Hutcheson (2012) brackets after the title, separated from the
(Hutcheson, 2012) type of publication by a comma (as seen in
the given examples).
• If a thesis from a database has a
Example: publication number, you should add it in
parentheses after the title, in plain text, as
… from this we can conclude that these groups employ similar strategies
in the Hollander example.
(Hutcheson, 2012). • If the dissertation or thesis has not been
published, see Unpublished thesis or
dissertation .

Reference List:
Hollander, M. (2017). Resistance to authority: Methodological innovations and new
lessons from the Milgram experiment (Publication No. 10289373) [Doctoral
dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses Global.
Hutcheson, V. H. (2012). Dealing with dual differences: Social coping strategies
of gifted and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adolescents
[Master’s thesis, The College of William & Mary]. William & Mary Digital
Archive. [Link]
[Link]
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7.08 Test

Author, A. (Year). Title. Publisher/Database. URL

In-text:
Alonso-Tapia et al. (2018)
Tips:
(Alonso-Tapia et al., 2018)
• A test’s name is a proper noun, so be sure
to capitalize it in the reference.
Purring (2012) • If the test comes from a database, like
(Purring, 2012) in the first example include the words
“Database record” in square brackets
directly after the title.
Example:
In this study, we used Purring’s (2012) Charisma and Tenacity Survey (CATS)...

Reference List:
Alonso-Tapia, J., Nieto, C., Merino-Tejedor, E., Huertas, J. A., & Ruiz, M. (2018).
Situated Goals Questionnaire for University Students (SGQ-U, CSM-U)
[Database record]. PsycTESTS. [Link]
Purring, A. (2012). Charisma and Tenacity Survey. [Link]
measures/instruments/surveys/[Link]

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7.09 Conference papers

Author, A. (Year, Month Date Range). Title [Paper presentation].

Conference Name, City, State, Country.

In-text:
Campbell (2019) Tips:
(Campbell, 2019) • Make sure you include the names of all
authors, even if they were not present at
the presentation.
Example: • The dates should match the date(s) of the
Campbell (2019) has several far-reaching implications for … full conference.
• Conference papers or proceedings that
have been published in a journal or book
Reference List: should be referenced as a journal
article
Campbell, K. (2019, October 28-29). An information behaviours view of first in or chapter
in an edited book .
family students before and during university [Paper presentation]. Research
Applications in Information and Library Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

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7.10 Conference posters

Author, A. (Year, Month Date Range). Title [Poster presentation].

Conference Name, City, State, Country. DOI/URL

In-text:
Pearson (2018) Tips:
(Pearson, 2018) • Make sure you include the names of all
authors, even if they were not present at
the presentation.
Example: • The dates should match the date(s) of the
… reflecting the theme of self-acceptance and improvement (Pearson, 2018). full conference.
• If the URL is very long, you can use URL
shorteners, as seen in the given example.
Reference List:
Pearson, J. (2018, September 27-30). Fat talk and its effects on state-based body
image in women [Poster presentation]. Australian Psychological Society
Congress, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [Link]

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7.11 Conference sessions

Author, A. (Year, Month Date Range). Title [Conference session].

Conference Name, City, State, Country. DOI/URL

In-text:
Fistek et al. (2017) Tips:
(Fistek et al., 2017) • Make sure you include the names of all
authors, even if they were not present at
the presentation.
Example: • The dates should match the date(s) of the
… this was a recurring theme in Fistek et al. (2017). full conference.

Reference List:
Fistek, A., Jester, E., & Sonnenberg, K. (2017, July 12-15). Everybody’s got a little
music in them: Using music therapy to connect, engage, and motivate
[Conference session]. Autism Society National Conference, Milwaukee, WI,
United States. [Link]
[Link]

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7.12 Symposium

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution. In C. Chairperson

(Chair), Title of Symposium [Symposium]. Conference Name, City,
State, Country. DOI

In-text:
De Boer and LaFavor (2018) Tips:
(De Boer & LaFavor, 2018) • If there is no DOI available, you may leave
this element out.

Example:
De Boer and LaFavor (2018) make the point that …

Reference List:
De Boer, D., & LaFavor, T. (2018, April 26-29). The art and significance of
successfully identifying resilient individuals: A person-focused approach.
In A. M. Schmidt & A. Kryvanos (Chairs), Perspectives on resilience:
Conceptualization, measurement and enhancement [Symposium]. Western
Psychological Association 98th Annual Convention, Portland, OR, United
States.

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7.13 Book review

Author, A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the book Book Title,

by B. Author]. Source. DOI/URL

In-text:
Santos (2019) Tips:
(Santos, 2019) • Reviews can be published in a variety of
formats, including journals, magazines,
newspapers, websites, and blogs.
Example: • The reference for the review should use
… talks about refugee experiences, with a focus on female perspectives (Santos, the format of the source being discussed,
2019). with the addition of the square brackets to
inform the reader that it is a review.
• In the square brackets you need to include
Reference List: the name/s of the book’s authors.
• The given example has the Month and
Santos, F. (2019, January 11). Reframing refugee children’s stories [Review of the
Day as well as the year because a review
book We are displaced: My journey and stories from refugee girls around the published in a newspaper.
world, by M. Yousafzai]. The New York Times. [Link]

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7.14 Film review

Author, A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Film Title, by A.

