MEE 401 – Energy Systems
Module 2
Primary Energy and its Usage
W. Habchi
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 1
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 2
What Is Primary Energy?
The world population consumes primary energy at an average rate of about
15.9TW:
• What is meant by “Primary Energy”?
• How do we consume Energy?
• What is a TerraWatt (TW)?
• …
Primary Energy: A primary Energy source is a naturally occurring energy store or
energy carrier (e.g.: Wood, Oil, Natural Gas, Coal…)
Fuel
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 3
What Is Primary Energy?
Energy Consumption: First law of Thermodynamics → Energy is a conserved
property → It can’t be created or destroyed
What is Energy Consumption?
Energy Consump on ≡ Energy Conversion
The SI Unit for Energy is Joules (J): 1J ≡ 1N.m
Letter Prefix Meaning
μ Micro 10‐6
m Milli 10‐3
k Kilo 103
M Mega 106
G Giga 109
T Tera 1012
P Peta 1015
E Exa 1018
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 4
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 5
Energy and Power
(W) (J)
Power ≠ Energy
(s)
Another commonly used unit for energy is the Kilowatt‐hour (kWh):
1 Watt = 1 J/s
1 kW = 1000 J/s = 1000x3600 J/h or 3,600,000 J/h
1 kWh = 3,600,000 J
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
Similarly: 1 MWh = 3.6 GJ or 1 GWh = 3.6 TJ or 1 TWh = 3.6 PJ
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 6
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 7
Energy Units and Dimensions
• Units based on oil:
• tonne of oil equivalent (toe): Heat energy released in the combustion
of 1000 kg of oil
1 toe ≡ 41.868 GJ
1 Mtoe ≡ 106 toe
• barrel of oil:
1 barrel ≡ 42 US gallons ≡ 35 Imperial (Bri sh) gallons ≈ 159 L or 0.159 m3
1 Mbd (million barrel daily) ≡ 106 barrel / day
N.B.: 1 tonne of oil ≡ 7.33 oil barrels
Example:
The world primary energy consumption in 2009 is 502 EJ or the average rate of
consumption was 502 EJ / year. Show that this consumption is equivalent to:
a) 12,000 Mtoe / year
b) 15.9 TW
c) 241 Mbd
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 8
Energy Units and Dimensions
Solution:
a) 502 EJ / year ≡ 12,000 Mtoe / year
41.868 GJ ≡ 1 toe
→ 41.868 x 106 GJ or 41.868 PJ or 41.868 x 10‐3 EJ ≡ 1 Mtoe
→ 1 EJ ≡ Mtoe = 23.8846 Mtoe
41.868 x 10−3
→ 502 EJ ≡ 502 x 23.8846 Mtoe = 11,990.07 Mtoe ≈ 12, 000 Mtoe
→ 502 EJ / year ≡ 12,000 Mtoe/year
b) 502 EJ / year ≡ 15.9 TW
502 EJ / year = EJ/s or EW
365 x 24 x 3600
→ 502 EJ / year = 15.918 x 10− EW ≈ 15.9 TW
c) 502 EJ / year ≡ 241 Mbd
502 EJ / year = 11,990.07 Mtoe / year = 11,990.07 x 7.33 Mbarrels /year
, .
→ 502 EJ / year = 87,887.2 Mbarrels / year = Mbd
365
→ 502 EJ / year = 240.79 Mbd ≈ 241 Mbd
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 9
Energy Units and Dimensions
• Units based on coal:
• tonne of coal equivalent (tce): Heat energy released in the combustion
of 1000 kg of coal
1 tce ≡ 28 GJ
1 Mtce ≡ 106 tce
• British Thermal Unit (BTU) and related units:
1 BTU was originally defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1
lb of water by 1oF:
1 BTU ≡ 1055.06 J
1 therm ≡ 105 BTU
1 quad ≡ 1015 BTU
• The calorie and related units:
1 calorie corresponds to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature
of 1g of water by 1oC:
1 cal ≡ 4.19 J or 1 kcal ≡ 4.19 k J
N.B.: The calorie or kcal remains the most widely used energy unit in nutrition. For
instance, the daily food energy intake for a normal adult is 2000‐2500 kcal .
