Group 1:
1. Dexamethasone
o Brand Name: Decadron
o Stock Dosage: 4-10 mg IV/IM
o Classification: Corticosteroid
o Mechanism of Action: Dexamethasone suppresses inflammation by inhibiting
the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. It
also decreases immune response by affecting the function of lymphocytes and
macrophages.
o Indication/s: Severe inflammation, allergic reactions, certain cancers
o Contraindications: Systemic fungal infections, live vaccines
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, gastrointestinal
upset
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood glucose levels, assess for signs of
infection, educate on potential side effects
2. Omeprazole
o Brand Name: Prilosec
o Stock Dosage: 20-40 mg PO
o Classification: Proton Pump Inhibitor
o Mechanism of Action: Omeprazole inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme in
gastric parietal cells, significantly decreasing gastric acid secretion and promoting
gastrointestinal lining healing.
o Indication/s: GERD, peptic ulcer disease
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the drug
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhea
o Nursing Responsibilities: Assess for relief of symptoms, monitor for
gastrointestinal disturbances
3. Pantoprazole
o Brand Name: Protonix
o Stock Dosage: 40 mg IV/PO
o Classification: Proton Pump Inhibitor
o Mechanism of Action: Pantoprazole inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme in
gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion and managing conditions
related to excessive acid production.
o Indication/s: GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the drug
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms, assess
effectiveness
Drug Alignment:
o Dexamethasone and Omeprazole/Pantoprazole: Omeprazole and Pantoprazole
help prevent gastrointestinal irritation caused by dexamethasone. Combining
dexamethasone with a proton pump inhibitor can effectively manage potential GI
side effects and promote mucosal healing.
o Omeprazole and Pantoprazole: These proton pump inhibitors have similar
effects and mechanisms, so typically, only one is used at a time based on clinical
needs. Concurrent use is generally not necessary.
Group 2:
1. Salbutamol
o Brand Name: Ventolin
o Stock Dosage: 2.5-5 mg nebulized, 90 mcg metered-dose inhaler
o Classification: Beta-2 Agonist
o Mechanism of Action: Salbutamol stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the
bronchial smooth muscle, causing relaxation and bronchodilation, which
improves airflow in the lungs.
o Indication/s: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the drug
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Tremors, tachycardia, headache
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor respiratory status, educate on proper inhaler
use, assess for side effects
2. Terbutaline
o Brand Name: Brethine
o Stock Dosage: 0.25 mg SC every 4-6 hours
o Classification: Beta-2 Agonist
o Mechanism of Action: Terbutaline activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the
bronchial smooth muscle, leading to bronchodilation and improved airflow.
o Indication/s: Asthma, COPD, preterm labor (tocolytic agent)
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the drug
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Tachycardia, tremors, headache
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor respiratory status, assess for signs of
cardiovascular side effects
3. Aminophylline
o Brand Name: Phyllocontin
o Stock Dosage: 5-6 mg/kg IV over 20-30 minutes
o Classification: Xanthine Derivative
o Mechanism of Action: Aminophylline relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by
inhibiting phosphodiesterase, leading to increased levels of cyclic AMP and
bronchodilation.
o Indication/s: Severe asthma exacerbations, COPD
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, peptic ulcer disease
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Tachycardia, tremors, nausea
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor therapeutic levels, assess for signs of toxicity,
and educate on side effects
Drug Alignment:
o Salbutamol and Terbutaline: Both are beta-2 agonists and can be used together
in managing severe asthma or COPD exacerbations. They have additive effects on
bronchodilation.
o Salbutamol/Terbutaline and Aminophylline: Aminophylline can be used as an
adjunct to beta-2 agonists for severe bronchospasm. Careful monitoring is needed
to avoid excessive side effects, especially tachycardia and tremors.
