Accuracy

The quality or state of being correct or precise

Ambiguity

The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.

Anaphora

The use of a word referring back to a word used earlier in a text or conversation, to avoid repetition, for
example the pronouns he, she, it, and they and the verb do in I like it and so do they.

Assimilation

The absorption and integration of people, ideas, or culture into a wider society or culture.

Back channelling

Back channelling is the feedback which a listener gives to a speaker to show that (s)he is following, or
understands what the speaker is saying.

Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a learning theory that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts any
independent activities of the mind.

Bilingual

Speaking two languages fluently

Cognitive load

Cognitive load refers to the used amount of working memory resources. Cognitive load theory differentiates
cognitive load into three types: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane.

Cohesive devices

Cohesive devices are words used to show how the different parts of a text fit together. In other words, they
create cohesion. Some examples of cohesive devices are: determiners and pronouns, which can refer back to
earlier words. Conjunctions and adverbs, which can make relations between words clear.
Colloquial speech

Colloquial speech conversational, informal refer to types of speech or to usages not on a formal level

Communicative competence

Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical

Competence

The term linguistic competence refers to the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to
use and understand a language

Competency-based assessment

Competency-based assessment is a form of assessment that is derived from the specification of a set of
outcomes. It states clearly the expected outcomes

Computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is the branch of linguistics in which the techniques of computer science are
applied to the analysis and synthesis of language and speech.

Conversational adjustments

Conversational adjustments are the modifications that are made in terms of the interaction and content of the
utterance

Deictic reference

A deictic expression or deixis is a word or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then, here) that
points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking .Deixis is expressed in English by way
of personal pronouns, demonstratives, adverbs, and tense

EAP

English for Academic Purposes

EFL
English as a Foreign Language

ESP

English for Specific Purposes

Fallacies of reasoning

A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an
argument. A formal fallacy can be expressed neatly in a standard system of logic, such as propositional
logic, while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form.

Fluency

The quality or condition of being fluent

Grammar translation method

grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical
(sometimes called traditional) method of teaching

Historical corpus linguistics

The modern field of corpus linguistics – based around the computer-aided analysis of extremely large
databases of text – is largely a phenomenon of the late 1950s onwards.

IELTS

International English Language Testing System

Interactional linguistics

linguistics is an interdisciplinary approach to grammar and interaction in the fields of linguistics, the
sociology of language, and anthropology

Interactive listening

Interactive listening requires learners to engage in face-to-face interactions where they often alternate
between the roles of listener and speaker

Language acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive. Input in the linguistic
context is defined as "All words, contexts, and other forms of language to which a learner is exposed,
relative to acquired

Language-focused learning

Language-focused learning has many names ? focus on form, form-focused instruction, deliberate study and
deliberate teaching, learning as opposed to acquisition, intentional learning and so on. It involves the
deliberate learning of language features such as pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, grammar and discourse.

Lexical resource

A lexical resource (LR) is a database consisting of one or several dictionaries. Depending on the type of
languages that are addressed, the LR may be qualified as monolingual, bilingual or multilingual. For
bilingual and multilingual LRs, the words may be connected or not connected, from a language to another.

Lexicography

The activity or occupation of compiling dictionaries.

Metacognition

Metacognition is our ability to think about our own thinking or “cognition

Metacognitive awareness

Metacognitive awareness refers to a state of consciousness of our own thoughts as we focus on a particular
cognitive or learning situation

Metacognitive instruction

Metacognitive instruction refers to pedagogical procedures that enable learners to increase awareness of the
listening process by developing richer metacognitive knowledge about themselves as listeners, the nature
and demands of listening, and strategies for listening

Natural Approach

In the natural approach, language output is not forced, but allowed to emerge spontaneously after students
have attended to large amounts of comprehensible language input.

Oral channel

Oral communication is the process of expressing information or ideas by word of mouth.

The term linguistic performance was used by Noam Chomsky in 1960 to describe "the actual use of
language in concrete situations".[1] It is used to describe both the production, sometimes called parole, as
well as the comprehension of language.

Podcasts

Podcasts are audio or video files published via the internet

Pragmatic competence

In linguistics, pragmatic competence is the ability to use language effectively in a contextually appropriate
fashion. Pragmatic competence is a fundamental aspect of a more general communicative competence

Pragmatic processing

Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical
considerations. "a pragmatic approach to politics"

Pre-listening

Pre-listening activities are things learners do before a listening activity in order to prepare for listening. Pre-
listening tasks include discussion questions, true or false statements, vocabulary work, prediction tasks and
brainstorming the topic.

Prosody

The patterns of stress and intonation in a language

Register analysis

Register analysis can be used to determine authenticity of language in relation to lexical and grammatical
features

Schema

Schema theory states that all knowledge is organized into units. Within these units of knowledge, or
schemata, is stored information.

Schemata
A schema is a generalized description or a conceptual system for understanding knowledge-how knowledge
is represented and how it is used.

Selective listening

selective listening refers to listening with a planned purpose in mind

Semantic processing

Semantic processing is the processing that occurs after we hear a word and encode its meaning. Semantic
processing causes us to relate the word we just heard to other words with similar meanings. Once a word is
perceived, it is placed in a context mentally that allows for a deeper processing.

Social cues

A social cue can either be a verbal or non-verbal hint, which can be positive or negative. These cues guide
conversation and other social interactions.

Subtitles

Subtitles are translations of the sound track of a film or television program

Syntactic parsing

Syntactic parsing is the task of recognizing a sentence and assigning a syntactic structure to it.

TOEFL

Test of English as a Foreign Language