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Java Exception Handling Explained

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6 views17 pages

Java Exception Handling Explained

This is the book pdf of exception handling

Uploaded by

pry09876jnp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Exception Handling in Java

1. Exception Handling

2. Advantage of Exception Handling

3. Hierarchy of Exception classes

4. Types of Exception

5. Scenarios where exception may occur

The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime
errors so that normal flow of the application can be maintained.

In this page, we will learn about java exception, its type and the difference between
checked and unchecked exceptions.

What is exception
Dictionary Meaning: Exception is an abnormal condition.

In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object
which is thrown at runtime.

What is exception handling


Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFound, IO,
SQL, Remote etc.

Advantage of Exception Handling


The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the
application. Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we
use exception handling. Let's take a scenario:

1. statement 1;
2. statement 2;
3. statement 3;
4. statement 4;
5. statement 5;//exception occurs
6. statement 6;
7. statement 7;
8. statement 8;
9. statement 9;
10. statement 10;

Suppose there is 10 statements in your program and there occurs an exception at


statement 5, rest of the code will not be executed i.e. statement 6 to 10 will not run. If we
perform exception handling, rest of the statement will be executed. That is why we use
exception handling in java.

Hierarchy of Java Exception classes


Types of Exception
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered
as unchecked exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions:

1. Checked Exception

2. Unchecked Exception

3. Error

Difference between checked and unchecked


exceptions
1) Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as
checked exceptions [Link], SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at
compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g.
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time rather they are checked at runtime.

3) Error
Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.

Common scenarios where exceptions may occur


There are given some scenarios where unchecked exceptions can occur. They are as
follows:

1) Scenario where ArithmeticException occurs


If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException.

1. int a=50/0;//ArithmeticException
2) Scenario where NullPointerException occurs
If we have null value in any variable, performing any operation by the variable occurs an
NullPointerException.

1. String s=null;
2. [Link]([Link]());//NullPointerException

3) Scenario where NumberFormatException occurs


The wrong formatting of any value, may occur NumberFormatException. Suppose I have a
string variable that have characters, converting this variable into digit will occur
NumberFormatException.

1. String s="abc";
2. int i=[Link](s);//NumberFormatException

4) Scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs


If you are inserting any value in the wrong index, it would result
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException as shown below:

1. int a[]=new int[5];


2. a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

Java Exception Handling Keywords


There are 5 keywords used in java exception handling.

1. try

2. catch

3. finally

4. throw

5. throws

Java try-catch
Java try block
Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used
within the method.

Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.

Syntax of java try-catch


1. try{
2. //code that may throw exception
3. }catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}

Syntax of try-finally block


1. try{
2. //code that may throw exception
3. }finally{}

Java catch block


Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only.

You can use multiple catch block with a single try.

Problem without exception handling


Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block.

1. public class Testtrycatch1{


2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int data=50/0;//may throw exception
4. [Link]("rest of the code...");
5. }
6. }
Test it Now

Output:

Exception in thread main [Link]:/ by zero


As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of
the code... statement is not printed).

There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be
executed.

Solution by exception handling


Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block.

1. public class Testtrycatch2{


2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int data=50/0;
5. }catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}
6. [Link]("rest of the code...");
7. }
8. }
Test it Now

Output:

Exception in thread main [Link]:/ by zero


rest of the code...

Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code...
statement is printed.
Internal working of java try-catch block

The JVM firstly checks whether the exception is handled or not. If exception is not handled,
JVM provides a default exception handler that performs the following tasks:

o Prints out exception description.

o Prints the stack trace (Hierarchy of methods where the exception occurred).

o Causes the program to terminate.

But if exception is handled by the application programmer, normal flow of the application is
maintained i.e. rest of the code is executed.
Java Multi catch block
If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java
multi catch block.

Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.

1. public class TestMultipleCatchBlock{


2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int a[]=new int[5];
5. a[5]=30/0;
6. }
7. catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link]("task1 is completed");}
8. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){[Link]("task 2 completed");}
9. catch(Exception e){[Link]("common task completed");}
10.
11. [Link]("rest of the code...");
12. }
13. }
Test it Now
Output:task1 completed
rest of the code...

Rule: At a time only one Exception is occured and at a time only one catch block is executed.

Rule: All catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general i.e. catch for
ArithmeticException must come before catch for Exception .

1. class TestMultipleCatchBlock1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int a[]=new int[5];
5. a[5]=30/0;
6. }
7. catch(Exception e){[Link]("common task completed");}
8. catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link]("task1 is completed");}
9. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){[Link]("task 2 completed");}
10. [Link]("rest of the code...");
11. }
12. }
Test it Now

Output:

Compile-time error

Java Nested try block


The try block within a try block is known as nested try block in java.

