UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON

DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC)

STUDY GUIDE- PIMUN 2024

AGENDA: Preventing and Combating Transnational Organized Crime:

Discussing strategies to tackle organised crime networks, namely drug
cartels and human trafficking rings, through international law enforcement
cooperation and intelligence-sharing mechanisms.
Greetings delegates!

Welcome to the UNODC Committee at this year's PIMUN. We are thrilled to have you
join us and look forward to the dynamic and insightful discussions that you will bring to
our sessions. Your participation is crucial in addressing some of the most pressing
issues in international security and cooperation.

While this study guide serves as a foundational resource, we encourage you to conduct
your own comprehensive research. This guide is merely the starting point for your
preparation. To contribute meaningfully to the debates and negotiations, you will need to
delve deeper into the topics, understand the nuances of your assigned country’s
policies, and stay updated with the latest developments.

We are excited about the contributions you will make and the perspectives you will
bring. Your dedication and hard work are essential to making this conference a
rewarding experience for everyone involved. Best of luck, and we look forward to seeing
you in action.

Sincerely,
Shreshtha Verma
Adya Shendye

(Chair and Vice Chair)

 I. MANDATE

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a global leader in the fight
against illicit drugs, transnational organised crime, terrorism and corruption. UNODC
was established in 1997 as a result of the merging of the United Nations Centre for
International Crime Prevention and the United Nations International Drug Control
Programme. Its headquarters are in Vienna and it operates 20 field offices, as well as
liaison offices in New York and Brussels.

It was established by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to enable the

Organization to focus and enhance its capacity to address the interrelated issues of
drug control, crime and international terrorism apart from these, it is the guardian of
most of the related conventions, particularly:
- The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
- The United Nations Convention against Corruption
- The International Drug Control Conventions (1961, 1971 and 1988 Conventions)

UNODC works in all regions of the world through our normative expertise, our research,
our regional and global programmes and our extensive network of field offices to help
Member States:
- Improve crime prevention and assist with criminal justice reform in order to
strengthen the rule of law.
- Promote stable and viable criminal justice systems and combat the growing
threats of transnational organised crime and corruption.
- Educate people throughout the world about the dangers of drug abuse and
strengthen international action against illicit drug production and trafficking and
drug-related crime

Since the issues at hand are often too large for many governments to handle
independently, UNODC promotes transnational ways to action and provides practical
assistance to countries in need. With the help of UNODC’s global programs and
network of field offices, the Organisation carries out this work all over the world. UNODC
has 20 field offices covering over 150 countries.

Furthermore, UNODC is consolidating its long-time global series related to homicide,

trafficking in persons and criminal justice efficiency, among others, as well as refining
the indicators to address new needs, while at the same assisting countries to
strengthen their capacity to monitor SDG 16.
 II. KEY AREAS OF FOCUS

1. International Law Enforcement Cooperation:

○ Importance of collaboration between countries to address cross-border

criminal activities.
○ Frameworks and agreements facilitating joint operations, extradition, and
mutual legal assistance.
○ Role of international organisations such as Interpol and Europol in
enhancing cooperation.

2. Intelligence-Sharing Mechanisms:

○ The significance of timely and accurate intelligence in identifying and

dismantling criminal networks.
○ Mechanisms for sharing intelligence between countries and agencies
while ensuring data security and privacy.
○ Case studies demonstrating the impact of effective intelligence-sharing on
combating organised crime.

3. Combating Drug Cartels:

○ Overview of the global drug trade and its impact on societies.

○ Strategies for reducing drug production, trafficking, and distribution.
○ Successful interventions and international cooperation efforts.

4. Addressing Human Trafficking:

○ Understanding the scope and scale of human trafficking for forced labour
and sexual exploitation.
○ Legal frameworks and victim protection measures.
○ Collaboration between law enforcement, NGOs, and international bodies
to prevent and respond to trafficking.
 III. ABOUT THE AGENDA

● For two decades, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has
been helping make the world safer from drugs, organised crime, corruption and
terrorism. The Organisation has taken great steps in its fight against criminal
activities, some examples are as follows:

- United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and

the Protocols
‘The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime is
a legally-binding instrument through which States parties commit to taking
a series of measures against transnational organised crime. These include
the creation of domestic offences to combat the problem, the adoption of
new, sweeping frameworks for mutual legal assistance, extradition, law
enforcement cooperation and technical assistance, and training.’
- United Nations Convention against Corruption
- The International Drug Control Conventions (1961, 1971 and 1988
Conventions)

● The agenda of preventing and combating transnational organised crime

significantly impacts global security, stability, and development. Transnational
crime networks pose severe threats by fueling violence, corruption, and
instability. By dismantling these networks, countries can enhance public safety,
promote regional stability, and foster legitimate economic growth.

