Name: __________________
CHAPTER 6: ACID &
ALKALI Class: __________________
By: Pn Maya Muhaiza Zulkefli =)
6.1 Properties of Acids and Alkalis Refer textbook page 96
Water is a ______________________ of all life on Earth.
More than ________ of the Earth’s surface is covered by water.
Pure water is ______________, _____________ and _______________.
It exists as ____________ at room temperature.
Water has a ________ surface tension. Surface tension is a result of ___________
_____________ between the molecules of water at the surface.
Cohesive force between water molecules and ___________________ between water
molecules and the cell walls of xylem allow ________to be drawn up from the _______
to the _________ of plants. This phenomenon is known as ______________________.
Form of water & change of the state of water:
Form of water:
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
Change of state:
- Boling
- Freezing
- Melting
- Condensation
_____________ and ___________ of heat to the surroundings result in the change of the
state of water.
Refer textbook page 97
Composition of water:
o Water is a compound which is made up of ___________ and ____________ that
combine _______________.
o We can determine the composition of elements in a water molecule through
________________.
Refer textbook page 97
Effects of Impurities on the Melting Point and Boiling Point of Water:
o Salt _________ the melting point of ice and ___________ the boiling point of
water. Other physical characteristics of water such as taste, smell and
o colour can also _________ in the presence of impurities.
Evaporation of Water
o Evaporation of water is the process that happens at the _________ of water
that changes water to __________.
o This process occurs at ______ temperature.
Refer textbook page 101
o Factors that Affect The Rate of Evaporation of Water:
_____________
- dry air contains less water vapour. Refer textbook page 104
- so, dry air can hold more water molecules.
- thus, the rate of evaporation of water increases.
______________________
- when surrounding temp. increase, water molecules gain more energy,
move
faster and escape into the air easily.
- thus, the rate of evaporation of water increases.
___________________________________
- larger surface area allows more water molecules to escape.
- thus, the rate of evaporation of water increases.
__________________________
- high speed wind causes the air at surface of water to dry
- thus, the rate of evaporation of water increases
Applications of Evaporation of Water in Daily Life:Refer textbook page 105
o process of _____________ clothes on clothes line
o sea salt is obtained from the _______________ of seawater
o dried seafood can be kept ____________ as microorganisms cannot survive
without water
o hair dryer blows hot air, _______________ evaporation rate of water
5.2 Physical Characteristics of Water Refer textbook page 106 - 108
Solute, Solvent and Solution:
o Solute = substance that can ______________ in a liquid.
o Solvent = ______________ that dissolves a substance.
o Solution = _______________ formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent
Dilute Solution, Concentrated Solution and Saturated Solution:
Solution and Suspension
o Solution = _________ mixture formed when a solute ___________ in a
solvent.
o Suspension = __________ mixture formed from _______________ solute
particles in a solvent.
Solubility = ____________ amount of the solute that can ___________ in 100 ml of
solvent at a _____________ temperature.
o Rate of Solubility: Refer textbook page 109 - 111
Factor Rate of solubility
Temperature The (higher/lower) the temperature of a solvent, the
(faster/slower) the solute will dissolve. A hot solvent supplies
(more/less) energy to the particles of solute to move rapidly. The
(higher/lower) the temperature of solvent, the higher/lower) the
rate of solubility.
Rate of Solutes dissolve (slower/faster) in solvent when stirred. Stirring
stirring separates the solute particles causing them to move
(faster/slower) into the spaces between solvent particles. The
(slower/faster) the rate of stirring, the higher/lower) the rate of
solubility.
Size of Solute in the form of powder dissolves (slower/faster) than the
solute ones of larger size. The (bigger/smaller) size of solute, the
higher/lower) the rate of solubility.
Colloid = mixture of two or more _________ dispersed ________ in a solvent.
o Colloids neither form a _______ mixture nor ______________.
o Colloids are ____________ between a solution and a suspension.
o Example of colloid: Refer textbook page 111 - 112
foam – _______________
emulsion – ___________, ________________, latex
gel – hair gel, jelly
Water as a Universal Solvent: Refer textbook page 112
o able to ___________ almost all substances, solids, liquids or gases.
o Uses of water as a universal solvent:
___________ dissolve in water and are absorbed by roots of plants.
_________ drinks are produced using water as a solvent.
water dissolves ____________ used in cleaning process.
Organic Solvents (carbon-based):
o can be used to dissolve solutes that are __________ in water.
o The characteristic of organic solvents which is __________ enables these
solvents to be used widely in manufacturing __________ substances such as
spray paint, perfumes and pesticides.
o organic solvents must be handled __________ as there are certain organic
solvents which can be ____________ to health.
Refer textbook page 113-114
5.3 Water Purification and Water Supply
Water cannot be used ____________ as it contains impurities, microorganisms and
dissolved substances.
Water needs to be ____________ and treated in order to be __________ for human
consumption.
Water purification can _____________ odour, taste, colour, microorganisms and
dissolved substances so that the water can be ___________for various purposes.
Water Purification Method:
o Boiling
to kill ________________ but cannot remove suspended substances,
dissolved substances, rubbish and silt.
o Filtration
to separate __________ particles, rubbish and silt from liquid but
cannot remove microorganism and dissolved substances.
o Chlorination
to kill ________________ but cannot remove suspended substances,
dissolved substances, rubbish and silt.
o Distillation
to separate __________ particles, __________ substances and kill
________________ to produce pure water but no dissolved minerals.
Solving the Problems of Water Supply
Refer textbook page 115
o Singapore has limited water supply.
o They use modern technologies to recycle ________ into drinking water and
for industrial uses.
o The project is called ____________.
Other than the natural resources of water, alternative ways such as
recycling of water, fog harvesting and purification of seawater
through reverse osmosis are used to provide water supply for daily use.
Water Supply System
Refer textbook page 115-116
Where the tap water comes from?
o Water collected from sources such as ________ and rain is conveyed to
_______________________ plants prior to its distribution to consumers.
o Bacteria, algae and minerals are some of the substances ___________
during the water purification process.
Refer textbook page 117
Process Function
Filtration
Removes large _____________ particles such as tree branches
and leaves.
Oxidation Increases _______________ content in the water to get rid of
______________ smell and taste.
Coagulation
• _____________ is added so that mud particles __________
together and ____________ to the bottom of the tank.
• ______________ (calcium hydroxide) is added to reduce the
_____________ of water.
Sedimentation
_____________________ deposit at the __________ of the tank.
Filtration __________________ remaining suspended particles through
_________ filters.
Chlorination and
• Chlorine is added to kill _________________ in water.
fluoridation
• Sodium fluoride is added to prevent ___________________.
Water Sustainability: Refer textbook page 118
o ________________ are the main water source in Malaysia.
o Unfortunately, ______________________ makes the water unsuitable for
consumption and also results in _______________ impacts on the
environment.
o ________________ projects, ____________ and __________________ activities are
among the main sources of water pollution.