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Redox Titration of Barium Hydroxide

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

53 views154 pages

Redox Titration of Barium Hydroxide

Uploaded by

amberjit.grewal777

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

The concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid can be found by titration using a standard solution

1. of barium hydroxide.

(a) Calculate the mass, in g, of solid barium hydroxide (Mr = 171.3) needed to prepare 250 cm3
of 0.100 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide solution.

Mass ____________________ g
(1)

(b) The mass of barium hydroxide from part (a) is dissolved in a beaker containing 150 cm3 of
distilled water.

Describe how this solution is used to make 250 cm3 of the

0.100 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Before the first titration, the 25 cm3 pipette is rinsed with a small volume of the 0.100 mol
dm–3 barium hydroxide solution.

State why it is good practice to rinse the pipette in this way.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(d) Hydrochloric acid is added to the burette using a funnel.

State why it is good practice to remove the funnel from the burette before the titration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) In a different experiment, 0.952 g of solid barium hydroxide is used to make 250 cm3 of
standard barium hydroxide solution.

25.0 cm3 of this barium hydroxide solution reacts with exactly

24.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.

Concentration ____________________ mol dm–3

(3)

(f) The uncertainty in the 25.0 cm3 of solution from the pipette is ±0.05 cm3

The total uncertainty in the 24.50 cm3 of solution from the burette is ±0.15 cm3

Calculate the total percentage error in using the pipette and burette.

Percentage error ____________________

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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A gas syringe that does not have any graduations is calibrated using a known mass of
2. propanone (boiling point = 56.2 °C).

The sealed gas syringe contains 0.146 g of propanone (Mr = 58.0) at a temperature of 95 °C and
a pressure of 103 kPa

(a) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of propanone in the gas syringe.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Volume of propanone ____________________ cm3

(4)

(b) The gas syringe is then cooled to 75 °C, without changing the pressure.

Calculate the decrease in volume.

(If you were unable to calculate the volume in part (a), you should use the volume 89 cm3.
This is not the correct answer.)

Decrease in volume ____________________ cm3

(2)

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Calculate the uncertainty that this causes in the volume, in cm3, of propanone calculated in
part (a).

(If you were unable to calculate the volume in part (a), you should use the volume 89 cm3.
This is not the correct answer.)

Uncertainty ____________________ cm3

(2)

(d) A 600 cm3 sample of propanone is mixed with 2800 cm3 of oxygen in a container at 60 °C
and 100 kPa. The mixture is ignited.
When the reaction is complete, the remaining mixture of gases is cooled to 60 °C at 100
kPa

CH3COCH3(g) + 4 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

Calculate the total volume of the remaining gas mixture.

Volume ____________________ cm3

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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Ethyl ethanoate can be made by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid in the presence of
3. concentrated sulfuric acid.

Method

1. A mixture of ethanol, ethanoic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid, with anti-bumping
granules, is heated under reflux for 10 minutes.
2. The apparatus is rearranged for distillation.
3. The mixture is heated to collect the liquid that distils between 70 and 85 °C
4. The distillate is placed in a separating funnel. Aqueous sodium carbonate is added,
and a stopper is placed in the funnel. The mixture is shaken, releasing pressure as
necessary.
5. The lower aqueous layer is removed and the upper organic layer is placed in a small
conical flask.
6. Anhydrous calcium chloride is added to the sample in the conical flask. The flask is
shaken well and left for a few minutes.
7. The liquid from the flask is redistilled and the distillate is collected between 74 and
79 °C

(a) State the role of concentrated sulfuric acid in this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The reaction mixture is flammable.

Suggest how the reaction mixture should be heated in step 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) The figure below shows how a student set up the apparatus for reflux in step 1.
You should assume that the apparatus is clamped correctly.

Identify two mistakes the student made in setting up the apparatus.

State the problem caused by each mistake.

Mistake 1 __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Problem caused _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mistake 2 __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Problem caused _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(d) State why sodium carbonate is added to the distillate in step 4.

Explain why there is a build-up of pressure in the separating funnel.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Give a reason why two layers form in the separating funnel.

Suggest why ethyl ethanoate forms the upper layer.

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Suggestion _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) State why anhydrous calcium chloride is added in step 6.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(g) A student uses the method to prepare some ethyl ethanoate.

The student adds 10.0 cm3 of ethanol (Mr = 46.0) to 5.25 g of ethanoic acid (Mr = 60.0) and
obtains 5.47 g of ethyl ethanoate (Mr = 88.0).

For ethanol, density = 0.790 g cm–3

Determine the limiting reagent.

Calculate the percentage yield of ethyl ethanoate.

Limiting reagent ____________________

Percentage yield ____________________

(5)

(h) Suggest a reason why the percentage yield is not 100%.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 17 marks)

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The molar enthalpy of vaporisation (∆Hvap) of a liquid is the enthalpy change when one mole of
4. liquid is converted to vapour at the boiling point of the liquid.

A student does an experiment to determine ∆Hvap for water.

The student:

• places a large beaker on a balance

• pours 500 cm3 of water into the beaker
• uses a 2.4 kW heater to raise the temperature of the water to 100 °C
• records the mass of the beaker and hot water
• uses the 2.4 kW heater to boil the water for 100 s
• records the mass of the beaker and remaining water.

The loss in mass is 103 g

(a) Calculate ∆Hvap for water.

[1 kW = 1 kJ s–1]

∆Hvap ____________________ kJ mol–1

(3)

The table below shows some data about three compounds that all contain the same number of
electrons.

Compound CH3CH2OH CH3CH2NH2 CH3OCH3

Boiling point / K 352 290 248

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(b) All three compounds in the table above are polar.
Ethanol is the most polar and ethylamine is the least polar.

Explain why all three molecules are polar and why ethylamine is the least polar.
In your answer refer to the shapes around, and relative electronegativities of, the most
electronegative atoms.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Explain the trend in the boiling points of the three compounds.
Refer to the intermolecular forces in all three compounds in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Calcium hydroxide is almost insoluble in water, but it reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
5.
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

A student adds 100 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to

0.600 g of solid calcium hydroxide.