● Addressing organised crime also protects human rights by combating human

trafficking and forced labour, reducing the availability of illicit drugs, and
improving public health outcomes. Strengthening the rule of law and governance
is crucial, as organised crime undermines legal frameworks and governance
structures. Through international law enforcement cooperation and
intelligence-sharing mechanisms, the world can effectively address these
challenges, creating a safer and more prosperous future for all.
 IV. ORGANISED CRIME

● Organised crime is defined by the nature and motivation of the group that
commits the act, rather than by the specific types of crimes committed. In other
words, organised crime functions as a criminal enterprise that rationally works to
profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand, such as trafficking
in drugs, firearms and even persons.

● The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime provides

a definition of an organised criminal group according to the following criteria: a
structured group of three or more persons; that exists for a period of time; and
acts in concert with the aim of committing at least one serious crime; to obtain,
directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.

● Transnational organised crime encompasses virtually all serious profit-motivated

criminal actions of an international nature where more than one country is
involved. It is important to note transnational crime follows a hierarchical
structure, beginning with local groups and reaching the top with large well
planned criminal organisations.

● Drug trafficking is a prime example, with cartels like the Sinaloa Cartel in Mexico
operating extensive networks that move illegal drugs across borders. This trade
fuels violence and corruption in both producing and transit countries, leading to
weakened state institutions and destabilised communities. The widespread
abuse of these drugs imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems and
public health, contributing to higher crime rates and social instability.

● Human trafficking is another critical issue, with networks in Southeast Asia and
other regions targeting vulnerable populations for forced labour and sexual
exploitation. Victims endure severe physical and psychological trauma, and their
exploitation perpetuates cycles of poverty and inequality. Human trafficking also
places a strain on social services and law enforcement while affecting global
migration patterns and creating diplomatic tensions between countries. This illicit
trade undermines social stability and human rights on a global scale.
 V. DRUG TRAFFICKING

I. HISTORY OF DRUG TRADE AND DRUG CARTELS

● Drug trafficking refers to the illegal production, distribution, and sale of

substances that are subject to drug prohibition laws. This illicit trade spans the
globe, involving complex networks that move vast quantities of drugs across
international borders. Drug trafficking encompasses various stages, from
cultivation and manufacture to distribution and retail, often involving sophisticated
and highly organised criminal groups. These networks utilise advanced methods
to evade law enforcement, including smuggling via land, sea, and air routes,
hidden compartments, and corrupt officials.

● The use of psychoactive substances dates back thousands of years. Ancient

civilizations in South America cultivated coca plants, from which cocaine is
derived, and used them in religious and medicinal contexts. Similarly, opium
poppies have been grown in the Middle East and Asia for millennia, primarily for
medicinal purposes. The widespread trade in these substances began to develop
with increased global exploration and trade in the 16th and 17th centuries.

● The early 20th century saw the introduction of legal regulations and prohibitions
on certain drugs. The United States, for instance, passed the Harrison Narcotics
Tax Act in 1914, which regulated and taxed the production and distribution of
opiates and coca products. This period also marked the beginning of the
international drug control regime, with the League of Nations leading early efforts
to coordinate international drug control policies.

● After World War II, the global drug trade began to change significantly. The
production and trafficking of drugs became more organised and commercialised,
leading to the rise of powerful drug cartels. The 1960s and 1970s saw a surge in
drug use, particularly in the United States, which became a major market for illicit
drugs.

● In the 1970s and 1980s, Colombian cartels, such as the Medellín and Cali
cartels, dominated the cocaine trade. The Medellín Cartel, led by Pablo Escobar,
became infamous for its wealth, power, and violent tactics. These cartels
 controlled the entire supply chain from coca cultivation in the
Andes to distribution networks in North America and Europe. Their operations
led to significant violence and corruption in Colombia and other transit countries.