Contributor, Dir.]. Source. DOI/URL

In-text:
Mirabito and Heck (2016) Tips:
(Mirabito & Heck, 2016) • Reviews can be published in a variety of
formats, including journals, magazines,
newspapers, websites, and blogs.
Example: • The reference for a review should use the
Mirabito and Heck (2016) explore how the film … format of the source being discussed, with
the addition of the square brackets to
inform the reader that it is a review.
Reference List: • In the square brackets you need to include
Mirabito, L. A., & Heck, N. C. (2016). Bringing LGBTQ youth theatre into the spotlight the name of the film’s director/s followed
by “Dir.”.
[Review of the film The year we thought about love, by E. Brodsky, Dir.].
• The example is from a review published in
Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(4), 499-500. https:// a journal.
[Link]/10.0137/sgd0000205

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7.15 TV episode review

Author, A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the TV Series episode

“Episode Title”, by A. Contributor, Writer & B. Contributor, Dir.].
Source. DOI/URL

Tips:
In-text: • Reviews can be published in a variety of
Perkins (2018) formats, including journals, magazines,
(Perkins, 2018) newspapers, websites, and blogs.
• The reference for a review should use the
format of the source being discussed, with
Example: the addition of the square brackets to
Perkins (2018) draws attentions to the irrational tone of hope evident … inform the reader that it is a review.
• In the square brackets you need to include
the name of the episode’s writer/s and
director/s followed by “Writer” and “Dir.”
Reference List:
respectively.
Perkins, D. (2018, February 1). The good place ends its remarkable second season • The given example is from a review
with irrational hope, unexpected gifts and a smile [Review of the TV series published on a website.
episode “Somewhere else”, by M. Schur, Writer & Dir.]. A.V. Club. https:// • In this example, the title is in italics
[Link]/the-good-place-ends-its-remarkable-second-season- because it is a webpage on a website. See
with-i-1822649316 Webpage—individual as author .

• The title of the TV show (The Good Place) is
in sentence case and would normally be in
italics, but because the title of the review
is also in italics, “The good place” appears
in “reverse italics”.

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7.16 Data sets

Author, A. (Year). Title [Data set]. Publisher. DOI/URL

In-text:
Pew Research Center (2018) Tips:
(Pew Research Center, 2018) • The date for published data is the
publication date. When using unpublished
data, use the date of collection.
Example: • If the data set is likely to change over time,
The Pew Research Center (2018) released a data set that … include a retrieval date before the DOI/
URL.
• If there are two organizational authors do
Reference List: not place a comma between their names.
Pew Research Center. (2018). American trends panel Wave 26 [Data set]. Retrieved
October 21, 2019, from [Link]
trends-panel-wave-26/

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7.17 Software & apps

Author, A. (Year). Name/Title (Version) [Type]. Publisher. URL

In-text:
Borenstein et al. (2014) Tips:
(Borenstein et al., 2014) • Publisher can refer to the App Store or the
Google Play Store.
Epocrates (2019) • You do not need to cite software or
(Epocrates, 2019) programming languages that you merely
mention in-text. However, if you quote
or paraphrase them, they do need to be
Example: properly referenced.
• You should also reference software that
Furthermore, Epocrates (2019) provides support for users …
is likely to be unfamiliar to your intended
audience.

Reference List:
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014). Comprehensive meta-
analysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer software]. Biostat. [Link]
[Link]/
Epocrates. (2019). Epocrates medical references (Version 18.12) [Mobile app]. App
Store. [Link]

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8. Indigenous materials

01. Artwork (online) >

02. Artwork (in person) > You should capitalise most terms
that are associated with Indigenous
peoples; this includes names of
03. Personal communication
specific groups, languages, and
with Indigenous people > words related to indigenous culture
(E.g. Creation, the Creator, Oral
04. Multiple Creators from the Tradition, Traditional Knowledge,
same Country or Nation > etc.).

Other resources that are not listed

05. Multiple Creators from
in this section can be modified
different Countries or by adding the “Nation/Country,
Nations > Language Group, Place of Nation/
Country” elements to other UTS Library guide to referencing Indigenous material by
referencing templates. Danièle Hromek & Sophie Herbert is licensed under a
06. Works by Indigenous & Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
non-Indigenous Creators > ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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8.01 Artwork (online)

Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country, Language group,

Place of Nation/Country. Source. URL

In-text:
Whiskey (2018) Tips:
(Whiskey, 2018) • If the author is not known,
use “Unrecorded” in place of the author.

Example:
… as seen in Whiskey (2018).

Reference List:
Whiskey, K. (2018). Kaylene TV [Painting]. Indulkana, APY Lands, South Australia. Art
Gallery of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [Link]
prizes/sulman/2018/29987/

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8.02 Artwork (in person)

Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country, Language group,

Place of Nation/ Country. Museum name, Museum location.

In-text:
Campbell (1988) Tips:
(Campbell, 1988) • If the author is not known,
use “Unrecorded” in place of the author.

Example:
Campbell (1988) demonstrates this through …

Reference List:
Campbell, R., Jr. (1988). Abo history (facts) [Painting]. Ngaku people, Kempsey, NSW,
Australia. National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

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8.03 Personal communication with

Indigenous people

A. Author (Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/

Country, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

In-text:
E. Timbery (Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, NSW, Australia, personal communication, April Tips:
23, 2015) • Can replace “personal communication”
with “yarn” if appropriate. For example, if
(E. Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, NSW, Australia, personal communication, April using a yarning methodology (Hromek,
23, 2015) 2019).
• If you are yourself an Indigenous person
and are sharing your own experiences, you
Example: do not need to provide any form of citation
(either in-text or in the reference list).
… in recent indigenous artworks (E. Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, NSW, Australia,
However, you should describe yourself in
personal communication, April 23, 2015). the text to contextualise the information
you are sharing (this would include what
nation you belong to and where you live).
Reference List:
Personal communication does not require a matching entry in the reference list.

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8.04 Multiple Creators from the same

Country or Nation

Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country,

Language group, Place of Nation/Country. Source. URL

In-text:
George and Cooper (2018)
Tips:
(George & Cooper, 2018) • If the author is not known,
use “Unrecorded” in place of the author.