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(a) Show, by calculation, that the calcium hydroxide is in excess.

(2)

(b) The final mixture contains a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 at 293 K

At 293 K

• the solubility of Ca(OH)2 in this solution is 0.400 g dm–3

• Kw = 6.80 × 10–15 mol2 dm–6

Calculate the pH of this solution.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

pH ____________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

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(e) Hydrazine (N2H4) is used as a rocket fuel that is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide. The
equation for this reaction in the gas phase is

The enthalpy change for this reaction, ∆H = –789 kJ mol−1

The table below shows some mean bond enthalpy values.

N–H N–N N≡N O–H

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ

388 163 944 463
mol−1

Define the term mean bond enthalpy.

Use the equation and the data in the table above to calculate a value for the O–O bond
enthalpy in hydrogen peroxide.

Definition __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Bond enthalpy _______________ kJ mol–1

(5)
(Total 17 marks)

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This question is about olive oil.
9.
A sample of olive oil is mainly the unsaturated fat Y mixed with a small amount of inert impurity.

The structure of Y in the olive oil is shown.

Y has the molecular formula C57H100O6 (Mr = 880).

The amount of Y is found by measuring how much bromine water is decolourised by a sample of
oil, using this method.

• Transfer a weighed sample of oil to a 250 cm3 volumetric flask and make up to the mark
with an inert organic solvent.
• Titrate 25.0 cm3 samples of the olive oil solution with 0.025 mol dm−3 Br2(aq).

(a) A suitable target titre for the titration is 30.0 cm3 of 0.025 mol dm−3 Br2(aq).

Justify why a much smaller target titre would not be appropriate.

Calculate the amount, in moles, of bromine in the target titre.

Justification ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Amount of bromine ____________________ mol

(2)

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(b) Calculate a suitable mass of olive oil to transfer to the volumetric flask using your answer to
part (a) and the structure of Y.
Assume that the olive oil contains 85% of Y by mass.

(If you were unable to calculate the amount of bromine in the target titre, you should
assume it is 6.25 ×10−4 mol. This is not the correct amount.)

Mass of olive oil _______________ g

(5)

The olive oil solution can be prepared using this method.

• Place a weighing bottle on a balance and record the mass, in g, to 2 decimal places.
• Add olive oil to the weighing bottle until a suitable mass has been added.
• Record the mass of the weighing bottle and olive oil.
• Pour the olive oil into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask.
• Add organic solvent to the volumetric flask until it is made up to the mark.
• Place a stopper in the flask and invert the flask several times.

Heath Park Page 17 of 182

Justify your suggestion.

Extra step __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Justification ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) State the reason for inverting the flask several times.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(e) A sample of the olive oil was dissolved in methanol and placed in a
mass spectrometer. The sample was ionised using electrospray ionisation.
Each molecule gained a hydrogen ion (H+) during ionisation.

The spectrum showed a peak for an ion with = 345 formed from an impurity in the olive
oil.
The ion with = 345 was formed from a compound with the empirical formula C5H10O

Deduce the molecular formula of this compound.

Show your working.

Molecular formula _________________________________

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

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Tschermigite is a hydrated, water-soluble mineral, with relative formula mass of 453.2
10.
The formula of tschermigite can be represented as M.xH2O, where M represents all the ions
present.

The table below shows its composition by mass.

Element % by mass

N 3.09

H 6.18

Al 5.96

S 14.16

O 70.61

In an analysis, it is found that the mineral contains the ions NH4+, Al3+ and SO42−

Calculate the empirical formula of tschermigite and the value of x in M.xH2O

Describe the tests, with their results, including ionic equations, that would confirm the identities of
the ions present.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Heath Park Page 20 of 182

Complete combustion of 0.0100 mol of an organic acid produced 0.0200 mol of carbon dioxide.
11.
The same amount of the acid required 20 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 NaOH (aq) for neutralisation.

Which could be the formula of the acid?

A HCOOH

B CH3COOH

C HOOCCOOH

D HOOCCH2COOH

(Total 1 mark)

The reaction between vanadium(IV) ions and manganate(VII) ions in acidic solution can be
12. represented by the equation

5 V4+ + MnO4− + 8 H+ → 5 V5+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O

What volume, in dm3, of 0.020 mol dm−3 KMnO4 is needed to oxidise 0.10 mol of vanadium(IV)
ions completely?

A 0.10

B 0.50

C 1.0

D 5.0

(Total 1 mark)

This question is about iron and its ions.

13.

Heath Park Page 21 of 182

(a) Discuss the role of iron as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Haber process.

3 H2 + N2 ⇌ 2 NH3

Your answer should include:

• the meaning of the term heterogeneous catalyst

• how iron acts as a heterogeneous catalyst
• the factors that affect the efficiency and lifetime of the catalyst.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Heath Park Page 22 of 182

(b) Fe2+ ions catalyse the reaction between peroxodisulfate(VI) ions and iodide ions in
aqueous solution.

S2O82–(aq) + 2 I–(aq) → 2 SO42–(aq) + I2(aq)

Explain why this reaction is slow before the catalyst is added.

Give two equations to show how Fe2+ ions catalyse this reaction.

Why reaction is slow before catalyst added ________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Equation 1

___________________________________________________________________

Equation 2

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(d) Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form iron(II) chloride and hydrogen.

Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

A 0.998 g sample of pure iron is added to 30.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

One of these reagents is in excess and the other reagent limits the amount of hydrogen
produced in the reaction.

Calculate the maximum volume, in m3, of hydrogen gas produced at 30 oC and 100 kPa.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

In your answer you should identify the limiting reagent in the reaction.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Volume of hydrogen _______________ m3

(6)

The figure below shows some reactions of iron ions in aqueous solution.

(e) Identify A and state its colour.

Identity ____________________________________________________________

Colour _____________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 24 of 182

(f) Give the formula of B and state its colour.

