STS- Reviewer T:Deals with how humans modify change,

alter, or control the natural world

Chapter 1 : Historical Antecedents :Concerned with what can or what should be

Science, Technology, and Society is... Without technology, some science

experiments would not be possible.
● an interdisciplinary field that studies the
conditions under which the production, Without science, technology could not
distribution and utilization of scientific proceed.
knowledge and technological systems occur;
the consequences of these activities upon 1. Community Life- The shift from
different groups of people. nomadic life to farming led to the
● builds on the history and philosophy of development of the city.
science and technology, sociology and - The nineteenth century witnessed the
anthropology, policy studies, and cultural Industrial revolution.
and literary studies; all of which shape the 2. Work- Technical innovations saved
modes of analysis deployed in the field. physical energy and lessened
● an interdisciplinary study of the interaction people’s workload.
of science and technology with society and - There were a lot of inventions
culture. including computers, tractors,
● the realization that discoveries and printing machines, sewing
inventions are shaped by historical forces machines, etc.
and in turn influence values, aspirations, 3. Communication- Inventions and
events, and institutions, thus innovations in communication have
shaping the course of history. had a major influence on society.

SCIENCE- an evolving body of knowledge Inventions that led to improvement of

that is based on theoretical expositions communication
and experimental and empirical activities
that generate universal truths. Egypt
-the intellectual and practical activity ★ Papyrus
encompassing the systematic study of ★ Hieroglyphics
the structure and behavior of the Ancient Babylonia
physical and natural world through ★ Cuneiform
observation and Ancient Greece
experiment. ★ Public Speaking
TECHNOLOGY- is the application of ★ Persuasive Rhetoric
science and creation of systems, processes ★ Drama
and objects designed to help humans in their ★ Philosophy
daily activities. Ancient Roma
- the innovation, change, or ★ Roman Alphabet
modification of the natural Modern Europe
environment in order to satisfy ★ Printing Press
perceived human wants and needs.
- 4. Health- The greatest innovation of
Science vs Technology technology was longevity.
Medical advancement
S:Deals with the natural world
:Concerned with what is
 ➔ 1796, Edward Jenner 1928- Paved ● Mathematics also flourished during
way to modern immunology by the Islamic Golden Age with the
discovering a vaccine for smallpox works of Al-Khwarizmi, Avicenna
➔ 1928 Alexander Fleming- and Jamshid al Kashi that led to
Discovered penicillin advances in algebra, trigonometry,
➔ 1846, Dr. WilliamThomas Green- geometry and Arabic numerals.
First medical practitioner to use ● Al-Biruni, and Avicenna produced
anesthesia on patient before books that contain descriptions of the
performing surgery. preparation of hundreds of drugs
➔ made from medicinal plants and
B. Historical Antecedents in the World chemical compounds.
● Islamic physicists such as Ibn Al-
From Ancient Times to 600 BC Haytham, Al-Biruni and others
● Papyrus- an ancient form of paper, studied optics and mechanics as well
made from the papyrus plant, a reed as astronomy, and criticized
which grows in the marshy areas Aristotle’s view of motion.
around the Nile river.
The Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD) Science and Technology in Ancient China
● Aristotle- "scientific revolution" of ● Four Great Inventions that include
the Hellenistic period culminating in the compass, gunpowder,
the 3rd to 2nd centuries with scholars papermaking and printing- These
such as Eratosthenes, Euclid, were considered as among the most
Aristarchus of Samos, Hipparchus important technological advances and
and Archimedes. were only known to Europe 1000
years later or during the end of the
Islamic Golden Age Middle ages.
● Was a period of cultural, economic
and scientific flourishing in the The Renaissance (1300 AD – 1600AD)
history of Islam, traditionally dated ● Marie Boas Hall coined the term
from the eighth century to the Scientific Renaissance to designate
fourteenth century, with several the early phase of the Scientific
contemporary scholars dating the end Revolution, 1450–1630.
of the era to the fifteenth or sixteenth ● Peter Dear has argued for a two-
century. phase model of early modern science:
● This period is traditionally a Scientific
understood to have begun during the ● Renaissance of the 15th and 16th
reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun centuries, focused on the
al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the restoration of the natural
inauguration of the House of Wisdom knowledge of the ancients; and a
in Baghdad, where scholars from Scientific Revolution of the 17th
various parts of the world with century, when scientists shifted
different cultural backgrounds were from recovery to innovation.
