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 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

Review Paper:
Performance of self-compacting concrete using different
waste materials and industrial by-products
Adil Dar M.1*, Subramanian N.2, Dar A.R.3 and Taiyib A. Dar4
1. Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, INDIA
2. Consulting Engineer, Maryland, USA
3. Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Srinagar, J&K, INDIA
4. Civil Engineering, MDU Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA
*dar.adil89@[Link]

Abstract concrete vibration leads to a high level of noise pollution

Due to the versatility of concrete as a construction that has serious health effects. All these issues with
material, it is utilized in large quantities world over. conventional concrete lead to the development of self-
The use of concrete leads to substantial depletion of compacting concrete (SCC).
natural resources, especially in the form of
In the past, termie’s method has been widely used for
aggregates. Different waste materials as well as placing concrete in inaccessible areas like underwater
various industrial by-products, have enormous concreting.29,35 The concrete obtained with this method
potential to replace such natural resources and possessed low strength and required a large amount of
restrain their unreasonable use to the point of cement and costly admixtures. This marked the beginning
depletion, thus maintaining sustainability. Self- to look for alternative approaches to tackle the problem
compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete under consideration. Thus, in the 1980s, SCC was
mixture that has the ability to consolidate under its developed in Japan. SCC is used when large areas need
own self-weight without undergoing large concreting and dense reinforcement makes normal
segregation. To check the feasibility of utilizing vibration difficult.
different waste materials and industrial by-products in
SCC is a concrete that does not require any vibration. It is
concrete, extensive research has been carried out to able to consolidate under its own weight and achieve the
develop high-quality and grade of SCC. full compaction even when congested reinforcement are
present.46 It utilizes super plasticizers and stabilizers to
The present paper presents the recent advancements increase the rate of flow. It accomplishes compaction
in developing SCC by utilizing different waste within the confines of formwork without any
materials and industrial by-products. The paper segregation.34,38,45
reviews the influence of utilizing such waste materials
as partial/complete replacement of aggregates/cement Mix proportions of SCC are different from that of
and the performance of SCC both at green as well as conventional concrete.7,8 It contains less coarse aggregates
the hardened state. and more powder content as fillers.51,55 It mainly
constitutes cement, water, aggregates and admixtures.
Keywords: Concrete, admixtures, waste materials, Various waste materials and industrial by-products can be
industrial by-products, compaction, aggregates. added to concrete in order to improve its mechanical
behaviour.52,53 Moreover, such initiatives can help in
reducing the environmental pollution by replacing cement
Introduction or aggregates with certain waste materials. SCC may
The qualities like high durability, good thermal mass incorporate materials like rise husk ash, recycled concrete
efficiency, aesthetically pleasing structures etc. make aggregates, glass powder and fibres, granulated blast
concrete a versatile building material. Despite being so furnace slag, silica fume, copper slag and fly ash.54
advantageous over many construction materials, it has
several limitations too. The depletion of natural resources Incorporation of different waste materials and industrial by-
utilized in concrete preparation in the form of aggregates is products can result in a robust concrete can by following
a serious environmental issue. suitable mix design in every case. Addition/replacement of
cement/aggregates by mineral admixtures improves the
In addition to this, lack of its proper compaction results in performance of self-compactability of fresh concrete. The
air entrapment and drastically reduces its strength which in influence of mineral admixtures on the properties mainly
turn affects the overall performance of the structure. In the depends on their particle shape and size, distribution as
lower storeys of high-rise buildings, the reinforcement at well as surface features. Therefore, a cost-effective SCC
the beam-column joints gets congested to the level that it design can be achieved by utilizing reasonable amounts of
affects the flow of concrete, thus making concrete mineral admixtures well suited for different cases.
construction difficult. Moreover, the noise level due to

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 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

