NOT
9
Science
Quarter 2 - Module 5
The Variety of Carbon Compounds
(design your own cover
page)
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
PEDRO T. MENDIOLA SR. MEMORIAL
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bagong Sikat, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
1
Science- Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 5: The Variety of Carbon Compounds First Edition, 2020
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What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. recognize the uses of common organic compounds;
2. describe and identify the properties and uses of
alcohols; and
3. describe and identify the properties and uses of
ketones and aldehydes.
What I Know (Pretest)
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully.
Choose the BEST answer.
1. Which of the following statements best describe
organic compounds?
A. Organic compounds are composed mainly of
carbon and hydrogen.
B. Organic compounds are compounds that contain
carbon atoms only.
C. Organic compounds are compounds that are
produced by living things.
D. Organic compounds are compounds that contain
carbon and oxygen only.
2. How do carbon atoms form many organic
compounds?
A. by attracting other elements toward themselves to
form the bonds
B. by sharing their electrons with other metal and
non-metal elements
C. by transferring their electrons to the atoms of
surrounding elements
D. by forming many bonds with other carbon atoms
and other elements
3. What is the maximum number of bonds can a
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carbon atom form?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
4. Emmanuel Juan, a fisherman, went home with
some of his catch and told his son to cook the fish.
But his son said, “Father, the stove ran out of fuel
already.” Then his father told him to buy some so that
they could start cooking the fish. Which organic
compound do you think the boy will buy?
A. Gasoline C. isopropyl alcohol
B. lubricating oil D. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
5. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds
is highly flammable?
A. gasoline, acetone
B. water, ethyl alcohol
C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol
D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene
6. Honey is applying something to the ball bearings of
the wheels of her bicycle so that friction will be
minimized. Which of the following material do you
think she is using?
A. vinegar C. kerosene
B. isopropyl alcohol D. lubricating oil
7. A gasoline boy was being scolded by his store
manager for smoking in the vicinity of the gasoline
station. Why do you think the manager scolded his
employee?
A. because gasoline is viscous
B. because gasoline has a bad odor
C. because gasoline has a black color
D. because gasoline is volatile and flammable
8. Amidst COVID-19, DOH advised everyone to
thoroughly disinfect their hands with .
A. formalin C. acetone
B. isopropyl alcohol D. kerosene
9. Ethene is a natural gas produced in plants, which
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acts as a natural ripening agent of fruits. Which of the
following organic compounds has the same ability to
ripen fruits?
A. Butane B. propene C. acetylene D. pentyne
10. What is the common use of methane?
A. fertilizer C. fuel
B. Disinfectant D. artificial ripening agent
11. Which are TRUE about the use of isopropyl alcohol?
I. Cleaner II. Fuel III. Disinfectant IV. Fertilizer
A. I, II, and III only B. II and III only
C. III and IV only D. I and IV only
12. Salvador has to remove the red paint in the
paintbrush so that he could still use it again next time.
What organic compound should he use to remove the
paint in the paintbrush?
A. acetic acid C. kerosene
B. lubricating oil D. formaldehyde
13. Which of the following compounds is a carbonyl
compound?
14. What organic compound is used by embalmers in
treating human cadavers?
A. acetic acid B. formaldehyde
C. methyl alcohol D. acetone
15. Which compound is an alcohol?
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Lesson The Variety of Carbon Compounds
1
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. recognize the uses of common organic compounds;
2. describe and identify the properties and uses of
alcohols; and
3. describe and identify the properties and uses of
ketones and aldehydes.
What’s In
In the previous module, you have learned how the
structure of a carbon atom affects the types of bonds it
forms. Carbon forms covalent bonds with atoms of
carbon or other elements. When it bonds only with
hydrogen, it forms compounds called hydrocarbons.
You may wonder why you need to study carbon and
how it is important in our daily life.
This module is made for you to learn about the
uses and properties of common organic compounds
like alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes and ketones.
Simple activities are provided to help you understand
each lesson. Self-tests are also provided to help you
check your understanding and progress in each lesson.
What’s New
Matching Type: Identify the substances in Column A
whether it is organic or inorganic.
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Guide Questions:
1. What element all organic compounds have in
common?
2. What is the most common use for most of the
lightweight organic compounds (fewer than 10
carbon atoms)?
3. How does the composition of organic foods
compare to the composition of organic fuels?