Why use nested try block


Sometimes a situation may arise where a part of a block may cause one error and the entire
block itself may cause another error. In such cases, exception handlers have to be nested.

Syntax:

1. ....
2. try
3. {
4. statement 1;
5. statement 2;
6. try
7. {
8. statement 1;
9. statement 2;
10. }
11. catch(Exception e)
12. {
13. }
14. }
15. catch(Exception e)
16. {
17. }
18. ....

Java nested try example


Let's see a simple example of java nested try block.
1. class Excep6{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. try{
5. [Link]("going to divide");
6. int b =39/0;
7. }catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}
8.
9. try{
10. int a[]=new int[5];
11. a[5]=4;
12. }catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){[Link](e);}
13.
14. [Link]("other statement);
15. }catch(Exception e){[Link]("handeled");}
16.
17. [Link]("normal flow..");
18. }
19. }

Java finally block


Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing
connection, stream etc.

Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not.

Java finally block follows try or catch block.


Usage of Java finally
Let's see the different cases where java finally block can be used.

Case 1
Let's see the java finally example where exception doesn't occur.

1. class TestFinallyBlock{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int data=25/5;
5. [Link](data);
6. }
7. catch(NullPointerException e){[Link](e);}
8. finally{[Link]("finally block is always executed");}
9. [Link]("rest of the code...");
10. }
11. }
Test it Now
Output:5
finally block is always executed
rest of the code...

Case 2
Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and not handled.

1. class TestFinallyBlock1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int data=25/0;
5. [Link](data);
6. }
7. catch(NullPointerException e){[Link](e);}
8. finally{[Link]("finally block is always executed");}
9. [Link]("rest of the code...");
10. }
11. }
Test it Now
Output:finally block is always executed
Exception in thread main [Link]:/ by zero

Case 3
Let's see the java finally example where exception occurs and handled.

1. public class TestFinallyBlock2{


2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int data=25/0;
5. [Link](data);
6. }
7. catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}
8. finally{[Link]("finally block is always executed");}
9. [Link]("rest of the code...");
10. }
11. }
Test it Now
Output:Exception in thread main [Link]:/ by zero
finally block is always executed
rest of the code...

Rule: For each try block there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block.

Note: The finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling [Link]() or
by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).

Java throw exception

Java throw keyword


The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.

We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw
keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.

The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.

1. throw exception;

Let's see the example of throw IOException.

1. throw new IOException("sorry device error);

Java throw exception

Java throw keyword


The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.

We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw
keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.
The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.

1. throw exception;

Let's see the example of throw IOException.

1. throw new IOException("sorry device error);

Java throws keyword


The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the
programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to
provide the exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.

Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any
unchecked exception such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not
performing check up before the code being used.

Syntax of java throws

1. return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{


2. //method code
3. }

Which exception should be declared


Ans) checked exception only, because:

o unchecked Exception: under your control so correct your code.

o error: beyond your control e.g. you are unable to do anything if there occurs
VirtualMachineError or StackOverflowError.

Advantage of Java throws keyword


Now Checked Exception can be propagated (forwarded in call stack).

It provides information to the caller of the method about the exception.


Java throws example
Let's see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can be
propagated by throws keyword.

1. import [Link];
2. class Testthrows1{
3. void m()throws IOException{
4. throw new IOException("device error");//checked exception
5. }
6. void n()throws IOException{
7. m();
8. }
9. void p(){
10. try{
11. n();
12. }catch(Exception e){[Link]("exception handled");}
13. }
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. Testthrows1 obj=new Testthrows1();
16. obj.p();
17. [Link]("normal flow...");
18. }
19. }

Output:

exception handled
normal flow...

Rule: If you are calling a method that declares an exception, you must either caught or
declare the exception.

There are two cases:

1. Case1:You caught the exception i.e. handle the exception using try/catch.
2. Case2:You declare the exception i.e. specifying throws with the method.

Case1: You handle the exception

o In case you handle the exception, the code will be executed fine whether exception
occurs during the program or not.

1. import [Link].*;
2. class M{
3. void method()throws IOException{
4. throw new IOException("device error");
5. }
6. }
7. public class Testthrows2{
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. try{
10. M m=new M();
11. [Link]();
12. }catch(Exception e){[Link]("exception handled");}
13.
14. [Link]("normal flow...");
15. }
16. }
Test it Now
Output:exception handled
normal flow...

Case2: You declare the exception

o A)In case you declare the exception, if exception does not occur, the code will be
executed fine.

o B)In case you declare the exception if exception occures, an exception will be thrown
at runtime because throws does not handle the exception.