Example:
George and Cooper (2018) use colour to …

Reference List:
George, W., & Cooper, T. (2018). Piltati and Malara: A story of love and war [Painting].
APY Lands, South Australia. Hazelhurst Gallery, Gymea, NSW, Australia.
[Link]
Exhibitions/Weapons-For-The-Soldier

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8.05 Multiple Creators from different

Countries or Nations

Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country,

Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author A); Nation/
Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author B).
Source. URL

In-text:
Timbery and Jones (2015) Tips:
(Timbery & Jones, 2015) • If there are multiple Indigenous creators
from different places, include the surname
of the relevant author in brackets after
Example: their country/language information.
Timbery and Jones (2015) is an example of …

Reference List:
Timbery, E., & Jones, J. (2015). Shell Wall [Installation]. Bidjigal/Eora, La Perouse,
NSW, Australia (Timbery); Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi, NSW, Australia (Jones).
Barangaroo Delivery Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [Link]
[Link]/the-project/arts-and-public-program/shell-wall-2015-by-
esme-timbery-and-jonathan-jones/

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8.06 Works by Indigenous & non-

Indigenous Creators

Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country,

Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author A). Source. URL

In-text:
Jagamara and Tillers (2017)
Tips:
(Jagamara & Tillers, 2017) • If the work is a collaboration between
Indigenous and non-Indigenous creators,
include the surname of the relevant
Example: indigenous author(s) in brackets after their
… can be seen in the artwork by Jagamara and Tillers (2017). country and language information.

Reference List:
Jagamara, M. N., & Tillers, I. (2017). Metafisica Australe 2017 [Painting]. Warlpiri/
Luritja, Papunya region, Northern Territory, Australia (Jagamara). Queensland
Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA), Brisbane, Qld, Australia. [Link]
[Link]/michael-nelson-jagamara-imants-tillers-metafisica-
australe/

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9. Why do we reference?
Referencing is an essential part of academic communication. It serves
several important purposes, by:

• Supporting claims, arguments, and assertions in your work.

• Showing evidence of reading and research.
• Giving credit to the authors of any material that you have referred to
in your work.
• Helping readers find the sources of information you have cited.
• Ensuring academic integrity and avoiding accusations of plagiarism.

The referencing style of the American Psychological Association, or

APA, is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed., 2019). For legal materials, it draws on the Australian
Guide to Legal Citation, or AGLC (4th ed., 2018).

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10. Referencing your
own work
Previous student assignments should not be referenced, as they have not
been published and are therefore impossible for the reader to trace. If
you are referring to facts, quotes or data that you have used in a previous
assignment, you can simply reuse the appropriate references.

Of course, you are free to cite any of your own works that have been
published in an academically acceptable format such as a book, journal
article or conference paper. You should cite or quote from such works
exactly as if they were written by someone else.

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11. Authors

01. One author > 08. Works by different authors

with the same surname >
02. Two authors >

03. Three or more authors >

04. No author >

05. General rules for authors The “author” in referencing refers to

names > the person(s) or group(s) responsible
for a work. It does not always mean
06.  bbreviating author
A the literal author but may also refer
to people such as editors, directors,
names >
producers, host, and so on.

07. Multiple works by the same

author >

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11.01 One author

When there is only one author, you need to include the author’s surname
and the date of publication in your in-text citation.

In the corresponding entry in the reference list, you need to include the
author’s initials in addition to their surname.

For example:
In-Text:
Nielsen (2016)
(Nielsen, 2016)

Reference List:
Nielsen, E. (2016). Dear Researcher: Rethinking engagement with fan authors. Journal
of Fandom Studies, 4(3), 233-249. [Link]

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11.02 Two authors

For a work with two authors, include both author names in every citation.
When you are writing the authors’ names as part of your sentence, you
should connect their surnames with “and”. However, when you are
referencing them within brackets, the surnames should be joined by an
“&” sign. In the reference list, the authors’ surnames should always be
connected using an “&” sign.

For example:
In-Text:
Flegel and Roth (2014)
(Flegel & Roth, 2014)

Reference List:
Flegel, M., & Roth, J. (2014). Legitimacy, validity, and writing for free: Fan fiction, gender,
and the limits of (unpaid) creative labour. Journal of Popular Culture, 47(26),
1092-1108.

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11.03 Three or more authors

For a work that has three or more authors, include the name of the first In such cases, you would keep more than just the first
author then “et al.” in every citation, including the first citation. In the author’s name. Instead, you should write out additional
reference list, all the author’s names must be listed up to 20 authors. authors’ names (in the order that they appear on the works
you are citing) until you are able to distinguish between the
For example: cited works. In this example, these references would look
like:
In-text:
Gursoy et al. (2018)
(Gursoy et al., 2018) Hughes, Miner, Waller, et al. (2014)
Hughes, Miner, and Robles (2014)
Reference List:
Gursoy, A., Wickett, K., & Feinberg, M. (2018). Understanding tag functions in a
moderated, user-generated metadata ecosystem. Journal of Documentation, Because “et al.” is plural and means “and others”, it
74(3), 490-508. [Link] cannot be used for only one name. If only the final author is
0134
different, then you should write all the authors’ names.

When there are 21 or more authors, in the reference list you

Sometimes, shortening references in this way may cause uncertainty in should include the names of the first 19 authors, followed by
in-text references, as can be seen in the following example: “…” and then the name of the final author.
Hughes, Miner, Waller, Chaplin, and Dobell (2014) = Hughes et al. (2014)
Hughes, Miner, and Robles (2014) = Hughes et al. (2014)

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11.04 No author
If the author of the work is credited as “Anonymous”, you can use this
as the author name. If the author of an indigenous work is unknown, use
“Unrecorded” as the author name.