Give an ionic equation for the reaction of [Fe(H2O)6]3+ with aqueous Na2CO3 to form B.

Formula ____________________________________________________________

Colour _____________________________________________________________

Ionic equation

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(g) Explain why an aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]3+ ions has a lower pH than an
aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 25 marks)

Coconut oil contains a triester with three identical R groups.

14. This triester reacts with potassium hydroxide.

Heath Park Page 25 of 182

(a) Complete the equation by drawing the structure of the other product of this reaction in the
box.

Name the type of compound shown by the formula RCOOK

Give one use for this type of compound.

Type of compound ___________________________________________________

Use _______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The triester in coconut oil has a relative molecular mass, Mr = 638.0
In the equation shown at the start of this question, R represents an alkyl group that can be
written as CH3(CH2)n

Deduce the value of n in CH3(CH2)n

Show your working.

n _______________
(3)

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(c) A 1.450 g sample of coconut oil is heated with 0.421 g of KOH in aqueous ethanol until all
of the triester is hydrolysed.
The mixture is cooled.
The remaining KOH is neutralised by exactly 15.65 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl

Calculate the percentage by mass of the triester (Mr = 638.0) in the coconut oil.

Percentage by mass _______________

(6)

(d) Suggest why aqueous ethanol is a suitable solvent when heating the coconut oil with KOH.

Give a safety precaution used when heating the mixture.

Justify your choice.

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Safety precaution _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Heath Park Page 27 of 182

What is the mole fraction of 1.0 g of a compound of relative molecular mass 100.0 dissolved in
15. 30.0 g of a solvent of relative molecular mass 50.0?

A 6.0 × 10−3

B 1.6 × 10−2

C 1.7 × 10−2

D 3.0 × 10−2

(Total 1 mark)

Which compound needs the greatest amount of oxygen for the complete combustion of 1 mol of
16. the compound?

A ethanal

B ethanol

C ethane-1,2-diol

D methanol

(Total 1 mark)

Nitration of 1.70 g of methyl benzoate (Mr = 136.0) produces methyl 3-nitrobenzoate (Mr =
17. 181.0). The percentage yield is 65.0%

What mass, in g, of methyl 3-nitrobenzoate is produced?

A 0.830

B 1.10

C 1.47

D 2.26

(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 28 of 182

A student does an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of sodium chlorate(I),
18. NaClO, in a sample of bleach solution.

Method:

• Dilute a 10.0 cm 3 sample of bleach solution to 100 cm3 with distilled water.
• Transfer 25.0 cm 3 of the diluted bleach solution to a conical flask and acidify using sulfuric
acid.
• Add excess potassium iodide to the conical flask to form a brown solution containing l 2(aq).
• Add 0.100 mol dm –3 sodium thiosulfate solution (Na2S2O3) to the conical flask from a
burette until the brown solution containing l2(aq) becomes a colourless solution containing
l–(aq).

The student uses 33.50 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution.

The density of the original bleach solution is 1.20 g cm–3

The equations for the reactions in this experiment are

ClO–(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 l–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + H2O(l) + l2(aq)

2 S2O32–(aq) + l2(aq) → 2 l–(aq) + S4O62–(aq)

(a) Use all the information given to calculate the percentage by mass of NaClO in the original
bleach solution.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Percentage by mass _______________

(7)

Heath Park Page 29 of 182

(b) The total uncertainty from two readings and an end point error in using a burette is
± 0.15 cm3

What is the total percentage uncertainty in using the burette in this experiment?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

0.45%

0.90%

1.34%

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Aspirin can be produced by reacting salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride.

19. An incomplete method to determine the yield of aspirin is shown.

1. Add about 6 g of salicylic acid to a weighing boat.

2. Place the weighing boat on a 2 decimal place balance and record the mass.
3. Tip the salicylic acid into a 100 cm3 conical flask.
4. ______________________________________________
5. Add 10 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride to the conical flask and swirl.
6. Add 5 drops of concentrated phosphoric acid.
7. Warm the flask for 20 minutes.
8. Add ice-cold water to the reaction mixture and place the flask in an ice bath.
9. Filter off the crude aspirin from the mixture and leave it to dry.
10. Weigh the crude aspirin and calculate the yield.

(a) Describe the instruction that is missing from step 4 of the method.

Justify why this step is necessary.

Instruction ________________________________________________________

Justification _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Suggest a suitable piece of apparatus to measure out the ethanoic anhydride in step 5.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 30 of 182

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Complete the equation for the reaction of salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride to produce
aspirin.

(1)

(e) A 6.01 g sample of salicylic acid (Mr = 138.0) is reacted with

10.5 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (Mr = 102.0).
In the reaction the yield of aspirin is 84.1%

The density of ethanoic anhydride is 1.08 g cm–3

Show by calculation which reagent is in excess.

Calculate the mass, in g, of aspirin (Mr = 180.0) produced.

Reagent in excess _______________

Mass of aspirin __________ g

(5)

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(f) Suggest two ways in which the melting point of the crude aspirin collected in step 9 would
differ from the melting point of pure aspirin.

Difference 1 _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Difference 2 _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) The crude aspirin can be purified by recrystallisation using hot ethanol
(boiling point = 78 °C) as the solvent.

Describe two important precautions when heating the mixture of ethanol and crude aspirin.

Precaution 1 ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Precaution 2 ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(h) The pure aspirin is filtered under reduced pressure.

A small amount of cold ethanol is then poured through the Buchner funnel.

Explain the purpose of adding a small amount of cold ethanol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(i) A sample of the crude aspirin is kept to compare with the purified aspirin.

Describe one difference in appearance you would expect to see between these two solid
samples.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

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This question is about citric acid, a hydrated tricarboxylic acid. Its formula can be represented as
20.
H3Y.xH2O

(a) A 1.50 g sample of H3Y.xH2O contains 0.913 g of oxygen by mass.

