LABORATORY 2

EXAMINE THEVENIN’S THEOREM

OBJECTIVES:
✔ Know how to use Analog Discovery Studio Kit and Software Lab Instrument.

✔ Understand how to use Thevenin’s theorem to calculate the equivalent circuit.

PREPARATION:
✔ Understand LAB0 and get the prelab done before coming to the LAB session.

EXPERIMENT 1:
OBJECTIVES:
Examine Thevenin’s Theorem in practical circuit.

PROCEDURES:

✔ Choose five resistors and construct the circuit shown in Fig. 1. The resistor value:

R1= 220kΩ, R2 = 46kΩ, R3 = 1000kΩ, R4 = 3.3kΩ and R5 = 560kΩ (As always,

measure the actual resistance value).

✔ Use power supply 5V in kit Discovery, measure the voltage V5 across the resistor R5.

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Figure 1: Circuit of Experiment 1

✔ Remove R5. Measure the Thevenin’s open circuit voltage V oc, for the remaining

circuit which in shown in Fig 2.

Figure 2: Circuit of Experiment 1 after removing R5

Figure 3: Circuit of Experiment 1 after removing R5 and power supply.

✔ Remove power supply 5V and replace it with a wire. Use VOM to measure the

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equivalent Thevenin Rth for the remaining circuit which is shown in Fig 3.

✔ From the measure made above, draw Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit in Fig

1. After that, construct the circuit.

CHECK:

✔ The value of voltage V5 across R5?

The measure voltage value across resistor 5 = 1.503 Volts

The calculated voltage value across resistor 5 = 1.5 Volts

✔ The value of open circuit voltage?

The measure voltage value of the open circuit: Vth= 2,014 Volts

The calculated voltage value of the open circuit: Vth= 2 Volts

✔ The value of equivalent Thevenin Rth ?

Rth=(R1//R3)+(R2//R4)

1 1 −1 1 1
⇔ Rth = ( + ¿ + ( + ¿−1
220 1000 46 33

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⇔ Rth = 199.54 kOhms

The measure value of Thevenin resistance is 204 kOhms

✔ Draw Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit in Fig 1.

✔ After constructing the circuit which is drawn above, measure the voltage V 5Th

across R5? Compare this value to the V5 above? Are they the same? In
different case, try to explain why?

The value of the measured voltage across R5 is very close to the calculated voltage
across R5, with one being 1.5 and the other one being 1.502. This demonstrates that
the application of thevenin in calculating the voltage across resistor 5 is accurate.

EXPERIMENT 2:
OBJECTIVES:
Examine Thevenin’s Theorem in more complex circuit.

PROCEDURES:

✔ Choose resistors and construct the circuit shown in Fig. 4. The resistor value is filled

in Table 1. (As always, measure the actual resistance value).

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Figure 4: Circuit of Experiment 2

Table 1: Value of Resistor in Experiment 2

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

Value (Read) 4.7 0.33 220k 1000 560 33 47

kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms

Value 4.76 328.9 219.7 998 558 32.22 45.8

(Measure) kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms kOhms

✔ Use power supply 5V in kit Discovery, measure the voltage V 5 across the

resistor R5.

✔ Repeat steps in experiment 1 to calculate Thevenin equivalent circuit of the “big part”

circuit in Fig 5.

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Figure 5: Circuit to find Thevenin equivalent.

CHECK:

✔ The value of voltage V7 across R7?

The measure voltage across resistor 7 is 2.358 Volts

The calculated voltage value across resistor 7 is 2.69 Volts

✔ The value of open circuit voltage?

The measure voltage of the open circuit is 4.73 Volts

The calculated voltage value across resistor 7 is 4.7 Volts

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✔ The value of equivalent Thevenin Rth ?

The measured value of Thevenin equivalent resistance 36 kOhms

The calculated value of Thevenin equivalent resistance is 34.89 kOhms

✔ Draw Thevenin equivalents circuit of the circuit in Fig 5.