In instances where there is no author listed at all, you can move the title
of the source to the author position, both in the in-text reference and the
reference list.

If the title of the source is italicised in the reference list, then it should
also be in italics for the in-text reference. If it is not italicised, then
Tips:
you should use double quotation marks around the title for the in-text • Capitalise all major words in these titles,
reference. even if they are not capitalised in the
original title. In the reference list entry
For example: capitalise the titles normally.

If the title is in italics:

(Interpersonal Skills, 2019)

If the title is not in italics:

(“Interpersonal Skills,” 2019)

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11.05 General rules for author

names
Here are some general rules for handling author’s names in the reference Special names
list: • For authors with apostrophes in their names (eg:
O’Brian, D’Souza) file these alphabetically in your
Initials reference list as with every other name, disregarding
• All individual author names forming the first part of the reference the apostrophe.
should be inverted so their surname is first (for example, Author, A. A.). • If the work you are referencing starts with a number
• Use one space between initials. or an emoji, file the reference in your reference list as
• Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from any additional though it was an English word. Eg: the number 7 would
names, even when there are only two authors (for example, Author, A. be filed under S, and an egglplant emoji would be filed
A., & Author, B.). under E.
• When authors’ names have suffixes such as Jr. or III, you
Hyphenated names should separate then from the initials with a comma (for
• When given names are hyphenated, you should keep the hyphen and example, Author, A., Jr., & Author, B., III).
include a full stop after each initial (for example, Ai-Jun Xu would be • If an author has a single name (like Madonna) or an
written as Xu, A.-J.). inseparable multipart name (like Lady Gaga) provide
• When the second part of a hyphenated name is lower case, you their full name in both the reference list and the in-text
should treat it as a single name (for example, Lee-ann Raboso would citation. Do not abbreviate or invert it!
be written as Roboso, L.). • In instances where the author only has one name, place
• Write the authors surname exactly as it appears in the published a full stop after it, for example, Plato. (2017).
work. This includes capitalisation, hyphenated surnames and two-part • If there are two organizational authors do not place a
surnames (for example, Santos-Garcia or Velasco Rodriguez). comma between their names.

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11.06 Abbreviating author names

If a reference has a group author or an organisational author, you can For example:
abbreviate their name in your writing. Abbreviate the name if:
In-text:
The American Psychological Association (APA, 2019)
• There is a well-known abbreviation. (American Psychological Association [APA], 2019)
• The name is particularly long.
• You are going to refer to it by name at least three times in your paper. Subsequently:
APA (2019)
(APA, 2019)
As with other citations, you must write the full name of the author on the
first mention and can follow this with the abbreviation, which you are then Reference List:
free to use in subsequent citations. American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Names in the reference list should not be abbreviated.

In the unlikely event that two groups you are referring to abbreviate to
the same form, you must write out the group names in full every time you
mention them.

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11.07 Multiple works by the same

author
If you have multiple sources by the same author (or authors) that have the
same publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year to help
differentiate these sources. You should start with the work whose title
appears first, alphabetically.

The lower case letters should be included for both in-text citations and
the reference list.

For example:
In-text:
(Collier & McManus, 2005a)
(Collier & McManus, 2005b)

Reference List:
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005a). Bridging the gap: The use of learning partnerships to
enhance workplace learning. Asia Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 6(2),
7-16.
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005b). Setting up learning partnerships in vocational
education and training: Lessons learnt. The Journal of Vocational Education and
Training, 57(3), 251-273.

Similar rules apply for resources with no date (e.g. n.d.-a) or ones that are
in press (e.g. in press-a).
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11.08 Works by different authors

with the same surname
If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but
have different initials, include the authors’ initials in all in-text citations,
even if the year of publication is different.

For example:
In-text:
(A. McManus, 2019; J. McManus et al., 2007)

Reference List:
McManus, A. (2019, October 28-29). Tag! You’re it: The use of metadata in Fanfiction
[Paper presentation]. Research Applications in Information and Library Studies,
Canberra, ACT, Australia.
McManus, J., Hansford, A., Hasseldine, J., & Walpole, M. (2007). VAT and GST: A
comparative review of tax audits. British Tax Review, 40(2), 87-95.

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12. Titles
Here are some general rules for using Titles, both in the body of your work
and in the reference list:

Using Titles in the Body of Your Writing

•  hen discussing a book in the body of your writing, place the title of
W • In the reference list, publisher names, journal names
the book in italics, and use title case: and website names are in title case. That means that
• In the book Bilingualism Across the Lifespan: Factors Moderating all words of four letters or longer are capitalised (words
Language Proficiency... like and, of, the do not need to be capitalised) e.g.:
• When discussing an article in your writing, place the article title in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering
single quote marks, and use title case: • For book and report references, enclose information
• In the article ‘Media Influences on Self-Stigma of Seeking such as the edition number, report number, volume
Psychological Services: The Importance of Media Portrayals and number after the title in parentheses. Do not place this
Person Perception’... information in italics, e.g.: Nursing: A concept-based
• When mentioning the name of a journal or a newspaper in your writing, approach to learning (2nd ed., Vol. 1)
italicize the title, and use title case: In The Washington Post.... • Finish the title element of a reference with a full
stop, unless the title ends with a question mark or an
exclamation point.
Using Titles in the Reference List

• In the reference list, book titles, article titles and web page names are
in sentence case. That means that only the first word in the title, the
first word after a colon, and proper nouns are capitalised, e.g.:
The virtue gap in humor: Exploring benevolent and corrective humour

