CHAPTER V: READING

CLOZE TEST
Part 1. Cressida Cowell is the author of the widely-praised How to Train your Dragon series of
children’s books. She spent her own childhood holidays on a remote island, where she has left very
much to her own (1)________. As a result, she became an avid reader, entertaining (2)________
with books and developing a fervent imagination. She even (3)________ up her own secret
languages. Cowell believes that today’s children still have a real (4)________ for language, even
though their attention (5)________ may not be as great as in her day, (6)________ them less
tolerant of descriptive passages in stories. Her books are outlandish and exciting, with vivid
imagery, cliffhangers and eye-catching illustrations. Dragons seem to (7)________ to children of
all nationalities, who also seem to (8)________ with her protagonist, Hiccup, quite easily. Hiccup
is a boy who battles his way through’s life problems, often against the (9)________ .
Cowell is currently planning an illustrated book for teenagers. In her own words, she enjoys
breaking the (10)________ and finds that kids are open-minded enough to accept this.

Part 2. Recent research carried out in Ireland amongst chefs and consumers found that 48% of
people (1)________ to regularly over-ordering in restaurants. A campaign has been launched as a
result calling for the food-service industry to join (2)________ with chefs and consumers to
address the issue of food waste.
To bring the research findings to (3)________, the owner of a restaurant in Dublin is creating a
"Great Irish Waste" menu, reconsidering food ingredients that have been thrown away, rejected or
(4)________ inedible and turning them into imaginative dishes that are both appetising and of a
suitable (5)________ to serve his customers. He says that while there will always be some
(6)________ of waste in the kitchen due to elements such as bones or fat trimmings, there's an
opportunity to minimize wastage in the restaurant (7)________ through better communication.
"Even though so much food comes back on customers' plates and goes in the bin, the majority of
diners aren't aware of the environmental or cost (8)________ of that waste." Without consumers
shifting their (9)________ restaurants will struggle to reduce food waste significantly.
Tackling this problem as a consumer is straightforward. Ultimately, it (10)________ down to smart
shopping, clever cooking and shrewd storage.

Part 3. The relationship between the modern consumer and his or her rubbish is a complex one.
Getting rid of rubbish has come to mean a great deal more than simply consigning breakfast
leftovers (1)________ a plastic bag. With the (2)________ of recycling, rubbish has now invaded
many people’s personal lives to an unprecedented degree.
There was a time, in living (3)________, when rubbish collection was a simple matter – but
today’s household rubbish, (4)________ being discarded, has to be filed and sorted into colour-
coded containers according to its recycling category.
What is more, we are (5)________ out in a rash of irritation by the suggestion that, if rubbish
collections (6)________ to become more infrequent, people would then make the effort to cut
down on shopping and recycle more. We might be excused for wondering how this would be
(7)________. Can people realistically buy fewer eggs or tubes of toothpaste than their lives
(8)_______?

Part 4.
Inspite of economic and political changes, interest in and (1)________ about the environmental
remains high. Problems such as acid deposition, chlorofluorocarbons and ozone depletions still
require (2)________and concerted action is needed to deal with these. (3)________ acid deposition
diminish, loss of aquatic life in nothern lakes and streams will continue and forest growth may be
affected. Water pollution will (4)________ a growing problem as an increasing human population
(5)________ untold stress on the environment. To reduce environmental degradation and for
humanity to (6)________ its habitat, societies must recognize that resources are finite.
Environmentalists believe that, as populations and their demands increase, the idea of continuous
growth must give (7)________ to a more rational use of the environment, but that this can only be
brought about by a dramatic (8)________ in the attitude of the human species. Recycling is
(9)________ to be good for us. But for some, it’s just a (10)________ of rubbish.

Part 5. Just as a language may develop varieties in the (1)________ of dialects and argots,
languages as a whole may change (Latin, for example, evolved into the different Romance
languages). Sometimes rapid language change occurs as a result of (2)________ between people
who each speak a different language. In such circumstances a pidgin may arise. Pidgins are
grammatically based on one language but are also influenced, especially in vocabulary, by
(3)________; they have relatively small sound systems, reduced vocabularies, and simplified and
altered grammars, and they rely heavily on context in order to be (4)________. Pidgins are often
the result of contact by traders with island and coastal peoples. A pidgin has no native speakers;
when speakers of a pidgin have children who learn the pidgin as their first language, that language
is then (5)________ a creole. Once the creole has enough native speakers to form a speech
community, the creole may (6)________ into a fuller language. Many creole speakers think of their
languages as dialects of some colonial languages. Linguists nearly always disagree with this view -
from our (7)________, creoles have independent grammars and all the equipment of full, proper
languages.

Part 6. The issues for emerging economies are a little more straightforward. The desire to build on
undeveloped land is not (1)________ out of desperation or necessity, but is a result of the relentless
(2)________ of progress. Cheap labour and a relatively highly-skilled workforce make these
countries highly competitive and there is a flood of inward investment, particularly from
multinationals (3)________ to take advantage of the low wages before the cost and standard of
living begin to rise. It is (4)________ such as these that are making many Asian economies
extremely attractive when viewed as investment opportunities at the moment. Similarly, in Africa,
the relative (5)________ of precious metals and natural resources tends to attract a lot of
exploration companies and a whole sub-industry develops around and is completely dependent on
this foreign-direct investment. It is understandable that countries that are the focus of this sort of
attention can lose (6)________ of the environmental implications of large-scale industrial
development, and this can have devastating consequences for the natural world. And it is a vicious
(7)________ because the more industrially active a nation becomes, the greater the demand for and
harvesting of natural resources. For some, the environmental issues, though they can (8)________
be ignored, are viewed as a peripheral concern. Indeed, having an environmental conscience or
taking environmental matters into consideration when it comes to decisions on whether or not to
build rubber-tree plantations or grow biofuel crops would be quite prohibitive in. For those
(9)________ in such schemes it is a pretty black-and-white issue. And, for vast tracts of land in
Latin America, for example, it is clear that the welfare of the rainforests (10)________ little to
local government when vast sums of money can be made from cultivating the land.
Part 7. It seems that a large percentage of today’s population is addicted to all forms of digital
media and no one seems (1)________ of the nagging phone that buzzes, rings or sings to its owners
incessantly. Many people no longer trust their own fallible memories and (2)________ every detail
of their lives to some digital device or (3)________ and are completely lost without it. Generally
speaking, it is the younger generation who are so addicted, but more and more people seem to be
(4)________ their way of life eroded by the digital world. People ‘tweet’ the most mundane of
(5)________ as well as the most interesting – in their world, having a cup of coffee is as exciting as
climbing Mount Everest! There is a grave danger that people are allowing technology to take
(6)________ over everything else in their lives. And in educational circles, concern is (7)________
over the influence of social media, which seems to be adversely affecting students’ progress in
some cases.

Part 8. Social networking is here to (1)________ and interaction between people all over the world
has never been (2)________. We can share our lives with our network friends who can help us
solve problems or offer advice. Although these sites can (3)________ as a kind of group therapy
session with people who seem to care and who will listen, there is little or no censorship, so
cyberbullying is a growing problem. Perhaps there need to be more (4)________ on what people
are allowed to say. Nevertheless, social networking sites can be a great way to find people with
shared (5)________ and they can also be very informative if used wisely. For many people, it
offers them a feeling of (6)________ from the real world. Furthermore it gives them a chance to
chat about anything and (7)________, often quite meaningless, without fear of being rejected by
others. (8)________ the drivers, it has become a compelling activity for many, so it is hardly
surprising that some people feel a (9)________ of disconnectedness if they are unable to get online
for any period of time. And when they do get back online after a few hours of downtime, there is an
unmistakable feeling of relief at being a (10)________ of the world once more.

