Ms.

Krystal Buenaobra
20 August 2020 10:42

[Link]@[Link]

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Assignments
18 August 2020 12:17

HEHE

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PTS
18 August 2020 12:17

HEHE

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━━━ 1st Qtr ━━━
Tuesday, 23 February 2021 3:52 PM

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1st Quarter NOTES
18 August 2020 12:29

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Statistics
25 August 2020 08:16

Definition of Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful
information.
• Collecting of data refers to the process of obtaining useful and meaningful information
• Organization of data refers to the ascertaining manners of presenting the data into tables,
graphs, or charts so that logical and statistical conclusion can be drawn from the collected
measurements
• Analysis of data refers to the process of extracting relevant information from the given data
from which numerical description can be formulated.
• Interpretation of data refers to the task of drawing conclusion from given data.

The two major areas of statistics is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.

Descriptive statistics
- is a statistical method concerned with describing the properties and characteristics of a set of data.
- e.g. how many males and how many are females, what percent are literate, what is the average
family income, how many belong to a certain group, etc.
- involves data gathering, describing and presenting these information.

Inferential statistics
- a statistical method concerned with the analysis of a sample data leading to prediction, inferences,
interpretation or conclusion about the entire population.
- e.g. the prevailing sentiments among Filipino people on a certain issue.
- a small scientifically chosen group is made and data is gathered to draw a general opinion of the
entire population.

History of Statistics
Statistics, in the moderns sense of the word, began evolving in the 18th century in response to the
novel needs of industrializing sovereign states. The evolution of statistics is connected with the
development of European states, following the peace of Westphalia (1648), and the development of
probability theory, which put statistics on the more theoretical basis.

In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states, particularly demographics
such as population. In modern terms, "statistics" means both sets of collected information, as
in national accounts and temperature records, and analytical work which requires statistical
inference.

Statistical activities are often associated with models expressed using probabilities, hence the
connection with probability theory. The large requirements of data processing have made statistics a
key application of computing; see history of computing hardware. A number of statistical concepts
have an important impact on a wide range of sciences. These include the design of experiments and
approaches to statistical inference such as Bayesian inference, each of which can be considered to
have their own sequence in the development of the ideas underlying modern statistics.

Application of Statistics
In modern times, application of statistical method in the social sciences began to increase. Statistics
became essential in education, government business economics, medicine, psychology, sociology,
sports, and others.

Statistical Terms
1. Data- any quantitative or qualitative information

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 1. Data- any quantitative or qualitative information
- Quantitative data refers to numerical information obtained from counting or measuring that
can be manipulated by any fundamental operation.
e.g. age, IQ, scores, height, weight, income, etc.
- Qualitative data refers to descriptive attributes that cannot be subjected to mathematical
operations.
e.g. gender, citizenship, educational attachment, religion
2. Population (N)- the totality of all the elements or persons for which one has an interest at a
particular time.
e.g. Filipinos
3. Sample (n)- is a part of a population determined by sampling procedures.
e.g. Manilenos
4. Parameter- is any statistical information or attribute taken from a population. It is a true value
or actual statistics since its source is the population itself
5. Variable- a specific factor, property, or characteristic of a population, or a sample which
differentiates a sample or group of samples from another group.
a. Discrete- a variable that can be obtained by counting.
b. Continuous- a variable that can be obtained by measuring objects or attributes.

Scale of Measurements
1. Nominal measurement- This type of statistical data depicts the presence or absence of a
certain attribute. This usually involves the random assignment of numbers to represent the
attribute.
2. Ordinal measurement- This provides the degree of the presence of an attribute. Usually, data
is classified according to order or ranks.
3. Interval measurement- The measurement where data are arranged in some order and the
difference between data are meaningful. Data at this level may lack inherent zero starting
point.
4. Ratio- This measurement is an interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting
point.

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 Sigma Notation
Wednesday, 7 October 2020 11:04 PM

Sigma notation ∑ or summation is one of the most frequently used form of notation in statistics. It is
the symbol which abbreviates the sum of the quantities in a given range.

In the notation , , the greek letter ∑ (capital sigma) indicates “summation of” and 2 and 4 are
the lower and upper limits.

Example 2. Write the following expressions in sigma notation.

1.

2.