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What Is It
Organic compounds are group of compounds
that contain the element carbon. Organic compounds
contain carbon and hydrogen combined with other
elements namely oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous,
sulfur, and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and
iodine). Ethyl alcohol, acetone, gasoline, naphthalene,
acetic acid, vanillin, acetylene, and esters are just a
few examples of many useful organic compounds.
These kinds of compounds are produced by plants
and animals. However, these carbon-containing
compounds can also be produced artificially.
There are also organic compounds that are
produced from petroleum: liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), gasoline, lubricating oil, and kerosene. These
compounds have different uses in the community
such as for fuel, lubrication, cleaner, etc.
Many organic compounds are formed because of
the special characteristics of the element carbon. A
carbon atom has four (4) valence electrons. This
kind of atomic structure makes the carbon atom able
to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other
elements and other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can
also make many types of arrangements: single bond,
double bond, and triple bond. With these abilities of
the carbon atoms, chemical bonds between carbon
atoms and other elements can form different kinds of
compounds with a short and long straight and
branched chained structures such as the following
compounds.
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What’s More
Activity 1: Organic Compounds – are
they useful?
Adapted and modified from Sci9 LRM, pp. 131-132)
Objective: In this activity, you will be able to recognize
the uses of common organic compounds.
1. Use the labels/pictures of the materials to answer
the following questions:
Q1. What do you think are the characteristics of the
materials which give their uses?
Q2. Why do you think these kinds of organic
compounds are very important?
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Complete the table about the uses of the compounds.
Using a checkmark, indicate the uses of the
compounds. You may have more than one checkmark
per sample depending on its use/s.
You just learned the important uses of common
organic compounds that are commonly used. In the
next activity, you will learn about the properties and
uses of the carbon compound with functional
groups—alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes.
What’s New
Encircle the word/s from the choices inside the
square bracket [ ] that best completes the sentence.
Alcohols are compounds in which one or more
hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an
[alkyl, hydroxyl] group. Thus, an alcohol molecule
consists of two parts. The first one has the [alkyl,
hydroxyl] and the other has the hydroxyl group.
The boiling point of alcohol is always significantly
[higher, lower] than that of the alkane, and the
boiling points of the alcohol [increase, decreases] as
the number of carbon atoms increases. The patterns
in the boiling point reflect the patterns in
[intramolecular, intermolecular] attractions.
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As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases,
the solubility in water [increases, decreases]. The
viscosity of alcohol increases as the size of the
molecules [increases, decreases]. The flammability of
alcohol [increases, decreases] as the size and mass of
the molecules increases.
Every kind of organic compound has specific
properties or characteristics. Although these
compounds may show similarities in some properties,
these compounds do not have the same properties.
Alcohols are another group of organic compounds.
These organic compounds also have very important
uses. Some alcohols are used as antiseptic or
disinfectant, some are used as cleaning agents, others
are used as components of liquors and a few alcohols
are used as fuel for portable stoves or other types of
burners.
What Is It
Alcohols are compounds in which one or more
hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by
an -OH group. Thus, an alcohol molecule consists of
two parts. The first one has the alkyl group (-CH) and
the other has the hydroxyl group (-OH).
They have a sweet odor and exhibit a unique set
of physical and chemical properties. The presence of
the hydroxyl group is the main factor in determining
the properties of alcohol. Let us now look at the
prominent physical properties of alcohol.
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Physical Properties of Alcohol
You may ask why it is important. Well, you need
to know the physical properties of these organic
compounds to be able to use them for our benefit.
Imagine how would it be if alcohol were not miscible in
the water? Therefore, you will look at the physical
properties of alcohol first.
1. Boiling Points
[Link]
The chart above shows the boiling points of the
simple primary alcohols with up to 4 carbon atoms.
These boiling points are compared with those of the
equivalent alkanes (methane to butane) with the
same number of carbon atoms.
Notice that the boiling point of alcohol is always
significantly higher than that of the analogous alkane,
and the boiling points of the alcohols increase as the
number of carbon atoms increases. The patterns in
the boiling point reflect the patterns in intermolecular
attractions, that is, Hydrogen Bonding between
hydroxyl groups of alcohol molecules. While alkanes,
however, have van der Waals forces as their
intermolecular forces.
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2. Solubility in Water
Alcohols are soluble in water. This is due to the
hydroxyl group in the alcohol which can form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Alcohols
with a smaller hydrocarbon chain are very soluble. As
the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, the
solubility in water decreases, because it requires
more energy to overcome the hydrogen bonds between
the alcohol molecules as the molecules are more
tightly packed together as the size and mass increases.
3. Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a fluid that resists
the force tending to cause the fluid to flow. The
viscosity of alcohol increases as the size of the
molecules increases. This is because the strength of
the intermolecular forces increases, holding the
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molecules more firmly in place.
4. Flammability
The flammability of alcohols decreases as the
size and mass of the molecules increases.
Combustion breaks the covalent bonds of the
molecules, so as the size and mass of the molecules
increases, there are more covalent bonds to break in
order to burn that alcohol. Hence, more energy is
required to break the bonds, therefore the flammability
of alcohol decrease as the size and mass of molecules
increases.
Sample Uses of Alcohols
Alcohol Source Use/s
1. Methanol produced by fuel for automobile
(wood alcohol) heating wood engines,
chips in the polar organic
absence of air solvent
2. Ethanol produced
through motor fuel,
(grain alcohol)
fermentation of gasoline
fruit juices
made by indirect industrial solvent,
3. Isopropyl hydration rubbing
alcohol of propylene alcohol
automotive
antifreeze, an
ingredient in
4. Ethylene glycol made from hydraulic fluids,
glycol ethylene printing inks and
paint solvents, a
reagent for
explosives,
polyesters, etc.
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by-product of primary explosive
soap in dynamite,
5. Glycerol
manufacture, coronary
(glycerine)
through the vasodilator,
saponification; solvent,
obtained by moisturizer,
fermentation
from molasses antifreeze,
and sugar lubricant, etc.
Alcohols have many uses in our everyday world.
They can be found in beverages, antifreeze, antiseptics,
and fuels. They can be used as preservatives for
specimens in science, and they can be used in
industry as reagents and solvents because they
display an ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar
substances. Alcohols are an important class of
molecules with many scientific, medical, and
industrial uses.
What’s More
Activity 2: Alcohols and Their Uses
(adapted and modified from Sci9 LRM)
Objective:
In this activity, you will be able to recognize the
uses and properties of alcohols.
Materials:
paper and pen pentel pen manila paper
Labels or Pictures of the following products:
15
Procedure:
1. Read the labels of the products that contain alcohol.
2. Complete the table below, by writing the names of
the products and the alcohol compounds that are
present in the labels of the product and their uses.
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Q1. What are the common products that contain
alcohol?
Q2. Why are these alcohols important?
1. Use the following illustrations of the structures of
common alcohols to answer the following questions.
Q3. What types of bonds are present in ethyl alcohol,
methyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol?
Q4. What accounts for the similar physical properties
of alcohol?
What Is It
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl
group, -C=O-. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is
located at the terminal end of the molecule, whereas
in ketones, the carbonyl group is located anywhere
between the two terminal ends of the molecule.
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In aldehydes, the carbonyl group has one
hydrogen atom attached to it together with either a
2nd hydrogen atom or a hydrogen group which may
be an alkyl group or one containing a benzene ring
(discussed on higher Chemistry).
You can notice that all these have the same end
to the molecule. The only difference is the complexity
of the other attached group.
In ketones, the carbonyl group has 2
hydrocarbon groups attached to it. These can be
either the ones containing benzene rings or alkyl
groups. Ketone does not have a hydrogen atom
attached to the carbonyl group.
The simplest aldehyde is formaldehyde which has
an irritating and pungent odor and is soluble in water.
While the acetone is the simplest and most important
ketone - which is colorless with pungent and sweet
odor.
Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
1. Boiling Points
Methanal is a gas (boiling point -21°C), and
ethanal has a boiling point of +21°C. That means that
ethanal boils at close to room temperature. The
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other aldehydes and the ketones are liquids, with
boiling points rising as the molecules get bigger.
The size of the boiling point is governed by the
strengths of the intermolecular forces.
Molecule Type Boiling
Point (◦C)
CH3CH2CH alkane -42
3
CH3CHO aldehyde +21
CH3CH2OH alcohol +78
Notice that the aldehyde (with dipole-dipole
attractions as well as dispersion forces) has a boiling
point higher than the similarly sized alkane which
only has dispersion forces. However, the aldehyde's
boiling point isn't as high as the alcohols. In alcohol,
there is hydrogen bonding as well as the other two
kinds of intermolecular attraction.
In general, as the size of the molecules
increases, the boiling point of the molecule
increases due to the increase in Van der Waals forces
between them. The boiling point of aldehydes and
ketones is higher than that of alkanes and ethers of
similar molecular mass, however, it is significantly
less compared to that of alcohols and carboxylic acids
due to the absence of H-bonding in aldehydes and
ketones.