The sample burns completely in air to form 1.89 g of CO2 and 0.643 g of H2O

Show that the empirical formula of citric acid is C3H5O4

(5)

(b) A 3.00 g sample of H3Y.xH2O (Mr = 210.0) is heated to constant mass. The anhydrous H3Y
that remains has a mass of 2.74 g

Show, using these data, that the value of x = 1

(2)

Heath Park Page 33 of 182

The figure shows the structure of H3Y

(c) Complete this IUPAC name for H3Y

____________________ propane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid

(1)

(d) State the number of peaks you would expect in the 13C NMR spectrum for H3Y

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) Explain why complexes formed from transition metal ions are coloured.
21.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Heath Park Page 34 of 182

The iron content of iron tablets can be determined by colorimetry.

Method:
• Dissolve a tablet in sulfuric acid.
• Oxidise all the iron from the tablet to Fe 3+(aq).
• Convert the Fe 3+(aq) into a complex that absorbs light of wavelength 490 nm
• Make the solution up to 250 cm 3
• Measure the absorbance of light at 490 nm with a colorimeter.
• Use a calibration graph to find the concentration of the iron(III) complex.

(b) Calculate the energy, in J, gained by each excited electron in the absorption at 490 nm

Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 m s–1

Planck constant, h = 6.63 x 10–34 J s

Energy gained by each electron _______________ J

(3)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(d) The concentration of iron(III) in the solution is 4.66 x 10–3 mol dm–3

Calculate the mass, in mg, of iron in the tablet used to make the 250 cm3 of solution.

Mass of iron in the tablet ____________________ mg

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Cisplatin, [Pt(NH3)2Cl2], is used as an anti-cancer drug.

22.
(a) Cisplatin works by causing the death of rapidly dividing cells.

Name the process that is prevented by cisplatin during cell division.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

After cisplatin enters a cell, one of the chloride ligands is replaced by a water molecule to form a
complex ion, B.

(b) Give the equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 36 of 182

(c) When the complex ion B reacts with DNA, the water molecule is replaced as a bond forms
between platinum and a nitrogen atom in a guanine nucleotide.
The remaining chloride ligand is also replaced as a bond forms between platinum and a
nitrogen atom in another guanine nucleotide.

Figure 1 represents two adjacent guanine nucleotides in DNA.

Complete figure 1 to show how the platinum complex forms a cross-link between the
guanine nucleotides.

Figure 1

(2)

An experiment is done to investigate the rate of reaction in part (b).

(d) During the experiment the concentration of cisplatin is measured at one-minute intervals.

Explain how graphical methods can be used to process the measured results, to confirm
that the reaction is first order.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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In another experiment, the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction in part (b) is
investigated.

The table shows the results.

Temperature Rate constant

ln k
T/K k / s –1

293 0.00341 1.97 × 10−8 −17.7

303 0.00330 8.61 × 10−8 −16.3

313 0.00319 3.43 × 10−7 −14.9

318 6.63 × 10−7

323 0.00310 1.26 × 10−6 −13.6

(e) Complete the table above.

(2)

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(f) The Arrhenius equation can be written in the form

Use the data in the table above to plot a graph of ln k against on the grid in Figure 2.

Calculate the activation energy, Ea, in kJ mol−1

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Figure 2

Ea _______________ kJ mol−1
(5)

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(Total 15 marks)

Time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry can be used to analyse large molecules such as the
23. pentapeptide, leucine encephalin (P).

P is ionised by electrospray ionisation and its mass spectrum is shown in the diagram.

(a) Describe the process of electrospray ionisation.

Give an equation to represent the ionisation of P in this process.

Description ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Equation

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Heath Park Page 40 of 182

(b) What is the relative molecular mass of P?
✓) one one box.
Tick (✓

555 556 557

(1)

(c) A molecule Q is ionised by electron impact in a TOF mass spectrometer.

The Q+ ion has a kinetic energy of 2.09 x 10–15 J
This ion takes 1.23 x 10–5s to reach the detector.
The length of the flight tube is 1.50 m

Calculate the relative molecular mass of Q.

where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s –1)

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 x 1023 mol–1

Relative molecular mass _______________________________

(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Heath Park Page 41 of 182

This question is about periodicity, the Period 4 elements and their compounds.
24.
(a) State the meaning of the term periodicity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Identify the element in Period 4 with the highest electronegativity value.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Explain your answer.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The equations for two reactions of arsenic(III) oxide are shown.

As2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 AsCl3 + 3 H2O

As2O3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Na3AsO3 + 3 H2O

Name the property of arsenic(III) oxide that describes its ability to react in these two ways.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Complete the equation for the formation of arsenic hydride.

As2O3 + Zn + HNO3 → AsH3 + Zn(NO3)2 + H 2O

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

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A student does an experiment to determine the percentage of copper in an alloy.
25.
The student
• reacts 985 mg of the alloy with concentrated nitric acid to form a solution (all of the copper
in the alloy reacts to form aqueous copper(II) ions)
• pours the solution into a volumetric flask and makes the volume up to 250 cm3 with distilled
water
• shakes the flask thoroughly
• transfers 25.0 cm3 of the solution into a conical flask and adds an excess of potassium
iodide
• uses exactly 9.00 cm3 of 0.0800 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution to react
with all the iodine produced.
The equations for the reactions are

2 Cu2+ + 4 I– → 2 CuI + I2

2 S2O32– + I2 → 2 I– + S4O62–

(a) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in the alloy.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

% copper _____________________________
(6)

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(b) Suggest two ways that the student could reduce the percentage uncertainty in the
measurement of the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, using the same apparatus as
this experiment.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give the full electron configuration of a copper(II) ion.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Copper(I) iodide is a white solid.

Explain why copper(I) iodide is white.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(f) Iodine vaporises easily.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, that 5.00 g of iodine vapour occupies at 185 °C and 100 kPa

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Volume _______________________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 16 marks)

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Sulfur trioxide decomposes on heating to form an equilibrium mixture containing sulfur dioxide
26. and oxygen.