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 10
Energy Units and Dimensions
Example:
A country used 10 million tonnes of oil and 15 million tonnes of coal last year.
a) Which fuel fuel made a larger contribution to the national primary energy
consumption?
b) To reduce carbon emissions, the country plans to reduce annual coal consumption
to 12 million tonnes, compensating by increased oil consumption. If the present
total energy consumption is to be maintained, what must the new annual oil
consumption be, in millions of tonnes?
Solution:
a) Oil: 10 million tonnes ≡ 10 million x 41.868 GJ = 107 x 41.868 GJ = 418.68 PJ ≈ 420PJ
Coal: 15 million tonnes ≡ 15 million x 28 GJ = 15x 106x 28 GJ = 420 PJ
→ Same contribu on
b) Total consumption = 420 + 420 = 840 PJ
New Coal contribution = 12million x 28 GJ = 12x 106x 28 GJ = 336 PJ
→ New Oil contribution = 840 – 336 = 504 PJ
But 504 PJ ≡ = 12.04 million tonnes ≈ 12 million tonnes of oil
. /
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 11
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 12
World Primary Energy Sources
World Primary
Energy
Consumption
(2009)
Energy Source Quantity in customary units Energy (EJ) Percentage Contribution
Oil 3882 million tonnes 162.6 32.4%
Natural gas 2940 billion m3 111.1 22.1%
Coal 6675 million tonnes 137.3 27.4%
Fossil Fuels % 81.9%
Nuclear Electricity 2698 billion kWh 25.6 5.1%
Large Hydro 3272 billion kWh 11.8 2.3%
Traditional biomass 30.0 6.0%
Other sources 23.5 4.7%
Total world annual primary energy consumption 501.8
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 13
World Primary Energy Sources
Historic World
Primary Energy
Consumption by
category
Historic World
Annual Oil
Production and
Prices
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 14
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 15
Forms of Energy
Macroscopic: Potential, kinetic…
Energy
Microscopic: Heat, Electrical, Chemical…
Potential Energy:
Change in potential energy of a mass m is associated with lifting this mass to a
certain elevation h from a reference elevation. It is equal to the work done by
the force raising it which is in its turn equal to the weight.
(N.m ≡ J)
(N) (m)
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 16
Forms of Energy
Example:
The upper reservoir of a pumped storage system has a surface area of 8 km2 and lies
370m above the lower reservoir. How much energy is stored if overnight pumping
raises the water level in the top reservoir by 50cm?
Solution:
.
.
. .
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 17
Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy:
It is the energy needed for (or associated to) the motion of a mass m at a given speed
v and is expressed as:
(J)
(kg) ( ≡ ≡ ≡ )
Example:
How much power does the wind deliver to a turbine with a diameter of 60m when the
wind speed is 9m/s. Take the density of Air to be 1.29kg/m3.
Solution:
9 30 25,447 /
1.29 25,447 32,827 /
1 1
32,827 9
2 2
, , .
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 18
Forms of Energy
Heat:
Heat energy in itself is not a new fundamental form of energy. The heat content of a
gas for instance, is simply the kinetic energy of its atoms, and an increase in
temperature is an increase in the average speed of these atoms.
Example:
A small off‐peak electric hot water cylinder holds 140 L of water. Assuming that the
water is initially at 10oC and is heated overnight to 60oC, how many cylinders would
be needed to store 14.8TJ?
Solution:
The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of a
mass m of a substance from a temperature T1 to a
Temperature T2 is:
140 4.2 60 10 29,400
.
→ . .
