topic 1: overview of distribution systems primary distribution, radial system, loop/ring
system/secondary distribution
Introduction Voltage THD Within 5%
Voltage Unbalance Within 2.5%
• Electric power distributions is the final stage Effect of Utility variations on equipment ratings
in the delivery of electric power; it carries
Equipment must operate satisfactory within the -10% to
electricity from the transmission system to 10% voltage variation of the distribution utility’s nominal
individual consumers service voltage
• A distribution system consists of all the
facilities and equipment connecting a Nominal Service voltage: 207V -10% 253V +10%
230V
transmission system to the customer’s Ex. Equipment Rating: 180V 3% 270V 27%
equipment. 200V
Ex. Equipment Rating: 198V -6% 242V 15%
• Distribution system distribute electrical 220V
Nominal Service Voltag: 414V -10% 506V +10%
energy among loads and make sure that the 460V
form of the electrical energy fits the load Ex. Equipment Rating: 396V -6% 484V 15%
440V
requirements Ex. Equipment Rating: 432V -14% 528V 5%
• Distribution systems can be defined as the 480V
sequential flow of procedures, systems, and
Overview of Primary Voltages
activities which are designed and linked to
Only large consumers are fed directly from
facilitate and monitor the movement of distribution voltages, mostly utility customers are
goods and services from the source to the connected to a transformer, which reduces the
consumer distribution voltage to the low voltage “utilization
• The quality of the voltage, including its voltage”, “supply voltage” or “mains voltage”
frequency and the resulting current, that are used by lighting and interior wiring systems
measured in the distribution system during
normal conditions
Primary and Secondary Voltages
Parameters and Limits Transformers
Power quality begins with knowing the A transformer is a passive electrical device that
characteristics of the distribution utility, its transfers electrical energy from one electrical
capabilities and limitations. circuit to another, or multiple circuits
Customers must take note of the following parameters in Generally, the primary winding of a
determining the appropriate equipment and system design
transformer is connected to the output voltage
for their facilities.
supply, and converts or transforms the electrical
Parameter Limit/s power into a magnetic field.
Frequency Variations Frequency shall be 60Hz
with allowable variation of Electrical device that uses
59.7 to 63.3 Hz
Service Voltages Plus/Minus 10% of RMS
electromagnetic induction to pass an alternating
voltage current(AC) signal from one electric circuit to
Secondary Nominal another, often changing (or “transforming”) the
Voltages voltage and electric current.
230V, 400V, 460V
Primary Nominal Voltage
13.2kV, 13.8kV, 34kV. 69kV
115kV
topic 1: overview of distribution systems primary distribution, radial system, loop/ring
system/secondary distribution
Y Y 4.8
MY M 2.4
II. SUFFIXES (secondary winding rating)
Code letter Voltage Rating
A 120/240 or 240/120
B 139/277
C 240/480
D(or Y) 139/277x120/240
E 240/139*
F 480*
G 240
N 125/216*
Difference between 120/240- & 240/120-Volt
ratings
120/240
2-section secondary winding
which can be connected in
parallel for output voltage, 120V,
in series for output voltage 240V,
or in series for 3-wire service for
120/240V output voltage.
(Memory Aid: 120-V winding times 2)
Symbols used in Transformer Voltage Ratings
Name Symbol Applications Examples
240/120
Dash - To separate the voltage or 34500 Grd. Y /
ratings to separate windings 19920 V – Mid-tapped secondary suitable for
240/120V
Slant or / To separate voltage to be 13200 GRDY / 2-wire service at voltage 240V, or
Slash applied or to be obtained 7620 V –
from the same winding 120/240 V
for 3-wire service. Cannot be
connected for 2-wire service at voltage 120V
Cross X To designate separate 34500 GRDY /
voltages which can be 19920 V –
obtained by reconnecting the 120/240 X (Memory Aid: 240-V winding times 2)
coils of a winding in series or 139/277 V
multiple combinations Secondary Voltages
Secondary Voltages are provided by distribution
Primary Voltage rating Commonly Used transformers that are connected to the primary
Voltage Rating Description system, which are usually associated with
utilization voltages.
34500 Grd. Y / 19920 Single-Bushing DTs for the line-to-ground
connection on effectively grounded systems
with line-to-line voltages of 34.5 kV
3600/6240Y Two-bushing DTs for the line-to-ground
connection on system with line-to-line
voltages of 6.24 kV
2400/4160Y Two-bushing DTs for line-to-ground
connection on system with line-to-line
voltages of 4.16 kV
4800/8300Y Two -bushing DTs for line-to-ground
connection on system with line-to-line
voltage of 8.3kV for line-to-line connection
on system with line-to-line voltage of 4.8kV
Number Coding System of Meralco
I. PREFIXES(Primary winding rating)
Old system New System kV Rating
W W 20
W T 13.2, 13.8
Z Z 7.62
X X 3.6