Task 1
AIM: Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the
block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and submit to your
instructor.
Peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions:
1. Cabinet:
This component holds all of the physical parts of a computer system. It is
usually designed in such a manner to make fitting a motherboard, wiring,
and primary and secondary storage devices as easy as possible. Cases
typically have extra connectors on the front of them for more convenience.
USB ports and headphone jacks are commonly found. Computer cases rely
on fans inside them to create proper airflow to keep all the internals cool and
working reliably.
2. Motherboard
The motherboard is the main board mounted directly inside the
computer case. All other cards plug directly into the motherboard. It
is a printed circuit board in which the CPU, RAM, drives, power
supply, expansion cards, and more are plugged into it.
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU or central processing unit is basically like the brain of computer
systems. It processes all the information on a computational level. It takes all
the processes from the RAM and processes them to perform the tasks
required by the computer system. The faster the processor, the more
instructions it can execute at any given time. The central processing unit is
usually seated in a socket that utilizes a lever or a latch with a hinged plate
with a cut-out in the center to secure the CPU onto the motherboard. It has
many copper pads underneath it for the socket contacts to push up against
them to make electrical contact. There are other ways CPUs can be attached
to the motherboard. It will run even hotter when set to a higher clock speed
to make it run faster. This is called overclocking. This is why a heatsink and
fan assembly are required to draw the heat away from the central processing
unit and distribute it to thin sheets or fins of metal for the fan to cool down.
There are so many different types of computer processors. The top
manufacturers of processors are Intel, AMD, and NVidia.
4. Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is a data storage device that can provide fast read and write access.
RAM is volatile memory, meaning it loses all the stored data when power is
lost. The RAM keeps data ready for the CPU to process. RAM used on the
motherboard often uses DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM (Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory) type memory.
5. Graphics Card or Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
A graphics card is an output device that processes the data from the
motherboard and sends the appropriate information to the computer’s
screen for display. You can connect monitors to it using HDMI, DisplayPort,
DVI, or VGA connectors.
6. Sound Card
Most of the time, the sound chip built into the motherboard is used for audio
output. A sound card can offer a wide range of connectivity with audio
equipment. Examples could be optical audio, a 1/4-inch jack, or RCA
connectors.
7. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
A hard drive is still found in many PCs to this day. A mechanical drive’s
purpose is to store all your information for retrieval at any time.
8. Solid State Drive (SSD)
An SSD is also a type of hard drive, but it doesn’t have any moving bits. It
consists of a bank of flash memory that can hold a reasonable amount of
information. While the capacity of SSDs is increasing, they aren’t cost-
effective for storing large amounts.
9. SMPS:
The full form of SMPS is Switched Mode Power Supply. It converts the AC mains
supply from the power cord from a wall socket and supplies the correct DC
voltages to all the parts of a computer.
10. Monitor or Visual Display Unit (VDU)
A monitor is an output device to visualize the graphics information sent from
the computer’s GPU. There are various types of monitors on the market. An
LED (Light Emitting Diode) backlit LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitor is the
most commonly used with a modern PC.
11. Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device that is one of the ways to communicate with a
computer. Typing a key from the keyboard sends a small portion of
information to tell it which key was pressed. Once the computer receives
input from the keyboard, it can use the keystrokes in digital form to produce
a specific task in any software being used.
12. Mouse
A mouse is an input device that allows the user to move a pointer displayed
on the monitor and experience a more intuitive interaction with computer
systems. A computer mouse is a handy pointing device that can be wired or
wireless.
13. Printer
A printer can take an image sent by a computer and deliver it onto a sheet of
paper. It does this by using the information from the computer, and by either
using toner or ink, it deposits one of these in a controlled and accurate
manner to form the image.
14. Scanner
A scanner can take anything on paper, and it functions by scanning it to
produce a replicated digital image for a computer to save.
15. Computer Speakers
Speakers can connect to the sound card at the rear of the computer.
16. A camera or webcam
Desktop users often use cameras when they’re not using a laptop or other
portable communication device with an inbuilt camera.
