HEALTH

Food spoilage - yt: SPOILAGE OF FOOD BY BACTERIA

Methods of preservation: 1. Boiling or heating at high temperatures
2. Salting
3. Dehydration (drying)
4. Pickling
5. Canning
6. Curing
7. Refrigeration
8. Added sugar
9. Treating it with preservatives

HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WORKS? - yt: How does your immune system work?- Emma
Bryce

Leukocytes are cells made from bone marrow

There are 4,000 to 11,000 leukocytes in every microliter of blood

Two main cellular groups of leukocytes are: 1. Phagocytes and 2. Lymphocytes

Autoimmune diseases trick the body into going against itself. Examples of these are:
type 1 diabetes, arthritis

ROLE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS - What are white blood cells| Health| Biology| Fuseschool

White blood cells have two types: phagocytes- digests the bacteria and lymphocytes- produce
antibodies that they send to the bacteria

TYPES OF IMMUNITY
● Natural
Natural immunity occurs when a person comes into contact with an infected person and the
body’s immune system is triggered.

● Artificial or vaccines
Artificial immunity occurs when we introduced a pathogen by other means (vaccine). The body’s
immune system is still triggered but the pathogen has been injected into the person.

ALLERGIES - What are Allergies? (HealthSketch)

An allergy can be detected by doing an allergy test.
An allergy is an allergic reaction to a common substance in the immune system.
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE happens when the body’s natural defense system can’t tell the
difference between your own cells and foreign cells causing the body to mistakenly attack
normal cells. Two types of autoimmune diseases:
● LUPUS - yt: Understanding Lupus: Causes
● RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - yt: What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Diabetes
Diabetes occurs when your body has become less sensitive to insulin or because your body
produces too little insulin. Insulin is a hormone that ensures that your body can absorb glucose
into the cells. Insulin is made by special cells in the pancreas.

Two types of diabetes mellitus:

1. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common form of diabetes. The body becomes less
and less sensitive to the action of insulin.
2. Diabetes mellitus type 1 or juvenile diabetes, the pancreas produces too little or no
insulin. This is due to an immune disorder. Diabetes mellitus type 1 often occurs in
children. This treatment consists of injecting insulin.

Symptoms of diabetes:
● Pee a lot
● Dry mouth
● Drink a lot
● Blurred vision
● Fatigue
● Sometimes rashes, itching and poorly healing wounds

Causes of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is strongly hereditary. Also lifestyle plays a role.
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is an autoimmune disease. The cells that produce insulin are attacked.
Prevention: exercising sufficiently, eating healthy and not gaining too much weight.

Effects of diabetes
Diabetes can damage blood vessels in the heart, eyes, kidneys and nerves. People with
diabetes have a higher risk of health problems including heart attacks, stroke and kidney failure.
Diabetes can cause permanent vision loss by damaging vessels in the eyes.

HYPERTENSION (CAUSES AND EFFECTS) - yt: High Blood Pressure (Hypertension):

Symptoms & Ways to Lower It

The physiological effects of exercise

During exercise, your heart beats faster. Extra carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle cells
as they are working more quickly and needing more energy. Your heart beats faster and this
supplies the muscles with more blood containing oxygen and glucose, and removing the carbon
dioxide. At the same time, you begin to breathe more quickly and deeply, bringing more air into
the lungs.

To maintain fitness, a healthy diet and regular exercise combined is a sensible idea. Dietary
input, that is how much you eat, should generally balance energy output.

Effects of exercise on muscle toning

Muscle tone is when muscles are in a slight tension and ready to be used.

Regular exercise improves muscle tone and also increases the size of muscles so they have
better endurances.

Muscle tone also improves posture. Good posture means less chance of straining muscles,
tendons and ligaments.

DRUGS
Drugs are any substance that has a physiological effect when introduced into the body. It might
be ingested, inhaled or injected directly into the bloodstream.

Prescription drugs
Prescription drugs are drugs that can only be made available to a patient on the written
instructions of an authorized health professional.