Part 9. It is hardly surprising, in light of their desperation, that the peoples of the developing world
who are on the very bottom (1)________ of the ladder have little time for the conservationists and
environmentalists who (2)________ bloody murder at what they perceive to be a total (3)________
for the environment in some parts of the “Third World”. And while they – the nature campaigners,
that is – have, on the (4)________ of it, a very valid point after all, serious, and, in some cases,
irrevocable (5)________ has been done to many precious habitats and the rare creatures that
inhabit same – we must understand that the rules of supply and demand are in (6)________ here in
the developing world just as much as anywhere else. For example, on the African plains, where
(7)________ is still rife, and in the mountain forests where rogue hunters patrol, ask yourself this;
would they bother if there wasn’t a market for their kill? Believe me, for every bull elephant
slaughtered for its ivory (8)________, there is a rich, greedy, fat-cat collector ready to pay a
premium to acquire this ‘find’ – in fact, there are probably ten of them. Similarly, for every
mountain gorilla murdered, whose dismembered limbs appear in tourist outlets (9)________
socalled ‘ornaments’ – ashtrays and jewellery boxes, if you don’t mind – there has to be a willing
buyer; an admirer of these grotesque trinkets. And there are plenty of them it (10)________ out.
It’s the same principle with rare animal furs and skins; who do you think buys the crocodilian
handbag? I doubt the local tribespeople could afford the price tag, don’t you? It is an absolute
tragedy that endangered species of animals are being (11)________ to the verge of extinction, of
this there can be no doubt. But we must try to understand the reasons why this is happening. The
reality is that poaching will continue while it is a lucrative occupation and while the (12)________
of finding other forms of employment are very poor. Developing nations need our help, not our
scorn. (13)________ that for the few unscrupulous trophy hunters still out there; rich, spoilt,
despicable Western brats who get a (14)________ out of taking aim at some of the world’s most
precious and endangered species; it is a good thing for them that we live in a civilised world where
the death penalty has, by and large, been removed from the list of possible punishments our courts
can (15)________ down. That said, since they have made themselves judge, jury and executioner
for the innocent creatures they have slain, perhaps nothing (16)________ than a capital sentence
would be good enough for these trigger happy delinquents.

Part 10. While the internet opens up a whole new (1)________ of knowledge and information for
this and future generations to explore, it also (2)________ a number of serious concerns for parents
with young, net-savvy children. For (3)________, it is exceptionally difficult to (4)________ your
children's net activity and keep (5)________ of whom they are interacting with online. Secondly,
there is little (6)________ any censorship of the internet, so parents must be willing to do the
censoring themselves or rely on software products to do it for them. Even still, there are ways
around the best-intentioned of such programmes, and, besides, the alarming level of growth in
cyber-bullying is (7)________ of a trend parents should, perhaps, be far more concerned about. lt
used to be that children were (8)________ from the bullies one they returned to the safe confines of
their home, (9)________ escaped their schoolyard tormentors, but not anymore. There is nowhere
to (10)________ thanks to social networks like Facebook, which, if anything, make the
(11)________ far and wide of malicious rumours and the like easier than ever before given the
virulent (12)________ of the internet.

Part 11. Today many people find that the pressure they have at work makes their jobs untenable as
they have to put their families totally in the (1)________. So working from home, being more at
the (2)________ of your family rather than your current boss, has great appeal to many as they start
up their own businesses from bedrooms or garages. But don’t just think about it. Now is the time to
start, so (3)________ while the iron’s hot. Providing you are disciplined in what you do, and
(4)________ the idea of working mostly alone and without the team spirit (5)________ by
working alongside others, then what’s stopping you? You gain far more flexibility as you can
choose the working hours that suit you. You will still have to meet deadlines, but they are ones that
you or customers have (6)________. And if you are at a (7)________ end during quiet times, you
can go out and do things you couldn’t do before. But don’t get (8)________ away with the idea of
making millions. You’ll need to be determined and work hard to succeed, but it’ll pay off in the
end.

Part 12. It is said that we never stop learning until the day we die. Broadening our horizons has
never been easier, as the twenty-first century (1)________ ever more opportunities for learning and
developing our skills. And if you don’t want to (2)________ out in the job market and (3)________
for a poorly-paid, boring job, there’s no (4)________ these days. Thousands of online courses
allow you to work at your own (5)________, while you are doing a full-time job. Although be
careful that you don’t (6)________ off more than you can chew! Modern-day society puts a lot of
pressure on people, many of whom have had to take out (7)________ and run up enormous
overdrafts, just to survive. The situation they find themselves in is often not of their own
(8)________ but rather that of the global economy. Facing up to difficult situations by doing
something about it rather than running away and coming up with new ways of solving these
problems is the (9)________ to survival, and ongoing education helps you do this. Don’t
(10)________ around complaining. Get out there and do something about it. Remember, actions
speak louder than words!
Part 13. According to some psychologists, we should examine our deeper (1)________ when we
attempt to help others who appear to be in need of our support. Helping others is clearly a good
thing to do, and it can have a therapeutic effect on both giver and (2)________. If, however, we
begin to focus on what we might (3)________ out of helping someone, rather than how that person
might be helped, we could be in (4)________ of adopting a somewhat calculating attitude. This
would be to lend (5)________ to the ideas of those psychologists who believe that, ultimately, we
only do things for our own (6)________ that no actions are truly altruistic. And, of course, we can
all think of examples of problems that have been exacerbated by the well-intentioned, but
illconsidered intervention of third (7)________. We should also (8)________ in mind that doing
too much for people and protecting them from the consequences of their actions can (9)________
their motivation and even rob them of the resources to (10)________ things out for themselves.

Part 14. We live in culture that values participation over ability: the karaoke culture. In
broadcasting, it seems we cannot (1)________ the vogue for “access TV”, “people shows” and
“video diaries”. (2)________ is our apparent obsession with documenting our own lives that, in
future, programmes will be replaced by cameras in every room, so that we can watch (3)________
endlessly on TV. In the countless shows that (4)________ our daytime schedules, the audience has
become the star. The public make programmes, the public participate in programmes, the public
become performers. Anybody can do it!
But there is a world of (5)________ between enjoying something and joining in. If we all join in,
what is the (6)________ of artists or experts? If everything (7)________, there can be no mystery,
no mystique. I love listening to a genius and learning from (or even just appreciating) his or her
skill. To assume then that I can “have a (8)________ at” their craft would be monstrous
impudence on my part.

Part 15. Few inventions have had more scorn and praise (1)________ upon them at the same time
than television. And few have done so much to unite the world (2)________ one vast audience for
news, sport, information and entertainment. Television must be rated (3)________ printing as one
of the most significant inventions of all time in the field of communications. In just a few decades
it has (4)________virtually every home in the developed world and an ever-increasing proportion
of homes in developing countries. It took over half a century from the first suggestion that
television might be (5)________ before the first flickering (6)_______were produced in
laboratories in Britain and America. In 1926 John Logie Baird’s genius for publicity brought
television to the (7)________ of a British audience. It has since reached such (8)________ of
success and (9)________ on such a pivotal function that it is difficult to imagine a world
(10)________ of this groundbreaking invention.

Part 16. Concentration is good in exams, bad in orange juice. Concentration happens when you
manage to focus on one thing to the (1) ______ of all others, and concentrating on that one thing
(2) ______ you to stop worrying about a lot of other things. Sometimes, of course, your mind
concentrates when you don’t want it to. Maybe you can’t get something out of your head, such as a
problem you have to (3) ______ up to, or an embarrassing situation you’ve been in. That’s why
collecting things as a hobby is popular; it (4) ______ your mind off other things. Indeed, some
people seem to prefer looking after and cataloguing their collections to actually (5) ______
anything with them, because this is when the absorbing, single- minded concentration happens.
The natural span for concentration is 45 minutes. That’s why half an hour for a television
programme seems too short whilst an hour seems too long. But many people's lives are (6) ______
of concentration. Modern culture is served up in small, easily digestible chunks that require only a
short (7) ______ span although young people can concentrate on computer games for days at a (8)
______. Sticking out the tongue can aid concentration. This is because you can’t (9) ______
yourself with talking at the same time and other people won’t (10) ______ to interrupt your
thoughts, because you look like an idiot!

Part 17. Television occupies a large portion of American children's time. Starting in preschool,
children spend more time watching television than participating in any other activity (1)________
sleeping. Children also have extensive experience with television before being exposed to many
socializing (2)________, such as schools, peers, and religious institutions. (3)________ the central
role of this medium in most children's lives, it is important to understand its potential positive and
negative effects on a variety of cognitive, academic, social, behavioral, and attitudinal outcomes.
The results of recent research suggest that there is considerable overlap between the
comprehension processes that take place during reading and those in prereading television viewing.
Thus, it may very well be the (4)________ that children who learn these comprehension skills from
television viewing before they are able to read are equipped with some very important tools when
they later start to read. If (5)________, this has important implications for education, by opening
the door for early childhood education of some of these essential literacy skills.
Clearly, television viewing is not the sole (6)________ in which important cognitive precursors to
literacy may develop. For instance, children may be (7)_______ to narratives through parental
bedtime reading and storytelling, particularly given that most parents have positive beliefs about
the value of such activities. Television, however, may be an especially ideal medium in which to
cultivate some of the skills and knowledge needed for later reading acquisition. For example, this
medium involves minimal print, and the decision to view can be controlled entirely by the
preschooler. Television is also partially a visual medium, and thus (8)________ information more
concretely than do written and spoken text. This content difference across media seems to
(9)________ for the fact that preschoolers frequently are better at (10)________ televised stories
than audiotaped ones.
Part 18. Television used to (1)______as a uniquely unifying national phenomenon. Never before
had so many people had so common (2)______ core of shared cultural experiences. People might
not know the names of their next-door neighbours, (3)_____ they probably watched many of the
same programmes.
Thses days, however, with the vast (4)_____ of television programming, everyone can watch
(5)_______ different, just as each Internet user can explore a different selection of websites. Even
so, programmes (6)_______ at international markets generally (7)_______ to be less popular (with
the partial exception of those from America) and people still often choose to watch their own
national programmes. In (8)_______, if television develops along similar (9)_______to the movie
business, with a few blockbusters attracting vast international audiences, people may even
(10)______ up watching a narrower range of programmes.
But (11)______ patterns of viewing habits develop, television will almost certainly become a
personal (12)_______ of equipment, more (13)_______ a mobile phone than a communal source of
entertainment. Armed (14)_______ a credit card and a remote control, viewers will be able to pick
their programmes from wherever they choose. Television will then have become truly global.
(15)______, perhaps, will the cultural values it instils.