Group 3:
1. Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate
o Brand Name: Solu-Cortef
o Stock Dosage: 100-500 mg IV
o Classification: Corticosteroid
o Mechanism of Action: Hydrocortisone sodium succinate inhibits inflammation
and immune responses by suppressing leukocyte migration, reducing capillary
permeability, and stabilizing lysosomal membranes.
o Indication/s: Adrenal insufficiency, severe inflammation
o Contraindications: Systemic fungal infections, live vaccines
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Hyperglycemia, hypertension, infection risk
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood glucose levels, assess for infection
signs, and educate on potential side effects
2. Diphenhydramine
o Brand Name: Benadryl
o Stock Dosage: 25-50 mg IV/PO
o Classification: Antihistamine
o Mechanism of Action: Diphenhydramine blocks histamine H1 receptors,
reducing the effects of histamine in allergic reactions and providing relief from
symptoms such as itching and swelling.
o Indication/s: Allergic reactions, insomnia
o Contraindications: Acute asthma, hypersensitivity
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for sedation and anticholinergic effects,
educate on potential side effects
3. Cetirizine
o Brand Name: Zyrtec
o Stock Dosage: 10 mg PO
o Classification: Antihistamine
o Mechanism of Action: Cetirizine selectively blocks histamine H1 receptors,
reducing allergic symptoms such as rhinitis and urticaria with less sedative effect
compared to first-generation antihistamines.
o Indication/s: Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to cetirizine
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, headache
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for effectiveness and side effects, educate on
proper use
Drug Alignment:
o Diphenhydramine and Cetirizine: Both are antihistamines used to treat allergic
reactions. Cetirizine is less sedating than diphenhydramine, so they can be used
based on the need for sedation or non-sedating effects. Using them together is
generally not recommended due to the potential for excessive sedation.
o Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate and Diphenhydramine/Cetirizine:
Combining corticosteroids with antihistamines can be beneficial in managing
severe allergic reactions or inflammatory conditions. The antihistamines help with
immediate allergic symptoms, while corticosteroids address more severe
inflammation. Monitor for side effects and adjust treatments as needed.
Group 4:
1. Epinephrine
o Brand Name: Adrenalin
o Stock Dosage: 1 mg IV every 3-5 minutes during resuscitation
o Classification: Sympathomimetic
o Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine stimulates alpha and beta-adrenergic
receptors, leading to increased heart rate, myocardial contractility, and
vasoconstriction, which can improve blood pressure and perfusion during cardiac
arrest.
o Indication/s: Cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis
o Contraindications: None in emergency situations
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor vital signs, assess for signs of arrhythmias,
and ensure correct administration
2. Atropine Sulphate
o Brand Name: AtroPen
o Stock Dosage: 1 mg IV every 3-5 minutes as needed
o Classification: Anticholinergic
o Mechanism of Action: Atropine blocks the vagus nerve's effects on the heart,
increasing heart rate by inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system. It is used
to treat bradycardia.
o Indication/s: Bradycardia, organophosphate poisoning
o Contraindications: Tachycardia, glaucoma
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor heart rate, observe for anticholinergic side
effects, and educate on potential effects
3. Morphine Sulfate
o Brand Name: MS Contin
o Stock Dosage: 2-10 mg IV/IM
o Classification: Opioid Analgesic
o Mechanism of Action: Morphine binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous
system, altering the perception and emotional response to pain. It also has
sedative and euphoriant effects.
o Indication/s: Severe pain, myocardial infarction
o Contraindications: Respiratory depression, acute abdomen
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Respiratory depression, constipation, sedation
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor respiratory status, assess pain relief, and
manage side effects
Drug Alignment:
o Epinephrine and Atropine Sulphate: Both are critical in managing cardiac
arrest and bradycardia. Epinephrine increases myocardial perfusion and stimulates
the heart, while Atropine addresses bradycardia by increasing heart rate. They can
be used together in resuscitation protocols.
o Morphine Sulfate and Epinephrine/Atropine Sulphate: Morphine is used for
pain management and can be administered alongside epinephrine and atropine as
needed. Careful monitoring is necessary to avoid adverse effects like respiratory
depression, which can be exacerbated by morphine.