,
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 19
Forms of Energy
Electrical Energy:
Electrical energy corresponds to the energy associated to the motion of electric
charges or electrons in an electric circuit:
(V) (Ω) (A) (W) (V) (A) R
Example:
A heavy‐duty 12V car battery has a storage capacity of 100Ah. How much energy does
it store when fully charged:
a) In kWh
b) In MJ
Solution:
a) Energy = 12V x 100Ah = 1200 Wh = 1.2 kWh
b) Energy = 1.2kWh = 1.2 x 10‐3MWh
= 1.2 x 10‐3 x 3600 MWs or MJ = 4.32 MJ
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 20
Forms of Energy
Chemical Energy:
Endothermic: absorb energy
Chemical Reactions
Exothermic: release energy (e.g. combustion)
Lower heating Value (LHV): water in the products comes
Heating Value out as steam.
Higher heating Value (HHV): water in the products
comes out as liquid.
Fuel Energy Content (MJ/kg)
Coal (LHV) 28
How many tons of coal
need to be burned to
Oil (LHV) 42
release 15TJ?
Methane (HHV) 55
15 10
Hydrogen (HHV) 140 535.7
28 10
Wood (HHV) 15
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 21
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 22
What is Energy used for?
Today, Energy is used in practically all sectors:
• Domestic: heating, washing, cooking, preserving food, lighting …
• Agriculture: farm mechanization, fertilizers…
• Industry: physical labor, manufacturing, processes…
• Transportation: ground, air, sea…
• Services: office activities, public administration, telecommunication…
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 23
What is Energy used for?
Historic Energy
Use by Sector in
the UK
Historic Per Capita
Energy
Consumption for
Different
Countries
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 24
Outline
• What is Primary Energy?
• Energy and Power
• Energy Units and Dimensions
• World Primary Energy Sources
• Forms of Energy
• What is Energy used for?
• Energy Efficiency
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 25
Energy Efficiency
How well do we consume energy? How much of it is lost?
• Efficiency:
• Energy Efficiency:
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 26
Energy Efficiency
Example 1: Combustion
Example 2: Thermal Power Plant
• Combustion Efficiency:
Fuel
.
• Generator Efficiency:
,
. • Thermal Efficiency:
. welec
,
.
. →
,
,
→
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 27
Energy Efficiency
100 80 60 15
Process 1 Process 2 Process 3
80 60 15
80% 75% 25%
100 80 60
0.8 0.75 0.25 0.15 15%
Problem: .
A steam power plant is operating at full regime. Under this regime the rate amount of
fuel burned in the boiler is 0.5Kg/s. The heating value of the fuel is 4.2MJ/Kg. The power
output of the turbine is 1.55MW while the power supplied to the pump is 50 KW and
. the rate amount of heat generated by the boiler is 2MW. The electric generator
generates 1.2MW of electric power. Determine:
a) The efficiency of the combustion process inside the boiler
b) The efficiency of the thermal cycle
c) The efficiency of the generator
d) The overall efficiency of the power plant
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 28
Energy Efficiency
Solution:
a . .
0.9524 95.24%
, . .
b 0.75 75%
.
c . .
0.8 80%
,
d
0.9524 0.75 0.8
.
0.5714 57.14%
2nd method:
1.2
0.5714 57.14%
0.5 4.2
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 29
Energy Efficiency
Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical devices:
,
• Pump:
,
,
• Turbine:
,
,
• Motor:
,
,
• Generator:
,
Δ , Δ
Motor Pump
,
⟹
, Δ
Turb. Gen.
Δ ,
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 30
Energy Efficiency
Problem:
The water in a large lake is to be used to generate electricity by the installation of a
hydraulic turbine‐generator system at a location where the depth of the water is 50m.
Water is to be supplied at a rate of 5000 kg/s. If the electric power generated is measured
to be 1862kW and the efficiency of the employed generator is 95% , determine:
a) The overall efficiency of the turbine‐generator system
b) The mechanical efficiency of the turbine
c) The shaft power supplied by the turbine to the generator
Solution:
a ∆ , 9.81 50 490.5 /
⟶Δ , ∆ ,
5,000 490.5
2,452,500 2,452.5
,
⟶ 0.76 76%
, , .
.
b .
0.8 80%
c Δ , 0.8 2,452.5 1,962
W. Habchi MEE 401 – Energy Systems 31