Steroids - yt: How do steroids affect your muscles- and the rest of your body
Diet pills - yt: What you need to know about diet pills?

Hormonal injections
Hormonal injections are injections that consist of certain hormones. These hormones can be
growth hormones, testosterone hormones, contraceptive hormones, hormones to lose weight,
hormones to cure prostate cancer and IVF hormones.

Non-prescription drugs
Non-prescription drugs are drugs that can be bought at the pharmacy without a prescription. It is
sometimes called over-the-counter drugs. Eg. are painkillers, cough medicine and vitamins.
Non-prescription drugs are also alcohol, illegal drugs and recreational drugs.

Illegal drugs
Illegal drugs are considered so dangerous or addictive that they are not even available with a
prescription. Eg. are heroin, cocaine and ecstasy. These drugs can damage important organs
and the immune system.
The addictiveness of drugs makes you a drug addict. A drug addict has few friends, will become
unreliable and unable to keep a job. They will use all of their monies and may turn to petty crime
and end up in prison.
Alcohol
Alcohol drinks such as beers,wines and spirits contain a chemical called ethanol. When it is
drunk in small amounts it can give a feeling of well-being, but also can affect their behavior in
other ways. Drinking modestly does not seem to damage the body, however regularly drinking
large quantities of alcoholic drinks has many harmful effects such as weakening of the immune
system and increasing the risk of certain types of cancer. Heavy drinking can lead to social and
economic problems.

Recreational drugs
Recreational drugs are drugs taken for enjoyment. The user thinks that their sporadic
consumption cannot be addictive. Eg: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine and morphine.

Stimulants, Depressants and Hallucinogen - yt: Drug Awareness: Depressants,

Hallucinogens and Stimulants

Narcotics - What are Narcotics?

Effects of Drugs on the Nervous System- yt: How Drug and Alcohol Abuse Affect the Brain

Elimination of Body odors- yt: The Best Ways To Fight Body Odor

Care of Genitalia- yt: How to keep the vagina clean?

Are you cleaning your penis properly?

Definitions
1. Pest is an organism that causes harm or damage to crop and live stock. Examples are
rodents, flies and cockroaches.
2. Parasites is an organism that lives on or in another living organism. It is also called a
host. Examples are tapeworms, ticks and lice.
3. Pathogens is a bacterium, a virus or another type of micro-organism that can cause
disease. Examples are salmonella, influenza and ringworm.
4. Vector is an organism that spreads diseases by carrying the pathogen from one host to
another. The vector doe not contract the diseases. Examples are mosquitoes and rats.

Conditions that encourage the breeding of

• Cockroaches: warm, dark moist places and attracted to food.
• Flies: decaying food and animal waste, attracted to food and faeces.
• Rats: warm, dark places and attracted to food.
• Mosquitoes: stagnant water usually plant material are decaying in it.

ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTING

 yt: Flow of electricity through a circuit
Series and Parallel Circuits | Electricity |

I = current, V= voltage, R= resistance

Conductors and Insulators

● Good conductors allow electric current to flow through them easily.
● Poor conductors, also called insulators, do not allow electric current to flow through them
easily.

Current Symbols - yt: Circuit symbols (SP10a)

Electric Fuse - yt: What is an Electric Fuse? | Don’t Memorize

Power
Definition of power: The rate in which electrical energy is transferred into another form.
Unit of power: WATT
Symbol of power: W
Calculating power: W = I * V
Calculating of the size of fuse: I = W/V

Energy consumption and calculation of electricity bills - yt: Energy use in Electrical
Appliances | Energy | Physics | FuseSchool
Electric light sources - yt:

Burns are the result of heat damaging the skin. Burns can be classified into how deeply they
have penetrated the skin and how much damage they cause.

1. First-degree burns make skin turn red and are painful but no lasting damage.
2. Second-degree burns are deeper and result in blistering. Should be treated by a nurse
or doctor.
3. Third-degree burns destroy the skin tissue. Must be dealt with in a hospital.