2 SO3(g) ⇌ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)

(a) A sample of sulfur trioxide was heated and allowed to reach equilibrium at a given
temperature.
The equilibrium mixture contained 6.08 g of sulfur dioxide.

Calculate the mass, in g, of oxygen gas in the equilibrium mixture.

Mass ___________________________ g
(2)

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(b) A different mass of sulfur trioxide was heated and allowed to reach equilibrium at 1050 K

2 SO3(g) ⇌ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)

The amounts of each substance in the equilibrium mixture are shown in the table.

Substance Amount at equilibrium / mol

sulfur trioxide 0.320

sulfur dioxide 1.20

oxygen 0.600

For this reaction at 1050 K the equilibrium constant, Kp = 7.62 x 105 Pa

Calculate the mole fraction of each substance at equilibrium.

Give the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp
Calculate the total pressure, in Pa, of this equilibrium mixture.

Mole fraction SO3 _________________________

Mole fraction SO2 _________________________

Mole fraction O2 _________________________

Total pressure _________________________ Pa

(4)

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(c) For this reaction at 1050 K the equilibrium constant, Kp = 7.62 x 105 Pa
For this reaction at 500 K the equilibrium constant, Kp = 3.94 x 104 Pa

Explain how this information can be used to deduce that the forward reaction is
endothermic.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Use data from part (c) to calculate the value of Kp, at 500 K, for the equilibrium represented
by this equation.
Deduce the units of Kp

Kp _________________________

Units _________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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A student prepared cyclohexene by heating cyclohexanol with concentrated phosphoric acid. The
27. cyclohexene produced was distilled off from the reaction mixture.

(a) Complete the diagram of the apparatus used to distil the cyclohexene from the reaction
mixture at 83 °C.

(2)

(b) The distillate was shaken with saturated sodium chloride solution. The cyclohexene was
separated from the aqueous solution using a separating funnel.

State why cyclohexene can be separated from the aqueous solution using the separating
funnel.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) The cyclohexene separated in part (b) was obtained as a cloudy liquid.
The student dried this cyclohexene by adding a few lumps of anhydrous calcium chloride
and allowing the mixture to stand.

Give one observation that the student made to confirm that the cyclohexene was dry.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) In this preparation, the student added an excess of concentrated phosphoric acid to 14.4 g
of cyclohexanol (Mr = 100.0).
The student obtained 4.15 cm3 of cyclohexene (Mr = 82.0).
Density of cyclohexene = 0.810 g cm–3

Calculate the percentage yield of cyclohexene obtained.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

% yield _________________________
(5)

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(e) Cyclohexene reacts with bromine.

Complete the mechanism for this reaction.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

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The outer layers of some golf balls are made from a polymer called polyisoprene.
28. The isoprene monomer is a non-cyclic branched hydrocarbon that contains 88.2 % carbon by
mass.
The empirical formula of isoprene is the same as its molecular formula.

(a) Deduce the molecular formula of isoprene and suggest a possible structure.

Molecular formula ____________________________________________________

Structure

(4)

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(b) The insides of some golf balls are made from a mixture of three other polymers.
The repeating unit for one of these polymers is shown.

Draw the skeletal formula of the monomer used to make this polymer.

Give the IUPAC name of the monomer.

Skeletal formula of monomer

IUPAC name ________________________________________________________

(2)

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The third polymer in the mixture is a stereoisomer of this polymer.

Draw the structure of the repeating unit of the third polymer.

Give a reason why this type of stereoisomerism arises.

Repeating unit

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Golf balls recovered from lakes and ponds can be used again even after being in water for
several years.

Explain why these golf balls do not biodegrade.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

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Paracetamol is a medicine commonly used to relieve mild pain.
29.
Traditionally, paracetamol has been made industrially in a three-step synthesis from phenol.

(a) Name the mechanism of the reaction in Step 1.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Complete the equation for the reaction in Step 2.

(1)

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Complete the mechanism for the reaction of 4-aminophenol with ethanoyl chloride.
RNH2 is used to represent 4-aminophenol in this mechanism.

(2)

(d) In practice, ethanoic anhydride is used in the industrial synthesis rather than ethanoyl
chloride.

Give one reason why ethanoyl chloride is not used in the industrial synthesis.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) In Step 3 other aromatic products are formed as well as paracetamol.

Draw the structure of one of these other aromatic products.

(1)

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(f) Chemists have recently developed a two-step process to produce paracetamol from
phenol.
In the first step, phenol is oxidised to hydroquinone.

In the second step, hydroquinone reacts with ammonium ethanoate to form paracetamol.

Complete the equation for this second step.

(1)

(g) Calculate the mass, in kg, of hydroquinone (Mr = 110.0) needed to produce 250 kg of
paracetamol.

Mass _________________________ kg
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

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Some compounds with different molecular formulas have the same relative molecular mass to
30. the nearest whole number.

(a) A dicarboxylic acid has a relative molecular mass of 118, to the nearest whole number.

Deduce the molecular formula of the acid.

Molecular formula ________________________________________

(3)

(b) A student dissolved some of the dicarboxylic acid from part (a) in water and made up the
solution to 250 cm3 in a volumetric flask.
In a titration, a 25.0 cm3 sample of the acid solution needed 21.60 cm3 of 0.109 mol dm–3
sodium hydroxide solution for neutralisation.

Calculate the mass, in g, of the dicarboxylic acid used.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Mass ________________________ g
(4)

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(c) Compounds with molecular formula C6H14O2 also have a relative molecular mass of 118 to
the nearest whole number. These include the diol shown.

Deduce the number of peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum of this diol.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Draw the structure of a different diol also with molecular formula C6H14O2 that has a
1H NMR spectrum that consists of two singlet peaks.

(1)

(e) The dicarboxylic acid in part (a) and the isomers of C6H14O2 in parts (c) and (d) all have a
relative molecular mass of 118

State why the dicarboxylic acid can be distinguished from the two diols by high resolution
mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Sodium thiosulfate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as shown.