Part 19. Language is thought to be a mechanism for transmitting the information (1)________
thoughts. One experiment used to demonstrate this idea (2)________ subjects to listen to a short
passage of several sentences. The subjects are then asked to repeat the passage. Most subjects
accurately convey the gist of the passage in the sentences they produce, but they do not come
(3)________ to repeating the sentences verbatim. It appears as if two transformations have
occurred. Upon hearing the passage, the subjects convert the language of the passage into a more
abstract representation of its meaning, which is more easily (4)________ within memory. In order
to recreate the passage, the subject (5)________ this representation and converts its meaning back
into language.
This (6)________ of thought and language is less intuitive than it might be because many people
find language to be a powerful (7)________ with which to manipulate their thoughts. It provides a
mechanism to internally rehearse, critique, and (8)________ thoughts. This internal (9)________
of communication is essential for a social animal and could certainly be, in (10)________,
responsible for the strong selective pressures for improved language use.

Part 20. There are solid reasons for supporting, preserving, and documenting endangered
languages. First, (1)________ and every language is a celebration of the rich cultural diversity of
our planet; second, each language is an (2)________ of a unique ethnic, social, regional or
cultural identity and world view; third, language is the repository (3)________ the history and
beliefs of a people; and finally, every language encodes. a particular subset of fragile human
knowledge about agriculture, botany, medicine, and ecology. Mother tongues are (4)________ of
far more than grammar and words. For example, Thangmi (known in Nepali as Thami), a Tibeto-
Burman language spoken by an ethnic community of around 30,000 people in eastern Nepal, is a
mine of unique indigenous terms for local flora and fauna that have medical and ritual
(5)________. Much of this local knowledge is falling into (6)________ as fluency in Nepali, the
national language, increases. When children (7)________ to speak their mother tongue, the oral
(8)________ of specific ethnobotanical and medical knowledge also comes to an end.

Part 21. Broadcasting has democratized the publication of language, often at its most informal,
even undressed. Now the ears of the educated cannot escape the language of the masses. It
(1)_______ them on the news, weather, sports, commercials, and the ever-proliferatinggame
shows. This wider dissemination of popular speech may easily give purists the (2)_______ that
language is suddenly going to hell in this generation, and may(3)_______ the new paranoia about
it. It might also be argued that more Americans hear more correct, even beautiful, English on
television than ever before. Through television more models of good usage (4)_______ more
American homes than was ever possible in other times. Television gives them lots of colloquial
English too, some awful, some creative, but that is not new.
Hidden in this is a (5)_______ fact: our language is not the special private property of the language
police, or grammarians, or teachers, or even great writers. The genius of English is that it has
always been the tongue of the common people, literate or not. English belongs to everybody: the
funny (6)_______ of phrase that pops into the mind of a farmer telling a story; or the travelling
salesman's dirty joke; or the teenager saying, 'Gag me with a spoon'; or the pop lyric — all
contribute, are all as valid as the tortured image of the academic, or the line the poet sweats over
for a week. Through our collective language (7)________ some may be thought beautiful and some
ugly, some may live and some may die: but it is all English and it (8)________ to everyone — to
those of us who wish to be careful with it and those who don't care.

Part 22. Little babies are not so innocent after all, it would seem. Infants as young as six months,
new research claims, are capable of lying to their doting parents, which they do (1)________
crying when they are not truly (2)_________ pain or distress. They do it simply to draw attention
to themselves, but once they start receiving the loving hugs and cuddles they (3)_________ badly
crave, the babies then do (4)________ best to prolong this reward by offering fake smiles. This has
led to suggestions that human beings are 'born to lie' and that this is a unique quality of our species.
As someone who has devoted a lifetime to studying human and animal behaviour, I have to report
that this is actually (5)_________ from being the truth. Mankind may be the most adept species at
telling fibs, but we are far from alone.
A young chimpanzee in captivity, for example, is just as capable of 'lying', as I have witnessed on
many occasions, most commonly when human handlers, working with young chimps, have to leave
them alone. (6)________ human babies, the apes really hate (7)___________ left alone, and for
this reason, their handlers, (8)_________ have become their 'family', should ideally never be out of
sight. Even (9)_________ the handlers always do their best to avoid going away for too long, some
absence is unavoidable. In (10)__________ a situation, and as soon as the young ape knows it is
going to be left alone, it will start protesting vocally, and these protests can be heard as the handler
leaves the building. The screaming stops when the door is slammed, (11)__________ at this point
the ape knows that the handler can (12)________ longer hear him. It has total control
(13)_________ its crying and can switch it on and off whenever it likes. The crying is actually a
deliberate signal, rather (14)________ an uncontrollable outburst. But (15)________ this is a case
of "real" lying rather depends on how you look at it

Part 23. Once children had ambitions to be doctors, explorers, sportsmen, artists or scientists.
Now, taking their (1)________ from TV, they just “want to be famous”. Fame is no longer a
(2)________ for gallant service or great, perhaps even selfless endeavour. It is an end in
(3)________, and the sooner it can be achieved, the sooner the lonely bedroom mirror can be
replaced by the TV camera and flash gun, the (4)________ Celebrity is the profession of the
moment, a vain glorious vocation which, like some 18th-century royal court, seems to exist largely
so that the rest of us might watch and be amazed while its members live out their lives in public,
(5)________ self-regarding members of some glittering soap opera.
Today, almost anyone can be famous. (6)________ has fame been more democratic, more ordinary,
more achievable. No wonder it s a modern ambition. It’s easy to see why people crave celebrity,
why generations reared (7)________ the instant fame offered by television want to step out of the
limousine with the flashlights (8)________ around them. It doesn’t want to be the (9)________ of
attention at some time in their lives?
Modern celebrity, peopled by (10)________ largely vain and vacuous, fills a need in our lives. It
peoples talks shows, sells goods and newspapers and rewards the famous for — well, being
famous.