A)Program if exception does not occur


1. import [Link].*;
2. class M{
3. void method()throws IOException{
4. [Link]("device operation performed");
5. }
6. }
7. class Testthrows3{
8. public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{//declare exception
9. M m=new M();
10. [Link]();
11.
12. [Link]("normal flow...");
13. }
14. }
Test it Now
Output:device operation performed
normal flow...

B)Program if exception occurs


1. import [Link].*;
2. class M{
3. void method()throws IOException{
4. throw new IOException("device error");
5. }
6. }
7. class Testthrows4{
8. public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{//declare exception
9. M m=new M();
10. [Link]();
11.
12. [Link]("normal flow...");
13. }
14. }
Test it Now
Output:Runtime Exception

Common questions

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The `throw` keyword in Java is used to explicitly throw an exception within the method's execution. This can be either a checked or unchecked exception. It allows developers to create a new exception instance and hand it over to the runtime for processing. Conversely, the `throws` keyword is used for declaring exceptions in the method signature. It informs the compiler that the method may throw specified exceptions, suggesting that callers of the method should handle or propagate these exceptions. While `throw` triggers an exception, `throws` is a contract in method declarations that indicates potential exception types the method can throw .

The `finally` block in Java does not get executed if the program exits before reaching the `finally` block. This can occur due to either a call to `System.exit()`, which terminates the JVM immediately, or an occurrence of a fatal error, such as a stack overflow or out-of-memory error, that disrupts the process. Under these conditions, the clean-up code within the `finally` block is bypassed as the JVM halts execution altogether .

In Java, the `finally` block is used to execute important code such as cleanup operations or closing resources. The `finally` block is always executed after the try-catch block exits, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or handled. Its main function is to ensure that resources are released and any crucial operations are completed even if an exception disrupts the flow of execution. However, it will not execute if the program exits through a call to `System.exit()` or due to a fatal error that aborts the process .

The `throws` keyword in Java plays a critical role in method declarations by indicating that the specified exceptions may be thrown during the method's execution. It serves as a signal to potential callers that they need to be aware of these exceptions and handle them either by catching the exceptions or by passing them up the call stack with their own `throws` declarations. This encourages defensive programming as developers are prompted to consider exceptional conditions from the outset. The keyword ensures that checked exceptions are either managed through handling or acknowledged through propagation, maintaining the flow of information about potential issues across method boundaries .

If exception handling is not properly implemented in Java programs, unhandled exceptions could terminate the program unexpectedly, leaving resources like files or network connections open or corrupted. This can lead to data loss and other issues regarding application stability. The resolution is to implement proper exception handling using try-catch blocks to manage exceptions and prevent unexpected termination. This controlled handling enables the program to execute remaining code and to take corrective actions where necessary, such as cleaning up resources or logging errors for further analysis .

A nested `try-catch` block might be required in Java when a specific section of code within a larger block of code could trigger an exception that is distinct from exceptions handlers of the outer block. The advantage of using nested try-catch blocks is that it allows differing levels of granularity in error handling: you can assign separate catch blocks for distinct exceptions within a complex operation. This improves error handling precision, making debugging easier and allowing for specific resource management at different levels of the execution stack .

Java ensures the sequential execution of catch blocks in a multi-catch scenario by evaluating them in the order they are defined under the try block. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) attempts to match the thrown exception to each catch block starting with the first one. Once a match is found, the corresponding catch block is executed, and subsequent catch blocks are ignored. This sequential execution is enforced by the rule that catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general to allow the most precise exception type to be handled first, thus maintaining orderly processing of exceptions .

It is necessary to handle or declare checked exceptions when calling a method in Java because these exceptions represent conditions that a reasonable application might want to catch. Checked exceptions are conditions that could occur outside the application's control, like network errors or file-not-found scenarios. Java's compile-time checking for these exceptions forces the programmer to address these potential issues either by handling them with try-catch blocks or by declaring them in the method's signature using the `throws` keyword. This approach encourages robust code, reduces the risk of runtime failures, and signals to method callers the need for careful handling of these anticipated problems .

In Java exception handling, catch blocks must be ordered from most specific to most general because this allows Java to catch the most specific exception first, providing an opportunity to handle it appropriately. If a more general exception like `Exception` is caught first, more specific exceptions like `ArithmeticException` or `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` will never be caught because the general `catch` block would have already caught them. This ordering is essential to ensure that specific exceptions are handled before falling back to a more general handler, allowing for more precise error handling and better control over the program flow .

The Java exception handling mechanism ensures the continuation of program execution after an exception is thrown through the use of `try-catch` blocks. When an exception occurs, the flow control is transferred to the first matching catch block, where programmers can define how the exception is handled. Once handled, the program continues executing the code immediately following the established try-catch sequence. This mechanism avoids abrupt termination and provides a way to log or repair the exceptional condition, allowing for improved program resilience and stability through structured error management .

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