Electric shock can cause burns, unconsciousness and even deaths.

Do not touch the victim you are sure he or she is not still touching the source of the electricity. If
the victim helps breathing, you must give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or artificial respiration must be carried out within three minutes of
a person stop breathing.
Steps taken in mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
1. Lay victim on back and tip the head back, pull the lower jaw down to force the tongue
forward and open the air passage.
2. Sweep a finger to ensure that nothing is blocking the windpipe.
3. Pinch the victim’s nose close and place your mouth on the victim’s mouth and blow the
air firmly in.
4. Remove your mouth and look at the victim’s chest.
5. If the victim’s heart beat stops, restore it by compressing their heart. Press on the
breastbone with the heel of the hand and release.
6. Once you are done with the victim, they should be put in the recovery position.

Electrical fires are fires resulting from electrical equipment malfunctioning or overheating. This
fire can be tackled by covering with a towel or using a carbon dioxide or dry powder
extinguisher.

Chemical fires are when some chemicals burn and produce poisonous gas. Fire fighters must
wear breathing apparatus (tank with oxygen).

Bush fires happens because of hot,dry and windy weather. Bush fires are tackled by using fire
engines and water hoses.

Protective Gear/Wear
● Gloves are worn to protect hands from abrasion and irritant chemicals.
● Safety goggles or glasses protect the eyes from dust, fumes and the possibility of
fragments entering the eye.
● Ear defenders prevent damage to hearing.
 ● Overalls or coats protect their clothing from becoming soiled,
● Hard hats or helmets protect the head.
● Special footwear protects your feet from accidents.

ACIDS, BASES AND MIXTURES

COMMON HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS

HOUSEHOLD NAME CHEMICAL NAME USES

● washing soda ● sodium carbonate ● soaps, cleaners

● caustic soda ● sodium hydroxide ● drain cleaners, oil

remover

● toothpaste ● sodium ● prevents tooth decay

● tums ● sodium ● treatment of

monofluorophosphate indigestion
● sodium hydrogen
carbonate and citric
acid

● milk of magnesia ● magnesium hydroxide ● cooking, pickling

● vinegar ● acetic acid solution ● raising agent in

baking

● baking powder ● sodium hydrogen ● laxative

carbonate and cream
of tartar

● epsom salts ● magnesium sulfate ● raising agent in

baking, cleaning
agent

● baking soda ● sodium hydrogen ● used to clean glass

carbonate or sodium windows
bicarbonate

● window cleaner ● ethanol ●

Three Ways in which heat energy is transferred

● Conduction
 ● convection
● radiation

Comparison of mercury thermometer with alcohol thermometer

Mercury thermometer Alcohol thermometer

Has a high boiling point Cannot be used to measure very high

temperature

Cannot be used to measure very low Can be used to measure very low
temperature temperatures

Is opaque Is transparent so a dye is added

Does not wet the sides of the tube Wets the sides of the tube

Is better conductor of heat Is not a good conductor

Is more expensive Is less expensive

Skin

Main organ that regulates body temperature.

When body requires cooling, two processes take place to lose heat and reduce body
temperature.
1. Blood vessels dilate
2. sweat

How skin help control body temperature

Loss of heat from skin Retention of heat by skin

Blood vessels dilate Blood vessels constrict

Blood flow increases Blood flow decreases

More heat is lost by radiation Less heat is lost by radiation

More sweat produced Less sweat produced

Increase evaporation of sweat cools the skin Reduce evaporation of sweat

 Hair close to skin; little air trapped Hair stands on end; air trapped in the layer
next to skin

Ventilation is important
1. To allow hot, stale air to be replaced by cool fresh air.
2. To reduce the chances of getting an illness
3. To reduce headaches
4. Make us more effective to work
5. Discourage bacteria growth

All buildings need ventilation, even in cold countries. Ventilation is especially important in rooms
such as kitchen, bathrooms and laundry rooms.

Examples of ventilators are air conditioners, fan or humidifiers.