SCC containing Recycled Aggregate: Tang et al49

investigated the behaviour of SCC using recycled concrete
aggregate (RCA) in place of natural course aggregate and
studying the workability, strength and fracture
characteristics. The RCA was varied in four proportions
(viz. 25, 50, 75 and 100%). It was reported that with the
increase in RCA content improved the workability of SCC
improved. The use of RCA up to 75% did not significantly
affect the strength of SCC. However, when the RCA
content reached 100%, there was a notable reduction in the
modulus of elasticity as shown in figure 1. The study also
revealed that the fracture energy was nearly constant up to
the use of 50% RCA. Beyond 75%RCA, there was a drastic
reduction in the fracture energy. Figure 2: Bar chart for comparison of compressive
strength of SCC mixes20

Awari4 carried out tests to study the influence of using

recycled aggregates in SCC by varying RCA in the
proportions of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The incorporation of
RCA had a negligible effect on the fresh properties of SCC.
With the increase of RCA in SCC, there was a drop in the
compressive strength as shown in figure 3. However, that
drop was within acceptable limits. The compressive
strength of the specimen containing 25% RCA was very
close to that of conventional concrete. The strength of SCC
containing RCA is high during initial stages but reduces
gradually during later stages.

30
3 Days 7 Days
25
Figure 1: Comparison of RCA and control concrete
Strength (MPa)

strength properties49 20

15
Manzi et al27 carried out an experimental study on the
feasibility of using RCA in the preparation of SCC. It was 10
reported that use of RCA up to 40% by volume is feasible
in the mix design. It was also found that the mechanical 5
properties like elastic modulus, compressive strength etc. of 0
the SCC with RCA of high quality can be equal or even CM R25 R50 R75 R100
higher than the reference mix (100% natural aggregates) Mix Type
due to the formation of a more compact microstructure. The Figure 3: Compressive strength at various days4
study also indicated that the creep behaviour is more
affected by recycled aggregates than shrinkage, however Modani and Mohitkar28 examined the effect of RCA on the
with limited variations. It is mainly the porosity strength, permeability, resistance to acid attack, chloride
characteristics that are mainly affected by the presence of penetration and alkalinity of SCC. The test results indicated
recycled aggregates. that the compressive and tensile strength is inversely
related to the percentage of RCA as shown in figure 4. This
Kumar et al20 studied the performance of SCC containing is mainly due to a weaker bond between mortar and RCA
RCA. Their study brought out a limit to which recycled contributing to the weaker interfacial transition zone. The
aggregates can be used to prepare SCC. From workability, specimens containing RCA gain quick early strength due to
strength and the availability of concrete waste for recycling the presence of partially hydrated cement adhered to
considerations, use of 20% RCA is ideal. Three mixes with aggregate accelerating the hydration process.
20% coarse aggregate replacement (CRCA) with 20% fine
aggregate replacement (FRCA) and with 20% both coarse All the mixes containing RCA have higher permeability
and fine aggregate replacement were investigated. The values due to high initial water absorption of RCA.
results showed a small increase in the 28th day compressive Specimens with up to 40% RCA had good resistance to
strength: 11% for CRCA, 5% for FRCA and 8% for both as acid attack and chloride penetration. With increasing RCA
shown in figure 2.
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 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

content, the alkaline reserves increase, thus improving the

resistance of concrete to carbonation.

50
3 Days 7 Days
Compressive Strength

40

30
(MPa)

20

10

0
R0 R20 R40 R60 R80 R100
Mix Type Figure 5: Effect of RCA percentage on 28 days
Figure 4: Compressive strength of various mixes28 compressive strength19