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━━━ 2nd Qtr ━━━
Tuesday, 23 February 2021 3:52 PM

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2nd NOTES
Thursday, 29 October 2020 11:48 AM

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 Bar Graphs
Thursday, 29 October 2020 1:40 PM

Presenter: Charm F.

PRIMARY DATA
- is the information gathered from the main, first sources which can be considered as “raw” data
- can be obtained by doing interviews, observations, or experimenting.

SECONDARY DATA
- is the data gathered from the secondary sources, such as books, journals, magazines, or thesis of
other researchers.

BAR GRAPHS Attributes

➢ Able to represent a numerical data; gives visual
representation
➢ Requires rectangular bars which can be plotted vertically
or horizontally
➢ Categories can be placed on the x axis; values can be
placed on the y axis (vice versa)

BAR GRAPHS Usage

➢ Used to compare different categories, facts and data
- Provide a visual display for comparing quantities in different categories or groups
➢ Used to track changes over time, but is best when the changes are larger
- They help us see relationships of each data quickly

APPLICATION in Business
➢ Sales
- To show the increase or decrease of sales
➢ Expenses
- To show the increase or decrease of expenses

APPLICATION in School
➢ Increase in students of different nationalities based on a given period of time
➢ Preferences and opinions of students and parents and the amount of it

WHEN to Use
- If you have a comparative data that you would like to represent through a chart.

WHERE to Use
- If categories of data are needed to be compared

WHY to Use
- As they are used to compare facts, provide a visual display for comparing quantities in different
categories or groups an help us to see relationships quickly

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 Line Graphs
Thursday, 29 October 2020 1:40 PM

Presenter: Chelsea S.

LINE GRAPHS
- is a type of chart used to show information that changes over time
- uses several points connected by straight lines
- also called line chart
- comprises of the x axis and y axis

EXAMPLE

Day M Tu W Th F
Earnings 300 450 200 400 650

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 Pictographs
Thursday, 29 October 2020 11:52 AM

Presenter: Chloe F.

PICTOGRAPHS
- Is the representation of data using images.
- Represents the frequency of data while using symbols or images that are relevant to
the data.
- Because of this simplistic visualization, it is very easy to read.
- Also known as Pictograph Chart, Pictorial Chart, Picture, Graph Pictogram, etc.

Statistics: numerical values used to summarize and compare sets of data

PICTOGRAPH in Statistics
- more engaging overall view of small sets of discrete data

PICTOGRAPH How to Use

• Collect Data
• Pick Your symbol
• Assign a key
• Draw the pictograph
• Review your data

EXAMPLE

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 Circle Graph
Thursday, 29 October 2020 11:46 AM

Presenter: Justine C.

CIRCLE GRAPHS
- is used to visualize information and data. The arcs of a circle graph are proportional to how many
percent of population gave a certain answer.

CIRCLE GRAPHS Uses

- It allows organizations to more effectively determine the cause of the problem

CIRCLE GRAPH Benefits

- It provides a understanding data deeper of your data

CIRCLE GRAPH Importance

- Helps you understand and improve a collection of facts (numbers, words, measurements ,
observations, etc.) that was translated into computer process

EXAMPLE

Questions:
1. Which movie is the most popular?
- Aladdin
2. What percentage of students picked the movie
Shrek?
- 18%
3. Which two movies account for half of the votes?
- Aladdin and Shrek
4. What percentage of kids chose Fantasia or Cars?
- 10% and 11%
5. What film was the least popular?
- Fantasia

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Thursday, 26 November 2020 12:04 PM

Class mark
- Add the lower and the upper limit and divide by 2

Lower limit
- Lower value

Upper limit
- Higher value

Classes
- No. of rows
sa
Class Width
- Upper limit minus lower limit plus 1

Cumulative Frequency
- Less than cumulative class ; adding freq of class and freq of lower class
- Greater than cumulative frequency class ; add cumulative frequency and upper freq

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━━━ 3rd Qtr ━━━
Tuesday, 23 February 2021 3:52 PM

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3rd NOTES
Thursday, 7 January 2021 11:53 AM

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 10. CORRECTION :
mean = 18
tama dapat yan

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Mean Median Mode,
Ungrouped
Tuesday, 19 January 2021 8:23 AM

A. Finding the Mean

The mean of a set of values is the sum of the values divided by the number of values. It is
also called the average.