31.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + SO2 (g) + S(s) + H2O(l)

(a) Give the simplest ionic equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) The gas SO2 is a pollutant.

State the property of SO2 that causes pollution when it enters rivers.

Give an equation to show the reaction of SO2 with water.

Property ___________________________________________________________

Equation __________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Draw a diagram to show the shape of a molecule of H2O

Include any lone pairs of electrons.

State the H-O-H bond angle.

Explain this shape and bond angle.

Diagram

Bond angle _________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(d) The initial rate of the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid can be
monitored by measuring the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be produced.

Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the initial rate of this
reaction.

Include

• a brief outline of your method

• how you will measure the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be formed
• how you will present your results in graphical form
• a sketch of the graph that you would expect.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 13 marks)

The percentage by mass of iron in a steel wire is determined by a student.

32.
The student

• reacts 680 mg of the wire with an excess of sulfuric acid, so that all of the iron in the wire
forms Fe2+(aq)
• makes up the volume of the Fe2+(aq) solution to exactly 100 cm3
• takes 25.0 cm3 portions of the Fe2+(aq) solution
• titrates each portion with 0.0200 mol dm–3 potassium manganate(VII) solution.

(a) Give the equation for the reaction between iron and sulfuric acid.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) The titration results are shown in the table.

1 2 3

Final volume / cm3 22.90 45.60 22.60

Initial volume / cm3 0.00 22.90 0.00

Titre / cm3 22.90 22.70 22.60

Calculate the mean titre.

Mean titre _________________________ cm3

(1)

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) State the colour change seen at the end point of the titration.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Name the piece of apparatus used for these stages of the method.

Taking the 25.0 cm3 portions _________________________________

Adding the
potassium manganate(VII) solution _________________________________
(1)

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(f) The balance used to weigh the 680 mg of iron wire has an uncertainty of ±0.005 g

A container was weighed and its mass was subtracted from the total mass of the container
and wire.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in using the balance.

% uncertainty _______________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Which amount of sodium hydroxide would react exactly with 7.5 g of a diprotic acid, H2A
33. (Mr = 150)?

A 50 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

B 100 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

C 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

D 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

(Total 1 mark)

Lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide react according to the equation

34.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of each compound are mixed together.

Which amount, in mol, of lead(II) iodide is formed?

A 1.25 × 10–3

B 2.50 × 10–3

C 1.25 × 10–2

D 2.50 × 10–2

(Total 1 mark)

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This question is about s-block metals.
35.
(a) Give the full electron configuration for the calcium ion, Ca2+

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why the second ionisation energy of calcium is lower than the second ionisation
energy of potassium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give the formula of the hydroxide of the element in Group 2, from Mg to Ba, that is least
soluble in water.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(e) A student added 6 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3 barium chloride solution to 8 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm–3
sodium sulfate solution.
The student filtered off the precipitate and collected the filtrate.

Give an ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.

Show by calculation which reagent is in excess.
Calculate the total volume of the other reagent which should be used by the student so that
the filtrate contains only one solute.

Ionic equation _______________________________________________________

Reagent in excess ___________________________________________________

Total volume of other reagent ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(f) A sample of strontium has a relative atomic mass of 87.7 and consists of three isotopes,
86Sr, 87Srand 88Sr
In this sample, the ratio of abundances of the isotopes 86Sr :87Sr is 1:1

State why the isotopes of strontium have identical chemical properties.

Calculate the percentage abundance of the 88Sr isotope in this sample.

Why isotopes of strontium have identical chemical properties

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage abundance of 88Sr ____________________ %

(4)

(g) A time of flight (TOF) mass spectrum was obtained for a sample of barium that contains the
isotopes 136Ba, 137Ba and 138Ba

The sample of barium was ionised by electron impact.

Identify the ion with the longest time of flight.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(h) A 137Ba+ ion travels through the flight tube of a TOF mass spectrometer with a kinetic
energy of 3.65 × 10–16 J
This ion takes 2.71 × 10–5 s to reach the detector.

KE = mv2 where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s–1)

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

Calculate the length of the flight tube in metres.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Length of flight tube ____________________ m

(5)
(Total 18 marks)

This question is about sodium and some of its compounds.

36.
(a) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why sodium bromide has a melting
point that is higher than that of sodium, and higher than that of sodium iodide.
(6)

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(b) When 250 mg of sodium were added to 500 cm3 of water at 25 °C a gas was produced.

Give an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the gas formed at 101 kPa

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Volume ____________________ cm3

(6)

Concentration ____________________ mol dm–3

(1)

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(d) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 that contains the NH2– ion.

Draw the shape of the NH2– ion.

Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.

Predict the bond angle.

Justify your prediction.

Shape

Bond angle ____________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 17 marks)

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A student added 627 mg of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.xH2O) to 200 cm3 of 0.250 mol
37.
dm–3 hydrochloric acid in a beaker and stirred the mixture.
After the reaction was complete, the resulting solution was transferred to a volumetric flask,
made up to 250 cm3 with deionised water and mixed thoroughly.
Several 25.0 cm3 portions of the resulting solution were titrated with 0.150 mol dm–3 aqueous
sodium hydroxide. The mean titre was 26.60 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Calculate the value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O

Show your working.
Give your answer as an integer.

Value of x ____________________
(Total 7 marks)

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Compounds A and B react together to form an equilibrium mixture containing compounds C and
38. D according to the equation

2A + B ⇌ 3C + D

(a) A beaker contained 40 cm3 of a 0.16 mol dm–3 aqueous solution of A.

9.5 × 10–3 mol of B and 2.8 × 10–2 mol of C were added to the beaker and the mixture was
left to reach equilibrium.
The equilibrium mixture formed contained 3.9 × 10–3 mol of A.

Calculate the amounts, in moles, of B, C and D in the equilibrium mixture.