● During the same period, Mexico began to emerge as a key player in the drug
trade, initially as a transit country for Colombian cocaine. Over time, Mexican
cartels, such as the Sinaloa, Juárez, and Gulf cartels, expanded their operations,
taking over production, trafficking, and distribution networks. The Mexican cartels
became known for their brutal violence, corruption of public officials, and deep
entrenchment in Mexican society and politics.

II. IMPACT OF DRUG TRAFFICKING

● The impact of drug trafficking on the world is profound and multifaceted. One of
the most immediate effects is the surge in violence and crime in regions where
drug production and trafficking are prevalent. Countries like Mexico and
Colombia, major producers and transit points for cocaine and heroin, have
experienced devastating violence as drug cartels vie for control over territories
and trafficking routes. This violence destabilises communities, undermines
governance, and weakens state institutions.

● Economically, drug trafficking distorts legitimate markets and syphons off billions
of dollars annually, money that could otherwise support social and economic
development. The illicit drug trade fuels corruption, as traffickers often bribe law
enforcement and government officials to facilitate their operations. This
corruption erodes public trust in institutions and hampers efforts to combat the
problem effectively.

● On a social level, drug trafficking contributes to widespread addiction, public

health crises, and increased crime rates. Communities across the globe, from
inner-city neighbourhoods in the United States to rural villages in Southeast Asia,
suffer from the consequences of drug abuse, including increased healthcare
costs, lost productivity, and the societal costs of addiction. Furthermore, the
environmental impact of drug production, particularly in the case of cocaine and
heroin, involves deforestation, soil degradation, and pollution from chemicals
used in processing.
 III. CURRENT SITUATION

● According to UNODC’s World Drug Report(2023) Drug use continues to be high

worldwide. In 2021, 1 in every 17 people aged 15–64 in the world had used a
drug in the past 12 months. The estimated number of users grew from 240
million in 2011 to 296 million in 2021 (5.8 per cent of the global population aged
15–64). This is a 23 percent increase, partly due to population growth.

● The world is currently experiencing a prolonged surge in both supply and

demand of cocaine, which is now being felt across the globe and is likely to spur
the development of new markets beyond the traditional confines. The criminal
actors involved, including both groups at source and those orchestrating
trafficking to destination markets, have diversified in line with the dynamics of
competition, specialisation and collaboration, ultimately leading to more efficient
supply chains, in particular to Western and Central Europe, a region which in
recent years afforded space for growth and strong incentives for traffickers. The
developments in actors, routes and modalities allowed supply to readjust to
demand, with a notable turning point around 2015, following declines between
2006 and 2014.

● Although the global cocaine market continues to be concentrated in the Americas

and in Western and Central Europe (with very high prevalence also in Australia),
in relative terms it appears that the fastest growth, albeit building on very low
initial levels, is occurring in developing markets found in Africa, Asia and
South-Eastern Europe.

● An increasing number of countries in other subregions have been reporting

seizures of methamphetamine, with marked increases in recent years in
quantities seized in South-West Asia and the Near and Middle East, South-East
Africa, and West Africa. Manufacture of methamphetamine is no longer restricted
to the established markets, with the detection of clandestine methamphetamine
laboratories in SouthWest Asia, South Asia and Africa. There are increasing
signs of large methamphetamine manufacture in Afghanistan and expanded
trafficking through South Asia for markets in Oceania, Europe and elsewhere.
● Further, well-known groups include the Cosa Nostra, Camorra
and Ndrangheta. These groups function internationally. The Ndrangheta is seen
as one of the largest and most powerful crime syndicates in Europe, having
eclipsed the Sicilian mafia by transporting tens of billions of euros worth of
cocaine from South America to Europe over the past decades.

IV. GLOBAL RESPONSE

● The UNODC supports member states in developing and implementing drug

control policies, providing technical assistance, and fostering international
collaboration.

● The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, the Convention on

Psychotropic Substances of 1971, and the United Nations Convention against
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 are key
treaties that form the basis of international drug control. These treaties aim to
limit the availability of drugs for medical and scientific purposes while preventing
their diversion into illegal channels.

● National Strategies:

- Countries around the world have developed national strategies to tackle drug
trafficking and cartel activities. These strategies often involve a combination of
law enforcement measures, public health approaches, and economic
development programs.