Group 5:
1. Furosemide
o Brand Name: Lasix
o Stock Dosage: 20-80 mg IV/PO
o Classification: Loop Diuretic
o Mechanism of Action: Furosemide inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and
chloride in the ascending loop of Henle, resulting in increased urine output and
reduced fluid overload.
o Indication/s: Edema, hypertension
o Contraindications: Anuria, severe electrolyte imbalances
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor electrolyte levels, assess fluid status, and
educate on symptoms of dehydration
2. Potassium Chloride
o Brand Name: K-Dur
o Stock Dosage: 10-20 mEq PO/IV
o Classification: Electrolyte Supplement
o Mechanism of Action: Potassium chloride supplements potassium levels in the
body, which is essential for maintaining normal cardiac, muscular, and
neurological function.
o Indication/s: Hypokalemia
o Contraindications: Hyperkalemia, renal impairment
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Hyperkalemia, gastrointestinal irritation
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor serum potassium levels, assess for signs of
hyperkalemia, and administer slowly to prevent irritation
3. Atenolol
o Brand Name: Tenormin
o Stock Dosage: 25-100 mg PO
o Classification: Beta-Blocker
o Mechanism of Action: Atenolol selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in
the heart, reducing heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure.
o Indication/s: Hypertension, angina
o Contraindications: Bradycardia, heart block
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood pressure and heart rate, assess for side
effects, and educate on medication adherence
Drug Alignment:
o Furosemide and Potassium Chloride: Furosemide can lead to hypokalemia, so
potassium chloride is often used to replenish potassium levels. Monitor for proper
balance and avoid excessive potassium supplementation.
o Furosemide and Atenolol: Atenolol can be used alongside furosemide for
managing hypertension and heart failure, but careful monitoring of blood pressure
and fluid status is essential.
o Potassium Chloride and Atenolol: These can be used together without
significant interaction concerns, but be vigilant for any adverse effects of
potassium imbalance on cardiac function.
Group 6:
1. Silver Sulfadiazine
o Brand Name: Silvadene
o Stock Dosage: Apply to wound area once or twice daily
o Classification: Topical Antibacterial
o Mechanism of Action: Silver sulfadiazine releases silver ions that exert
antibacterial effects by disrupting bacterial cell walls and preventing bacterial
proliferation.
o Indication/s: Prevention and treatment of wound infections in burns
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides or silver
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Local irritation, rash, leukopenia
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor wound condition, assess for signs of infection
or allergic reaction
2. Mupirocin
o Brand Name: Bactroban
o Stock Dosage: Apply to affected area three times daily
o Classification: Topical Antibiotic
o Mechanism of Action: Mupirocin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding
to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, which is crucial for bacterial growth.
o Indication/s: Skin infections, impetigo
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to mupirocin
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Local irritation, burning sensation
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor application site for efficacy and adverse
reactions
3. Mefenamic Acid
o Brand Name: Ponstel
o Stock Dosage: 500 mg PO
o Classification: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
o Mechanism of Action: Mefenamic acid inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)
enzymes, reducing the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation and
pain.
o Indication/s: Pain, dysmenorrhea
o Contraindications: Peptic ulcer disease, renal impairment
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, headache, dizziness
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms, assess pain
relief, and educate on potential side effects
Drug Alignment:
o Silver Sulfadiazine and Mupirocin: Both are topical treatments but serve
different purposes; silver sulfadiazine is used for burn wounds, while mupirocin is
for bacterial skin infections. They can be used on different sites of infection.
o Silver Sulfadiazine and Mefenamic Acid: No direct interaction, but be cautious
when using multiple medications. Silver sulfadiazine is for topical use, whereas
mefenamic acid is systemic and can cause gastrointestinal side effects, so
monitoring is necessary.