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✔ After construct the circuit which is drawn above, measure the voltage V 7Th

acrros R7? Compare this value this V 7 above? Are they the same? In different
case, try to explain why?

The calculated voltage across R7 and and the measured voltage across R7 is very
close, indicating that the Thevenin calculation is accurate.

EXPERIMENT 3:
OBJECTIVES:
Examine Thevenin’s Theorem in circuit which having two power supplies.

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PROCEDURES:

✔ Choose resistors and construct the circuit shown in Fig. 6. The resistor value is filled

in Table 1. (As always, measure the actual resistance value).

Table 1: Value of Resistor in Experiment 2

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

Value (Read) 47k 220k 4.7k 560k

Value (Measure) 45.8k 219.7 4.76k 568k

Figure 6: Circuit of Experiment 3

✔ Use power supply 5V in kit Discovery, measure the voltage V 4 across the

resistor R4.

The measured voltage across resistor 4 is 5.4v

✔ Repeat steps in experiment 1 to calculate Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit

without R4.

CHECK:

✔ The value of voltage V4 across R4?

The measured voltage of resistor 4 is 5.4Volts

The calculated voltage of resistor 4 is approximately - 5.51

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✔ The value of open circuit voltage?

The measured value of open circuit voltage is 5.8 volts

The calculated value of open circuit voltage is -5.9 Volts

✔ The value of equivalent Thevenin Rth ?

The measured Thevenin equivalent resistance value is 38.7 kOhms

The calculated value of Thevenin equivalent resistance value is 38.7 kOhms

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✔ Draw Thevenin equipvalent circuit of the circuit in Fig 6.

✔ After constructing the circuit which is drawn above, measure the voltage V 4Th

across R4? Compare this value to the V4 above? Are they the same? In
different case, try to explain why?

The calculated voltage of V4 using thevenin equivalent circuit is -5.51 is very close to
the voltage V4, which is -5.4. This demonstrates that the thevenin equivalent circuit is a
efficient ways to calculating the voltage of the resistor V4.

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✔ Can we use Thevenin’s Theorem for circuit which has more than one power

supplies? Give the application of Thevenin’s Theorem?

Yes, Thevenin's Theorem can be applied to circuits that have more than one power
supply. The theorem states that any linear bilateral network, which may include multiple
independent and dependent voltage or current sources, can be simplified into an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source (Thevenin voltage) in series with
a single resistance (Thevenin resistance) across a load. In circuits with multiple power
supplies, the superposition principle is often used to analyze the effects of each power
source individually. This involves temporarily "turning off" other power sources by
replacing voltage sources with short circuits and current sources with open circuits,
calculating the contribution of each source to the circuit. The contributions from each
source are then summed to determine the total effect, from which the Thevenin
equivalent voltage and resistance can be calculated. This makes Thevenin’s Theorem a
powerful tool for simplifying circuits that have multiple sources.

Thevenin's Theorem has various practical applications in circuit analysis and design. It
is especially useful for simplifying complex circuits, making them easier to analyze by
reducing the network to a simple equivalent circuit. This simplification is particularly
valuable when analyzing circuits with multiple loads or focusing on the behavior of a
specific section of a larger system. Thevenin’s Theorem is also widely used in load
analysis to calculate the voltage, current, or power delivered to a load by treating the
rest of the circuit as a Thevenin equivalent. In power systems, Thevenin’s Theorem
helps in analyzing fault conditions and load flow by simplifying sections of the network,
and it is also used in designing impedance-matching circuits for optimal power transfer.
Additionally, this theorem aids in troubleshooting and circuit modifications by providing a
simplified model of the circuit, allowing for focused analysis and easier design

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adjustments. Overall, Thevenin’s Theorem is an essential tool in electrical engineering
for analyzing and optimizing circuits, especially those with multiple power sources.

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