mandated to gather and translate all ● Johannes Gutenberg is usually
of the world's classical knowledge called its inventor, but in fact many
into the Arabic language and people and many steps were
subsequently development in various involved.
fields of sciences began. ● Block printing on wood came to the
● Qibla, which is the direction in West from China between 1250 and
which to pray, botany is applied in 1350, papermaking came from China
agriculture and geography. by way of the Arabs to 12th-century
 Spain, whereas the Flemish technique science probably profited more from
of oil painting was the origin of the industry than the other way around. It
new printers’ ink. was the steam engine that posed the
● Gutenberg and his contemporaries problems that led, by way of a search
Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer— for a theory of steam power, to the
seem to have taken the final steps, creation of thermodynamics.
casting metal type and locking it into
a wooden press. 20th Century Science: Physics and
Information Age
The Enlightenment Period (1715 A.D. to ● The 20th century was an important
1789 A.D.) century in the history of the sciences.
● the Age of Reason was characterized ● Einstein’s formulation of the theory
by radical reorientation in science, of relativity (1905) including the
which emphasized reason over unifying concept of energy related to
superstition and science over blind mass and the speed of light: E = mc2.
faith. ● Modern physics grew in the 20th into
● Isaac Newton published his a primary discipline contributing to
“Principia Mathematica” (1686) and all today’s basic natural sciences,
John Locke his “Essay Concerning astronomy, chemistry and biology.
Human Understanding” (1689)—two Although it took a hundred years
works that provided the scientific, since Clausius’s time for it to be fully
mathematical and philosophical recognized that all biological
toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major processes have also to obey the laws
advances. of thermodynamics, the border
● Isaac Newton’s epochal between the origin of the living and
accomplishment in his Principia the non-living worlds has now at last
Mathematica consists in the been blurred.
comprehension of a diversity of ● Biology too, with the discovery of
physical phenomena – in particular DNA and the development of
the motions of heavenly bodies, genetics, allows us to penetrate the
together with the motions of fundamental processes of life and to
sublunary bodies – in few relatively intervene in the gene pool of certain
simple, universally applicable, organisms by imitating some of these
mathematical laws, was a great natural mechanisms.
stimulus to the intellectual activity of
the eighteenth century and served as Science and Technology in the Fourth
a model and inspiration for the Industrial Revolution
researches of a number of ● The Fourth Industrial Revolution
Enlightenment thinkers. is a way of describing the blurring of
boundaries between the physical,
Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840) digital, and biological worlds. It’s a
● The science of metallurgy permitted fusion of advances in artificial
the tailoring of alloy steels to intelligence (AI), robotics, the
industrial specifications, the science Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing,
of chemistry permitted the creation of genetic engineering, quantum
new substances, like the aniline dyes, computing, and other technologies.
of fundamental industrial importance, ● Think GPS systems that suggest the
and that electricity and magnetism fastest route to a destination, voice-
were harnessed in the electric activated virtual assistants such as
dynamo and motor. Until that period Apple’s Siri, personalized Netflix
 recommendations, and Facebook’s being connected to the internet and
ability to recognize your face and tag identifiable by other devices.
you in a friend’s photo
● Artificial intelligence (AI) describes C. Historical Development of Science and
computers that can “think” like Technology in the Philippines
humans — recognizing complex Pre-Spanish Era
patterns, processing information,
drawing conclusions, and making
recommendations.
● Quantum computing technologies
now in development will eventually
make computers millions of times
more powerful. These computers will
have the potential to supercharge AI, Life during the primitive times...
create highly complex data models in As the inhabitants shifted from wandering
seconds, and speed up the discovery from one place to another and learned to
of new materials. settle in areas near the water source, they
● Virtual reality (VR) offers also learned how to weave cotton, engaged
immersive digital experiences (using themselves in agriculture and are
a VR headset) that simulate the real knowledgeable on building boats for coastal
world, while augmented reality trade.
merges the digital and physical
worlds. Spanish Colonial Era
● Biotechnology harnesses cellular and ● Established schools run by Spanish