2. Solubility in Water
The lower members of aldehydes and ketones
such as methanal, propanone, etc. are miscible with
water in all proportions because they form a
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hydrogen bond with water. As the length of the
alkyl chain increases, the solubility of aldehydes
and ketones decreases rapidly because the number
of carbon atoms increases in the chain. All aldehydes
and ketones are fairly soluble in organic solvents
like benzene, ether, methanol, chloroform, etc.
3. Odor
The lower aldehydes have sharp pungent odors.
However, as the size of the molecule increases, the
odor becomes less pungent and more fragrant.
Sample Uses of Aldehydes & Ketones
Compounds of plants and microorganisms
containing aldehydes and ketones include
cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon bark, Citra in
lemongrass, vanillin in vanilla bean, carvone in
spearmint and caraway, helminthosporal- a fungal
toxin, and camphor in camphor trees. Hormones of
animal and human origin contain aldehydes and
ketones such as muscone in musk deer, female sex
hormone- progesterone, male sex hormone-
testosterone, and adrenal hormone- cortisone.
A famous ketone “methadone” helps in curing
addiction of opiates such as heroin, opium, and
morphine. In this topic, we will study the many uses
of aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehydes Source Use/s
used for
pressed-wood
preserving tissue
1. Formaldehyde products
specimens and
(formalin) containing
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formaldehyde embalming
resins bodies; used to
sterilize soil or
other materials;
used in
the manufacture
of Bakelite
2. Acetaldehyde occurs used for the
(ethanal) naturally in production of
coffee, bread, acetic acid and
and ripe fruit, pyridine
and derivatives
is produced by
plants
3. from various flavoring agent
Propionaldehyde
plant sources,
(propanal)
e.g. banana,
melon,
pineapple,
bread, coffee,
cooked rice,
and
strawberry or
apple aroma
4. extracted from used in
Benzaldehyde several natural perfumes,
sources cosmetic
products, and
dyes; provide
almond flavor to
food products;
used as a bee
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repellent
Ketones Source Use/s
solvent for
1. Dimethyl
cumene process lacquer, acetylene,
ketone
plastics, and
(acetone)
varnishes; paint
and varnish
remover; solvent
Industrial solvent;
2. Butanone manufacture of
(methyl ethyl trees and some plastics and
ketone) fruits textiles; paint
remover; cleaning
agent
oxidation of used in the
3. cyclohexane production of
Cyclohexanone in air nylon
What’s More
Look around your household, find items or
substances that you think belongs to aldehydes and
ketones. List down at least five (5) of these items in
the table and cite their uses.
Substance/Item Use/s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What I Have Learned
I. Complete the table about the uses of the
compounds. Using a checkmark, indicate the uses of
the compounds. You may have more than one
checkmark per sample depending on its use/s.
22
I. Choose the correct statement that completes the
sentence by checking the circle beside your chosen
answer.
1. Aldehydes and ketones contain the
○ carbonyl group
○ alkyl group
2. The smallest ketone is
○ formalin
○ acetone
3. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is located
○ anywhere between the two terminal ends of
the molecule
○ at the terminal end of the molecule
4. Ethanal boils at close to
○ room temperature
○ desert temperature
5. As the size of the aldehyde and ketone molecules
increases, their boiling point
○ increases
○ decreases
6. Methanal and propanone are miscible with water in
all proportions because they
○ form covalent bond with water
○ form hydrogen bond with water
7. As the length of the alkyl chain increases, the
solubility of aldehydes and ketones
○ decreases
○ increases
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Summary
Organic compounds such as gasoline, kerosene,
ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, formaldehyde,
acetic acid, acetone, and lubricating oil have
important uses. These uses are based on their
specific chemical properties.
Ethyne or commonly known as acetylene is an
alkyne hydrocarbon with a chemical formula C2H2.
This organic compound is commonly used as fuel in
an oxy-acetylene welding torch. Ethyne (acetylene)
is also produced when Calcium carbide, CaC2,
reacts with water in the air. It has the ability to
hasten the ripening of fruits. That is why fruit
vendors use calcium carbide in ripening their fruits
in just a few days.
Ethene is a gaseous organic compound with a
chemical formula CH2CH2. It is a plant’s
compound that is responsible for the ripening of
fruits.
Alcohols are a group of organic compounds that
contain a hydroxyl group, -OH, that is chemically
bonded to a carbon atom in the compound. They
have special uses such as a disinfectant, fuel, and
as the main component (ethyl alcohol) of liquor and
other alcoholic drinks.