Vasam et al50 carried out tests to study the behaviour of Ibrahm and Abbas13 investigated the mechanical behaviour
SCC containing RCA in two proportions (viz. 25, 50%). of recycled SCC reinforced with polypropylene fibres
There was a small drop in compressive strength of SCC (PPF). PPF proportion in concrete varied from 0 to 0.15%
containing RCA. The drop in split tensile strength observed by volume and natural aggregate replacement with RCA
was 11% and 25% when the natural aggregate is partially was in the proportion of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. With the
replaced with RCA by 25% and 50% respectively. increase in the RCA content, the compressive strength of
Similarly, the flexural strength dropped by 9.37% and SCC mixtures reduced. The reduction in the compressive
18.75% for 25% and 50% replacement of natural aggregate strength for SCC containing RCA in 25%, 50%, 75% and
with RCA respectively at 7 days curing and the 100% as coarse aggregate replacement was 19.4%, 37.5%,
corresponding drop at 28 days curing was 7.31% and 33.33% and 45% respectively.
12.19% respectively.
Further, with the increase in PPF, the flexural and split
Kenai et al17 studied the effect of RCA (50% replacement) tensile strength of SCC mixtures containing RCA increased
and natural pozzolana (15% replacement) on the fresh and improved. Test results indicate that the optimum
properties of SCC. It was observed that natural pozzolana proportion of RCA and PPF to be added for best results are
had a similar effect on both SCC with natural aggregates or 75% of RCA with 0.1% PPF as shown in figure 6.
RCA. By replacing 15% of cement with pozzolana, the
workability dropped. However, the incorporation of
pozzolana in SCC with RCA (50 and 100%), a more
homogeneous concrete mix was achieved. When the 100%
natural aggregates were replaced by RCA, the plastic
viscosity of SCC dropped. It was also observed that the
SCC containing RCA shows better passing ability through
L-box when compared with SCC containing natural
aggregates. Pozzolana improved the water retention which
resulted in a better homogeneity coupled with lesser
bleeding tendency.

Khafaga19 prepared SCC containing RCA in proportions of

25, 50 and 75% replacements in addition to silica fume
(SF) and super-plasticizer (SP) to investigate its
performance. Due to the higher water absorption
characteristics of RCA, the water content required in SCC
containing RCA was higher. The segregation resistance
shown by all SCC mixes was good. The test results Figure 6: Compressive strength of different SCC
indicated that natural aggregates can be replaced up to 75% mixes13
without affecting the fresh properties of SCC. The use of
RCA in SCC affected the flexural, compressive and tensile Mahakavi et al25 studied the effect of RCA and foundry
strength characteristics of SCC with the 28th day sand (FS) in SCC properties. The coarse aggregate was
compressive strength of SCC reduced as shown in figure 5. replaced by RCA in the proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100% and fine aggregate was replaced with FS in the
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 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

proportions of 0, 10, 15, 20, 25% at constant cement rupture. The extent to which the addition of GF affected the
content, water SF. The compressive strength of the SCC behaviour of SCC specimens was limited for compressive
reduced with the increase in RCA content as shown in strength and modulus of elasticity and significant for split
figure 7. With complete natural coarse aggregate tensile strength and modulus of rupture.
replacement with RCA, the drop in strength was almost
50%. Afshinnia and Rangaraju1 studied the impact of the
combined use of ground glass powder and crushed glass
It was also observed that replacing natural fine aggregate aggregate on the properties of Portland cement concrete.
with FS improved the compressive strength of SCC Both cement and aggregate were replaced up to 20%
mixtures only up to a replacement of 20%. Beyond 20% individually and collectively. In concrete specimens with
replacement, the compressive strength drops drastically. Portland cement as complete binder, the workability in
Furthermore, it was reported that 15% replacement of specimens containing crushed glass aggregate was lesser
natural fine aggregate with FS achieved the highest than the one containing the natural mineral aggregate.
compressive strength. The split tensile strength and the However, when glass powder was used as a cement
flexural strength showed similar trend with respect to both replacement, the workability of concrete specimens
coarse and fine aggregate replacement. improved regardless of the nature of the coarse aggregate.
The same behaviour was observed in terms of air content
SCC containing Glass Powder and Fibres: Ahmad et al2 characteristics.
carried out an experimental investigation to compare the
properties of normal concrete, SCC and SCC containing Specimens containing crushed glass aggregate had lower
glass fibre (GF) at a water-cement ratio of 0.35. Glass compressive and splitting tensile strength than the ones
fibres in SCC were found to reduce its workability. SCC containing natural mineral aggregate when Portland cement
specimens performed slightly better than the normal was used as a complete binder as shown in figure 8. When
concrete specimens in terms of compressive and split Portland cement was replaced with glass powder, the
tensile strength. However, the behaviour was opposite compressive strength of concrete reduced regardless of the
when it came to the modulus of elasticity and modulus of aggregate type.