biomolecular processes to develop friars (highest institution of learning
new technologies and products for a –Pontifical and Royal University of
range of uses, including developing Santo Tomas), hospitals and started
new pharmaceuticals and materials, scientific research.
more efficient industrial ● Dr. Jose Rizal is the epitome of the
manufacturing processes, and Renaissance man in the Philippine
cleaner, more efficient energy context. He is a scientist, a doctor, an
sources. engineer (he designed and built a
● Robotics refers to the design, water system in Dapitan), a
manufacture, and use of robots for journalist, a novelist, an urban
personal and commercial use. While planner and a hero.
we’re yet to see robot assistants in ● Charity hospitals became the
every home, technological advances breeding ground for scientific
have made robots increasingly research on pharmacy and medicine,
complex and sophisticated. with great focus on problems of
● 3D printing allows manufacturing infectious diseases, their causes and
businesses to print their own parts, possible remedies.
with less tooling, at a lower cost, and ● In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal
faster than via traditional processes. de Ciudad de Manila was created
Plus, designs can be customized to and whose functions were to conduct
ensure a perfect fit. biochemical analyses for public
● The IoT describes the idea of health and to undertake specimen
everyday items — from medical examinations for clinical and medico-
wearables that monitor users’ legal cases.
physical condition to cars and
tracking devices inserted into parcels
American Period 1969 the government provided funds to
There was a rapid growth in science and private universities to encourage them to
technology during the American occupation conduct research and create courses in
and was made possible by the government’s science and technology.
extensive public education system from
elementary tertiary schools. 1970s-Philippine Coconut Research Institute,
★ College of Agriculture (UPLB in Philippine Textile Research Institute,
1909) Philippine Atomic Energy Commission were
★ College of Arts, Engineering and established under the National Science
Veterinary Medicine (UPD in 1910) Development Board (NSDB).
★ College of Medicine (UPD in 1914)
1972-by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 4,
The Bureau of Science (formerly Bureau the National Grains Authority was created
of Government Laboratories) was and it was tasked to improve the rice and
composed of a biological, chemical, and corn industry and thereby help in the
serum laboratory for the production of virus economic development of the country
vaccine, serums and prophylactics, and a
library. Philippine Council for Agricultural
Research support the progressive
Commonwealth Period development of agriculture, forestry, and
“The State shall promote scientific research fisheries in the country
and invention...” ― Irene M. Pepperberg
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Science and Technology since Astronomical Service Administration
Independence (PAGASA)
Institute of Science replaced the Bureau - provide environmental protection and to
of Science and was placed under the Office utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the
of the President of the Philippines safety of the people through Presidential
Decree No. 78, s. 1972 under the Department
Science Act of 1958 established the National on National Defense
Science Development Board (NSDB).
Faced lack of financial support- 1973- Philippine National Oil Company was
Experienced planning and coordination created by virtue of Presidential Decree No.
problems 884, to promote industrial and economic
development through effective and efficient
Science and Technology in the 1960’s to use of energy sources
1990’s
National Academy of Science and
The government declared in Section 9(1) of Technology The Energy Comparry
the 1973 Philippine Constitution that the composed of scientists with "innovative
"advancement of science and technology achievement in the basic and applied
shall have priority in the national sciences" who will serve as the reservoir of
development." scientific and technological expertise for the
country (1976)
April 6, 1968- Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
proclaimed the 35-hectare land in Bicutan, 1982- NSDB was further reorganized into a
Taguig as the site of the Philippine Science National Science and Technology Authority
Community. (NSTA) composed of four research and
development Councils:
 - Philippine Council for Agriculture the science and technology sector
and Resources Research and was tripled from 464 million in 1986
Development (PCARRD) to 1.7 billion in 1992.
- Philippine Council for Industry and
Energy Research Development 1998 (Fidel Ramos) - two newly built
(PCIERD) Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas
- Philippine Council for Health and Mindanao were built which promotes
Research and Development further development of young kids through
(PCHRD) advance S&T curriculum