Part 24.
In 1942, only a few months after the United States had entered World War II, as Hitler plunged
deeper into Russia and Japan was advancing victoriously throughout the Pacific, President
Roosevelt, Secretary of State Cordell Hull, and his deputy, Sumner Welles, along with many
politicians, journalists, and academics, were already involved in a debate on postwar arrangements.
Many of the proposals were far-reaching, (1)________ revolutionary. In no other country did the
shock of war create such a (2)________ at a time when the Nazis and the Japanese were still
clearly winning. Such activities (3)________ strikingly with the negativism and lack of verve that
now, in our peaceful time, characterize the discussion, when there is any, of international
organization for the future.
At the end of the war, (4)________ from the usual xenophobes and isolationists, relatively few
voices questioned the need for the new international system. On the (5)________, there was a
tendency to oversell it and to create unrealistic hopes for its effectiveness. Thus when the cold war
—along with the usual tendency of sovereign states to quarrel and (6)________ to violence—
shattered the dream of a more rational world, public disillusion and hostility to the UN
(7)________ all the fiercer. In fact, the UN has never quite (8)________ from its failure to live
up to its advance notices.
Already in 1942 there were warning (9)________. Professor Nicholas Spykman of Yale wrote that
“plans for far-reaching changes in the character of international society are an intellectual
byproduct of all great wars,” but they have never altered “the fundamental power patterns.”
Spykman predicted that the new postwar order would remain “a world of power politics in which
the interest of the United States will continue to demand the preservation of a (10)________ of
power in Europe and Asia.”
Part 25.
Thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people are beginning to find that we cannot
(1)________ without the wilderness and that mountain parks and reservations are useful not only
as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life. The national park movement, is
seeing to the worldwide protection of wild places, not only out of respect for their intrinsic natural
(2)________, but also for their capacity to (3)________ people’s lives with a depth of spiritual and
poetic inspiration, dicovery and adventure.
It is often in the (4)________ places, away from the dominating presence or evidence of human
activity, that thousands find spiritual and physical refreshment: on the downs, along the seashore or
by the mountain streams. It is a dislike of constraint and restriction which (5)________ us to wild
places. We aspire to wild landscapes because we aspire to freedom. In Britain our wild landscapes
are now small in (6)________ and ecologically (7)________ due to overgrazing, acid rain and
nitrogen pollution. What is (8)________ is doubly precious.
Part 26.
A few countries, mainly in the south, have large herds of elephants that are growing in number and
are rapidly exceeding the (1)________ of game reserves to sustain them. In most other countries,
mainly in the centre of the continent, elephants are (2)________ but extinct. The lines of conflict
are (3)________ by this division. Countries with big and growing herds push for culling and trade
in elephant products. Those (4)________ favour a ban on trade in ivory.
For environmentalists, the answer is to (5)______ elephants from overpopulated to underpopulated
areas, can help to ease the pressures to cull and stops the bitter clashes (6)________ what to do.
However, this is often just too expensive.
The only real (7)________ lies in the opening up of large new elephant rangelands by dropping the
fences of game reserves and joining them up with other protected areas, including those in adjacent
countries. This would create new homelands for thousands of elephants at a (8)________ of the
cost. In fact, one such trans-frontier park was opened early this year. between South Africa and
Botswana in the Kalahari. The governments of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana and
Mozambique have agreed to (9)________ up two more trans- frontier parks in areas (10) ________
high elephant congestion.
Part 27.
The advertising industry is suffering from a brain drain because an increasing number of senior
executives find the strains of the job (1)_______ with family life, a survey shows. Stress
counsellors say more mature staff are voting with their (2)_______ because they are disillusioned
by poorer pay and less fun since the spendthrift heyday of the late Seventies. Rather than pursue a
place on the board, many choose alternative but less lucrative jobs as (3)_______ as
furnituremaking and alternative medicine, which enable them to spend more time with their
children. Experts from the institute say their 2001 census of the 14,000 advertising employees in
Britain raises (4)_______ over a lack of experience in senior positions. There was a danger that
unless companies made greater efforts to retain experienced staff, they may lose (5)_______ with
the "grey market" as the population grew older.
Hamish Pringle, the institute's director general, says: "It bothers me that by definition this means
the industry has very few people with any significant business experience. There are people
advising clients on multimillion-pound decisions who are really very wet behind the (6)_______.
You've got to ask yourself whether that is really good for the business."
He says increasing numbers of men and women tired (7)_______ by the dual demands of desk
work and essential socialising in the London-dominated industry are leaving around the age of 40
to achieve a healthier balance between work and home life.
Part 28.
Sports psychology is the science of behaviour (1)_______ to exercise and sport participation. With
levels of competition rising ever higher and differences between competing athletes being
measured in fractions of a second, increasing numbers of sportsmen and women are using sports
psychologists to help them gain a competitive (2)_______. During the past decade major national
organizations addressing the area of sports psychology have emerged. Parallel increases have been
apparent in the number of books on the topic, but there is a (3)_______ between the large amount
of publicity about the field and the relatively few trained professionals around. Until now it has
been a comparatively unknown area academically, however, in the (4)_______ of the next few
years, with a rising number of universities offering specialist training, this (5)_______ of affairs
will be resolved as more and more people take up the profession in earnest.
Part 29.
The research in the University of Leicester Department of Media and Communication examines
interest in celebrities and gossip about them. It was carried out by Dr Charlotte De Backer who
(1)_______ in her study to explain interest in celebrity culture.
She said: “Life is about learning, (2)_______ experience and in that process we have a tendency to
observe and mimic the actions of others. Ideally we mimic what makes others successful and
(3)_______ unsuccessful actions others have trialed (and paid for).
“In reality, humans seem to have the tendency to mimic the overall behavior pattern of higher status
or more successful others.
“This explains why celebrities act as role models for broad (4)_______ of behaviour they display
- good or bad.”
Dr De Backer also examined another theory for interest in celebrity, known as the Parasocial
Hypothesis. In this (5)_______, the bonds are parasocial, or one-way because the celebrity reveals
private information (often involuntary), and the audience members respond emotionally to this, but
there is no feedback of the private life of the audience going to the celebrity (or hardly ever), and
(6)_______ do celebrities display emotions towards their audience
Her study of 800 respondents and over 100 interviews confirmed that younger participants showed
greater interest in celebrity gossip, even if it was about celebrities who were a lot older than them
and even when they did not know the celebrities. They showed greatest interest in internationally
(7)_______ celebrities, because they considered those as more prestigious.
Her study also found that older people were interested in celebrity gossip not because they wanted
to learn about the celebrities, but because it helped them to (8)_______ social networks with other
people.
“We did find in the interviews that older people do not gossip about celebrities as (9)_______
because they want to learn from them or feel befriended with them, but they use celebrity gossip to
(10)_______ with real - life friends and acquaintances.
Part 30.
How far should members of the public have to run the risk of personal harm where scientific or
technological innovation is (1)_______? In some legal systems, incuding European Union law, the
(2)_______ of the precautionary principle is a statuory requirement. The precautionary principle
advises society to be cautious about a technology or practice where there is scientific uncertainty,
ignorance, gaps in knowledge or the likelihood of (3)_______ outcomes.
This runs (4)_______ to the optimistic notion that any adverse effects that arise unintentionally can
be addressed. (5)_______, some claim these may provide an opportunity to develop new solutions,
and in this way contribute to economic growth. For this reason, the US Chamber of Commerce
dislikes the precautionary approach and prefers the use of sound science, cost – benefit
(6)_______, and risk assessment when assessing a particular regulatory issue. Its strategy is
therefore to : ‘Oppose the domestic and international adoption of the precautionary principle
(7)_______ a basis for regulatory decision making.’ Yet history (8)_______ us that asbestos,
halocarbons and PCBs seemed like miracle substances at first, but turned out to be highly
problematic for human and environmental health.
BÀI TẬP READING TỔNG HỢP
1. Fill each numbered blank with one suitable word from the list given below.
The shark is a meat- eating fish and one of the most feared animals of the sea. Scientists (1)
………… about 250 species of fish as sharks. These fish live in oceans (2)………..the world, but
they are most common in warm seas.
Sharks (3)………….greatly in size and habits. Whale sharks, the largest kind of shark, may
grow 60 feet long. A whale shark weighs up to 15 tons, more than twice (4)…………….much as an
African elephant. The smallest shark may (5)…………..only 4 inches long and weigh less than 1
ounce. Some kinds of sharks live in the depths of the ocean, but (6)……………are found near the
surface. Some species live in coastal waters, but others (7)……………far out at sea. A few species
can even live in (8)…………..water.
All sharks are carnivores (meat- eaters). Most of them eat (9)…………fish, including other
sharks. A shark’s only natural enemy is a large shark. Sharks eat their prey whole, or they tear off
large chunks of flesh. They also (10)………………..on dead or dying animals.
1. A. classify B. divide C. organize D. arrange
2. A. all B. through C. throughout D. over
3. A. grow B. rise C. evolve D. vary
4. A. as B. so C. very D. exactly
5. A. stretch B. measure C. develop D. expand
6. A. some others B. others C. different kinds D. some sharks
7. A. dwell B. exist C. emigrate D. migrate
8. A. fresh B. sweet C. light D. clear
9. A. uncooked B. live C. lively D. alive
10. A. eat B. swallow C. exist D. feed
Fill in each blank with a suitable word to fill in the blanks.
Vitamins are substances required for the proper functioning of the body. In this century,
thirteen vitamins have been (1)…………
A lack of any vitamins in a person’s body can cause illness. In some cases, an excess of vitamins
can also (2)…………to illness. For example, sailors in the past were prone to (3)…………from
scurvy that is a disease resulting from the lack of vitamin C. It causes bleeding of the gum, loss of
teeth and skin rashes. Sailors suffer from scurvy because they did not eat fruits and vegetables.
Fruits and vegetables (4)…………vitamin C which is necessary for good (5)…………
Vitamin B complex is composed of eight different vitamins. A lack of any of these vitamins
will lead to different (6)…………For instance, a person who has too little vitamin B1 will suffer
from beri-beri, a disease that causes heart problems and mental (7)…………A lack of vitamin B2
results in eye and skin problems while deficiency of vitamin B6 causes problems of the nervous
system. Too little vitamin B12 will cause anemia. The (8)…………that vitamin deficiencies caused
certain diseases led doctors to cure people suffering from these illnesses by giving them doses of
the (9)……...vitamins.
 Today, vitamins are (10)…………in the form of pills and can easily be bought at any
pharmacy.