Figure 7: Compressive strength of different SCC mixes25

Figure 8: 28-Day compressive strength of SCC containing glass powder as cement/aggregate replacement1
25
 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

Murugan et al31 studied the influence of GF on fresh and strength when compared to SCC containing glass
hardened properties of SCC. To find the optimum aggregates only.
percentage of GF without compensating the fresh and
hardened properties of SCC, addition of GF was carried out Furthermore, SCC containing both glass aggregate and
in five different of volume fractions (viz. 0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, fibres possesses higher tensile strength when compared to
0.5% and 0.6%). The workability of SCC dropped with the SCC containing fibres only. The ideal range of
addition of GF, but within the permissible limits of polypropylene fibres and glass aggregates is 0.5 to 1% and
EFNARC.9 With the addition of GF up to 0.6%, the 30 to 70% respectively.
strength characteristics improved as shown in figure 9. This
improvement was mainly due to suppressing of the
formation and enhancement of microcracks to macro level
cracks; higher mortar strength, proper alignment of the
fibre in case of flexural loading and the influence of
bonding between the cement mortar and coarse aggregate.

Figure 10: Compressive Strength variation in different

SCC mixes10

Sivakumar et al47 carried out a study aimed to evaluate the

effects of Metakaolin (MK) and Alkali-resistant glass fibres
(GF) on the performance of SCC. Test results indicated that
Figure 9: Variation in Compressive Strength of SCC the workability of SCC reduced by the increase in fibre
with and without Glass Fiber31 content. GF helped in improving the split tensile capacity
and flexural strength of SCC but did not benefit the
Kumar and Roy21 investigated the flow and flexural compressive strength. Due to GF presence in SCC, there
properties of fibre reinforced SCC. Three types of fibres was a slight drop in the resistance towards chloride ion and
were used (viz. steel, sisal and abaca fibres). The water absorption. Test results indicated that 0.8% of GF
percentages of natural fibres (sisal and abaca fibres) varied inclusion is the optimum content for improving the
in 0.5, 1 and 1.5% whereas steel fibres varied between 0.3 properties of SCC. The strength and durability
and 0.6%. The test results show that the natural fibres have characteristics of concrete improved due to the
a good potential to be used as a reinforcement material incorporation of MK.
along with steel. Lower natural fibre content with steel
results in better workability. The efficiency of abaca fibres Sharifi et al44 explored the feasibility of recycled glass as
is higher than sisal fibres because of the presence of the fine aggregate replacement in SCC with replacement
cellulose component that possesses microfibril formation proportions ranging from 0 to 50%. With the increase in
with high tensile strength. Furthermore, the presence of recycled glass content, the slump flow spread increased but
lignin and pectin organic compounds helps in binding the both the L-box ratio and V-funnel decreased. This shows
concrete components without segregation. that flowability increased but at the cost of segregation
resistance. Addition of recycled glass content lowered the
Fathi et al10 examined the effect of fibre and glass on the compressive, flexural and splitting strength of SCC mixes
mechanical properties of SCC. SCC specimens were except when it was added between 5 to 15% as shown in
prepared by varying the polypropylene fibre and glass in figure 11. This might be due to more adhesion between the
the proportions of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5% and 0, 30, 50, 70, 100% glass particles and cement paste resulting in better flexural
respectively. The replacement of aggregate with glass can and tensile strengths.
curtail the compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete
as shown in figure 10. Moreover, the addition of PF to this Nitesh and Rao33 carried out an experimental investigation
type of the concrete can change the tensile strength and on the effect of hybrid fibre on M60 grade high strength
even the compressive strength of the concrete. The PF in SCC and vibrated concrete (VC) containing steel fibre
the concrete enhanced the tensile strength and slightly dosage of 0.5% and GF dosage of 0.034%. The use of steel
reduced the compressive strength. Individually both glass fibres and GF slightly reduces the workability
and fibres lowered the compressive strength of SCC. characteristics and improves the compressive strength of
However, when combined, it improved the compressive both SCC and VC.
26
 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