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13. In-text citations

01. How to write in-text 07. Quotations of 40 words or

citations > more >

02. Citing multiple works at the 08. Quotes from a work citing
same time > another author >
In the APA style, each work
03. Using the same reference 09. Using ‘as cited in’ > referenced needs to have an in-text
citation as well as a corresponding
multiple times in the same entry in the reference list (unless
paragraph > otherwise indicated, such as in the
personal communication ).
case of
04. Citing specific parts of a Each in-text citation is placed into
source> the body of the text and identifies
a work by its author and the date of
publication; this information can then
05. Paraphrasing > be used to find the full reference in
the list at the end.
06. Short quotations >

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13.01 How to write in-text

citations
There are two types of in-text citations: In parenthetical citations, the author’s name and the
publication date are included, usually at the end of
•  arrative citations—author names outside brackets, often placed at
N a sentence, within round brackets (also known as
the beginning of a sentence. parentheses).
• Parenthetical citations—author names are inside the brackets, usually
placed at the end of a sentence. For example:
Falsely balanced news coverage can lead to dangers such as distorting
In narrative citations, the author’s name and the date are incorporated the public’s perception of expert opinion on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
into the text as part of the sentence.

For example: If there is more than one author in a parenthetical citation,

Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
you should connect the author’s names with an “&”
(ampersand).
OR
For example:
In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
The Moon’s rotation with the Earth is synchronised, meaning the same
side of the Moon is always facing the Earth (Smith & Jones, 2016).

If there is more than one author in a narrative citation, connect the

authors’ names with an “and”.

For example:
Smith and Jones (2016) in their study of lunar conditions …
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13.02 Citing multiple works at the

same time
When citing multiple works at the same time, you should use
parenthetical citations. Citations within the parentheses should be in
alphabetical order by first author and be separated by semi-colons. Do
not place an ampersand (“&”) in front of the final citation.

For example:
The Huns are some of the most famous, and successful, marauders in history (Black,
2017; Lupin, 2016; Potter, 2018).

If you wanted to highlight a work that is the most directly relevant to your
work/point, you can place that reference first and then write “see also”
after the first semi-colon before including the other references.

For example:
The Huns are amongst the most successful marauders in history (Potter, 2018; see also
Black, 2017; Lupin, 2016).

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13.03 Using the same reference

multiple times in the same
paragraph
In general, you should include the author name and date in every in-
text citation. If a citation needs to be repeated, you should write out the
citation in full each time. However, if you are using a narrative citation to
the same work multiple times in one paragraph, you may leave out the
year in subsequent references within that paragraph.

For example:
As Goodman (2015, p. 666) states, fanfiction is “premised on multiplicity”, the very
point of fanfiction is to provide a divergence from the source text. Goodman also
notes that each of these deviations and changes must be carefully documented and
communicated to potential readers which is done through the metadata, often in the
form of tags. She goes on to state that this practice of fandom means that fans
naturally engage in self-regulated archival and taxonomic behaviours that would rival
the practice of any librarian.

Any time you use a parenthetical citation, you must without exception
include the author’s name and the year. See
Paraphrasing for an example
of this.

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13.04 Citing specific parts of a

source
When you want to refer to a specific part of a source, you should include Although spiders are classified as arachnids, not all arachnids are
a page number or reference to the part you are citing in your in-text spiders (Skelton, 2017, Arachnids section).
citation.
The noted French author, Gerard de Nerval, was known to take his
pet lobster for walks in the Palais-Royal (Greenland, 2015, “French
For example: Literature” section, para. 3).
“Geese need no motivation beyond chaos” (Sher, 2019, p. 16).

OR When referring to a section of a recorded work, such as a

video or audio, you can use a timestamp.
As stated by Sher (2019, p. 16), “geese need no motivation beyond chaos”.

OR
For example:
… where the exquisite tonal quality of the violas can be clearly heard
In 2019, Sher stated that “geese need no motivation beyond chaos” (p. 16). (Bach, 2010, 50:17).

For sources like webpages and websites that do not have page numbers, religious books or
Some texts, like classical works , do not
you can refer to a section or paragraph to indicate where you found the use page numbers to refer to sections. Instead, you can use
information you are citing. canonically numbered parts, such as references to scenes,
verses or lines. See the pages on these reference types for
For example: more detailed information.
… this, however, changes when Mercury is in retrograde (McAlpine, 2018, para. 2).

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13.05 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s idea in your own words. If the paraphrase incorporates multiple sources or switches
Paraphrasing allows you to summarise information from one or more among sources, repeat the citation so the source is clear.
sources, focus on important information, and to compare or contrast
relevant details. It is better to paraphrase sources than to constantly For example:
quote them! … exhaustion or reduced ability to empathize with others (Elwood et al.,
2011; Figley, 2002), disruption in personal relationships (Elwood et al.,
It is not always necessary to include a page (or paragraph) number when 2011; Robinson-Keilig, 2014), decreased satisfaction with work (Elwood
paraphrasing. However, it is a good idea to include one where possible et al., 2011).
(especially if paraphrasing from a long work such as a book) as it makes it
easier to find that source again later.

For Example:
Metadata also has uses in promoting your resources, making connections between
related resources and ensuring your resources reach the correct audience (Lubas et al.,
2013, p. 3).

Paraphrasing may go on for several sentences. If this is the case, you

should cite the work being paraphrased on the first mention. If you
are using the narrative format for your in-text referencing, the year of
publication can be left out on subsequent mentions. See Section 12.03
for an example of this.

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13.06 Short quotations

A direct quotation copies word-for-word what is written in another work.

Where possible, it is better to paraphrase rather than directly quote as

this allows you to introduce information in the context of your paper and
in your writing style. It is best to use direct quotations for definitions or
when an author has expressed a point memorably or succinctly, or in
cases where you want to respond to their exact wording.