5. Fill in the blank with one appropriate word

Computers are helpful in many ways: First they are fast. They can work with information
much more quickly then a person. (1)___, computer can work with lots of information at the
(2)___ time. Third, they can keep (3)………for a long time. They do not forget things the way
(4)___ do. Also, computers are almost always correct. They are not (5)___, of course, but they
usually don’t make mistakes. These days, (6)___ is important to know something about
computers. There are a number of ways to (7)___. Some companies have class at work. Also, most
universities offer day and (8)___ courses in computer science. Another way to learn is (9)___ a
book. There are many books about computers in bookstores and libraries. Or you can learn from a
friend. After a few hours of practice you can work with (10)___ You may (11)___ be an expert,
but you can have fun!
Read the passage below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Write your answer in
the numbered box.
It is now extremely popular to take a gap year between school and university or university
and work and to spend it traveling. There are plenty of reasons to recommend it - travel broadens
the mind, you’re (1) __only_ young once, life isn’t a rehearsal and so on. And if you don’t do it,
you may always regret that you didn’t take the (2) _chance__. In the end, there’s only one
response: well, why not?
The idea may have its roots in the 18 th century Grand tour once (3) _undertaken__ by the
young, rich and noble, but it is the middle classes who have turned it (4) _into__ something that
200,000 British youngsters do every year. (5) _Travel__ has never been so easy and cheap, with
more places open to tourists than ever. Also, the gap year is now (6) _accepted__ by many
employers and universities.
The States, the Far East and Australia were among the original (7) _destinations__ and
although these remain in the top five, young explorers are now going even further. The most
farflung corners of the world are (8) __growing_ in popularity year by year. About $700 will buy a
student ticket (9) _valid__ for six months that will take you from London to Calcutta, Singapore,
Bangkok, Perth, Sydney, Auckland, Fiji, Tahiti, Los Angeles and (10) __back_ again.
1. A. merely B. only C. slightly D. simply
2. A. occasion B. moment C. chance D. luck
3. A. undertaken B. gone C. done D. given
4. A. up B. out C. over D. into
5. A. Voyage B. Travel C. Excursion D. Tour
6. A. received B. stood C. accepted D. admitted
7. A. destinations B. endings C. landings D. terminals
8. A. spreading B. expanding C. enlarging D. growing
9. A. genuine B. valid C. effective D. legal
10. A. now B. here C. back D. then
9. Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap The
ability to weep is a uniquely human form of emotional response. Some scientists have suggested
that human tears are (1) _____ of an aquatic past – but this does not seem very likely. We cry from
the moment we enter this world, for a number of reasons. Helpless babies cry to persuade their
parents that they are ill, hungry or uncomfortable. As they (2) _____, they will also cry just to
attract parental attention and will often stop when they get it.
The idea that having a good cry do you (3) _____ is a very old one and now it has scientific
validity since recent research into tears has shown that they (4) _____ a natural painkiller called
enkaphalin. By fighting sorrow and pain this chemical helps you feel better. Weeping can increase
the quantities of enkaphalin you (5) _____.
Unfortunately, in our society we impose restrictions upon this naturally (6) _____ activity. Because
some people still regard it as a (7) _____ of weakness in men, boys in particular are admonished
when they cry. This kind of repression can only increase stress, both emotionally and physically.
Tears of emotion also help the body (8) _____ itself of toxic chemical waste, for there is more
protein in them than in tears resulting from cold winds or other irritants. Crying comforts, calms
and can be very enjoyable – (9) _____ the popularity of highly emotional films which are
commonly (10) _____ “weepies”. It seems that people enjoy crying together almost as much as
laughing together.
1. A. witness B. evidence C. result D. display
2. A. evolve B. change C. develop D. alter
3. A. better B. fine C. good D. well
4. A. contain B. retain C. hold D. keep
5. A. construct B. achieve C. provide D. produce
6. A. curing B. treating C. healing D. improving
7. A. hint B. symbol C. feature D. sign
8. A. release B. rid C. loosen D. expel
9. A. consider B. remark C. distinguish D. regard
10. A. named B. entitled C. subtitled D. called
.
12. Read the passage below and then choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.
Women nowadays have more (1) ______ than those in the past. For example, our great
grandmothers were not allowed to go to school or to work to earn their own living. (2) ______,
they had to depend on their husbands financially. Modern women, on the contrary, can get good
education, have their own careers, and (3) ______ their interests. They can even take good
positions in politics if they are competent (4) ______ it. However, women living in our modern
society have their (5) ______ too. Today women work harder than their great grandmothers so that
they can gain the (6) ______ between working life and family life. Many people predict that by
2032, most (7) ______ positions at work will be taken by women. Then, it is possible that women
will have more (8) ______ life because, (9) ______ in a very modern society, the women can’t (10)
______ their role in the family.
1. A. advances B. advantages C. benefits D. conveniences
2. A. Therefore [Link] [Link] a result D. Although
3. A. pursue B. support C. promote D. stimulate
4. A. to B. at C. with D. of
5. A. obstacles B. disputes C. profits D. problems
6. A. equality B. stables C. balance D. steadiness
7. A. senior B. junior C. inferior D. superior
8. A. sheltered B. healthy C. strenuous D. active
9. A. though B. even C. ever D. never
10. A. perform B. adopt C. fulfill D. neglect
13. Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to complete the following
passage by writing the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet.
Dolphins communicate mainly by ___(1)___ of sounds. These sounds not only ___(2)___
whistles, but also so-called pulsed sounds, which are often described as squawks, barks, rasps, etc.
However, they also use breaching (jumping and falling back into the ___(3)___ with a loud splash)
and pectoral fin (or flipper) and tail (or fluke) slaps (hitting the flipper or fluke on the water
surface). Body posturing and jaw popping also have a role in ___(4)___. As for language, we do
not know ___(5)___they have one. Several studies have demonstrated that dolphins can understand
a structured language like ___(6)___. This has been demonstrated for a number of other animal
species as well (gorilla, California sea lion, and parrot). Some studies also indicate that dolphin
vocalizations are complex ___(7)___ to support some form of language. ___(8)___, it has not been
demonstrated ___(9)___ that they can undoubtedly communicate ___(10)___ themselves.
1. A. way B. mean C. using D. means
2. A. have B. include C. contain D. combine
3. A. water B. sea C. ocean D. river
4. A. reaction B. chewing C. speaking D. communication
5. A. why B. if C. when D. how
6. A. your B. ours C. our D. yours
7. A. too B. as C. enough D. so
8. A. Whenever B. Wherever C. However D. Whoever
9. A. yet B. still C. though D. neither
10. A. together B. each other C. between D. among
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B
6. B 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. D
14. Read the passage and fill in each numbered gap with ONE suitable word.
HOME-ALONE FATHERS
The number of (1) ______ fathers has increased considerably in recent years in Britain. We
spoke to one such dad, Steve Baker, about how he copes with it all. Steve, 43 years old, has
brought up his two teenage sons since he and his wife (2) ______ up two years ago. “It’s (3)
______ more difficult for a manthan it is for a woman,” says Steve. “It’s a full-time job, whoever
you [Link], my employers were very (4) ______ in the first new months and they let me
take time off work to get myself organized.
As far as the housework is (5) ______, I don’t mind cooking, as I’ve always been good at that;
it’s the ironing I can’t (6) ______! Generally (7) ______, the boys and I get on very well together
but of course, sometimes we have rows. That’s when I really miss having someone there with me to
help me (8) ______. I have had a couple of relationships in the last two years but they haven’t (9)
______ out. That has a lot to do with the fact that I put my kids before anyone else, I take
fatherhood very (10) ______.”
1. single 2. split 3. far/ much 4. sympathetic 5. concerned
6. stand/ bear 7. speaking 8. out 9. worked 10. seriously
15. Read the following passage and fill an appropriate word in each blank.
Fish live almost (1) _ everywhere _ They are found in the near freezing waters of the Artic
and in the steaming (2)_waters_ in the tropic jungles. They live in roaring streams and in quiet (3)_
underground __ rivers. Some fish make long journeys (4) _across_ the ocean. Others spend most of