However, both the split and flexural properties enhanced improved the compressive strength of concrete specimens.
due to the addition of steel fibres and GF in both the cases, The drop in compressive strength at 5000C was higher in
but the extent of this enhancement was more dominant in SCC containing steel fibres than the one containing glass
SCC compared to VC. The surface hardness also improved fibres.
due to the addition of steel fibres and GF. Overall, it was
observed that concrete quality in terms of homogeneity and SCC containing Rice Husk Ash: Gill and Siddique11
integrity improved with the inclusion of hybrid fibres. examined the strength and microstructural properties of
SCC containing metakaolin (MK) and rice husk ash
(RHA). Cement and fine aggregate were replaced by MK
and RHA in the proportions of 5, 10, 15% and of 10, 20,
30% respectively. Use of both RHA and MK affects the
workability, but to an extent can be compensated by
slightly increasing the dose of water reducing admixture.
The inclusion of RHA up to 20% did not have much effect
on the compressive strength of SCC. However,
incorporation of MK improved the compressive strength by
25% when MK content of 15% was added in place of an
equal quantity of cement. Individually the optimum content
of 15% MK and 10% RHA replacement resulted in good
outcomes. When combined together, 10% MK and 10%
Figure 11: Compressive strength versus glass RHA replacement brought out good results.
replacement44
Kannan15 explored the strength and durability performance
Sam et al43
studied the properties of glass fibre reinforced of SCC containing self-combusted rice husk ash (SCRHA)
self-compacting concrete (GFRSCC) with GF varying in and metakaolin (MK). On effective treatment of SCRHA,
the proportions 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% by volume of concrete at reactive silica up to 82.05% can be obtained. The addition
a constant water to cement ratio of 0.4. To maintain the of SCRHA and MK reduced the workability characteristics
self-compactability characteristics, the dosage of super- of SCC. Individually a replacement of 15% SCRHA, 15%
plasticizer (SP) required increased with the increase in fibre MK and collectively a replacement of 20% SCRHA + 20%
content in concrete. MK with OPC in SCC improved compressive and splitting
tensile strength as shown in figure 13.
SCC demonstrated better workability and compressive
strength than the normal concrete (NC). SCC demonstrated Similar trend was observed for the resistance to chloride
higher compressive strength than NC; however, the penetration for up to 25% SCRHA, 25% MK and 40%
percentage increment in compressive strength is very low. SCRHA + MK SCC. It was also observed that both
For GFRSCC, the compressive strength developed by 0.5% SCRHA and MK made the SCC denser and void-free due
GFRSCC is the highest among all. In case of split tensile to their reaction with the free lime in OPC which resulted
strength, SCC did not perform well as shown in figure 12. in additional CASAH gel. This further improves the
The optimum content of fibre for better performance of corrosion resistance of SCC.
SCC was found to be 1.0%.
5 Chopra and Siddique5 studied the strength, permeability
Split tensile strength (MPa)

0.5%GFRSCC and microstructure of SCC containing RHA in the

4 1.0%GFRSCC proportions of 0, 10, 15 and 20% RHA replacing cement.
1.5%GRFSCC The workability of SCC was inversely related to the RHA
3 content added. With 15% RHA replacing cement, the
compressive strength improved by 25% at 7 days, 33%
2
strength at 28 days and 36% strength at 56 days. Beyond
1
15% RHA replacing cement, a drop in the compressive
strength was observed mainly due to lower hydration
0 reaction and lower cement content.
3 Days 7 days 28 Days
Curing days Similar behaviour was observed in split tensile strength.
The split tensile strength increased up to 15% replacement
Figure 12: Split tensile strength of various GFRSCC of cement by RHA. SCC mixes develop split tensile
samples43 strength ranging from 2.0 to 2.8 MPa, from 2.5 to 3.7 MPa,
from 2.8 to 4.0 MPa at 7, 28 and 56 days respectively.
Jadhav and Patharwat14 investigated the residual Addition of RHA in SCC mixes helped in reducing the
compressive strength of SCC containing fibres under chloride ion penetrability.
elevated temperature. Addition of fibres significantly
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 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