Short quotations are direct quotes that are less than 40 words. Short
quotations should be enclosed in double quotation marks and have an in-
text citation within the same sentence.

For example:
“Fanfiction communities use a variety of different methods to organize the content on
their sites” (Hill & Pecoskie, 2017, p. 850).

OR

As Hill and Pecoskie (2017, p. 850) state, “Fanfiction communities use a variety of
different methods to organize the content on their sites”.

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13.07 Quotations of 40 words or
more
Block quotations are direct quotes that are 40 words or more. You do
not use quotation marks with block quotations. Instead, you should start
a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole paragraph from
the left margin. The accompanying in-text reference at the end of the
quotation should not have any punctuation after it.

For example:
These tags have major stylistic differences, as they are longer, more informal,
speak directly to a reader, and are not wrangled into browsable categories by
volunteers. Some of these tags reflect on the process of writing or tagging, and
some of them hint at what reading might be like. Some, however, comment on
things that are also included in story element or discourse element tags, like
characters, setting, or canonicity. (Gursoy et al., 2018, p. 502)

OR

As Gursoy et al. (2018, p. 502) discuss:

These tags have major stylistic differences, as they are longer, more informal,
speak directly to a reader, and are not wrangled into browsable categories by
volunteers. Some of these tags reflect on the process of writing or tagging, and
some of them hint at what reading might be like. Some, however, comment on
things that are also included in story element or discourse element tags, like
characters, setting, or canonicity.

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13.08 Quote from a work citing

another author
If the resource you are using includes a direct quote from someone else If the quote is within a block quotation (more than 40
that you would like to include in your work, the best thing to do is to look words), use double quotation marks around the quoted
up the original paper and quote directly from the original source. material (even if in the original it is enclosed in single
quotation marks).
If for some reason this is not possible, you can cite the quotation through
the secondary source. When doing this it may be necessary to change For example:
double quotation marks to single quotation marks or vice versa!
It is also worth condensing the need for subjective certainty:
If a conjecture is just mere guess, one would not expect the
For short quotations (less than 40 words), use single quotation marks same bias to occur, because it might likely come along with
within the double quotation marks to indicate what is being quoted in the metacognition of “I know I am/was just guessing” which
the original work (even if in the original it is enclosed in double quotation would interact retrospectively increased perceptions of
marks). foreseeability. (von der Beck & Cress, 2018, p. 97)

For example:
As J. Z. Smith has noted, “It is the study of religion that invented ‘religion’” (Alderton,
2014, p. 222).

OR

“It is the study of religion that invented ‘religion’“ (Smith, as cited in Alderton, 2014, p.
222).

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13.09 Using ‘as cited in’

If you are reading a text that discusses the work of another author, and
you want to cite this other author without quoting them directly, you can
use ‘as cited in’.

For example, if you are reading a book by Stephen Hawking that Tips:
discussed a discovery of Albert Einsten, you would cite Einstein in the • Include both authors and both years of
text like this: publication in your in-text citation
• Use “as cited in” before the author in the
(Einstein, 1916, as cited in Hawking, 1985). citation.
• Only include the work you were reading in
the reference list.
• If you are using direct quotes from a
You can also do this with a narrative citation:
secondary author, see Quote from a work
Einstein predicted the possibility of gravitational waves (1916, as cited in Hawking, 1985) citing another author

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14. Reference list

01. Example reference list >

02. Reference list formatting

& rules >

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14.01 Example reference list

Here is an example of a reference list.

References

Campbell, K. (2019, October 28-29). An information behaviours view of first Maximum Linux security: A hacker’s guide to protecting your Linux
in family students before and during university [Paper presentation]. server and workstation. (1999). Sams.
Research Applications in Information and Library Studies, Canberra, ACT, McCulloch, D., & Thorne, J. (Executive Producers). (2019-present).
Australia. His dark materials [TV series]. Bad Wolf; British
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005a). Bridging the gap: The use of learning Broadcasting Company (BBC); New Line Cinema;
partnerships to enhance workplace learning. Asia Pacific Journal of Scholastic.
Cooperative Education, 6(2), 7-16.
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005b). Setting up learning partnerships in
vocational education and training: Lessons learnt. The Journal
of Vocational Education and Training, 57(3), 251-273. [Link]
org/10.1080/13636820500200286
Farrier, D., & Stein, P. (2006). The environmental law handbook: planning and land
use in NSW (4th ed.). UNSW Press.
Farrier, D., & Stein, P. (2011). The environmental law handbook: planning and land
use in NSW (5th ed.). Thomson Reuters Professional Australia Limited.
Furnham, A. (1990). Work and leisure satisfaction. In M. Strack (Ed.), Subjective
well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective, (pp. 235-260). Pergamon
Press.
Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious
risk during Bangladesh’s monsoon season. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill
Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [image attached] [Status update].
Facebook. [Link]

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14.02 Reference list formatting &

rules
Your reference list should be formatted as seen above. Here are a few
important points:

•  ou should start the reference list on a new page after the text, but
Y •  ou have the option of double-spacing references in the
Y
before any images, figures, tables or appendices. reference list if you wish.
• The reference list should be labelled “References”. This title should be
bolded and centred.
• The reference list should be listed in alphabetical order by surname of
first author, or by title if there is no author. To do this in Microsoft Word,
highlight the reference list then select the sort icon from the Home
toolbar. In the pop-up, confirm that ”Ascending” is selected, then
press ”OK”.
• There should be a half inch (1.27 cm) hanging indent. You can make
a hanging indent by highlighting your reference list and using the
following shortcuts:
Mac: CMD + t PC: CTRL + t
• Alternatively, to edit all references at once, highlight the list, right-
click and select “Paragraph ...”. In the pop-up box under “Special”
select “Hanging”.
• Use title case (capital letters) for publishers and journal names
• Use sentence case (lower case) for the titles of books and articles.

