BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND
STATISTICS PROJECT WORK
TITLE: CONCEPT AND RULES REGARDING MATRIX
A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ANNUAL PROJECT REPORT
FOR +2 2ND YEAR IN COMMERCE, CHSE BOARD, ODISHA, 2022-23
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
CHRIST HIGHER SECONDARY
SCHOOL, CUTTACK
Name : AFIFA WASIM
College roll number : IC-21-057
Examination year : 2022-23
Regd. No : CA10C21057
CHSE roll number :
Sign of Student Date of Submission
Sign of Internal Examiner Sign of External Examiner
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DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that the project titled “CONCEPT AND RULES REGARDING
MATRIX” submitted to Christ Higher Secondary School, Cuttack, Odisha for the Annual Project
Report for +2 2nd Year in Commerce, is an original piece of work done by me and it has not been
published elsewhere or submitted for any other Degree or Diploma in full or in part.
Place:
Date: Signature of Student
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “CONCEPT AND RULES REGARDING
MATRIX” submitted by Afifa Wasim of +2 2nd Year Commerce Bearing Roll No
_______________ is a record of an independent research work carried out by her under my guidance
and supervision. Her work is original. This has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any
Degree or Diploma.
Place:
Date: Signature of the Guide
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my teacher Mr. Subrat Bal as well as our Principal
Mrs. Madhumita Patra who gave me the opportunity to do this ( BMS ) project on the topic
(CONCEPT AND RULES REGARDING MATRIX). I would like to thank them for encouraging
my research and allowing me to grow like a researcher.
A special thanks to my family, words cannot be express how grateful I am to my parents who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame. At the end I would like to
thank all my friends who supported me in writing and inspired me to strive towards my goal.
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ABSTRACT
Matrices is a way of representing data. Matrices will be used to organize data as well as to solve for
variables.
• The first section of this project gives the definition of matrices and its dimensions. After that
it states the various types of matrices.
• The second section explains the various rules regarding matrices and algebra of matrices.
• The final section of this project explains the concept of the inverse of a matrix. Just as real
numbers have multiplicative inverse, most matrices also have multiplicative original matrix,
yields the identity of the inverse of the matrix can be found using the cofactor method.
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CONTENT
[Link]. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. METHODOLOGY
4. CONCEPT OF MATRIX
5. TYPES OF MATRICES
6. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
7. RULES REGARDING MATRICES
8. TRANPOSE OF MATRIX
9. ADJOINT OF MATRIX
10. INVERSE OF MATRIX
11. CONCLUSION
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION:
This project consists of meaning of matrices, its types, rules regarding matrices and inverse of square
matrix through cofactor method. The concept of matrix is applied to solve business problems. A
matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers arranged in rows and columns. In a matrix, numbers
are presented in a logical order to express and discuss the real life business problems. The concept of
inverse of a matrix is analogous to that of the reciprocal of a real number. If a square matrix n*n
matrix and there exists another n*n matrix say A-1, with the property that A.A-1=A-1.A=1n then we
say that A-1 is the inverse of A.
OBJECTIVES:
This piece of project is based on the following objectives:-
i. To explain the concept of matrix.
ii. To know various rules regarding matrices.
iii. To explain the process of determining the inverse of matrix by using cofactor method.
METHODOLOGY:
Mainly the theoretical concept is explained with practical examples. In the following project the
method of Transpose, Inverse and Adjoint are taken into consideration.
CONCEPT OF MATRIX :
Rectangular arrangement of numbers or alphabets in rows and columns enclosed by a square bracket
or a common bracket is called a matrix. The numbers (Parameters or variables) are called elements
of the matrix. The numbers in a horizontal line are called rows while the numbers in a vertical line
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are called columns. The number of rows may not be equal to the number of columns. The numbers of
rows and the number of columns defines the dimension or order of the matrix. So, if there are m rows
and n columns, the order of the matrix will be m*n. It may be worthwhile to mention here that a
matrix is simply an arrangement of numbers and has no numerical value. Examples of Matrices are:
1 2 8
1 4
A=[ ] B =[1 4 3]
3 8
1 6 9
TYPES OF MATRICES :
Row Matrix: A matrix which has exactly one row is called a row matrix. It can have any
number of columns.
Example: [1 2 8]
Column Matrix: A matrix which has exactly one column is called a column matrix. It can
have any numbers of rows.
1
Example: [2]
8
Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the numbers of the
columns is called a square matrix.
1 4
Example: [ ]
3 8
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all elements except the leading diagonal elements
are zero is termed as diagonal matrix. In other words, all of its non-diagonal elements are
zero.
1 0 0
Example: [0 2 0]
0 0 8
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose leading diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.
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8 0 0
Example: [0 8 0]
0 0 8
Unit Matrix: A scalar matrix whose leading diagonal elements are unit (1) is termed as a
unit matrix and is denoted by I.