Example: Find the mean of 19, 13, 15, 25, and 18

19 + 13 + 15 + 25 + 18 = 90 = 18
5 5

When the mean is known and you must find a missing value, some simple rules of algebra
must be applied.

Example: Cory has received the following grades this term: 75, 87, 90, 88, 79. If he wishes to
earn an 85 average, what must he score on his final test?

Set up the problem like this: 75 + 87 + 90 + 88 + 79 + s = 85

6

To solve:

1. Add the known values.

419 + s = 85
6

2. Next, we want to try to isolate the unknown (s) on one side of the equation. To do this we must
use inverse operations to eliminate the numbers on the side of the equation with the unknown (this
means we do the opposite of what is being done).

Start with the 6. Since we are dividing the expression 419 + s by the 6, we must now multiply it by 6.
NOTE: Whatever you do to one side of the equation, you must do to the other side of the equation as
well. Therefore, I will multiply the 85 by 6 too.

6 x 419 + s = 85 x 6
6

I can cancel the 6s on the left side of the equation. This leaves you with the equation:

419 + s = 510

Now we must eliminate the 419 from the side of the equation with the unknown. Since we are adding
419 to s, we will subtract it from both sides of the equation.

419 + s = 510 – 419

- 419
0

This leaves us with: s = 91

Answer: The student will need to score a 91 on his last test to earn an average of 85 for the term.

B. Finding the Median

The median refers to the midpoint in a series of numbers.

To find the median, arrange the numbers in order from smallest to largest. If there is an odd
number of values, the middle value is the median. If there is an even number of values, the
average of the two middle values is the median.

Example #1: Find the median of 19, 29, 36, 15, and 20

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 Example #1: Find the median of 19, 29, 36, 15, and 20

In order: 15, 19, 20, 29, 36 since there are 5 values (odd number), 20 is the
median (middle number)

Example #2: Find the median of 67, 28, 92, 37, 81, 75

In order: 28, 37, 67, 75, 81, 92 since there are 6 values (even number), we
must average those two middle numbers to get the median value

Average: 67 + 75 = 142 = 71 is the median value

2 2

C. Finding the Mode

The mode of a set of values is the value that occurs most often. A set of values may have
more than one mode or no mode.

Example #1: Find the mode of 15, 21, 26, 25, 21, 23, 28, 21
The mode is 21 since it occurs three times and the other values occur only once.

Example #2: Find the mode of 12, 15, 18, 26, 15, 9, 12, 27
The modes are 12 and 15 since both occur twice.

Example #3: Find the mode of 4, 8, 15, 21, 23

There is no mode since all the values occur the same number of times.

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Grouped Mean
Tuesday, 16 February 2021 8:17 AM

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Grouped Median
Tuesday, 16 February 2021 8:17 AM

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Grouped Mode
Tuesday, 16 February 2021 8:17 AM

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report
Monday, 11 January 2021 6:02 PM

Median:
refers to the middle point of an arranged set of data

teps

arrange the gi en data from either lowest to highest alue or ice ersa (doesn t ma er since the
lead to the same answer)

2 nd the posi on of the middle point using the formula where is the s mbol for median and
n is the total number of items or obser a ons in the set

if the t

what is:
how: arrange the data from least to highest. after arranging it, find the middle data point

refers to the middle data point of an ordered data set at the 50% percentile. If a data set has an odd
number of observations, then the median is the middle value.

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━━━ 4th Qtr ━━━
Tuesday, 23 February 2021 4:22 PM

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4th NOTES
Tuesday, 23 February 2021 4:22 PM

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MD Ungrouped
Saturday, 17 April 2021 4:51 PM

FORMULA: MD =

f = class frequency
x = class mark/midpoint of each category
mean alue
n = no. of cases
CALCULATOR: Mean Deviation Calc

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MD Grouped
Saturday, 17 April 2021 5:20 PM

1. solve for midpoints (Xm) and get the sum of all (n)
2. multiply f by Xm (fXm) and get the sum of all (∑fXm)
get the b di iding n and ∑f m

4 subtract the mean b m and ta e absolute alue ( eep sign posi e)

mul pl the m alues with the f

MD =

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SD Grouped
Friday, 23 April 2021 5:15 PM

Range = UB (highest interval)- LB (lowest interval)

f = class freq
X = class mark
ariance
class mean
= sum of frequency

Mean =

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4th WORKS
Tuesday, 23 February 2021 4:22 PM

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