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15. Online rules

01. URLs & DOIs >

02. Screennames &

Usernames >

03. Emojis >

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15.01 URLs & DOIs

When referencing online sources, a DOI is preferable to a URL. A DOI
(which stands for “digital object identifier”) is a string of numbers, letters
and symbols that are used to permanently identify a digital document
and link to it on the web.

For example, DOIs should be recorded in the following format:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). [Link]

To find missing DOIs, copy and paste your complete APA reference list
into [Link]

Insert a blank line after each reference for the best results.

If the DOI or URL is very long you can use a short DOI or shortened URL.
Some websites will provide you with a shortened URL, but you can use
any URL shortening service as long as the link will take you back to the
correct location.

If the URL requires a log in or is session specific, meaning you will not be
able to access it if you try and use it later, you should instead use the URL
for the home page or log in page of the site where you found the resource.

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15.02 Screennames & usernames

Sources such as blog posts and social media will often be published
under a screen name or username. This screenname should be included
in the reference. If no other name is given (or known) you would use this
screenname as the author’s name. However, if the individual’s real name
is known, you should use this as the author name in the reference and
then include their screenname in square brackets directly after.

When the “@” symbol is part of a username, this too should be included.

For example, see this reference to an Instagram post by actor Sebastian

Stan:
In-text:
(Stan, 2019)

Reference List:
Stan, S. [@imsebastianstan]. (2019, July 15). It’s Monday. @355movie #355movie
#nocarbs [Video]. Instagram. [Link]

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15.03 Emojis
Some references may contain nonstandard spelling, capitalisation,
hashtags, links or even emojis. These need to be replicated in your
reference. If there is an emoji in something you are referencing, you
should replicate it. If this is not possible, you should provide the emoji’s
name in square brackets.

For example

 would be “[slightly smiling face]”

The full list of emoji names can be found on the Unicode Consortium’s
website ([Link] Emojis count as
one word each in your document’s word count.

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16. Captioning images

01. Captioning figures, images

and tables >

02. Referencing figures,

tables and images in a
presentation >

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16.01 Captioning figures, images

and tables
Often in a student assignment, images, figures, graphs, infographics If you are including a table that has multiple references in it,
and tables serve as effective ways to present information. These objects all references should be included in the notes underneath
can either be inserted throughout the body of text, or placed after the the table (as seen in example 2).
Reference list, but before an Appendix.
Example 1:
All images, figures and tables that are part of the main text (not in the
Figure 1
Appendix) should be named using Arabic numbers (e.g. Figure 1, Figure Goose with small boy’s glasses.
2, Table 1...). They should be numbered in the order that they are first
mentioned in the text. Only refer to tables, figures and images by using
their number, not by saying “refer to the table below/above” or “see the
figure on p. 3”.

The label (Figure1, Figure 2, Table 1 etc.) should be in bold and aligned to
the left. The title of the image (or a brief description if there is no title)
should go underneath this in italics. Under the figure, table or image you
should include a note that includes the reference details for the work. You
still need to include this as part of the reference list. Note. From Untitled Goose Game reveals the true power fantasy all
gamers want, by C. Marshall, 2019, Polygon ([Link]
com/2019/9/30/20891223/untitled-goose-game-petty-fantasy-
If the image, figure or table you are using in your assignment is from
trolling). Copyright 2019 by House Games.
another source, you also need to include the copyright/attribution
information in a note under the image.
Continues

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Example 2:

APA 6th APA 7th

Book references include No publisher location

publisher location included

Use et al. when there are Use et al. when there are
6+ authors 3+ authors

... ...

Note. Adapted from Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th
ed.), by American Psychological Association, 2020 and What’s New in the Seventh Edition
Publication Manual, by APA Style, 2020 ([Link]

If an image, figure or table appears in the Appendix then the rules for captioning
them are slightly different. In addition to numbering them, you also need to
include a letter reference before the number to indicate which Appendix it
belongs to. For example, the first table in Appendix A would be labelled “Table
A1”, and the third Figure in Appendix C would be “Figure C3”.

If the appendix consists of only an image, figure or table, then follow the normal
rules for naming appendices.

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16.02 Referencing figures,
tables and images in a
presentation
When using images or other figures in your presentations, you still need List of Figures
to include a reference. However, the way you reference these resources Figure 1. From Jareth the Goblin King, by Labyrinth Wikia, n.d., (https://
in a presentation is slightly different to a written work, to keep them more [Link]/wiki/Jareth_the_Goblin_King). CC-BY-SA
visually appealing.

On the slide, include a figure or table number and title with the resource The last slide in your presentation should be your full
you are using. As seen in the example below: reference list, which should include all the resources you
used in your presentation.
Goblins Figure 1
Jareth the Goblin King References
•  oblins are small humanoids
G
(D&D Beyond, n.d.). D&D Beyond. (n.d.). Goblin. [Link]
• Female goblins are sometimes called “goblettes” goblin
(“Goblin”, 2020). Goblin. (2020, April 20). In Wikipedia. [Link]
• Goblins are ruled over by their King David Bowie, Goblin
also known as Jareth (as seen in Figure 1). Labyrinth Wikia. (n.d.). Jareth the Goblin King. [Link]
com/wiki/Jareth_the_Goblin_King

At the end of your presentation, before your reference list, include a

list of all the figures in the presentation with the information that would
normally be included (see 
Captioning figures, tables and images ).

