Experiment number - 1
1 Relations and Functions
Objective of the Activity
To verify that the relation R in set L of all lines in plane defined as
is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
Materials Required
✧✧ A piece of card board of suitable size
✧✧ Pieces of wires
✧✧ Nails
✧✧ White chart paper
✧✧ Glue
✧✧ Scale
Logical Steps of the Activity
1. Take a card board of suitable
size and paste a white chart
paper on it.
2. Draw two straight lines on
white chart paper with the help
of wires and glue in such a way
that some of them are parallel
some are perpendicular to the
first drawn parallel lines and
some are inclined to the given
drawn lines as shown in the
given figure.
3. Name these lines as l1, l2, l3, l4, l5,
l6 as shown in the given figure.
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Experiment number - 2
2 Relations and Functions
Objective of the Activity
To verify that the relation R in the set L of all the lines in a plane defined by R = {(l ,
m): l || m and l, m L} is an equivalence relation.
Materials Required
✧✧ A piece of card board of suitable size
✧✧ Pieces of wires
✧✧ Nails
✧✧ White chart paper
✧✧ Glue
✧✧ Scale
Logical Steps of the Activity
1. Take a card board of suitable size and paste a white chart paper on it.
2. Draw some parallel lines with
the help of wires on the chart
paper in such a way are line
is perpendicular to the given
drawn || lines and drawn a
line which is inclined to the
given || lines.
3. Let the wires represents the
lines l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6. Then we have
the following observations.
Observations
1. Line l1 is ^ to l4 and l6.
3
Experiment number - 3
3 Relations and Functions
Objective of the Activity
To demonstrate a function is not one-one but is on to.
Pre-requisite Knowledge
❖❖ Basic knowledge of relations, functions and type of relations and type of function such that
one-one functions and on to functions.
Materials Required
✧✧ Coloured chart papers (orange, green)
✧✧ A card board
✧✧ Scissors
✧✧ Glue sticks
✧✧ Pins
Logical Steps of the Activity
1. Take a orange chart paper and
cut out a elliptical strip length 10
cm and width 5 cm as shown in
the figure.
2. Take a green chart paper and
cut a elliptical strip of length 8
cm and width of 3 cm as shown
in figure.
3. Paste these two strips on the
card board and mark X and Y
on them respectively as shown
in the figure.
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4. Fix 5 paper pins on the orange strip and
mark as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Similarly fix 4 paper
pins on the green strips and mark them a,
b, c and d as shown in the figure.
5. Now join the pins on the given strips with
the help of threads as shown in the figure.
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4
Experiment number - 4
Relations and Functions
Objective of the Activity
To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto.
Pre-requisite Knowledge
❖❖ Basic knowledge of relations, functions and type of relations and type of function such that
one-one functions and on to functions.
Materials Required
✧✧ Coloured chart papers (orange, green)
✧✧ A card board
✧✧ Scissors
✧✧ Glue sticks
✧✧ Pins
Logical Steps of the Activity
1. Take a orange chart paper and cut out a
elliptical strip length 10 cm and width 5 cm
as shown in the figure.
2. Take a green chart paper and cut a elliptical
strip of length 8 cm and width of 3 cm as
shown in figure.
3. Paste these two strips on the card board
and mark X and Y on them respectively as
shown in the figure.
4. Fix four paper pins on the orange strips and
mark the pins as 1, 2, 3 and 4. Similarly fix
5 paper pins on the green strips and mark
them a, b, c, d and e as shown in figure.
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5. Now join the pins on the orange strips to the pins on the green strips with the help of
threads as shown in the figure.
Observations
Here we observe that
1. The image of the element 1 of x in y is b.
2. The image of the element 2 of x in y is c.
3. The image of the element 3 of x in y is a.
4. The image of the element 4 of x in y is e.
5. The pre image of the element d of y in x does not exist.
7. From the above mapping we can say that the images of distinct element of x are distinct so
the function is one-one.
8. We also see that there is an element d in y which has no pre image. So the function is not
onto.
9. Thus from the above observations 7 and 8 we can say that the function or mapping shown
in figure is one-one but not onto.
Result
From the above activity we have demonstrated that a function which is one-one but not onto.
Application
This activity is helpful for the clarity of the concept of bijective function.
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Observation
dy
1. We see from the given figure the sign of the slope of the tangent first derivative at
dx
a point on the given curve to the immediate left of A is negative and sign of the slope of
dy
tangent first derivative at a point on the curve to the immediate right of A is positive.
dx
That means at the point A sign of the first derivative is changes from negative to positive.
So the point A is the point of local minima.
dy
2. Now similarly we observe that the slope of tangent (first derivative) at point B. When
dx
we move from just left to just right is changes from negative to +ve. Therefore we can say
the point B is also a point of local minima.
dy
3. The slope of tangent (first derivative) at point on the curve the immediate left of c
dx
dy
is +ve and the sign of the slope the tangent first derivative at a point on the curve is
dx
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Experiment number - 6
16 Application of Derivative
Objective of the Activity
To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a function
in a given closed interval through its graph.
Materials Required
✧✧ A drawing board required size
✧✧ White paper sheet
✧✧ Wire
✧✧ Glue
✧✧ Pencil
✧✧ Scale
Logical Steps of the Activity
1. Take a drawing board of convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
2. Take two pieces of wires of convenient lengths and fix them on the drawing board which
are bisected at point o. One is horizontal (XoX‘) is called x-axis and one is vertical (YoY‘) is
called y-axis.