their life buried in sand on the ocean (5) _bottom__. Most fish can’t (6)_ leave __ water; yet some
survive for months in dried-up riverbeds.
Fish have enormous importance (7)_to_ man. They provide food for millions of people. Fishermen
catch them for sports, and many people (8)_keep_ them as pets. Fish are also important in the
balance of nature. They eat plants and animals and in turn, become (9)_ food __ for plants and
animals. Fish thus help keep in (10 ) __balance__ the total number of plants and animals on the
earth.
 16. Choose the most suitable answer from the four options marked A, B, C and D to complete
each of the numbered gaps in the passage below. Write your answer on the answer sheet.
You've (1)________ heard someone say that the reason you caught a cold was that you were
'run down'. People generally accept that if you are (2)______ pressure or run down you are
more likely to get ill. But is this really true (3)_______ is it just an old wives' tale? The problem
with old sayings like this is that it's often difficult to (4)______ whether they are true or not. For
example, if you ask people with colds whether they are feeling run down, they are (5)_______
certain to say yes. People without colds are more likely to say no. So, how do you (6)______ if
it's the cold that is making them (7)_____ run down or the fact that they are run down that is
making them more likely to catch a cold? Now it seems there is a scientific answer to this
question. And answer is yes - if you are run down or under stress, you are more likely to catch a
cold. Scientists at the Common Cold Research Centre ran a series of tests. They got volunteers
without colds to attend the centre, where they were first given a questionnaire to complete. The
questions measured the (8)_____ of stress each volunteer was under. The volunteers were then
deliberately infected with a cold virus and left to see whether they developed a cold. After many
people had been tested, the researchers looked for a (9)____ between the measured stress level
and the chances of catching a cold. They found that the higher the stress, the more likely the
person was to catch a cold. At the moment it is not known why stress makes someone more
likely to become ill, but now (10)_____ the link has been found, researchers might be able to
investigate further. They may even find different ways of combating disease.
1. A. perhaps B. maybe C. possibly D. probably
2. A. under B. behind C. at D. above
3. A. and B. or C. but D. so
4. A. show B. express C. state D. prove
5. A. nearly B. mostly C. almost D. surely
6. A. tell B. speak C. say D. suggest
7. A. be B. feel C. become D. get
8. A. amount B. number C. mass D. heap
9. A. combination B. joint C. link D. relation
10. A. that B. when C. because D. as
17. Read the passage carefully , then fill in the blank a suitable word.
The majority of lottery winners change their lives (1) __________ little, and continue on
their settled way happy ever after. A couple of years ago, a Mr. David Horabin won a million. He
had been struggling to (2) _________ a success of his dry cleaning shop for the past 12 months. He
accepted his cheque in a small ceremony (3) ________ the premises at 2.30, and by three o'clock
he had reopened for business. The reaction of Mr. Pasquale Consalvo who won $30 million in the
New York state lottery was very (4) _________. He was unhappy not to be able to fulfill his desire
to go to work as (5) ___________ on the day he won. He also said that if the money made him (6)
____________ he would give it back. In fact, the chances of his life being made a misery by his
new-found wealth are almost (7) _________ slim though not quite as the sixty million-to-one odds
he beat to take a jackpot (8)________ had remained unclaimed through six previous draws.
Gambling small amounts (9) __________ the lottery is a harmless if futile hobby. (10)
__________, gambling can become an addiction, increasingly so as the activity becomes socially
acceptable.
18. Choose the word that best fits each of the blanks in the following passage. Circle A, B, C
or D to indicate your answers.
Viewed from the outside (1) ________, the Houses of Parliament look impressive. The
architecture gives the place a traditional look, and the buildings are sandwiched between a busy
 square and the river, making them a (2) ________between the country house of an eccentric duke
and a Victorian railway station. You have only to learn that the members (3) ______ to each other
as ‘The Honorable Member to (4) ______ the picture of a dignified gentlemen’s club, with of
course a few ladies to (5) _______ the numbers. Sadly, over the past few years first radio, and now
television, have shown the general public, who are (6) ______ the electorate, what in fact goes on
when bills are discussed and questions are asked. The first obvious fact is that the chamber is very
rarely full, and there may be only a handful of members present, some of whom are quite clearly
asleep, telling jokes to their neighbor, or shouting like badly-behaved schoolchildren. There is not
enough room for them all in the chamber in any (7) _______, which is a second worrying point. Of
course, television does not follow the work of committees, which are the small discussions groups
that do most of the real work of the House. But the (8) ______ impression that voters receive of the
workings of government is not a good one. To put it (9) _______, parliament looks disorganized, is
clearly behind the time and seems to be filled with bores and comedians. This is presumably why
members (10) _______ for so long the efforts of the BBC to broadcast parliamentary matters on
television.
1. A. likewise B. at least C. nevertheless D. as well
2. A. mixture B. combination C. cross D. match
3. A. call B. refer C. speak D. submit
4. A. finalize B. end C. conclude D. complete
5. A. take away B. bring about C. make up D. set in
6. A. after all B. anyway C. even D. furthermore
7. A. point B. way C. matter D. case
8. A. total B. broad C. overall D. comprehensive
9. A. bluntly B. shortly C. directly D. basically
10. A. prevented B. checked C. defied D. resisted
19. Read the following passage and then choose the most suitable word or phrase for each
space.
English spelling
Why does English spelling have a reputation for being difficult? English was first written down when
Christian monks came to England in Anglo-Saxon (1) ______ .They used the 23 letters of Latin to
write down the sounds of Anglo-Saxon speech as they heard it. However, English has a (2) ______
range of basic sounds (over 40) than Latin. The alphabet was too small, and so combinations of
letters were needed to (3) ______ the different sounds. Inevitably, there were inconsistencies in the
way that letters were combined.
With the Norman invasion of England, the English language was put (4) ______ risk. English survived,
but the spelling of many English words changed to follow French patterns, and many French words
were (5) ______ into the language. The result was more irregularity.
When the printing press was (6) ______ in the fifteenth century, many early printers of English texts
spoke other first languages. They (7) ______ little effort to respect English spelling. Although one of the
short- term effects of printing was to produce a number of variant spellings, in the long term it created
fixed spellings. People became used to seeing words spelt in the same way. Rules were (8) ______ and
dictionaries were put together which printers and writers could refer to. However, spoken English was
not fixed and continued to change slowly - just as it still does now. Letters that were sounded in the
Anglo-Saxon period, like the 'k' in 'knife', now became (9) ______. Also, the
pronunciation of vowels then had (10) _____ in common with how they sound now, but the way they
are spelt hasn't changed.
1. A. ages B. centuries C. times D. years
2. A. deeper B. longer C. thicker D. wider
3. A. explain B. express C. perform D. tell
4. A. at B. in C. on D. under
5. A. announced B. found C. introduced D. started
6. A. discovered B. invented C. made up D. taken up
7. A. brought B. did C. made D. put
8. A. drawn up B. filled in C. got across D. handed out
9. A. dump B. quiet C. silent D. speechless
10. A. much B. many C. few D. little
20. Fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word. Write your answer in the numbered
blanks provided below this part.
All drugs can affect the body (0) ____ both helpful and (1) _____ ways. For example, a
particular drug may produce a stronger heartbeat (2) ______ from pain, or some other desired
effect. But that drug, (3) ______ any other drug, can also cause undesired effects – especially if
the (4) _____ is too large. Such effects might (5) _____ fever, high blood pressure, or
constipation.
Most drugs produce changes throughout the body because the drugs (6) _____ through the
blood stream. (7) ____ most drugs used to affect one part of the body also affect other parts. For
example, physicians sometimes (8) _____ morphine to relieve pain. Morphine depresses the
activities of cells in the brain and thus reduces the (9) _____ of pain. But morphine also alters the
function of cells elsewhere in the body. It may decrease the rate of breathing, produce constipation,
and (10) _____ other undesired effects.