Figure 13: Splitting tensile strength of SCRHA, MK and their combination blended SCC15

Lertwattanaruk and Makul23 investigated the effect of compressive strength and split tensile strength in SCC
calcium carbonate powder (CC) on the fresh and hardened containing RHA were found to be higher by 6.04% and
properties of SCC containing untreated RHA. Ordinary 0.8% respectively than the one containing SL. However
Portland cement (OPC) was replaced by CC in the flexural strength in SCC containing SL was found to be
proportions of 20% and 40% by weight and fine aggregate higher by 13% than the one containing RHA. Such a
by RHA at a percentage replacement of 20% by weight. behaviour was observed mainly due to the presence of
Addition of CC resulted in a lower water/powder (w/p) silica in RHA and calcite in SL. As per EFNARC9 criteria
ratio than the control SCC mix. The workability of SCC for SCC, satisfactory results were achieved.
containing CC and RHA was found to be within the
acceptable range specified by EFNARC.9 The compressive Mahure and Mohitkar26 investigated the effect of RHA on
strength during the curing period of 120 days was found to fresh and hardened properties of SCC. For M30 grade of
be continuously increasing. The compressive strength concrete, the cement content can be reduced to 305.6 kg/m3
values of SCC mixed with CC increased continuously by adding large quantities RHA, as per the criteria laid by
throughout the 120-day curing period. EFNARC.9 SCC with required green and hardened
characteristics can be obtained by using RHA. The cement
Le and Ludwig22 examined the effect of RHA and other replacement of up to 20% can still produce SCC with an
mineral admixtures on properties of self-compacting high- acceptable limit of workability. Water absorption increased
performance concrete (SCHPC). The bleeding of mortar slowly with the increase in RHA content, but still the
and SCHPC was eliminated by the addition of RHA. This results were within permissible limits.
effect was stronger at higher percentage replacement with
RHA. The robustness of SCHPC can be improved by using Said et al42 studied the feasibility of using RHA as a
RHA as a viscosity modifying admixture due to the macro- pozzolan in SCC by varying RHA in the proportions of 0,
mesoporous structure. The combined use of RHA and fly- 5, 10% and viscosity modifying agent in the proportions of
ash (FA) in SCHPC not only enhanced its self- 2% to 4.5%. The workability was affected by the addition
compactability but also its compressive strength. A of RHA which can be easily compensated by adding SP. It
compressive strength of 130 MPa was attained by was also seen that by adding high RHA content,
combined use of FA and RHA (20 wt.% each). segregation resistance improved. The compressive strength
of SCC in all the doses of SP was higher than the
Khadiry et al18 evaluated the properties of SCC containing conventional concrete. The optimum results for RHA and
RHA and shell lime powder (SL) as fillers. Both SP addition were 10% and 4% respectively.