1 0 0
Example: [0 1 0]
0 0 1
Rectangular Matrix: When the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns, it is
termed as a rectangular matrix.
1 4 3
Example: [ ]
8 1 2
Null Matrix: If all the elements of a matrix are zero, it is called a null matrix or zero matrix.
0 0
Example: [ ]
0 0
Equal Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if both are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
Example: A = [ ] B=[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
Symmetric Matrix: A matrix is termed as a symmetric matrix if it is equal to its transpose.
In other words if A = A`.
1 5
Example: [ ]
5 4
Skew Symmetric Matrix: A matrix is called a skew-symmetric matrix if its negative is
equal to its transpose. In other words, if A` = -A.
0 𝑎
Example: [ ]
−𝑎 0
Sub Matrix: A matrix obtained from a given matrix by deleting some rows or columns or
both is called a sub matrix.
3 2 5
3 2
Example: A =[1 4 6] Sub matrix = [ ]
1 4
7 7 8
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Singular Matrix: A square matrix whose determinant is zero is called singular matrix.
3 2
Example: [ ]
3 2
Non singular Matrix: A square matrix whose determinant is not equal to zero is called a
non singular matrix.
4 5
Example: [ ]
3 6
Orthogonal Matrix: A square matrix is which the product of the matrix with its transpose
and vice versa is a unit matrix it is termed as an orthogonal matrix. In other words, A`.A = I.
ALGEBRA OF MATRICES:
Addition of Matrices:
Two matrices can be added if both are of the same order i.e.; both the matrices must have the
same number of rows and columns.
The sum of two matrices can be found out by adding together the corresponding elements of
the two matrices.
3 2 6 1 3 1
Example; If, A=[ ], B=[ ], then
1 2 0 4 2 6
3+1 2+3 6+1 4 5 7
A+B=[ ]=[ ]
1+4 2+2 0+6 5 4 6
Properties of matrix addition:
i. Associative law. A+B = B+A
ii. Commutative law. A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
iii. If O denotes null matrix of the same order as that of A then, A+O = O+A = A
iv. Existence of Inverse. If A+B = O, then B = -A or A = -B.
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Subtraction of matrices:
Two matrices are said to be conformable for subtraction if both are of the same order. The
result of subtraction or difference can be found out by subtracting the corresponding elements. For
example;
3 5 6 1 2 1
A = [1 4 5] and B = [3 2 6] then
3 1 2 2 0 3
3−1 5−2 6−1 2 3 5
A-B = [1 − 3 4 − 2 5 − 6] = [−2 2 −1]
3−2 1−0 2−3 1 1 −1
Multiplication of matrices:
Two matrices can be multiplied if the number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the
number of rows in the second matrix. In the matrix product A*B, the matrix A is called the pre-factor
and matrix B is called the post-factor. The order of the resultant matrix will be equal to the number
of rows of the first matrix and number of columns of the second matrix.
2 1
1 2 3
Example: A = [ ] B = [4 3]
4 5 6
6 5
1∗2+2∗4+3∗6 1∗1+2∗3+3∗5 28 22
A*B = [ ]= [ ]
4∗2+5∗4+6∗6 4∗1+5∗3+6∗5 64 49
Properties of matrix multiplication:
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i. If A and B are two matrices then AB may not be equal to BA.
ii. If A, B and C are three matrices then (AB) C = A (BC).
iii. Multiplication is distributive with respect to addition of matrices, i.e.; A(B+C) = AB+AC.
iv. (AB)` = B`.A`
v. AI = A = IA, where, I is a unit matrix.
vi. α(AB) = (α A) B = A (α B)
vii. The product of two non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.
Multiplicative Inverse of a square matrix:
If A and B are squares matrices of order n such that;
AB = I = BA [I = Unit Matrix]
Then B is called the multiplicative inverse of A and is written as A-1. Similarly, A is termed as the
multiplicative inverse of B and is written as B-1.
Thus, A A-1 = I = A-1A ( B = A-1 )
And B-1B = I = B B-1 ( A = B-1 )
For example;
4 3 4 −3
The matrices [ ] and [ ] are multiplicative inverse of each other as;
5 4 −5 4
4 3 4 −3 1 0
[ ][ ]=[ ]=I
5 4 −5 4 0 1
4 −3 4 3 1 0
And; [ ][ ]=[ ]=I
−5 4 5 4 0 1
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RULES REGARDING MATRICES:
1) Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if ;
a) Both the matrices are of the same order.
b) Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B.
2) Two matrices can be added or subtracted if both are of same order.
3) The addition of matrices is commutative. If A and B are two matrices of the same order then
A+B = B+A
4) Addition of a null matrix to a non zero matrix is the non zero matrix itself.
3 4 0 0 3 4
( )+( ) =( )
1 5 0 0 1 5
5) Matrix addition is associative. If A, B and C are three matrices of the same order, then A + (
B+C)=(A+B)+C
6) The sum of a matrix with its additive inverse will give rise to a null matrix i.e., A + (-A) = 0
7) Two matrices can be multiplied if, the number columns in the first matrix is equal to the
number of rows in the second matrix.