Carbonyl compounds like acetone and formaldehyde
have a carbonyl functional group, C=O, which is
chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the
compound. These common carbonyl compounds
also have important uses: acetone is used as a
cleaning agent like a nail polish remover, and
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formaldehyde is used in preserving organic
materials like an animal specimen. This is also the
compound used in embalming human cadavers.
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully.
Choose the BEST answer.
1. Honey is applying something to the ball bearings of
the wheels of her bicycle so that friction will be
minimized. Which of the following material do you
think she is using?
A. vinegar C. kerosene
B. isopropyl alcohol D. lubricating oil
2. A gasoline boy was being scolded by his store
manager for smoking in the vicinity of the gasoline
station. Why do you think the manager scolded his
employee?
A. because gasoline is volatile and flammable
B. because gasoline has a bad odor
C. because gasoline is viscous
D. because gasoline has a black color
3. Amidst COVID-19, DOH advised everyone to
thoroughly disinfect their hands with .
A. formalin C. kerosene
B. isopropyl alcohol D. acetone
4. Ethene is a natural gas produced in plants, which
acts as a natural ripening agent of fruits. Which of the
following organic compounds has the same ability to
ripen fruits?
A. Butane B. propene C. acetylene D. pentyne
5. What is the common use of methane?
A. Disinfectant C. artificial ripening agent
25
B. fertilizer D. fuel
6. Which are TRUE about the use of isopropyl alcohol?
I. Cleaner II. Fuel III. Disinfectant IV. Fertilizer
A. I, II, and III only C. III and IV only
B. II and III only D. I and IV only
7. Salvador has to remove the red paint in the
paintbrush so that he could still use it again next time.
What organic compound should he use to remove the
paint in the paintbrush?
A. acetic acid C. kerosene
B. lubricating oil D. formaldehyde
8. Which of the following compounds is a carbonyl
compound?
9. What organic compound is used by embalmers in
treating human cadavers?
A. acetic acid C. methyl alcohol
B. formaldehyde D. acetone
10. Which compound is an alcohol?
11. Which of the following statements best describe
organic compounds?
A. Organic compounds are compounds that contain
26
carbon and oxygen only.
B. Organic compounds are compounds that are
produced by living things.
C. Organic compounds are composed mainly of carbon
and hydrogen.
D. Organic compounds are compounds that contain
carbon atoms only.
12. How do carbon atoms form many organic
compounds?
A. by attracting other elements toward themselves to
form the bonds
B. by forming many bonds with other carbon atoms
and other elements
C. by sharing their electrons with other metal and
non-metal elements
D. by transferring their electrons to the atoms of
surrounding elements
13. What is the maximum number of bonds can a
carbon atom form?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
14. Emmanuel Juan, a fisherman, went home with
some of his catch and told his son to cook the fish.
But his son said, “Father, the stove ran out of fuel
already.” Then his father told him to buy some so that
they could start cooking the fish. Which organic
compound do you think the boy will buy?
A. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
B. gasoline
C. lubricating oil
D. isopropyl alcohol
15. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds
is highly flammable?
A. gasoline, acetone
B. water, ethyl alcohol
C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol
D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene
27
References
Abistado, Jonna M. and others. Science Links (Chemistry). Rex Book
Store, Manila, Phils.
Chang, Raymond. (1994). Chemistry Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
United States of America
Dickson, T. R. (1991). Study Guide, Introduction to Chemistry 6th Edition.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. United States of America
Espania, Nueva and Apostol, Joy A. Science and Tech. Chemistry III.
Abiva Publishing House Inc., Quezon City.
Glencoe Physical Science. (1997). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Kotz, John c., Treichel, Paul M., and Townsend, John R. (2010).
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity Enhanced Edition. Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning.
Properties of alcohols.
[Link] alcohols
S. N. Naik .(2011). Ripening- an important process in fruit development.
Head. Centre for Rural Development & Technology, IIT Delhi .
Retrieved from :
[Link]
/Fruit_ripeni ng_by_Prof_S.N._Nai_IIT_Delhi.pdf
Science 9 Learner’s Module, DEPED Philippines, (2014).
Teaching Resource Package S & T III-Chemistry. (1992). The Philippine-
Australian Science and Mathematics Education Project (PASMEP),
University of the Philippines Institute of Science and Mathematics
Education Development, and The Department of Education Culture
and Sports (DECS)
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