DESIGN OF LOW-PASS CHEBYSHEV FILTER

For designing a Chebyshev IIR digital filter, first an analog filter is designed
using the given specifications. Then the analog filter transfer function is transformed to digital
filter transfer function by using either impulse invariant transformation or bilinear
transformation.
The analog Chebyshev filter is designed by approximating the ideal frequency response
using an error function. There are two types of Chebyshev approximations.
In type-1 approximation, the error function is selected such that the magnitude response is
equiripple in the passband and monotonic in the stopband.
In type-2 approximation, the error function is selected such that the magnitude function is
monotonic in the passband and equiripple in the stopband. The type-2 magnitude response is
also called inverse Chebyshev response. The type-1 design is discussed.
The magnitude response of type-1 Chebyshev low-pass filter is given by

Where ε is attenuation constant given by

A1 is the gain at the passband edge frequency ω1 and Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind
of degree N given by

cN (x) = {cos(N cos1 x), for x  1

= {cos (N cosh 1 x), for x  1
and is the 3 dB cutoff frequency.
The frequency response of Chebyshev filter depends on order N. The approximated response
approaches the ideal response as the order N increases. The phase response of the Chebyshev filter
is more nonlinear than that of the Butterworth filter for a given filter length
N. The magnitude response of type-1 Chebyshev filter is shown in Figure 6.

(a) (b)
Figure 6 Magnitude response of type–I Chebyshev filter.

The design parameters of the Chebyshev filter are obtained by considering the low-pass
filter with the desired specifications as given below.
 The corresponding analog magnitude response is to be obtained in the design process.
We have

Assuming we will have

. Therefore, from the above inequality involving A2 , we get

Assuming equality in the above equation, the expression for ε is

The order of the analog filter, N can be determined from the inequality for

Choose N to be the next nearest integer to the value given above. The values of and
are determined from ω1 and ω2 using either impulse invariant transformation or bilinear
transformation.
The transfer function of Chebyshev filters are usually written in the factored form as
given below.
When N is even,

When N is odd, where

 For even values of N and unity dc gain filter, the parameter Bk are evaluated using the
equation:

For odd values of N and unity dc gain filter, the parameter Bk are evaluated using the
equation:

Poles of a NORMALIZED Chebyshev filter

The transfer function of the analog system can be obtained from the equation for the
magnitude squared response as:

For the normalized transfer function, let us replace by sn.

The normalized poles in the s-domain can be obtained by equating the denominator of
the above equation to zero, i.e., N n
to zero.

The
The solution to the above expression gives us the 2N poles of the filter given by

sn = – sin x sinh y + jcos x cosh y =σn +jΩn

where n = 1, 2, ..., (N+1)/2 for N odd

= 1, 2, ..., N/2 for N even

And (2n  1)π n = 1,2, ..., N

x=
2N

The unnormalized poles, s’n can be obtained from the normalized poles as shown below.
 The normalized poles lie on an ellipse in s-plane. Since for a stable filter all the poles
should lie in the left half of s-plane, only the N poles on the ellipse which are in the left half of
s-plane are considered.
For N even, all the poles are complex and exist in conjugate pairs. For N odd, one pole is
real and all other poles are complex and occur in conjugate pairs.

Design procedure for low-pass digital Chebyshev llR filter

The low-pass Chebyshev IIR digital filter is designed following the steps given below.
Step 1 Choose the type of transformation.
(Bilinear or impulse invariant transformation)
Step 2 Calculate the attenuation constant .

Step 3 Calculate the ratio of analog edge frequencies .

For bilinear transformation,

Step 4 Decide the order of the filter N such that

Step 5 Calculate the analog cutoff frequency

For bilinear transformation,

Step 6 Determine the analog transfer function Ha(s) of the filter.

When the order N is even, Ha(s) is given by

When the order N is odd, Ha(s) is given by

where
 For even values of N and unity dc gain filter, find such that

For odd values of N and unity dc gain filter, find such that

(It is normal practice to take B0 = B1 = B2 = ... = Bk)

Step 7 Using the chosen transformation, transform Ha(s) to H(z), where H(z) is
the transfer function of the digital filter.
[The high-pass, band pass and band stop filters are obtained from low-
pass filter design by frequency transformation].

Properties of Chebyshev filters (Type 1)

1. The magnitude response is equiripple in the passband and monotonic inmn the
stopband.
2. The chebyshev type-1 filters are all pole designs.
3. The normalized magnitude function has a value of at
the cutoff frequency
4. The magnitude response approaches the ideal response as the value of N increases.

EXAMPLE 14

Design a Chebyshev IIR digital low-pass filter to satisfy the constraints.