- Law enforcement agencies work to dismantle drug trafficking organisations by

targeting their leadership, financial networks, and supply chains. Countries such
as the United States have implemented comprehensive strategies that include
the deployment of task forces, intelligence-sharing, and international
partnerships.
- Public health approaches focus on reducing demand through
prevention, treatment, and harm reduction programs. Countries like Portugal
have adopted innovative policies, such as decriminalising the possession of
small amounts of drugs and emphasising treatment over punishment.

- Economic development programs aim to address the root causes of drug

production and trafficking by providing alternative livelihoods for communities
involved in the drug trade. Crop substitution programs in countries like Colombia
and Afghanistan encourage farmers to grow legal crops instead of cocaine or
opium poppies.

● Community-Based Initiatives:

- Local communities play a crucial role in the global response to drug trafficking.
Community-based initiatives focus on prevention, education, and the
rehabilitation of drug users. These initiatives often involve partnerships between
government agencies, non-governmental organisations, and community leaders.

- Education and awareness campaigns aim to inform communities about the

dangers of drug use and trafficking, promoting healthy lifestyles and resilience
against the lure of the drug trade. Rehabilitation programs provide support and
treatment for individuals struggling with addiction, helping them reintegrate into
society.

● In conclusion, drug trafficking is a pervasive issue that affects multiple aspects of

global society, from security and governance to health and the economy. Major
cases involving powerful cartels and production hubs in Mexico, Colombia,
Afghanistan, and Southeast Asia illustrate the complex, transnational nature of
this illicit trade. Combating drug trafficking requires international cooperation,
robust law enforcement, and comprehensive strategies addressing both supply
and demand sides of the issue.
 VI. HUMAN TRAFFICKING

I. HISTORY OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

● Human trafficking is a practice that dates back to ancient civilizations, where

slavery was a common and legally sanctioned institution. In ancient Egypt,
Greece, and Rome, slaves were used for labour, domestic work, and sexual
exploitation. These slaves were often prisoners of war, debtors, or born into
slavery. The medieval period continued these practices, with the trans-Saharan
slave trade capturing and transporting African slaves to the Middle East and
North Africa.

● One of the most infamous periods in the history of human trafficking was the
transatlantic slave trade, which began in the 16th century and continued until the
19th century. European traders transported millions of Africans across the
Atlantic Ocean to work on plantations in the Americas. This trade was
characterised by brutal conditions and high mortality rates, both during the
capture and transport of slaves and in the harsh conditions they endured in the
New World. The transatlantic slave trade had devastating impacts on African
societies and left a lasting legacy of racial inequality and discrimination in the
Americas

● The 19th century saw the abolition of slavery in many parts of the world.
However, the end of legal slavery did not mark the end of human trafficking. New
forms of exploitation emerged, such as debt bondage, forced labor, and child
labour. The industrial revolution and the expansion of global trade created new
opportunities for traffickers to exploit vulnerable populations. During this period,
trafficking for sexual exploitation also became more prominent, with women and
children being forced into prostitution.

● In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, human trafficking has become a global
issue, driven by factors such as globalisation, economic disparity, armed conflict,
and the rise of organised crime. The collapse of the Soviet Union, wars in the
Balkans, and conflicts in Africa and the Middle East have created large numbers
of refugees and displaced persons, who are particularly vulnerable to trafficking.
 Modern human trafficking takes many forms, including forced
labour, sexual exploitation, child soldiering, and organ trafficking.

II. IMPACT OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

● Human trafficking is a severe violation of human rights, stripping individuals of

their freedom and dignity. Victims are often subjected to inhumane conditions,
including physical and psychological abuse, forced labour, and sexual
exploitation. These violations leave deep scars, impacting victims’ mental and
physical health. The trauma inflicted can result in long-term psychological issues
such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety, significantly affecting victims' quality of
life.

● The economic impact of human trafficking is profound and multifaceted. On an

individual level, victims often receive little to no compensation for their labour,
trapping them in cycles of poverty. National economies suffer as well, with billions
of dollars lost in potential economic contributions from trafficking victims who are
denied fair wages and safe working conditions. Moreover, the costs associated
with law enforcement, legal proceedings, and victim support services strain
public resources.

● Human trafficking erodes the social fabric of communities. Families and

communities are torn apart when members are trafficked. The presence of
trafficking within a community can foster an environment of fear and mistrust.
Children forced into labour or sexual exploitation are deprived of education and a
normal childhood, perpetuating cycles of poverty and marginalisation.
Communities must also bear the societal costs of supporting and reintegrating
trafficking survivors, which can be extensive and complex.