8) The product of a (m*n) matrix with (n*p) matrix will give rise to a matrix of (m*p) order.
9) Multiplication of matrices is not always commutative. So, if A and B are two matrices, then
AB ≠ BA.
10) Multiplication of matrices is associative. If A, B and C are three matrices, then (AB) C = A
(BC), provided the products are defined.
11) The product of a matrix with an identity matrix of the same order is the matrix itself. In other
words AI = A = IA.
12) The distributive laws hold good for matrices. If A, B and C are three matrices then A (B + C)
= AB + AC provided the addition and multiplication are defined.
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13) If A and B are square matrices of order n such that AB = I = BA, then B is called the
multiplicative inverse of A and is written as A-1. Similarly, A is called the multiplicative
inverse B and is written as B-1 . Thus; AA-1 = I = A-1A , B-1B = I = BB-1.
14) The inverse of a square matrix A exists if A is a non-singular matrix i.e., |A| ≠ 0.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX:
The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns is termed as a transposed matrix.
1 4
1 2 3
If A = [ ] then A` = [2 5]
4 5 6
3 6
Remarks :- (i) (A`) ` = A (ii) (A + B) ` = A` + B` (iii) (AB) ` = B`.A`
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX:
The adjoint of a square matrix is the transpose of the matrix of co-factors.
Procedure:
i. Find all the cofactors.
ii. Write them in matrix form.
iii. Then change the columns into rows and vice versa.
Example:
4 6 5 −3 5 −6
[ ] → [ ] → [ ]
3 5 −6 4 −3 4
Remarks: (Adj. A) A = A (Adj. A) = |A|I
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INVERSE OF A MATRIX:
Co-factor Method
The inverse of a square matrix A exists if |A| ≠ 0. In other words, inverse exists if the square
matrix is non-singular. The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by A-1.
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
The inverse of A is given by A-1 = |𝐴|
Remarks:-
i. A.A-1 = A-1.A = I
ii. B is called the inverse of A if AB = BA = I.
iii. (AB)-1 = B-1.A-1
Example:
2 0 6
If A = [1 3 −1 ] show that A (Adj A) = I3 |A|. Also find A-1.
4 5 −2
Solution:
First find all the cofactors.
3 −1 0 6 0 6
A11 = | | = -1, A21 = − | | = 30, A31 = | | = -18
5 −2 5 −2 3 −1
1 −1 2 6 2 6
A12 = − | | = -2, A22 = | | = -28, A32 = − | |=8
4 −2 4 −2 1 −1
1 3 2 0 2 0
A13 = | | = -7, A23 = − | | = -10, A33 = | |=6
4 5 4 5 1 3
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Writing the cofactors in matrix form we get
−1 −2 −7
[ 30 −28 −10] , then tranpose it to get Adj A.
−18 8 6
−1 30 −18
Thus, Adj A = [−2 −28 8 ]
−7 −10 6
2 0 6 −1 30 −18
A (Adj A) = [1 3 −1]×[−2 −28 8 ]
4 5 −2 −7 −10 6
−2 + 0 − 42 60 + 0 − 60 −36 + 0 + 36
= [ −1 − 6 + 7 30 − 84 + 10 −18 + 24 − 6 ]
−4 − 10 + 14 120 − 140 + 20 −72 + 40 − 12
−44 0 0
=[ 0 −44 0 ]
0 0 −44
1 0 0
=-44[0 1 0] = |A|.I3
0 0 1
|A| = a11. A11 + a12. A12 + a13. A13
= 2(-1) + 0(-2) + 6(-7) = -2 + 0 – 42 = -44
−1 30 −18 1/44 −15/22 9/22
𝐴𝑑𝑗 A
Finding A-1 = = [−2 −28 8 ]÷ (-44) = [1/22 7/11 −2/11]
|𝐴|
−7 −10 6 7/44 5/22 −3/22
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CONCLUSION
From this project we concluded the evaluation of matrix, its objectives and the methods used. Matrix
is the collection of numbers having equal number of rows and columns. There are different types of
matrices having its own value.
We came to know about the various rules regarding matrices which are much useful for solving
complex business problems. Specific problems like Transpose of a matrix, Adjoint of a matrix are
used to facilitate easy solution of a complex problem. We also find out the solution of Inverse of a
Matrix by using Cofactor Method. It is suggested that a linear equation can be solved easily by using
inverse matrix method.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sarat Kumar Sahoo, Elements of Business Mathematics and Statistics - II (4th Revised
Edition-2019), page no. - 2.2-2.25, 10.4-10.5.
Prof. (Dr.) P.K. Swain, 5C’s Sample papers Business Mathematics and Statistics -2020, page
no. – 235 – 239.
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