21. Insert ONE word to complete the passage.

Enjoy the benefits of stress!
Are you looking forward to another busy week? You should be according to some experts. They
argue that the stress encountered in our daily lives is not only good for us, but essential to survival.
They say that the response to (1) _________, which creates a chemical called adrenal in, helps the
mind and body to act quickly (2) ___________ emergencies. Animals and human beings use it to
meet the hostile conditions which exist on the planet.
Whilst nobody denies the pressures of everyday life, what is surprising is that we are yet to develop
successful ways of dealing with them. (3) ________ the experts consider the current strategies to
be inadequate and often dangerous. They believe that (4) ________ of trying to manage our
response to stress with drugs or relaxation techniques, we must exploit it. Apparently, research
shows that people (5) ________ create conditions of stress for(6) _______ by doing exciting and
risky sports or looking for challenges, cope much better with life's problems. Activities of this type
have been shown to create a lot of emotion; people may actually cry or feel extremely
uncomfortable. But there is a point (7) _________ which they realise they have succeeded and
know that it was a positive experience. This is because we learn through challenge and difficulty.
That's (8) _________ we get our wisdom. Few of us, unfortunately, understand this fact. For
 example, many people believe they (9) _________ from stress at work, and take time off as a
result. Yet it has been found in some companies that by far (10) __________ healthiest people are
those with the most responsibility. So next time you're in a stressful situation, just remember that it
will be a positive learning experience and could also benefit your health!
22. For questions 46-60, read the following passages and decide which answer (A, B, C, or
D) best fits each gap. Write your answer (A, B, C, or D) in corresponding numbered boxes.
THEATRE IN BRITAIN
The theatre has always been very strong in Britain. Its centre is, of course, London, where
successful plays can (1)______ without a break for many years. London has several dozens of
theatres, most of them not (2)_____ from Trafalgar Square. (3)_____ London even some quite big
towns have no public theatre at all, but every town has its private theatres. British theatre is much
admired. There you can (4)_____ the best of everything – an excellent orchestra, famous
conductors, celebrated actors and a well-dressed (5)_____.
Choose a good play, and you’ll enjoy yourself throughout from the moment the curtain
(6)_____ to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the box-office or at the
theatre itself. You’ll probably want to sit as near to the (7)_____ as possible.
1. A. show B. perform C. run D. produce
2. A. far B. remote C. distant D. close
3. A. Inside B. Outside C. In D. Out
4. A. take B. give C. hold D. get
5. A. audience B. auditorium C. authority D. publicity
6. A. puts up B. sets up C. makes up D. goes up
7. A. scene B. stage C. scenery D. performance
26. For questions 46-60, read the following passages and decide which answer (A, B, C, or
D) best fits each gap. Write your answer (A, B, C, or D) in corresponding numbered boxes.
SMOG AND AIR POLLUTION
For years London was synonymous with smog, the word coined at the (1)_____ of the 20th
century to describe the city’s characteristic blend of fog and smoke. The capital’s “pea-soupers”
were caused by suspended pollution of smoke and sulfur dioxide from coal fires. The most
(2)_____ affected area was the 19th-century residential and industrial (3)_____ of inner London –
particularly the East End, which had the highest density of factory smokestacks and domestic
chimney pots and the lowest-(4)______ land, inhibiting dispersal. As recently as the early 1960s,
the smokier districts of east Inner London experienced a 30 percent reduction in winter sunshine
hours. That problem was (5)______ by parliamentary legislation (the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968) outlawing the burning of coal, combined with the clearance of older housing and the loss of
manufacturing.
The less visible (6) _____ equally toxic pollutants of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, benzines, and aldehydes continue to spoil London’s air. Traffic fumes and other exhausts are
(7)______ to become trapped between the surrounding hills and below a stagnant capping mass of
warm urban air at an altitude of about 3,000 feet (900 metres), causing immediate increases in eye
irritation, asthma, and bronchial complaints. But London’s weather is too (8)_____ for the
development of a full-scale photochemical smog of the kind that can build up under the more stable
weather conditions of cities such as Los Angeles.
1. A. back B. turn C. next D. gap
2. A. largely B. frequently C. thoroughly D. severely
3. A. ring B. belt C. loop D. tie
4. A. standing B. situating C. lying D. locating
 5. A. alleviated B. exalted C. degraded D. abated
6. A. with B. besides C. regarding D. but
7. A. able B. tenable C. liable D. flammable
8. A. wicked B. lethal C. agile D. fickle
27. For questions 61-75, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and
write your answers in the corresponding boxes provided below the passage. There is an example
at the beginning (0).
TOMORROW’S WORLD WILL BE A LITTLE LATE
In a report for the US magazine Wired, a large number of academics, writers and experts
were invited to (0)maketheir predictions for the future. In some respects they are quite cautious,
ruling (1) __________ ideas that they believe belong (2) __________ science fiction more than to
practical reality, at (3) __________ in the next half-century or so. In other areas, (4) __________ ,
they foresee changes before too long.
On the roads, self-driving taxis and cars, in (5) __________ satellites guide the vehicle from
office to home, or to holiday destinations, could arrive by 2019, (6) __________ to the experts. By
2034, (7) __________ than 50 per cent of people in industrialized countries, (8) __________ is
forecast, will drive clean electric vehicles.
In space, a landing of humans (9) __________ Mars could be the highlight of 2020, say
writers and scientists at NASA. Aliens may be contacted in 2025, but even 2050 is (10)
__________ soon for androids like C-3PO in Star Wars.
On the James Bond-style personal jetpack, Noah Rifkin, director of technology deployment
at (11) __________ United States’s Department of Transportation, said that companies are unlikely
to put enough money (12) __________ research and development (13) __________ they know how
many people might want to buy it.
At work, all the technologies needed to do (14) __________ with the need for paper have
already been invented, yet Don Norman at Apple Computer forecasts that people (15) __________
always want paper, although society may be 80 per cent paperless in 2009.
29. Read the passage and think of one correct word to fill in each blank.
MICROSCOPES
It happened over 300 years ago in Holland. Anton van Leeuwenhoek had a new microscope (1)
______ he had made. One day he looked through it at a drop (2) ______ lake water. What he saw
surprised him.
The water was alive with what Leeuwenhoek called "wee beasties." The microscope made tiny
organisms look 200 times (3) ______ than life size. Leeuwenhoek was one of the first scientists to
see living things that were that small. His work was a giant step (4) ______ science.
Today, microscopes are much stronger. An electron microscope can make tiny organisms look
200,000 times life size. A few electron microscopes can see individual atoms. Pictures can be made
to show the objects or organisms much bigger. The pictures add greatly to (5) ______we know
about tiny objects and organisms. Microscopes have come a long way in 300 years.

1. which/ that 2. of 3. bigger / larger 4. for 5. what

30. Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Reports that the government is about to _____ (1) the go ahead to plans for the building of a
new runway at London's Gatwick airport have angered local _____ (2) and raised fears of increased
noise and exhaust pollution. The _____ (3) plans also include permission for additional night
flights and will _____ (4) the compulsory purchase of farmland, _____ (5) the demolition of a
number of private homes. According to sources close to the Ministry of Transport, the government
is known to be concerned by the increasing _____ (6) of traffic at London Heathrow, where there
are no plans for further runways in the foreseeable _____ (7) Gatwick is widely _____ (8) as a
better _____ (9) for expansion than London's third airport, Stansted, which still _____ (10) from
poor transport links. A spokesperson for the Keep Gatwick Quiet association, _____ (11) up of
local people, accused the government of _____ (12) back on promises made before the General
Election. 'We were told then that the airport authority had no _____ (13) of building another
runway and we believe that the government has a duty to _____ (14) its pledges. Prominent figures
in the government are also believed to be concerned at the news, although the Prime Minister,
interviewed last night, is _____ (15) as saying that reports were 'misleading'. However, he would
not give an assurance that plans for building a runway had definitely been rejected.
1. A. sign B. make C. give D. approve
2. A. inhabitants B. dwellers C. occupants D. residents
3. A. controversial B. debatable C. notorious D. doubtful
4. A. involve B. concern C. assume D. need
5. A. further to B. as well as C. moreover D. what's more
6. A. sum B. size C. volume D. length
7. A. years B. period C. time D. future
8. A. regarded B. believed C. felt D. held
9. A. potential B. outlook C. prospect D. likelihood
10. A. affects B. undergoes C. experiences D. suffers
11. A. made B. set C. brought D. taken
12. A. getting B. falling C. going D. turning
13. A. desire B. intention C. wish D. objective
14. A. bear out B. count on C. pull off D. stand by
15. A. quoted B. known C. thought D. written
31. Fill each gap in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.
AN ECONOMIC PROBLEM
Inflation is not a new phenomenon, (0) ….but… one that has existed at various times in
various places. In _____ (1) severest form; however, hyperinflation can destroy a nation's economy.
_____ (2) happened in revolutionary France and Weimar Germany; _____ (3) bundles of notes
were needed to pay for a loaf of bread. But what is inflation? Briefly, it may be defined as a
continual increase in prices affecting the economy. The rate of inflation is determined _____ (4)
changes in the price level, which is an average of all prices. When _____ (5) prices rise while
others fall, this will not necessarily affect the price level, as inflation occurs _____ (6) if most
major prices increase. The problem with inflation is that it reduces the value of purchasing power
of money, as well as eroding people's savings. Wage increases which are below or equal _____ (7)
the level of inflation will result in a declining or static _____ (8) of living for workers, while wage
increases above the rate of inflation will merely stoke the fire for further inflation. So what can a
government do to stop the process? It can increase taxes, raise interest rates, decrease the money
supply, reduce government spending or set a ceiling _____ (9) price and wage rises. Why none of
these is a popular measure is understandable, but if they reduce inflation _____ (10) a mild two to
four percent per annum, as opposed to allowing it to rise to double-digit severe inflation, it is
preferable in the long run.