3. Take another wire of suitable length and bend it in the shape of curve. Fix this curved wire
on the white paper pasted on the drawing sheet as shown in the figure.
4. Let the given function f(x) = 4x4 – 17x2 + 18 in the interval [–2, 2].
5. We take different values of x in the given interval [–2, 2] and find the value of f(x) and form
the ordered pair (x, f(x)).
6. Plot the graph of the given function (with the help of ordered pair) by free hand curve.
x 0 ±.5 ±1.25 ±.127 ±2
f(x) 0 6 –1.55 –1.56 2.1
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Observations
1. Now through the graph we observe or find the maximum value of given function f(x) on
the given interval [–2, 2]
2. The absolute maximum value of the given function f(x) is 21 at x =± 2.
The absolute minimum value of the function f(x) = –1.56 at x = 1.27.
Application
This activity is helpful to understand the concept of absolute maxima and absolute minima
by using the graph.
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measuring the length, breadth, height of the rectangular box calculate the volume of the
box.
Observation
1. When x = 1, l = (45 – 2) = 43 cm , b = (24 – 2) = 22 cm and height = 1 cm.
Volume V1 = (43 × 42 × 1) cm3 = 946 cm3
2. When x = 1.5, l = (45 – 3) = 42 cm, b = (24 – 3) = 21 cm and height = 1.5 cm
Volume V2 = (42 × 21 × 1.5) cm3 = 1323 cm3
3. When x = 2 cm, l = (45 – 4) = 41 cm, b = (24 – 4) = 20 cm and height = 2 cm
Volume V3 = (41 × 20 × 2) cm3 = 1640 cm3
4. When x = 2.5 cm, l = (45 – 5) = 40 cm, b = (24 – 5) = 19 cm and height = 2.5 cm
Volume V4 = (40 × 19 × 2.5) cm3 = 1900 cm3
5. When x = 3 cm, l = (45 – 6) = 39 cm, b = (24 – 6) = 18 cm and height = 3 cm
Volume V5 = (39 × 18 × 3) cm3 = 2106 cm3
6. When x = 3.5 cm, l = (45 – 7) = 38 cm, b = (24 – 7) = 17 cm and height = 3.5 cm
Volume V6 = (38 × 17 × 3.5) cm3 = 2261 cm3
7. When x = 4 cm, l = (45 – 8) = 37 cm, b = (24 – 8) = 16 cm and height = 4 cm
Volume V7 = (37 × 16 × 4) cm3 = 2368 cm3
8. When x = 4.5 cm, l = (45 – 9) = 36 cm, b = (24 – 9) = 15 cm and height = 4.5 cm
Volume V8 = (36 × 15 × 4.5) cm3 = 2430 cm3
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Experiment number - 8
19 Application of Derivative
Objective of the Activity
To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter the square has the
maximum area.
Pre-requisite Knowledge
❖❖ Knowledge of perimeter and area of rectangle and square, knowledge of differentiation and
its application.
Materials Required
✧✧ A card board of suitable size
✧✧ White paper sheet
✧✧ Paper cutter
✧✧ Glue Sticks
✧✧ Scale
Logical Steps of the Activity
1. Take a cardboard of suitable size and paste a white sheet on it.
2. Make rectangles of the perimeter (say 40 cm) each on chart paper. We have some rectangles
of different dimensions each having perimeter of 40 cm.
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R1 = 14 cm × 6 cm, R2 = 13 cm × 7 cm, R3 = 12 cm × 8 cm, R4 = 11 cm × 9 cm, R5 = 10 cm × 10
cm, R6 = 8.5 cm × 11.5 cm, R7 = 9.5 cm × 10.5 cm.
3. Cut out those rectangles and paste them on the white sheet on the card board.
4. We can form more rectangles of different dimensions each having the perimeter 40 cm.
5. Paste these rectangles on the card board.
Observations
1. Now the area of rectangle R1 = 14 cm × 6 cm = 84 cm2
Area of rectangle R2 = 13 cm × 7 cm = 91 cm2
Area of rectangle R3 = 12 cm × 6 cm = 72 cm2
Area of rectangle R4 = 11 cm × 9 cm = 99 cm2
Area of rectangle R5 = 10 cm × 10 cm = 100 cm2
Area of rectangle R6 = 8.5 cm × 11.5 cm = 97.75 cm2
Area of rectangle R7 = 9.5 cm × 10.5 cm = 99.75 cm2
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7. Similarly fix a piece of thread joining points B and C where B and C are the centers of the
blocks b and c respectively.
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Experiment number - 10
28 Probability
Objective of the Activity
To explain the computation of conditional probabilities of a given event A when event
B has already occurred through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
Pre-requisite Knowledge
❖❖ Knowledge about probability, knowledge about random experiment, sample space, event,
equally likely events etc., conditional probability.
Materials Required
✧✧ Card board sheet
✧✧ Squared sheet
✧✧ White chart
✧✧ Glue sticks etc.
Logical Steps of the Activity
1. Take a card board of suitable size and paste a white sheet on it and paste a squared paper
on it which has 36 square as shown in the figure.
2. Write all possible out comes obtained
by throwing two dice on the squared (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
paper i.e. and write all the following
outcomes on the squared paper as (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
shown in the figure.
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2,
1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4,
2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6,
3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
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