● Human trafficking poses significant public health challenges. Victims are at high
risk for infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and sexually
transmitted infections due to poor living conditions and lack of access to
healthcare. Mental health issues are rampant among trafficking survivors, who
often experience severe trauma, depression, and anxiety. Addressing the health
needs of trafficking victims requires substantial resources and specialised
services, burdening already strained public health systems.
 ● The illicit nature of human trafficking fuels crime and corruption.
Trafficking networks often overlap with other forms of organised crime, including
drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering. The substantial profits
generated by trafficking incentivize corruption among law enforcement, border
officials, and other authorities, undermining the rule of law and governance. This
corruption complicates efforts to combat trafficking and prosecute perpetrators,
perpetuating the cycle of exploitation.

● Human trafficking also has broader implications for global security. The
exploitation and movement of people across borders can contribute to instability
and conflict in regions already plagued by weak governance and economic
disparities. Furthermore, the revenues generated from trafficking can fund other
illicit activities, exacerbating issues of global crime and terrorism. Addressing
human trafficking is thus integral to promoting international peace and security.

III. CURRENT SITUATION

● Human trafficking is a very important domestic as well as international issue for

many countries. After the latest UNODC report of Trafficking in Persons(2023)
the current Executive Director of the UNODC mentioned: “This latest report
shows how the pandemic has increased vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons,
further undercutting capacities to rescue victims and bring criminals to justice,”
“We cannot allow crises to compound exploitation. The UN and the donor
community need to support national authorities, most of all in developing
countries, to respond to trafficking threats, and to identify and protect victims
especially in states of emergency.”

● UNODC’s Trafficking in Persons report(2023) also details how war and conflict
offer opportunities for traffickers to exploit. It shows that the war in Ukraine is
elevating trafficking risks for the displaced population. Most victims resulting from
conflicts originate in and are trafficked to countries in Africa and the Middle
East.

● Breaking down trafficking in persons statistics by region, the report shows higher
levels of impunity in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Countries in these
 regions convict fewer traffickers and detect fewer victims than the
rest of the world. At the same time, victims from these regions are identified in a
wider range of destination countries than victims from other regions.

● According to the report published by UNODC(Trafficking in Persons, 2009) the

most common form of human trafficking (79%) is sexual exploitation. The victims
of sexual exploitation are predominantly women and girls. In 30% of the countries
which provided information on the gender of traffickers, women make up the
largest proportion of traffickers.

● The second most common form of human trafficking is forced labour, although
this may be a misrepresentation because forced labour is less frequently
detected and reported than trafficking for sexual exploitation.

● Further, Groups like the ISIS-K forcibly use child soldiers and imprison children
associated with other armed groups, including potential trafficking victims.

IV. GLOBAL RESPONSE

● The international community has increasingly recognized human trafficking as a

severe human rights violation. In 2000, the United Nations adopted the Protocol
to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children (the Palermo Protocol), which provides a comprehensive framework for
combating trafficking. Governments worldwide have enacted laws and
established agencies to address human trafficking, focusing on prevention,
prosecution, and protection of victims. Despite these efforts, human trafficking
remains a pervasive problem, affecting millions of people globally.
 VII. INTELLIGENCE SHARING MECHANISMS

● The United Nations since its inception has been at the forefront of global peace
and [Link] important mechanism used by the UN in response to
international conflict is peacekeeping operations. Evidence from several missions
suggests that intelligence plays an important role and is critical to the
effectiveness of peacekeeping operations. Since the end of the Cold War,
peacekeeping has assumed a renewed saliency and importance. Intelligence in
general and peacekeeping intelligence in particular, has long been a highly
sensitive subject at the UN.

● Today's complex security environment requires the cooperation and collaboration

of like-minded nations to deal with a multitude of challenges. Facilitating the
timely and robust sharing of intelligence among allies and partners therefore is
critical to the development of a common understanding of global threats and a
common approach to address those threats.

● Intelligence sharing among trusted allies and partners is an important component

of international relationships because it allows for a more comprehensive
understanding of a given environment or crisis, promotes coalition coherence in
operations, allows for collaboration on capability development, and facilitates
strategic and military planning. It also creates fundamental trust among
like-minded states, where intelligence sharing may be a powerful diplomatic
instrument.