March 1983 - Executive Order No. 889 was Magna Carta for Science and Technology
issued by the President which- provided for Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439)-
the establishment of a national network of published in order to give incentives and
centers of excellence in basic sciences rewards for people who have been influential
in the field of S&T

Science and Technology Agenda for

Scientific Career System in the Civil
National Development (STAND) 7 export
Service
products computer software:: fashion
- designed to attract more qualified
accessories;; gifts, toys, and houseware;;
scientists to work in government and
marine products;; metal fabrications;;
encourage young people to pursue
furniture;; and dried fruits
science degrees and careers establish
on July 19, 1983 by Presidential
11 domestic needs - food, housing, health,
Decree No. 901
clothing, transportation, communication,
Department of Science and Technology
disaster mitigation, defense, environment,
- the country is the premiere science
manpower development, and energy
and technology body in charge with
3 additional support industries -packaging,
the twin mandate of providing
chemicals, and metals because of their
centual direction, leadership and
linkages with the above sectors
coordination of all scientific and
technological activities, and of
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's
formulating policies, programs and
Administration
projects technological activities, and
● Filipinnovation - coined term used
of formulating policies, programs and
in helping the Philippines to be an
projects to support national
innovation hub in Asia
development.
● Philippine Science High School
(PSHS) - focuses in science,
Replaced the National Science and
technology and mathematics in their
Technology Authority in 1986, under the
curriculum
Aquino administration, with the ff. functions
● Philippine Institute for
(January 30, 1987)
Development Studies (2018)-
1. Pursue the declared state policy of
conducted a study which highlighted
supporting local scientific and
the weak ties between innovation-
technological effort;;
driven firms and the government, and
2. Develop local capability to achieve
it also identified the country's low
technological self-reliance;;\
expenditure in research and
3. Encourage greater private sector
development (R&D) This is the
participation in research and
reason the government is now
development, moreover, funding for
extending all its efforts to reach out
 with the private sector, explaining ● Established through a collaboration
that STI plays an important role in between the local government of
economic and social progress and is a Davao City and IBM Philippines
key driver for a long-term growth of Inc., the center resulted in the
an economy. creation of a dashboard that allows
authorized government agencies,
Hopes in the Philippine Science and such as police, fire and anti-terrorism
Technology task force, to use analytics software
● Diwata-1-first micro-satellite for monitoring vents and operations
launched in space by the Philippines in real time.
designed, developed and assembled
by Filipino researchers and engineers Current Initiatives in Science and
under the guidance of Japanese Technology in the Country
experts.
○ - provides real-time, high- ● ADVANCED DEVICE AND
resolution and multi-color MATERIALS TESTING
infrared images for various LABORATORIES- houses
applications, including advanced equipment for failure
meteorological imaging, crop analysis and materials
and ocean productivity characterization to address advanced
measurement and high- analytical needs for quality control,
resolution imaging of natural materials identification and R&D
and man-made features. ● Electronics Products Development
○ - enables a more precise Center- used to design, develop and
estimate of the country's test hardware and software for
agricultural production, electronic products
provides images of ● PHILIPPINE GENOME
watersheds and floodplains CENTER- a core facility that
for a better understanding of combines basic and applied research
water available for irrigation, for the development of health
power and domestic diagnostics, therapeutics, DNA
consumption. forensics and preventive products,
○ -provides accurate and improved crop varieties
information on any ● DIE AND MOLD SOLUTIONS
disturbance and degradation CENTER- enhances the
of forest and upland areas. competitiveness of the local tool and
● Nationwide Operational die sector through the localization of
Assessment of Hazards (NOAH) currently imported dies and molds
○ initiated in June 2012 to help
manage risks associated with
natural hazards and disasters
○ uses the Lidar (light detection
and ranging) technology
○ developed hydromet sensors
and high-resolution geo-
hazard maps, which were
generated by light detection
and ranging technology for
flood modeling.
Intelligent Operation Center Platform