28
 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

Rukzon and Chindaprasirt41 used rice husk-bark ash (RHA) The optimum values of replacing cement by FA, SF and
to produce SCC and to investigate its properties by adding GGBS were found to be 20, 15 and 35% respectively as
RHA in the proportions of 0 to 40% by weight of the shown in figure 14.
binder. Best results were achieved when 30% of RHA was
added to SCC in place of an equivalent quantity of binder. Owsiak and Grzmil36 evaluated the influence of limestone
Such an improved performance was predominantly due to powder (LS), siliceous fly ash (FA) and blast-furnace slag
the void filling ability of RHA which also caused the (GGBS) on the durability of SCC. The carbonation depth
nucleation spots to accelerate the hydration process. achieved was highest in SCC containing LS and the least in
the one containing GGBS. There was an increase in surface
Sua-Iam and Makul48 prepared SCC using RHA wastes water absorption and water penetration in carbonated
from electric power plants as a cement replacement in the concrete compared to the non-carbonated concrete. It was
proportions of 0, 10, 20 and 40% to the total weight of the observed that CC containing GGBS had the least water
binder materials. To maintain the workability, water absorption and water penetration which was close to the
content requirement increased with the increase in RHA non-carbonated concrete.
content. The self-weight of SCC dropped with the increase
in RHA content. The compressive strength of SCC Ramanathan et al40 studied the performance of SCC
containing RHA was comparable with the normal SCC up containing SF, GGBS and FA at a constant water to cement
to a cement replacement proportion of 20%. ratio of 0.35. SCC with GGBS showed better workability
properties compared with the ones with SF and FA. SCC
SCC containing other waste products: Mohamed and with SF performed better in terms of mechanical properties.
Najm30 investigated the compressive strength and stability 30% replacement of cement with SF was the optimum
of sustainable SCC containing FA, SF and granulated blast content that performed the best in terms of workability as
furnace slag (GGBS). The workability of SCC improved well as strength characteristics out of all the replacement
with the partial replacement of cement with FA and GGBS, levels as shown in figure 15.
but at the cost of segregation at higher replacement ratios.

100
Compressive Strength (MPa)

80

60
Control
40 GS10
GS25
GS35
20 GS45
GS50
GS60
0
0 7 14 21 28 35
Curing days
Figure 14: Compressive strength for mixes where cement is replaced with fly-ash30

Figure 15: Self-compacting concrete mix vs split tensile strength40

29
 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

Pai et al37 carried out an experimental study on SCC Table 2

containing SF and GGBS. SCC mixes containing SF and Results of compressive strength12
GGBS performed satisfactorily as per EFNARC9 norms. Mix Compressive Strength (MPa)
The mechanical properties of SCC containing GGBS Specifications 7-days 28-days
performed better than the one containing SF. When the SF SSC 27.20 44.60
content in the SCC is higher, it does not perform well. It SSC_SF2.5% 28.70 46.30
was also observed that GGBS based SCC can perform well
SSC_SF5% 30.10 47.20
up to a powder content of 66.88%.
SSC_SF7.5% 29.70 47.00
Daniel et al6 presented an experimental study on the SSC_SF10% 29.00 45.90
development of M25 grade SCC by partially replacing fine SSC_SF12.5% 27.70 45.20
aggregates with copper slag in the proportions ranging from SSC_SF15% 25.80 42.70
10 to 100%. It was observed that by replacing 60% of fine
aggregate with copper slag, optimum results were achieved Alsanusi3 studied the influence of silica fume on the
in terms of strength and durability of SCC as shown in properties of SCC. This study revealed that silica fume
figure 1. The compressive strength at 28 days was found to content should not exceed beyond 6% by mass as shown in
be 40.3MPa at 60% replacement, higher than that of control figure 10. At higher w/p ratio, the concrete is more
SCC specimen (30.56MPa). workable and acquires a denser configuration.

