EARTHQUAKE VOLCANIC ERUPTION LANDSLIDE
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
GUESS ME? CAN YOU GUESS WHICH GEOLOGIC HAZARD THE PICTURE DEPICTS:
AN EARTHQUAKE, VOLCANIC ERUPTION, OR LANDSLIDE?
GUESS ME.
____________
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
GUESS ME.
____________
GUESS ME.
____________
GUESS ME.
____________
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
A geologic hazard refers to a natural geologic
process or condition that poses a threat to
property or human life. These processes become
hazardous only when they impact human activities
or settlements; without people at risk, these natural
events would be fascinating phenomena rather than
sources of concern.
THREE GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
1. EARTHQUAKES
2. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
3. LANDSLIDE
GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
• The Philippine Institute Of Volcanology And
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is responsible for
forecasting volcanic eruptions and earthquakes;
and determining how they occur and what areas
are likely to be affected.
GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE
FOR GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
• The National Disaster Risk Reduction And
Management Council (NDRRMC) plays a
crucial role in managing and mitigating landslide
risks in the Philippines. Its responsibilities
include:
- Monitoring and Early Warning
- Disaster Preparedness
- Emergency Response
- Risk Reduction Programs
- Post-disaster Recovery
EARTHQUAKE
Is a weak to violent shaking of the ground
produced by the sudden movement of rock
materials below the earth’s surface.
• There are two ways by which we can measure the
strength of an earthquake: magnitude and intensity.
Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an
earthquake at the focus. It is represented by Arabic Numbers
(e.g. 4.8, 9.0). Intensity on the other hand, is the strength of an
earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality. It
is a numerical rating based on the relative effects to people,
objects, environment, and structures in the surrounding.
The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It is
represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX).
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
Earthquakes ground
vibrations and their
intensities are
recorded and
measured by an
instrument called
seismograph.
EFFECTS OR HAZARDS
OF AN EARTHQUAKE
GROUND SHAKING - is a term used to describe the vibration of the ground
during an earthquake.
TSUNAMI - is a sudden displacement of seawater creating series of waves.
LANDSLIDES AND ROCKFALLS - A landslide is the movement of a mass of
rock, debris, or earth (soil) down a slope. A rockfall is the action of
boulders, rocks or slabs of rock falling or toppling.
SUBSIDENCE AND LATERAL SPREADING - Earthquake can also cause the soil
to sink (subsidence) and to have cracks on the ground (lateral
spreading).
LIQUEFACTION - refers to the process by which water-saturated,
unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that
acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
is the expulsion of gases, rock fragments, and/or
molten lava from within the Earth through a vent
onto the Earth's surface or into the atmosphere.
EFFECTS OR HAZARDS OF A
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
GROUND FRACTURING - is a term used to describe the vibration of the ground
during an earthquake.
SWELLING OF THE GROUND
GAS EMISSIONS AND STEAM EXPLOSIONS
VOLCANIC
ASH AND
GAS
PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
BALLISTIC ROCKS
LAHAR - is a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that
flow quickly down the slopes of a volcano.
LANDSLIDE
is the movement of a mass rock, debris, or earth
down a slope that causes harm to the
community.
NATURAL FACTORS THAT CAUSED LANDSLIDES
▪ SNOWMELT
▪ CHANGES IN WATER LEVEL
▪STREAM EROSION
▪CHANGES IN GROUND WATER
NATURAL FACTORS THAT CAUSED LANDSLIDES
▪ EARTHQUAKES
▪VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
▪REMOVAL OF VEGETATION BY WILDFIRE
▪DISTURBANCE BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES
TRIVIA:
▪ A typical landslide travels 10 miles per hour but can
exceed 35 miles per hour.
▪The term “landslide” has five modes of slope movement:
falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.
▪There are five different basic categories of flows: debris
flow, debris avalanche, earthflow, mudflow and creep.
Types of Landslide:
a. Rotational Landslide -
occur on curved slip
surfaces where the upper
surface of the displaced
material may tilt backwards
toward the scarp.
Types of Landslide:
b. Translational Landslide
- (or planar landslide) is a
downslope movement of
material that occurs along a
distinctive planar surface of
weakness such as a fault, joint
or bedding plane.
Types of Landslide:
c. Block slides
- are a particular type of
translational slide that occur
when large and relatively intact
slabs of rock or earth are rapidly
transported downslope.
Types of Landslide:
d. Rockfall
- a type of fast-moving
landslide that happens when
rock or earth falls, bounces, or
rolls from a cliff or down a very
steep slope.
Types of Landslide:
e. Topple
- involves the forward rotation
and movement of a mass of
rock, earth or debris out of a
slope.
Types of Landslide:
f. Debris flow
- a debris flow is the movement of a
water-laden mass of loose mud,
sand, soil, rock and debris down a
slope. a debris flow can dash down
the slope, reaching speeds of 100
miles per hour or greater.
Types of Landslide:
g. Debris Avalanche
- this is a variety of very rapid to
extremely rapid debris flow.
Types of Landslide:
h. Earthflow
- Has a characteristic “hourglass” shape.
the slope material liquefies and runs out,
forming a bowl or depression at the
head. the flow itself is elongate and
usually occurs in fine-grained materials
or clay-bearing rocks on moderate
slopes and under saturated conditions.
Types of Landslide:
i. Creep
- is the imperceptibly slow, steady,
downward movement of slope forming
soil or rock. movement is caused by
shear stress sufficient to produce
permanent deformation, but too small
to produce shear failure.
Types of Landslide:
j. Lateral Spreads
- are distinctive because they usually
occur on very gentle slopes or flat
terrain. the dominant mode of
movement is lateral extension
accompanied by shear or tensile
fractures. the failure is caused by
liquefaction.