33. Read the following passage and then choose the most suitable word or phrase for each
space.
Childhood is the time when there are (1)_________ responsibilities to make life difficult. If
a child has good parents, he is (2) _________ , looked after and loved, whatever he may do. It is
improbable that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in
return. In (3) _________, life is always presenting new things to the child- things that have lost
their interest for older people because they are too well- known. A child finds pleasure playing in
the rain , or in the snow. His first visit to the seaside is a marvellous adventure. But a child has his
(4) _________ .He is not so free to do as he wishes as he thinks older people are: he is continually
told not to do things, or being punished (5) _________ what he has done wrong. His life’s therefore
not perfectly happy.
When a young man starts to (6) _________his own living, he becomes free from the
discipline of school and parents, but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. He can
no longer expect (7) _________ to pay for his food, his clothes and his room, but he has to work if
he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most time playing about in a day he used to as a child, he
will be hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he
may go to prison. If, however, he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health, he can have
the greatest happiness of seeing himself make steady (8)_________ in his job and of building up
for himself his own position in society.
Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be, but it is not necessary for the
old to be unhappy. With old age (9)_________wisdom and the ability to help others with advice
wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life: they can
watch their grandchildren growing up around them, and perhaps best of all, they can, if their life
has been a useful one, feel the happiness of having come (10)_________ the battle of life safely
and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving others to continue the fight.
1. A. little B. a few C. a little D. few
2. A. eaten B. fed C. feeded D. fetched
3. A. short B. term C. addition D. reality
4. A. injury B. difficulty C. problem D. pain
5. A. because B. by C. at D. for
6. A. take B. have C. create D. earn
7. A. other B. another C. others D. someone
8. A. progress B. achievement C. improvements D. accomplishments
9. A. coming B. come C. came D. had come
10. A. out B. across C. through D. back
35. Supply the most suitable word for each blank.
THE THREAT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Nowadays people are more aware that wildlife all over the world is in___1___.Many
species of animals are threatened, and could easily become ____2__ if we do not make an ___3___
to protect them. There are many reasons for this. In some cases, animals are hunted for their fur or
for other valuable ___4___ of their bodies. Some birds, such as parrots, are caught ___5___ and
sold as pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is that their habitat-the place ___6____ they
live-is disappearing. More ___7___ is used for farms, for houses or industry, and there are fewer
open spaces ___8___ there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help them grow better
crops but these chemicals ___9__ the environment and harm wildlife. The most successful animals
on earth - human beings- will soon be the only ones ___10___ unless we can solve this problem.
36. Read the following passage and choose the most suitable word for each space.
According to a magazine article I read recently, we (1) ......... live in an age of increasing leisure.
Not only are more and more people reaching (2) ......... age with their taste for enjoyment and even
adventure relatively (3) ......... but the working week is becoming shorter and the opportunities for
(4) ......... are becoming greater and greater all the time. Not to mention the fact that people
(5) .........to spend less time travelling to work or may even be working from home. What I can't
understand, however, is who these people are. As far as I can (6) ......... the whole thing is another
 one of (7) ......... journalistic fictions. I admit that there are a lot of retired people (8) ......... but I am
not sure that all of them are dashing about learning hang-gliding or sailing singlehanded (9) .........
the world. My own parents seem to (10) ......... most of their time gazing at the television. And as
for the shorter working week, I wish someone (11) .........remind my company about it. I seem to be
working longer and longer hours (12) ......... the time. The little leisure time I have is eaten into by
sitting in the traffic jams or waiting for trains to (13) ......... up at rain-swept platforms. I haven't
noticed any dramatic improvements in my (14) ......... either, but perhaps I just have to wait until I
get my (15) .........
1. A. presently B. at the moment C. now D. at this time
2. A. retirement B. their C. later D. third
3. A. present B. survived C. free D. intact
4. A. this B. longer C. leisure D. people
5. A. use B. tend C. have D. demand
6. A. concern B. imagine C. expect D. tell
7. A. the B. those C. these D. some
8. A. in our days B. in these times C. nowadays D. now and again
9. A. round B. over C. through D. into
10. A. have B. use C. the D. spend
11. A. would B. to C. had D. might
12. A. at B. for C. take D. all
13. A. keep B. line C. show D. set
14. A. cost of living B. lifestyle C. lifeline D. livelihood
15. A. pension B. retirement C. insurance D. salary
38. Read the passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) which best fits each space.
In the past people suffered (1) ....................a disease called scurvy. Their gums bled, their
skin became rough, their wounds did not (2) .................. and their muscles wasted away. The
(3) ................... of these symptoms was a lack of vitamin C; peopleate preserved meats and foods
and could not get fresh vegetables and fruits.
The best (4) ................... of vitamin C are oranges, lemons, grapefruit, cantaloupes, strawberries,
and fresh vegetables. These fruits must be fresh because vitamin C is destroyed by heat, storage, or
exposure (5) .................. air.
Although today more people (6) ................... vitamin C pills than any other supplement, some
people still have scurvy, (7) .................. some of the elderly, alcoholics, and the chronically ill.
Research shows that vitamin C reduces the (8) ................... of colds and can help prevent cancer.
There is also evidence that vitamin C prevents heart disease, (9) ................... wound healing, helps
prevent gum disease, and helps protect us from pollutants such as cigarette smoke. Some recent
research also shows that vitamin C has a positive effect on some mental (10) ................... and
increases life span.
1. A. from B. with C. by D. at
2. A. close B. recover C. heal D. get well
3. A. reason B. cause C. origin D. signs
4. A. store B. resources C. provider D. sources
5. A. to B. towards C. in D. by
6. A. consume B. drink C. take D. have
7. A. containing B. including C. consisting D. like
8. A. severity B. seriousness C. gravity D. importance
8. A. hastens B. hurries up C. quickens D. speeds
10. A. chaos B. confusions C. disorders D. disturbances
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in each space.
At sixteen Henry Vincent was separated from his family as a result of the war. He wandered
aimlessly from (1) ................ country to another (2) ................ finally setting down in Australia,
where he trained (3) ................ an electronics engineer. He established his own business but it
called for so much work that marriage was out of the (4) ................ .
His retirement suddenly (5) ................ him realize (6) ................ lonely he was and he decided to
(7) ................ up a hobby. With his interest in electronics, amateur radio seemed a natural choice.
He installed his own equipment and obtained a licence and his call sign, which is the set of letters
and numbers used to announce oneself when making radio contact with other radio amateurs all
over the world.
Soon Henry had a great many contacts in far-off places. One in particular was a man in California
with whom he had much in common. One night the man in California (8) ................ to mention the
village in Europe he had come from. Suddenly, Henry realised that this man was in fact his younger
brother, Peter. At first, the two brothers were at a (9) ................ for words but then little by little
they filled in the details of their past lives and not (10) ................ afterwards Henry Vincent flew to
California to be reunited with his brother.
Read the passage and use ONLY ONE suitable word to fill in each gap
In a village on the east coast of Scotland, people were waiting for news. Two of
fishingboats had been caught in the storm which had blown up during the night. In the cottages
round the harbor people stood by their doors(1) worried totalk.
The rest of the fishing fleethad (2) the harbor before dark, and the men
fromtheseshipswaited and watched with the wives and families of the missing men. Some
had(3) thickblankets and some flasks of hot drinks, knowing that
themen(4) be cold and [Link] to break over in the east, a small point of
lightwas(5) in the darkness of the wateranda few minuteslater, (6) was ashout.
(7) long, the two boats were turning in, past the lighthouse, to the inside ofthe
harbor. Themen (8) helped out of their boats, and (9) they were
stiff(10) cold and tiredness, they were allsafe.
39. Read the text and decide which word best fits each blank by circling the letter A, B, C or
D
United Parcel Service (UPS) believes that its employees should give the firm a
fair day’s
work for a fair’s day pay. The package delivery firm seems willing to give more than a fair’s
day pay. But in (1) , UPS expects maximum output from its employees.
Since 1920s, the firm’s industrial engineers have been studying every detail of every
task (2)
by most UPS employees. From their studies have come time and motion standards that
(3) how those tasks are performed and how long they should take. Drivers, for example, are
expected to walk to a customer’s door at a speed of exactly three feet per second. They are
told to knock as soon as they get there, rather than (4) time looking for a doorbell.
Work engineers are (5)riding with drivers, timing everything from stops at traffic
lights, to wait at customers’ doorway, to stairway climbs, to coffee break. And they are
not (6) to pointing out the occasional inefficiency. Additionally, supervisors ride with the
least good drivers, noting how they work and constantly (7) them until their work is up
tostandard.
The (8)of all this work engineering isefficiency, and UPS has been called one of
the most efficient companies anywhere. It's also a highly profitable company. Most drivers
take the regimentation in stride: many show (9)in meeting the UPS standards each day.
Others, however, feel that they are constantly being pushed, that it isimpossible for them to
(10)at work. UPS officials claim that the standards provide accountability. And, they say,
employees who work according to UPS standards should feel less tired at the end of theday.
1: [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
2: [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
3: A. indicate [Link] [Link] [Link]
4: A. wasting [Link] C. spending [Link]
5: A. consistently [Link] C. constructively [Link]
6: A. impolite [Link] C. intimate [Link]
7: A. scolding [Link] [Link] [Link]
8: [Link] B. reason [Link] [Link]
9: A. pride [Link] C. interest [Link]
10: [Link] [Link] C. relax [Link]