PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

SH 004

IMRAD Structure
IMRAD ● Research Title
● Abstract
TOPIC OUTLINE ● Keywords
1. IMRAD ● Introduction
A. IMRAD Structure ● Method
i. Research Title ● Result
i.i Elements of a Research Title ● Discussion
i.i.i Aim or Purpose ● Reference
[Link] Topic or Subject Matter ● Appendix
[Link] Place or Locale ● Writer’s Concise Resume
i.i.v Period
ii. Abstract RESEARCH TITLE
iii. Keywords
● Should answer the questions What, Who,
iv. Introduction
Where
iv.i Significance of the Study
[Link] Scope of the study
ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH TITLE
[Link] Delimitation
• Aim or Purpose – Why do I want to conduct
v. Method
the study?
vi. Result
• Topic or Subject Matter – What do I want to
vii. Discussion
study about?
viii. Reference
• Place or Locale – Where do I want to
ix. Appendix
conduct the study?
x. Writer’s Concise Resume
• Period – How long will it take for
researchers to finish the study?
1 IMRAD
IMRAD stands for ABSTRACT
o I – introduction
● The summary of the research, objectives,
o M – methods
significance, methodologies, results, and
o R – results
conclusions of the research study.
o A – and
● The last thing you write after your research
o D - discussion
is complete.
What is IMRAD?
● One paragraph consisting of 150 – 200 words.
● IMRAD describes the format for the sections of
a research report.
● This format is often used in the social KEYWORD
sciences, as well as in the STEM fields. ● Are the important words or concepts

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● assisting both readers and search engines in ● Expressed through graphics, statistics, or
recognizing the paper's content and words.
assessing its relevance to their interests.
● 3 to 6 key words DISCUSSION
● Answers the question: WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
INTRODUCTION ● You summarize your main findings, comment
● Answers the question: WHAT QUESTION WAS on those findings, and connect them to
ASKED? another research.
● An overview of the literature in the field, show
the motivation for your study, and share what REFERENCES
unique perspective your research adds.
● Display the identities or names of all writers
or owners of ideas that you incorporated in
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY your research paper.
● A section in the introduction that identifies A ● American Psychological Association
section in the introduction that identifies the ● APA 7th edition format
beneficiaries and the benefits that will be ● At least 20 references
realized when the problem is solved.
APPENDIX
SCOPE OF THE STUDY ● Included in this section are copies of
● Is determined primarily by the selection of materials like questionnaires, graphs, and
variables that the research study will focus letters that you used in your research
on.
WRITER’S CONCISE RESUME
DELIMITATION ● Acknowledge and give credit to writers by
● aims to narrow the scope of the study; highlighting their contributions.
● these are choices made and boundaries set
by the researcher that should be mentioned.

METHODS
● Answers the question: WHAT DID YOU DO?
● Tells readers how you conducted your study.

RESULT
● Answers the question: WHAT DID YOU FIND?
● Presentation of findings and outcomes of your
research

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ● Variables - a person, place, thing, or

phenomenon that you are trying to measure
TOPIC OUTLINE ● Participants – the individuals who take part
in a study or the respondents.
1. Statement of the Problem
● Research locale or setting – the place where
A. Two parts of SOP
the study is conducted
i. General Problem
● Coverage date – specific time or period
i.i Elements in the General Problem
during which the study was conducted
ii. Specific Problem
B. Two General Types of Research
Questions SPECIFIC PROBLEM
i. Non-Researchable Question ● Second part of the SOP
ii. Researchable Question ● Stated in questions
C. Four Types of Research Questions
i. Factor-Isolating Questions TWO GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH
ii. Factor-Relating Questions
QUESTIONS
iii. Situation-Relating Questions
iv. Situation-Producing Questions a. Non-Researchable Questions
b. Researchable Questions

1 Statement of the Problem

NON-RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS
Statement of the Problem
● Is an argument that justifies why the research ● Are questions of value answerable by Yes or
study was needed. No
● Should address an existing gap in knowledge
in the fields and lead to further research Example:
o Should all mother breastfeed their
babies? (Your answer to this
TWO PARTS OF SOP
question could be either yes or no
1. General Problem only)
2. Specific Problem o Should everyone pursue their
passion?
GENERAL PROBLEM RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS
● First part of the SOP ● Are questions of values, opinions,
● The opening paragraph perceptions, or policy that are raised to
● It introduces the research problem accumulate data.

Elements in General Problem Example:

● Main tasks – “what to do” with the major o What are the common preparations
variables done by Grade 7 students during their
first days in school? (Your answer to

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this question could vary because it

asks for your opinions.) o What is the level of exam preparation
o How do senior high school students among senior high school students in
respond to their Mathematics terms of:
teacher? 3.1 study schedules;
o How does sleep quality affect the 3.2 review materials used;
academic performance of college 3.3 group study sessions.
students?
o How does the use of technology in the Side Notes:
classroom affect student ● If a question includes subcategories or
engagement and learning breaks down a factor into specific parts
outcomes? (like in the examples above), the answer is
most likely FIQ.