[Link] Chip:
BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware wok together
BIOS identification is BIOS name is available on chip or mother board
[Link] Slots &PCI (Expansion) Cards:
a. PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as
i. LAN (Ethernet) Card---Back view Ethernet port
ii. Sound Card- Back view Audio pin connectors)
iii. TV Tuner (Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter
iv. PCI Slots are white or yellow color
v. PCI Card has Single gap only
[Link] Bridge:
a. It is also called as controller
b. It is nearby socket 478
c. It placed middle of the mother board
d. It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic
signals
20. South Bridge:
e. It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out
devices
It is communicating PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip. Its nearby
CMOS battery.
21. CMOS Battery:
a. Computer is using a coin shape battery
b. It generates the clock signal and it manage system continues time.
22. Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2):
a. It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2.
b. It used to connecting Hard Disk Drive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.
23. Input & Output ports:
a. IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse,
monitor, printer, scanner, speakers etc...
24. AGP Slot & AGP Card:
a. AGP Slot is used install the AGP card.
b. AGP back view same as VGA port (15-female pins) and used to connecting
the monitors.
Block Diagram of Computer:
1. Input Unit
The input unit takes all the data received by the computer. The input unit
comprises different devices such as a mouse, keyboard, scanner, etc. All of
these devices act as intermediaries between the users and the computer.
The input unit takes the data that has to be processed. The raw data is
accepted by the computer in binary form. This data is then processed and
the desired output is produced.
The major functions of the Input Unit are-
The Input Unit takes the data to be processed by the user.
The data is then converted into machine-readable form.
The Input Unit then transmits the converted data into the main memory of
the computer.
The main purpose of this process is to connect the user and the computer by
creating an easy connection between them.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit or CPU is known as the brain of the computer.
Just like the human brain controls all human activities, the CPU also takes
care of all the tasks. The CPU is responsible for performing all the arithmetic
and logical operations within the computer. All the major calculations,
operations and comparisons are performed inside the CPU.
Some of the main functions of a CPU are-
All the components of a computer system, software, and data processing are
controlled by the CPU.
The Input devices provide data to the CPU which is then executed and then
the CPU sends the output to the Output devices.
All the operations including the arithmetical and logical are processed by the
CPU.
The CPU comprises two parts- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU (Control
Unit). These units work in sync to help the CPU process the whole data. Let
us know about these components-
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The Arithmetic Logic Unit is comprised of two terms- arithmetic and logic.
The two primary functions that the ALU performs are-
Data is entered into the primary memory via the input unit. Then, the ALU
carries out essential arithmetic operations on this data, including addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. After performing all sorts of
calculations required on the data, it sends back data to the storage.
The ALU also performs logical operations such as AND, OR, Equal to, Less
than, etc. In addition, it also handles tasks like merging, sorting, and
selecting the given data.
Control Unit (CU)
As the name suggests, the Control Unit (CU) is the controller of all the
activities, tasks and operations. All these operations are performed inside the
computer. The memory unit sends a set of instructions to the control unit
which is then converted by the CU. These instructions are then converted to
control signals. The purpose of these control signals is to help in prioritizing
and scheduling activities. So, the control unit ensures that all tasks inside the
computer work together smoothly, coordinating with the input and output
units.
Memory Unit
The Memory Unit stores all the data that has to be processed or has been
processed. The memory unit serves as a central hub for all the data. This
data is then transmitted to the required part of the computer whenever
necessary. This unit works in sync with the Central Processing Unit to help in
faster accessing and processing of the data. This results in making the tasks
easier and quicker.
Computer Memory is of two types-
Primary memory: The primary memory cannot store a vast amount of data.
Hence, it is only used to store recent data which is temporary. Once the
power is switched off, the data stored can get erased. Hence it is also called
temporary memory or main memory. An example of primary memory is
Random Access Memory (RAM). This memory is directly accessible by the
CPU and is used for reading and writing purposes. The data has to be first
transferred to the RAM and then to the CPU for processing.
Secondary memory: Since the primary memory stores temporary data and it
cannot be accessed in the future. So, for permanent storage purposes,
secondary memory is used. It is also known as permanent memory or
auxiliary memory. An example of secondary memory is the hard disk. The
data does not get erased easily even in case of a power failure.
3. Output Unit: Once the information sent to the computer is processed, the
user receives the results through the output unit. Examples of output units
are devices such as printers, monitors, projectors, etc.
The output unit presents the data either as a soft copy (on the screen) or as
a hard copy (on paper). The printer is for the hard copy. The monitor is for
the display. The output unit receives data in binary form from the computer
and converts it into a readable format for the user.