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 NCERT Solutions for Class 8
Science
Chapter 2 – Microorganisms Friend and Foe

1. Fill in the blanks:

a. Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a ______.
Ans: Microscope

b. Blue green algae fix ______ directly from air to enhance fertility of
soil.
Ans: Nitrogen

c. Alcohol is produced with the help of _________.

Ans: Yeast

d. Cholera is caused by _________.

Ans: Bacteria

2. Tick the correct answer:

a. Yeast is used in the production of
i. Sugar
ii. Alcohol
iii. Hydrochloric acid
iv. Oxygen
Ans: (ii) Alcohol.
Yeast is used in the production of alcohol, which converts sugar into
ethanol and carbon dioxide.

b. The following is an antibiotic

i. Sodium bicarbonate
ii. Streptomycin
iii. Alcohol
iv. Yeast
Ans: (ii) Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic, sodium bicarbonate is an antacid, alcohol is a
drug and yeast is a fungus.

c. Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is

i. Female Anopheles mosquito

Class VIII Science [Link] 1

 ii. cockroach
iii. Housefly
iv. Butterfly
Ans: (i) Female Anopheles mosquito
Female Anopheles mosquito carries malaria-causing protozoan which
causes malaria in humans.

d. The most common carrier of communicable diseases is

i. Ant
ii. Housefly
iii. Dragonfly
iv. Spider
Ans: (ii) Housefly
Ant, dragonfly and spider do not carry any diseases.

e. The bread or idli dough rises because of

i. Heat
ii. Grinding
iii. Growth of yeast cells
iv. Kneading
Ans: (iii) Growth of yeast cells
The yeast cells are microorganisms that grow, respire and release carbon
dioxide, which are responsible for raising the bread or idli dough.

f. The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called

i. Nitrogen fixation
ii. Moulding
iii. Fermentation
iv. Infection
Ans: (iii) Fermentation
Fermentation process involves the conversion of sugar into alcohol.

3. Match the organisms in Column I with their action in Column II.

Column I Column II
1. Bacteria a. Fixing of nitrogen
2. Rhizobium b. Setting of curd
3. Lactobacillus c. Baking of bread
4. Yeast d. Causing malaria
5. A protozoan e. Causing Cholera
6. A virus f. Causing aids

Class VIII Science [Link] 2

Ans:
Column I Column II
1. Bacteria e. Causing cholera

2. Rhizobium a. Fixing of nitrogen

3. Lactobacillus b. Setting of curd

4. Yeast c. Baking of bread

5. A protozoan d. Causing malaria

6. A virus f. Causing aids

1. Bacteria is a microorganism which causes the disease called cholera.
2. Rhizobium is a bacteria which is useful in the fixation of atmoshperic
nitrogen in the soil.
3. Lactobacillus produces lactic acid by converting sugar that coagulates
and partially digest the milk protein and giving rise to curd.
4. The yeast cells are microorganisms that grow, respire and release
carbon dioxide, which are responsible for raising and baking bread.
5. A protozoan is a microorganism carried by female anopheles
mosquitoes which causes malaria.
6. A virus named HIV causes AIDS

4. Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If not, how can they
be seen?
Ans: No, microorganisms cannot be seen with naked eye as they are minute
organisms. But microorganisms can be seen through a microscope.

5. What are the major groups of microorganisms?

Ans: There are five major groups of microorganisms. They are enlisted as:
1. Bacteria:
a. It is a single celled organism.
b. They can be spiral, rod shaped, spherical shaped, comma shaped.
c. It causes diseases like cholera, tuberculosis.
2. Fungi:
a. Fungi are mostly multicellular organisms which cause several
diseases.
b. The moulds formed on breads are a type of fungi.

Class VIII Science [Link] 3

 3. Protozoa:
a. Protozoa can either be unicellular or multicellular.
b. Amoeba and Plasmodium are examples for a protozoa.
c. They are harmful to humans as well as other organisms.
4. Virus:
a. Viruses are disease causing microorganisms which can only
divide inside a host organism/cell.
b. It can affect plants as well as animals or humans.
c. HIV virus in humans and TMV virus in plants are examples of
viruses.
5. Algae:
a. They are the only microorganisms which are multicellular and
have photosynthetic pigments.
b. They are also known as precursors of plants.
c. Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas are some examples of algae.

6. Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the

soil.
Ans: The microorganisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil are
bacteria. Rhizobium is one such bacteria. They help in making it to
nitrogenous compounds that can be taken up by the plants.
These nitrogenous compounds are then used by the plants to make proteins
and other important compounds.
Rhizobacteria and Blue green algae are examples of bacteria that have the
capacity to fix nitrogen.

7. Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.

Ans: Usefulness of microorganisms:
1. Microorganisms such as rhizobium bacteria are used to increase soil
fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
2. They are also useful in preparing many medicines and antibiotics.
3. Yeast is a microorganism which is used at home to make batter for
fermented food.
4. Various fungi are the one responsible for decaying the waste in the
nature, they obtain nutrients from the dead and decompose the waste.
5. They are used in making wine, break, pickles and other food products.
6. Lactobacillus bacteria is mainly used at homes to make curd from milk.
7. Certain microbes are also used in the biological treatment of sewage
and industrial effluent.

Class VIII Science [Link] 4

 8. Some microorganisms are taken as probiotics which provide health
benefits.
9. Bacteria are also involved in making cheese.
10. Acetobacter acetic is used for producing acetic acid from alcohol.

8. Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by microorganisms.

Ans: The harms caused by microorganisms are enlisted below:
1. They can cause diseases in humans. Some diseases caused by bacteria
are tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, etc.
2. There are viruses that can affect the cattle by causing foot and mouth
disease in them.
3. Microorganisms tend to reduce the productivity of the plants like
wheat, rice, apple, sugarcane, etc.
4. When the microorganisms are present in our body, they can harm the
body cells by producing harmful substances.
5. There are microbes that can spoil food as well as other materials.

9. What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking

antibiotics?
Ans: Antibiotics are the drugs or medicines that are taken to kill disease
causing microorganisms. They are produced from the microorganisms. There
are different types of antibiotics that are used to protect against each type of
microorganisms like bacteria, fungus and other organisms and kill them.
Some examples for antibiotics are Penicillin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin and
so on.
The precautions to be taken while taking antibiotics are:
1. They should be taken under the supervision of a qualified doctor.
2. The prescribed course of antibiotics should be taken completely for
good results.
3. Taking the correct dosage of antibiotics is important. Any dose higher
than or less than the prescribed dosage can harm the body.

Class VIII Science [Link] 5

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