Karthick and Baskar16 investigated durability properties of Neeta et al32 conducted an extensive research by
SCC containing silica fume and quarry dust powder. Tests developing SCC with copper slag as fine aggregate and SF
were conducted to find the mechanical and durability as a mineral admixture. M30 grade concrete was prepared
properties of SCC by Slump flow, V-funnel, U-box and L- and the fine aggregate replacement ranged from 0 to 80%.
box test. The result showed better performance of SCC Various workability tests such as Slump flow test, T50cm
incorporating 20% silica fume and 20% quarry dust as Slump flow test, V-funnel test, J ring and L-box test were
shown in table 1. It was concluded that by using 20% Silica performed. The results obtained were satisfactory. It was
fume and 20% quarry dust as a partial replacement of concluded that fresh SCC properties can be achieved by
cement, very good resistance to alkaline attack, acid attack, using copper slag as fine aggregates and silica fume as
sulphate attack, chloride attack was achieved as compared mineral admixture by adopting Nan Su’s method for the
to conventional concrete. same.
Table 1 Rahul et al39 conducted an experimental study on properties
Influence Of 20% SF and 20% QD16 of M25 grade SCC for various proportions of copper slag
Sample Dry Saturated Water replacement ranging from 0-50%. The results indicate that
condition condition condition 40% of copper slag can be used as a replacement for sand
(kg) (kg) (kg) in order to obtain good strength and durability properties of
1 8.15 8.30 1.84 SCC.
2 8.10 8.25 1.84
3 8.02 8.17 1.87 Conclusion
Rame Gowda et al12
prepared several concrete mixes using This review presents various advancements in SCC
SF as a partial replacement to cement at various utilizing different waste materials and their effect on the
percentages (0-15%) to produce SCC. SCC with 5% properties of SCC. Various waste materials and industrial
replacement of cement with silica fume showed better by-products such as Silica fume, Copper slag, Recycled
results both in compressive strength and splitting tensile concrete aggregates, Fly ash and Rice husk ash were used
strength as shown in table 2. It was observed that silica in varying percentages of replacement of cement and or
fume improves the filling ability and segregation resistance aggregates. It has been found that by adopting these waste
of SCC compared to control mixes. materials, durability; strength; as well as workability of
concrete improved when compared to the conventional
Lija and Minu24 conducted an experimental study to concrete.
evaluate the effect of silica fume and marble sawing waste
on the workability and strength behaviour of SCC. Cement The main conclusions drawn out from this research review
was partially replaced with a replacement ranging from 15- are given below:
30% and by adding 15% addition of marble sawing waste.
Compressive strength test showed that strength increases ▪ The upper limit of RCA replacement depends upon the
up to 6.04% when cement is replaced with 10% silica fume mechanical properties of RCA. For normal RCA, an
as shown in figure 9. The flexural strength was found to be ideal upper limit of 25% performs satisfactorily.
higher at 20% replacement of cement by silica fume. However, for good quality RCA, this value can go up
to 100% and such a concrete mix can perform better
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 Disaster Advances Vol. 11 (3) March (2018)

than NC (100% natural aggregates) due to the mechanical properties. 30% replacement of cement
formation of a more compact microstructure. The with SF is the optimum content for best performance in
fracture energy is nearly constant up to the use of 50% terms of workability as well as strength characteristics.
RCA; beyond 75% RCA usage, there is a drastic 60% of fine aggregate replacement with copper slag
reduction in the fracture energy. Specimens with up to gives optimum results in terms of strength and
40% RCA usage exhibited good resistance to acid durability of SCC. SF content should not exceed
attack and chloride penetration. beyond 6% by mass for better results. At higher w/p
ratio, the concrete is more workable and acquires a
▪ The addition of glass fibre up to 0.8% improves the denser configuration.
strength characteristics by suppressing the formation
and enhancement of microcracks to macro level cracks, All the waste materials and industrial by-products studied
developing higher mortar strength and stronger in this review indicate that a robust concrete can be
bonding between the cement mortar and coarse obtained by following a proper mix design in every case.
aggregate. When glass aggregates are combined with Addition/replacement of cement/aggregates by mineral
PPF in the SCC mixture, mixture possesses higher admixtures improves the performance of self-compatibility
tensile strength when compared to SCC containing PPF of fresh concrete. The influence of mineral admixtures on
only. The ideal range for PPF and glass aggregates is the properties of SCC mainly depends on their particle
0.5 to 1% and 30 to70% respectively. GF mainly helps shape and size, distribution as well as surface features.
in improving the split tensile capacity and flexural Therefore, a cost-effective SCC design can be achieved by
strength but not the compressive strength. The GF utilizing reasonable amounts of mineral admixtures well
presence in SCC slightly drops its resistance towards suited for each case.
chloride ion and water absorption. Furthermore, the
strength and durability characteristics of concrete can References
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(Received 07th January 2018, revised 28th January 2018,
accepted 12th February 2018)

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