0.707  H( ω )  1, 0  ω  0.2π
 H( ω )  0.1, 0.5π  ω π

using bilinear transformation and assuming T = 1 s.

Solution: Given
A1 = 0.707, ω1 = 0.2π
A2 = 0.1, ω2 = 0.5π
T = 1 s and bilinear transformation is to be used. The low-pass Chebyshev IIR digital filter is
designed as follows:
Step 1 Type of transformation
Here bilinear transformation is to be used.
Step 2 Attenuation constant

Step 3 Ratio of analog edge frequencies, .

Since bilinear transformation is to be used,

Step 4 Order of the filter N

Step 5 Analog cutoff frequency

Step 6 Analog filter transfer function Ha(s)

 For N even,

That is B1 = c1 x 0.707 = 0.707 x 0.707 = 0.5.

Therefore, the system function is:

On simplifying, we get


Step 7 Digital filter transfer function H(z)



  
 EXAMPLE 15
Determine the system function H(z) of the lowest order Chebyshev IIR
digital filter with the following specifications:
3 dB ripple in passband 0 ≤ω ≤ 0.2 π
25 dB attenuation in stopband 0.45π ≤ ω≤ π
Solution: Given
α1 = 3 dB, k1 =  3dB and hence A1 = 10k1/20 = 103/20 = 0.707
α2 = 25 dB, k2 =  25dB and hence A2 = 10k2 /20 = 1025/20 = 0.0562
ω 1 = 0.2π and ω2 = 0.45π
Let T = 1 and bilinear transformation is used

Attenuation constant

Ratio of analog frequencies

Order of filter

Analog cutoff frequency

Analog filter transfer function for N = 3.

For N odd

Using bilinear transformation, H(z) is given by

EXAMPLE 16
The specification of the desired low-pass filter is:

0.9  H(ω )  1.0 ; 0  ω  0.3 π

H ( ω )  0.15; 0.5π  ω  π
Design a Chebyshev digital filter using the bilinear transformation.
Solution: Given
A1 = 0.9, ω 1 = 0.3 π
A2 = 0.15, ω 2 = 0.5 π
 The Chebyshev filter is designed as per the following steps:
Step 1 The bilinear transformation is used.
Step 2 Attenuation constant

Step 3 Ratio of analog edge frequencies

Step 4 Order of the filter N

So order of the filter is N = 3. Let T = 1 s.

Step 5 Analog cutoff frequency



Step 6 Analog transfer function Ha(s)

When k = 1,
When s = 0

Let Ha(0) = 1, 1.935 B0B1 = 1

1
Let B0 = B1, B02 = = 0.516 or B0 = 0.718
1.935
B0 = B1 = 0.86
0.516 (1.442)
Ha (s) =
(s + 0.577) (s2 + 0.577s + 1.29)

= 0.744
(s + 0.577) (s2 + 0.577s + 1.29)
Step 7 Digital transfer function
 EXAMPLE 17
Determine the system function of the lowest order Chebyshev digital
filter that meets the following specifications.
2 dB ripple in the passband 0 ≤ω ≤ 0.25 π
Atleast 50 dB attenuation in stopband 0.4π ≤ω ≤ π
Solution: Given
Ripple in passband = 2 dB, i.e. k1 = –2 dB A1 = 10k1/20 = 102/20 = 0.794
Attenuation in stopband = 50 dB, i.e. k2 = –50 dB A2 = 10k2 /20 = 1050/20 = 0.0031

A1 = 0.794, ω1 = 0.25π
A2 = 0.003, ω2 = 0.4π
The Chebyshev filter is designed as per the following steps:
Step 1 Type of transformation
Let us choose bilinear transformation.

Step 2 Attenuation constant

Step 3 Ratio of analog edge frequencies,

Step 4 Order of the filter N

Step 5 Analog cutoff frequency

Step 6 Analog transfer function Ha(s)

Let B1 = B2 = B3 and let Ha(0) = 1

Step 7 Digital filter transfer function H(z) taking T = 1s.

EXAMPLE 18
Determine the lowest order of Chebyshev filter that meets the following
specifications:
(i) 1 dB ripple in the passband 0 ω  0.3π
(ii) Atleast 60 dB attenuation in the stopband 0.35π  ω π
Use the bilinear transformation.
Solution: Given ω1 = 0.3 , ω2 = 0.35

1 dB ripple, so α 1 = 1 dB or k1 = –1 dB A1 = 10k1/20 = 101/20 = 0.891

60 dB attenuation, so α2 = 60 dB or k2 = – 60 dB
Step 1 Bilinear transformation is to be used.
Step 2 Attenuation constant

Step 3 Ratio of analog edge frequencies

 Step 4 Order of the filter

So the lowest order of the filter is N = 14.