Amount of B ____________________ mol

Amount of C ____________________ mol

Amount of D ____________________ mol

(5)

(b) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this equilibrium and its units.

Units ____________________
(2)

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(c) A different equilibrium mixture of these four compounds, at a different temperature,
contained 0.21 mol of B, 1.05 mol of C and 0.076 mol of D in a total volume of
5.00 × 102 cm3 of solution.
At this temperature the numerical value of Kc was 116

Calculate the concentration of A, in mol dm–3, in this equilibrium mixture.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Concentration of A ____________________ mol dm–3

(3)

(d) Justify the statement that adding more water to the equilibrium mixture in part (c) will lower
the amount of A in the mixture.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

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Cyclohexene (boiling point = 83 °C) can be prepared by the dehydration of cyclohexanol (boiling
39. point = 161 °C) using concentrated phosphoric acid.

A student prepared cyclohexene by placing 10 cm3 of cyclohexanol (density = 0.96 g cm–3) into a
round-bottomed flask.
3 cm3 of concentrated phosphoric acid were then carefully added to the flask.
The student added a few anti-bumping granules and set up the apparatus shown in the diagram.

• The student heated the mixture and collected the liquid that distilled at temperatures below
100 °C
• The distillate was poured into a separating funnel and washed by shaking with sodium
carbonate solution.
• Periodically, the separating funnel was inverted and the tap opened.
• The aqueous layer was discarded and the final organic product was dried using anhydrous
calcium chloride.
• After the product was dried, the drying agent was removed by filtration under reduced
pressure.

Heath Park Page 73 of 182

(a) The student collected 5.97 g of cyclohexene in the experiment.

Calculate the percentage yield of cyclohexene.

Percentage yield ____________________ %

(3)

(b) Describe a test-tube reaction, on the product, to show that the cyclohexanol had been
dehydrated.

State what you would observe. __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Explain why it is important to open the tap of the separating funnel periodically.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Give a property of anhydrous calcium chloride, other than its ability to absorb water, that
makes it suitable as a drying agent in this preparation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
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(f) Describe the apparatus used to remove the drying agent by filtration under reduced
pressure. Your description of the apparatus can be either a labelled diagram or a
description in words.

(2)

(g) A sample of cyclohexene has been contaminated with cyclohexanol. The cyclohexene can
be separated from the cyclohexanol by column chromatography.
Silica gel is used as the stationary phase and hexane as the mobile phase.

Explain why cyclohexene has a shorter retention time than cyclohexanol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(h) Explain how an infrared spectrum would confirm that the cyclohexene obtained from the
chromatography column did not contain any cyclohexanol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

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Some 1.0 mol dm–3 solutions were mixed using equal volumes of each solution.
40.
Which pair of solutions would give the greatest mass of solid?

A Ba(OH)2 and MgCl2

B Ba(OH)2 and MgSO4

C Ba(OH)2 and NaCl

D Ba(OH)2 and Na2SO4

(Total 1 mark)

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This question is about compounds containing ethanedioate ions.
41.
(a) A white solid is a mixture of sodium ethanedioate (Na2C2O4), ethanedioic acid dihydrate
(H2C2O4.2H2O) and an inert solid. A volumetric flask contained 1.90 g of this solid mixture
in 250 cm3 of aqueous solution.

Two different titrations were carried out using this solution.

In the first titration 25.0 cm3 of the solution were added to an excess of sulfuric acid in a
conical flask. The flask and contents were heated to 60 °C and then titrated with a
0.0200 mol dm−3 solution of potassium manganate(VII). When 26.50 cm3 of potassium
manganate(VII) had been added the solution changed colour.

The equation for this reaction is

2MnO4− + 5C2O42− + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2

In the second titration 25.0 cm3 of the solution were titrated with a 0.100 mol dm−3 solution
of sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The indicator changed colour
after the addition of 10.45 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.

The equation for this reaction is

H2C2O4 + 2OH− → C2O42− + 2H2O

Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium ethanedioate in the white solid.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Show your working.

Percentage by mass of sodium ethanedioate ____________________ %

(8)

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(b) Ethanedioate ions react with aqueous iron(III) ions in a ligand substitution reaction.

Write an equation for this reaction.

Suggest why the value of the enthalpy change for this reaction is close to zero.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Indicate the value of the O—Fe—O bond angle.

State the type of isomerism shown by the iron complex.

Bond angle _________________________________________________________

Type of isomerism ____________________________________________________

(3)

(d) Ethanedioate ions are poisonous because they react with iron ions in the body.
Ethanedioate ions are present in foods such as broccoli and spinach.

Suggest one reason why people who eat these foods do not suffer from poisoning.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

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The diagram shows some compounds made from a halogenoalkane.
42.

(a) Draw the displayed formula of compound J.

(1)

(b) Name the mechanism for Reaction 2 and give an essential condition used to ensure that
CH3CH2CH2NH2 is the major product.

Name of mechanism __________________________________________________

Condition ___________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Calculate the mass, in grams, of CH3CH2CH2NH2 produced from 25.2 g of CH3CH2CH2Br
in Reaction 2 assuming a 75.0% yield.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Mass ____________________ g
(3)

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(d) When Reaction 2 is carried out under different conditions, a compound with molecular
formula C9H21N is produced.

Draw the skeletal formula of the compound.

Identify the functional group in the compound including its classification.

Skeletal formula

Functional group including classification ____________________

(2)

(e) Identify the reagent and conditions used in Reaction 3.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Name and outline a mechanism for Reaction 3.

Name of mechanism __________________________________________________

Mechanism

(4)
(Total 13 marks)

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43. A 0.100 mol dm−3 solution of sodium hydroxide was gradually added to 25.0 cm3 of a solution of
a weak acid, HX, in the presence of a suitable indicator.

A graph was plotted of pH against the volume of sodium hydroxide solution, as shown in the
figure below.

The first pH reading was taken after 20.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution had been added.

The acid dissociation constant of HX, Ka, = 2.62 × 10−5 mol dm−3

(a) The pH range of an indicator is the range over which it changes colour.