● Despite the well known need for developing new and improving old intelligence
sharing mechanisms the world is still especially lacking in this [Link]
rightfully preserve their intelligence sources, techniques, and collecting
capabilities as essential national assets, but this must be weighed against the
need to share high-quality intelligence with allies and partners to enable a
compelling, united and well informed call to action.
● In all the developments that occurred to build a UN intelligence
system, one element that remained a missing link was the UN’s
conceptualization of intelligence and a strategic framework that defined the UN’s
approach to intelligence. The lack of strategic guidance framework resulted in a
disjointed and siloed approach. The Global Policy Forum in 1999 reiterated the
need for a detailed intelligence management plan or policy as a solution to “the
UN–intelligence integration” problems.

● In May 2017, the UN undertook a ground-breaking step by developing its first

peacekeeping-intelligence (PKI) [Link] framers of the PKI policy sought to
transform and enhance the ability of missions to execute operations in
increasingly complex and volatile operational theatres that have challenged the
traditional notion of peacekeeping as a low-intensity conflict.

● Although the intelligence studies field has expanded since the turn of the
millennium, its focus has primarily been state-centric. More fundamentally, the
discourse on intelligence application within the multinational context remains
terse despite the growing realisation of the significance of intelligence at the
multinational level. The state-centric view of intelligence assumes that it is an
indispensable aspect of statehood and not easily adapted to the needs of
multilateral institutions such as the UN.

● However, currently there is no specific overarching strategic intelligence

mechanism at the Secretariat that integrates the wide range of information
gathered on peace and security to drive UN peacekeeping operations. The
entities that have some form of remit in this area are limited in terms of capacity,
reach, and clarity of roles.

● Examples:
- Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR)
- NATO has established a permanent JISR system providing information
and intelligence to key decision-makers, helping them make well-informed,
timely and accurate decisions. JISR is a key element of NATO operations
and missions and a cornerstone of the Alliance’s deterrence and defence
 posture. JISR brings together data and information
gathered through projects such as NATO’s Alliance Ground Surveillance
(AGS) system or NATO Airborne Warning & Control System (AWACS)
surveillance aircraft, as well as a wide variety of national JISR assets from
the space, air, land and maritime domains.

VIII. QUESTIONS A DRAFT RESOLUTION CAN ANWER

1. What existing actions have the international community undertaken, such as

treaties, resolutions, and laws, to monitor and address these issues? Can they
be improved and reapplied?

2. What are the most effective strategies for disrupting the networks of drug cartels
and human trafficking rings?

3. What are the steps countries at war and supporting countries can take to prevent
the illegal trade of illicit substance and human trafficking that increases during
time of war?

4. How can countries strengthen international law enforcement cooperation to

combat transnational organised crime?

5. What mechanisms can be established to facilitate the sharing of intelligence and

operational information among countries?

6. Are more lenient modes of punishment better for combating drug trafficking and
usage?

7. How can economically challenged third world countries combat organised crime
with their limited resources?

8. What are the steps countries can take to enhance border management and
prevent the movement of illicit substances?

9. How can countries effectively adapt anti-corruption methods?

10. What are some efficient strategies and policies countries can adapt to combat
transnational organised crime together?
 IX. POSSIBLE MODERATED CAUCUS TOPICS

● Addressing the Root Causes of Organized Crime:

1. The failure of already existing international policies related to combating
transnational organised crime and how countries can collaborate to
address them.
2. Contribution of corruption to transnational organised crime and
complications faced with anti-corruption measures.
3. Enhancing border management and control to prevent the movement of
illicit goods and people.

● Combating the Spread of Drug Trafficking and Human Trafficking rings:

1. Effective measures to counter drug trafficking, considering both national
and transnational regions.
2. Effectiveness of legalisation of drugs and reduced criminal sentences for
crimes of such nature.
3. Developing comprehensive strategies to prevent and combat child
exploitation and forced labour especially in countries where human
trafficking takes place in the name of immigration and other false
pretences.
4. Contribution of countries at war and their supporting countries to both
human trafficking and the usage of narcotics at the border.

● Enhancing Global Cooperation and Intelligence Sharing:

1. Methods to foster trust and cooperation between law enforcement
agencies and governments across borders.
2. Issues with developing intelligence-sharing mechanisms and strategies to
develop one.
 X. KEY LINKS
[Link]
21-05601_Model_Leg_Prov_eBook.pdf

[Link]

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
d_1_Feb_2018.pdf

[Link]

[Link]