CHAPTER I
Viscosity re to measure of fund resistance to frow
Liquid
C
fluid
TI pander as
whenpressure P changes
Densityconstant livid
gas Vaas when Pt
7Ti g g
up
Density t t i i
i s
NewtonianFluids I Fluids which swear stress is proportional linear
to the rate of deformation
bottom
stptite
rotating disc velocityprofile way ve velocityof the
plate top
Estppefftis
É velocitygrad
stay any If
velocityprofile Vt as fluids
approachesrotatingdisc swear stress I
ME E
Steady Vs Unsteady Flow INTERNAL US EXTERAL FLOW
DOESTHE PARAMETER CHANGES TIME INTERNAL BoundaryBao
Flow I Flow
a Density steady
velocityprofilesame STEADYconstant
velocityprofilenot same as unsteady FLOW
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UNIFORM COMPRESSIBLE Vs Don Compressible
443
UNIFORM FLOW IS
PARAMETER DOES NOT
É WHEN
compressible D P changes
CHAPTER 2 FLUID STATICS
Pgauge 101325Pa
patm
na g
I bar
I atm
105 Pa
101325Pa
14.7 Psi
apes m pai Pass opa
700 mmHg pass yegg pgauge
VARIATION OF PRESSURE TO DEPTH
0
t
Ypg Pa's Patm Pgauge
R F
Page on pam pgh m
I
FIFA
z
PR PF HOWEVER PI Pz
II p Ps
Mh zoom
Patm pgh
Patm Booox9six
TI IE mean
15355Pa
manometer D measure small a
moderate pressure titerences
S
É p pain on
he
Pa Patent gauge
Pa Patent eight Paghat
Ths
FLUID 3 a yn
Prank egh MUST MINUS AS Pressure
B B INCREASE TH
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1 5 Pa Pig2 Po 03923 Pagzz
y
hair initialheighthigher thanfinal ve
ang t lower than final s ve
P p 2gal
P Pat Puzognaw Parghan t Paggang Paasghats
as est Puzogamo Parghan t Paggang Paasghosts
CP CENTER OF PRESSURE D point which mytrostatic force acts on surface
AVERAGE PRESSURE Pghc ForceResultant Pave A pgnc A
height to J surface
centroid
too
I no is always lower
surtacey assistance
JiLaw than the centroid
of area
suffice
H2O 0 T t
TCA
inclined
plane
c pi to
Tcp g yes ab
12
helsing A
IxxcSino
not
g
s axis win concise
Ixx
BEE is always
thedepth
no E ye Yaki fined
BOSUANCY FORCE
FLOATING Bob
SUSPENDED Boo Po Pe
To
1
g go Po PF
Aeneas PRINCE
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AuntPere [Link]
S FB W Arw eww ParcPere
Pegasus [Link]
VwPtPw veeeed
v earshot
x y
y y renae ve uncetPw ap
CHAPTER 3 FLUID DYNAMICS
conservation of mass
Emin Evil out Q voi time
Et
hence iii a AV velocity
Mass Flow Rate
e AL M POE AV
m mass time t
continuity Equation
pair Paas V2
For incompressible
in
Av Azra
[Link] HAVA ABVB
QB Oct on
BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE D For STEADS incompressible inviscid
NoSHAFTwork NOHEATTRANSFER STREAMLINED
Totalpressurealongstreamline is constant
static dynamic mysostatic
prapatm we
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STAGNATION PRESSURE total pressure at stagnation point tumid at completestop
total
Pstag pit III'd pressure
v
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Pstatic t Paynomic const
stagnation pressure
or total
PE TIFF Iza
Payne
4
I H2o
stag Peroprone Bag Is
2
Pi I vitygz p I ÉI pop p ga g g substrate
HYDRAULICGRADELINE HCL z
ENERGY GRADE UNE LEGS Pstatic Pdynamic constant
Pstag Pstatic Pdynamic
EGL Pa Va t En coincideat thestart p Iowa p
Hac p en
I
Pstag
I
Pstatic
T
pieterence
my pitottube
pstagePpitot Protae
METER
If
PIEZO
staticpressure
Re 2300 Rea Laminar
CHAPTER Y D INTERNAL FLOW 2300 Erez 4000
Re 4000 It intion
InertialForce D pVargD 40 4m
ReynoldsNumber ViscousForce ne K Dp e Die
O AV If u v m on ol v v egg
PUD EYE
EI µ
F Eye
aJCritical ReynoldsNumber Reet D flow becomes transitional
Transition of Laminar to Turbulent flow Geometry Surfaceroughness Flowvelocity
surfaceTemperature Typeof Fluid
a
auraera Fagin
Theintense mixing in turbulent
flow bring particles at different
momentum in closecontacta
hence enchancesmomentumtransfer
Laminar flow frictionfactor d as re 9 independent of surface roughness a relative
rough
go
Fullyroughturbulent flow a frictionfactor is independent of Re
A f dependent or re
When Solving On B f notdependentof re
are
startatdesire
cocateaesima
Find V in ear or D AV Findf
FindRe to checkforflowtype as re veto or Pune
Laminar byre turbulent moody's chart
Find f frictionfactor
Find he a he f Yp 042g
Find AR D Apu he x pg
Find PumpingPower Pp Ox Ape
TOPIC 5 D EXTERNALFLOW
Boundary layer D region of flow where viscous effects are felt
unsteady
Turbulent morethicker than Laminar 5
inviscid o u at surface is higher for turbulent more
s energy than laminar boundarylayer
velocity gradient for turbulent is steeper
high sein friction a high t as t
ve veve oaar sthickness Jh Ut
It Ret
VELOCITYPROFILE OF TURD LAM BOUNDARYLASERS
yadistbtwplates
velocity in turbulentBoundary
layer is nigher near to
LAMINAR surface compared toLaminar
turbulent
a velocity
FLATE PLATE
Vx
Rex React Ses
µ
1 am I Turb Re Ses
FullyTurbulent Re 3 6
FLOW SEPERATION sufficient high velocitiesthe fluid stream detaches itself
unsteady recirculating vortices create wake
A wake A drag
Dependent on re surface Roughness fluctuation of free stream
Flow separation occurs e v o at the wall or ve z positive or adverse
z pressure Gradient in
inflection pt in velocity profile
direction flow
ADVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENT
9 Pressure in tow direction d
More energy is used by Energy level of particle t
p hence separation occurs
7 Pressure later
Energy level of Particle
is low hence separate
g
TOTALDRAG A NETForce OF WALL SHEAR 2 PRESSURE FORCES
Drag Force always acts on the centroid
FRICTION DRAG SKIN Due to wall shear stress
Dragcoefficient frictionDragcoefficient
Friction drag is strongfunction of
_jy viscosity Fricdragt with T viscosity
ten
Wall shear which acts normal
FLOW OVER CYLINDER Z SPHERES Rect ZES
LAMINARFLOW tins ÉÉÉÉ re 2 6
Re 15 ooo FTurb ZE G
Earlier separation as
j1
Laminar Flow Energy
level is low when Rec to
Higher Drag more skin friction
as littleflow separation
TURBULENTFLOW when 10 E Ree 5000
Re 30.000
drag is significant
jxgy
later hence smaller wake region
Lesser prog
BLUFFBODIES D Pressure drag dominates
STREAMLINED BODIES skin drag dominates
AEROFOIL D AS AOA T Flow separation occurs earlier
Lift is always perpendicular to flow motion
HE anormac POWER DRAG x Velocity
Drag
JAXforce
motion
T
m For Fay't
Flow
FD