FOUR TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

● Factor-Isolating Questions (FIQ) FACTOR-RELATING QUESTIONS
● Factor-Relating Questions (FRQ) ● Answers the question: WHAT IS HAPPENING
● Situation-Relating Questions (SRQ) HERE?
● Situation-Producing Questions (SPQ) ● To determine the relationship among factors
that have been identified.
FACTOR-ISOLATING QUESTIONS ● For non-experimental type of research
(CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH)
● Answers the question: WHAT IS THIS?
● Also known as factor-naming questions
Side Notes:
● They categorize, isolate, describe, or name
● Signal words: relationship, influence,
factors or situations
association, correlation, connection

Example:
Example:
o What is the profile of school principals
o What is the relationship between the
in terms of the following?
level of performance of the senior
I. Age
high school teachers to the OJT
II. Management experience
performance of the students enrolled
III. Civil status
in the business track of Saint Paul
School of Professional Studies?
o What is the level of description of the
study habits of senior high school
o How does the study habits influence
students in terms of:
the achievement level of the Grade 12
2.1 review time;
students in their major subjects?
2.2 place of review; and
2.3 techniques in studying

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o What is the relationship between SITUATION-PRODUCING QUESTIONS

students' study habits and their
● Answers the question: HOW CAN I MAKE IT
academic performance?
HAPPEN?
● Open the opportunity to create a plan,
SITUATION-RELATING QUESTIONS policies or conditions to accomplish or
● Answers the question: WHAT WILL HAPPEN achieve goals
IF..? ● Questions usually establish explicit goals for
● Yield hypotheses testing or experimental actions, develop plans or prescriptions to
designs in which the researcher achieve goals, and specify the conditions
manipulates the variables under which these goals will be
● are used when you’re investigating how one accomplished
factor affects, influences, or has an impact ● Focus on finding solutions, creating
on another factor interventions, or proposing programs to
● Used when you’re looking to establish or address specific issues or improve
explore a cause-and-effect relationship outcomes.
between factors in your research.
● SRQ aligns with CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE Side Notes:
RESEARCH AND/OR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ● Signal words: plan, program, policy,
Side Notes: framework, strategy
● Signal words: effects, impact, outcome
Example:
Example: o What policy is to be formulated to
o What are the effects of daily physical manage the effective involvement of
exercise on the mental health of high high school students in social media?
school students?
o Based on the findings what human
o What are the impacts of flexible relation intervention program can
learning options and modalities in the be adopted, enhance or improve
educational system in the effectiveness of existing teaching
Philippines? methods.

o What are the effects of mobile phone o What strategies can be implemented
usage on the attention span of young to address the challenges of remote
children? learning and maintain student
motivation and participation?
o What are the most effective food
supplements to be given to increase
the productivity of tilapia farming?

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Example:
APA CITATION AND REFERENCING o The issue was described in more
detail (Smith, 2020).

TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Citation PARENTHETICAL CITATION
A. In-text citation ● AUTHOR BEFORE THE IDEA
i. Parenthetical ● The author appears in the text with the date in
ii. Narrative parentheses.
2. Reference
A. Reference list Example:
i. For journal article o Jones (2003) believed you could be
ii. For books flexible when necessary.
3. Reminders
REFERENCING
What is REFERENCING?
1 CITATION ● It is described as giving credit, with citation, to
What is CITATION? the source of information used in one’s work
● A way to tell the reads that you were giving
credit when a particular material in your work
REFERENCE LIST
came from another source
● A reference list appears on a new page after
the end of a paper and is arranged
IN-TEXT CITATION
alphabetically.
What is IN-TEXT CITATION?
● It briefly identifies the source of information in
the body text.
REFERENCE LIST ENTRY FOR BOOKS
● It consists of the author’s last name and
publication.
Last name, Initials. (Year). Book title. Publisher.

TWO WAYS OF IN-TEXT CITATION

a. Parenthetical citation (idea first) Example:
b. Narrative citation (author first)
Hasler, E. (2018). The built environment.
PARENTHETICAL CITATION Liverpool University Press.
● IDEA FIRST BEFORE THE AUTHOR
● The author and date appear within Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities:
parentheses (author, year) Reflections on the origins and spread of
nationalism. Verso.

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REFERENCE LIST ENTRY FOR JOURNAL assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets
to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and
ARTICLE
predictive power. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-
Last name, Initials. (Year). Article title. Journal 143. [Link]
Name, Volume(Issue), Page range. DOI
● If there are three or more authors, use only
Example: the first author's name followed by "et al." in
in-text citations.
Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other
health benefits. Primary Health Care, 26(8), ● et al. means and others
34-42. [Link]
● In reference lists, 'et al.' is not used. Instead,
Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in all authors' names should be listed as they
French universities: Early entrants and appear in the original source.
latecomers. Information & Culture: A Journal
of History, 47(4), 414–456.
[Link]

REMINDERS
● If a work has two authors, separate their
names with an ampersand (&) in a
parenthetical citation

Example:
Parenthetical: (Harris & Cook, 2020)

● And use “and” in a narrative citation.

Example:
Narrative: Harris and Cook (2020)

● In a reference list, separate author names

with a comma. Use the ampersand instead
of "and."

Example:
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big
five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and

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