Group 7:
1. Tranexamic Acid
o Brand Name: Cyklokapron
o Stock Dosage: 10-15 mg/kg IV
o Classification: Antifibrinolytic
o Mechanism of Action: Tranexamic acid inhibits plasminogen activation, thereby
preventing fibrinolysis and helping to stabilize blood clots.
o Indication/s: Heavy bleeding, surgical bleeding
o Contraindications: Active thromboembolic disease, hypersensitivity
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Thromboembolism, gastrointestinal
symptoms
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for signs of thromboembolism, assess
bleeding status, and educate on signs of adverse effects
2. Streptokinase
o Brand Name: Streptase
o Stock Dosage: 250,000-1,500,000 units IV
o Classification: Thrombolytic Agent
o Mechanism of Action: Streptokinase activates plasminogen to plasmin, which
breaks down fibrin clots and dissolves thrombi.
o Indication/s: Myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism
o Contraindications: Active bleeding, recent surgery
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Bleeding, allergic reactions
oNursing Responsibilities: Monitor for signs of bleeding, assess for allergic
reactions, and educate on treatment effects
3. Aspirin
o Brand Name: Bayer Aspirin
o Stock Dosage: 81-325 mg PO
o Classification: Antiplatelet Agent
o Mechanism of Action: Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1) in platelets,
reducing the formation of thromboxane A2 and thereby decreasing platelet
aggregation and clot formation.
o Indication/s: Acute coronary syndrome, stroke prevention
o Contraindications: Peptic ulcer disease, allergy to NSAIDs
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, tinnitus
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for signs of bleeding, assess for
gastrointestinal symptoms, and educate on proper use
Drug Alignment:
o Tranexamic Acid and Aspirin: Both are used to manage bleeding but in
different contexts. Tranexamic acid stabilizes clots, while aspirin inhibits platelet
aggregation. Combining them is not common and requires careful consideration
of bleeding risk.
o Streptokinase and Aspirin: Aspirin can be used after thrombolytic therapy with
streptokinase to prevent re-thrombosis. However, both increase bleeding risk, so
careful monitoring is essential.
o Streptokinase and Tranexamic Acid: Using these together can be
counterproductive, as streptokinase dissolves clots while tranexamic acid
stabilizes them. They are generally not used together due to opposing effects.
Group 8:
1. D5W (Dextrose 5% in Water)
o Brand Name: Dextrose 5% in Water
o Stock Dosage: 500-1000 mL IV
o Classification: Hypotonic Fluid
o Mechanism of Action: D5W provides a source of glucose for energy and
hydration. It helps in fluid resuscitation and maintains blood glucose levels.
o Indication/s: Dehydration, hypoglycemia
o Contraindications: Hyperglycemia, certain types of fluid overload
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Hyperglycemia, fluid overload
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood glucose levels, assess for signs of fluid
overload, and adjust infusion rate as needed
2. Insulin
o Brand Name: Humulin
o Stock Dosage: 1-10 units IV/SC
o Classification: Antidiabetic Agent
Mechanism of Action: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the
o
uptake of glucose into cells and by inhibiting glucose production in the liver.
o Indication/s: Diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia
o Contraindications: Hypoglycemia
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood glucose levels, assess for
hypoglycemia, and educate on proper insulin administration
3. Metformin
o Brand Name: Glucophage
o Stock Dosage: 500-1000 mg PO
o Classification: Biguanide
o Mechanism of Action: Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and
enhances insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, helping to lower blood glucose
levels.
o Indication/s: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
o Contraindications: Renal impairment, metabolic acidosis
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, lactic acidosis
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood glucose levels, assess for
gastrointestinal symptoms, and educate on medication use
Drug Alignment:
o D5W and Insulin: D5W can be used to provide glucose while insulin helps to
manage blood glucose levels. Careful monitoring is required to balance glucose
levels and avoid hyperglycemia.
o D5W and Metformin: D5W does not directly interact with metformin. However,
patients on metformin should be monitored for glucose levels, especially if
receiving D5W to avoid potential hyperglycemia.
o Insulin and Metformin: These are often used together in managing diabetes.
Metformin improves insulin sensitivity, while insulin provides direct glucose
control. They work synergistically to maintain blood glucose levels within the
target range.