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17. Copyright rules for images

01. Copyright for students >

02. How to write copyright

attributions >

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17.01 Copyright for students

This section is for undergraduate and coursework students to use when • If the image is in the public domain, write Public Domain
referencing images in their work. If you are doing a research degree or (See Figure 3).
writing or publication please refer to our Referencing Images Guide. • Clip art from a computer program, such as Microsoft
Word does not need a copyright attribution or to
When reproducing other people’s images in your student assignments, be referenced. However, clip art from a website or
you should provide a copyright attribution beneath the image, beginning
database does.
with the word “Note”. After the word Note you will need to list:
• You do not need to include a copyright attribution for
images taken from a database that’s purpose is to
• If the material is being reproduced or adapted from the original. If the
share images for the purpose of academic research,
material is being reproduced (copied) use the word “From” in the note
only a normal citation.
under the image (see Figure 1 and 2).
• If there is no copyright indicated, you should assume it
• If you have adapted (altered) the material in some way, use the words
is under copyright.
“Adapted from” in the note under the image (see Figure 3).
• You will also need a reference list entry for the citations
• After the words “From” or “Adapted from”, list in order: Title, by A.
in your reference list.
Author, year of publication, source of the material. Then write the
copyright status.
• If the image is Creative Commons, write the relevant CC BY license
attribution (See Figure 1).
• If the image is not creative commons, write the word “Copyright”, the
year of publication and the name of the copyright holders. (See
How to write copyright attributions for more details).
   
• Generally the copyright holder would be either the author/creator
or, in the case of a book, the publisher. If the copyright holder is the
Author, write “by the author(s)” (See Figure 2). Continues

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Work reproduced from the original – Work reproduced from the original – Work adapted from an original – In the
Creative Commons Not Creative Commons Public Domain
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
Cat with a floppy ear Composition with Yellow, Red and Blue Short sighted Mona Lisa

Note. From Cat with a floppy ear, by I. Barbour, Note. From Composition with Yellow, Red and
2012, Flickr ([Link] Blue, by P. Mondrian, 1935/1942, Google Arts
barbourians/8063950119). CC BY SA 2.0. and Culture ([Link]
asset/composition-with-red-yellow-and-blue-
piet-mondrian/cQGiFYgQxS1cGw). Copyright Vidal
Sassoon Note. Adapted from Mona Lisa, by L. Da Vinci,
c.1503-1517, Wikipedia ([Link]
wiki/Mona_Lisa). In the Public Domain.

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17.02 How to write copyright attributions

1. Reprinted or adapted 2. Source information 3. Copyright status 4. Permission

From Journal, Magazine, Newspaper or Copyright year by (Name of Reprinted with Permission.
Blog Copyright holder).
OR OR
“Title of Article” by A. Author,
OR
year, Title of Journal/Periodical,
Adapted from Adapted with permission.
volume(issue), page no. (DOI or
In the public domain.
URL).

OR
Book or Report
Note: You only need to include
Title (page no.), by A. Author, year, Other licence type (eg. Creative
a permission statement if you
Publisher (DOI or URL). Commons).
have asked for and received
permission to use the copyright
Edited Book Chapter material.
“Title of chapter” by A. Author, in E.
Editor (Ed.), Title of Book (ed no.,
page no.), year, Publisher (DOI or
URL).

Webpage/Website
Title of Webpage, by A. Author, year,
Website name (DOI or URL).

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18. Using footnotes

While any type of paper written with APA 7th can include footnotes, APA •  ootnotes are generally placed below the margin of the
F
7th is not a footnoting referencing style. This means that generally you page but can alternatively be listed in a list of endnotes
expected to place citations in the body of your writing rather than it at the end of the document, after the references and
footnotes. before any list of tables, figures or appendices.
• Footnotes listed at the bottom of the page should be
With that said, if you really need to place an in-text citation into a single spaced and use the default font size of your word
footnote you can. You would do this as you would in the main body of your
processor.
writing, using (Author, Date). You would then create a matching reference
• Footnotes appearing in a list at the end should be
list entry for the citation in your reference list.
formatted as the reference list would be – indented and
Here are a few important points about using footnotes: double spaced.
• Do not place footnotes in headings
•  ootnotes are generally used to provide additional content or to
F • When referring to a footnote you have mentioned
provide copyright attributions. previously, use this format - “see Footnote 3”
• When providing additional content, avoid non-essential information.
• Footnotes should only contain one idea or point. If you need to make
more than one point, try to place that information in the body of your
writing instead.
• In regard to copyright attributions, footnotes can be used when the
attribution does not fit easily into the body of your work.
• Footnotes are superscripted and numbered consecutively from 1 in
your document.

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19. Appendices
Appendices are used when an author wants to include material that
supplements the content of their work but would be distracting or
unwieldy if included in the text.

Here are a few important points about using appendices:

• Appendices are placed after the reference list, on a new page. • If an appendix consists of only a table or a figure then
• Give each appendix a label and a title. Place the label and the title in the appendix label takes the place of the table of figure
bold and centered at the top of the page. number, and the appendix title takes the place of the
• Use a new page for each separate appendix. The title should describe table of figure title. So, if Appendix B only contains a
the appendix’s content. Use title case for the title and label. table, the table is referred to as Appendix B rather than
• If there is only one appendix, the label is ‘Appendix’. If there are more Table B1.
than one, use Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.
• Each appendix should be mentioned in the main body of the writing,
e.g.: ‘See Appendix A’
• If the appendix contains text, write the paragraphs with the same
formatting as the body of the work.  
• If an image, figure or table appears in the appendix you need to
include a letter reference before the number to indicate which
Appendix it belongs to. For example, the first table in Appendix A
would be labelled “Table A1”, and the third Figure in Appendix C would
be “Figure C3”.

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