Group 9:
1. Citicoline
o Brand Name: Cognizin
o Stock Dosage: 500-2000 mg PO
o Classification: Nootropic
o Mechanism of Action: Citicoline increases the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine,
a key component of cell membranes, and enhances cognitive function and
neuroprotection.
o Indication/s: Cognitive impairment, stroke recovery
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to citicoline
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Headache, gastrointestinal discomfort
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor cognitive status, assess for side effects, and
educate on proper use
2. Nicardipine
o Brand Name: Cardene
o Stock Dosage: 20 mg IV infusion
o Classification: Calcium Channel Blocker
o Mechanism of Action: Nicardipine inhibits calcium ion influx into vascular
smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood
pressure.
o Indication/s: Hypertension, angina
o Contraindications: Severe aortic stenosis, hypersensitivity
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Hypotension, tachycardia, headache
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood pressure, assess for signs of
hypotension, and adjust infusion rate as needed
3. Clonidine
o Brand Name: Catapres
o Stock Dosage: 0.1-0.3 mg PO
o Classification: Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist
o Mechanism of Action: Clonidine stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the
central nervous system, reducing sympathetic outflow and lowering blood
pressure.
o Indication/s: Hypertension, withdrawal symptoms
o Contraindications: Hypotension, bradycardia
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Sedation, dry mouth, hypotension
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor blood pressure and heart rate, assess for
sedation, and educate on gradual discontinuation
Drug Alignment:
o Nicardipine and Clonidine: Both are used to manage hypertension, though they
have different mechanisms. They can be used together, but careful monitoring of
blood pressure and potential additive effects is necessary.
o Citicoline and Nicardipine/Clonidine: Citicoline does not interact directly with
these antihypertensive agents. It can be used as an adjunct in cognitive functions
while managing blood pressure with nicardipine or clonidine. Monitor for overall
therapeutic efficacy and side effects.
Group 10:
1. Tetanus Toxoid
o Brand Name: Tenivac
o Stock Dosage: 0.5 mL IM
o Classification: Vaccine
o Mechanism of Action: Tetanus toxoid stimulates the immune system to produce
antibodies against tetanospasmin toxin, providing immunity against tetanus
infection.
o Indication/s: Tetanus prophylaxis, booster doses
o Contraindications: Severe allergic reaction to vaccine components
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Local reaction, fever
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for allergic reactions, ensure proper
administration
2. Anti-Tetanus Immunoglobulin
o Brand Name: Baytet
o Stock Dosage: 250-500 units IM
o Classification: Passive Immunization
o Mechanism of Action: Provides immediate protection against tetanospasmin by
supplying pre-formed antibodies, which neutralize the toxin.
o Indication/s: Post-exposure prophylaxis, high-risk wounds
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to immunoglobulins
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Allergic reactions, serum sickness
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for allergic reactions, ensure correct dosage
and administration
3. Cefuroxime
o Brand Name: Ceftin
o Stock Dosage: 250-500 mg PO/IV
o Classification: Cephalosporin Antibiotic
o Mechanism of Action: Cefuroxime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by
binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.
o Indication/s: Bacterial infections, respiratory infections
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or penicillins
o Side Effects and Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions
o Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for signs of infection resolution, assess for
allergic reactions, and ensure proper dosage
Drug Alignment:
o Tetanus Toxoid and Anti-Tetanus Immunoglobulin: Both are used in tetanus
prophylaxis but serve different purposes. Tetanus toxoid is used for long-term
protection, while anti-tetanus immunoglobulin provides immediate protection.
They can be used together in cases of high-risk wounds.
o Cefuroxime and Tetanus Toxoid/Anti-Tetanus Immunoglobulin: Cefuroxime
does not interact with tetanus prophylaxis vaccines or immunoglobulins but may
be used for concurrent bacterial infections. Ensure that antibiotics and tetanus
prophylaxis are administered appropriately without interfering with each other’s
efficacy.