Suggest the pH range of a suitable indicator for this titration.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Give the expression for the acid dissociation constant of HX.

Ka =
(1)

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Concentration ____________________ mol dm−3

(2)

(d) Calculate the pH of the solution of HX before the addition of any sodium hydroxide.

(If you were unable to calculate a value for the concentration of HX in part (c) you should
use a value of 0.600 mol dm−3 in this calculation. This is not the correct value.)

pH of HX ____________________
(2)

(e) Calculate the pH of the solution when half of the acid has reacted.

pH of solution ____________________
(1)

(f) Plot your answers to part (d) and part (e) on the grid in the figure above.

Use these points to sketch the missing part of the curve between 0 and 20 cm3 of NaOH
solution added.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

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44. What is the mass, in mg, of carbon formed when 3.0 × 10−3 mol of propene undergoes
incomplete combustion?

2C3H6 + 3O2 ⟶ 6C + 6H2O

A 9.0 × 10−3

B 3.6 × 10−2

C 1.08 × 102

D 2.16 × 102

(Total 1 mark)

The equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid is
45.
Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2

What is the minimum mass, in mg, of zinc (Ar = 65.4) needed to react with 50.0 cm3 of
1.68 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid?

A 2.75

B 5.49

C 2.75 × 103

D 5.49 × 103

(Total 1 mark)

A solution of lead(ll) chloride (Mr = 278.2) contains 1.08 g of PbCl2 in 100 cm3 of solution. In this
46.
solution, the lead(ll) chloride is fully dissociated into ions.

What is the concentration of chloride ions in this solution?

A 3.88 × 10−3 mol dm−3

B 7.76 × 10−3 mol dm−3

C 3.88 × 10−2 mol dm−3

D 7.76 × 10−2 mol dm−3

(Total 1 mark)

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47. A 385 cm3 sample of carbon dioxide at 100 kPa and 25 °C was mixed with 2.89 × 10−2 mol of
argon. The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

What is the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the mixture?

A 0.35

B 0.46

C 0.54

D 0.65

(Total 1 mark)

48. A student is provided with 5.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm−3 ammonia solution. The student was asked
to prepare an ammonia solution with a concentration of 0.050 mol dm−3

What volume of water should the student add?

A 45.0 cm3

B 95.0 cm3

C 100 cm3

D 995 cm3

(Total 1 mark)

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Phenylethanone can be prepared by the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and benzene.
49.

In a preparation, with an excess of benzene, the mass of ethanoyl chloride (Mr = 78.5) used was
5.7 × 10−2 kg.

The percentage yield of phenylethanone was 62%.

What mass, in grams, of phenylethanone was produced?

A 35 g

B 54 g

C 87 g

D 102 g

(Total 1 mark)

130 cm3 of oxygen and 40 cm3 of nitrogen, each at 298 K and 100 kPa, were placed into an
50.
evacuated flask of volume 0.50 dm3.

What is the pressure of the gas mixture in the flask at 298 K?

A 294 kPa

B 68.0 kPa

C 34.0 kPa

D 13.7 kPa

(Total 1 mark)

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This question is about sodium fluoride.
51.
(a) Complete the Born–Haber cycle for sodium fluoride by adding the missing species on the
lines.

(2)

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(b) Use the data in the table and your completed Born–Haber cycle from part (a) to calculate
the enthalpy of lattice formation of sodium fluoride.

ΔHθ / kJ mol−1

Na(s) ⟶ Na(g) +109

Na(g) ⟶ Na+(g) + e− +494

F2(g) ⟶ 2F(g) +158

F(g) + e− ⟶ F−(g) −348

Na(s) + F2(g) ⟶ NaF(s) −569

Enthalpy of lattice formation ____________ kJ mol−1

(2)

Justify your answer.

How enthalpies of formation compare ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(d) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of fluorine gas at 298 K and 100 kPa required to produce 1.00
g of sodium fluoride by reaction with an excess of sodium.

The gas constant R = 8.31 J −1 mol−1

Volume ___________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 11 marks)

This question is about halogenoalkanes.

52.
(a) Chlorine atoms are formed in the upper atmosphere when ultraviolet radiation causes C–Cl
bonds in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to break.

Write two equations to show how chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Chloroethane reacts with potassium hydroxide in the presence of propan-1-ol to form
ethene.

State the role of potassium hydroxide and the role of propan-1-ol in the reaction.

Role of potassium hydroxide ___________________________________________

Role of propan-1-ol ___________________________________________________

(2)

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(c) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction in part (b) between chloroethane and
potassium hydroxide to produce ethene.

Name of mechanism __________________________________________________

Mechanism

(4)

(d) The structure of polymer A is shown.

Draw the structure of the monomer used to form polymer A.

(1)

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(e) Chemical analysis shows that a chlorofluoroalkane, B, contains by mass 51.6% fluorine,
32.1% chlorine and no hydrogen.

Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35Cl and 337Cl, in the ratio 3:1
Fluorine only exists as one isotope, 19F.

A mass spectrum of B is obtained using electron impact ionisation. The mass spectrum
shows three molecular ion peaks at m/z = 220, 222 and 224.

Determine the formula of each of the three molecular ions of B.

Predict and explain the ratio of the relative abundancies of each of the three molecular ion
peaks at m/z = 220, 222 and 224.

To gain full marks you must show all your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Heath Park Page 90 of 182

Chemists design synthetic routes to convert one organic compound into another.
53.
Buta-1,3-diene, C, is converted into compound F as shown in the diagram below.

(a) State the IUPAC name of compound F.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Deduce the structure of compound D.

For each of the conversions in steps 1 and 2, suggest a reagent for the conversion and
name the mechanism.

Suggest the type of reaction occurring in step 3.

Structure of D

Step 1 _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Step 2 _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Type of reaction in Step 3 ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

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State a reagent (or combination of reagents) that can be used in a test-tube reaction to
distinguish between F and G.

Describe what you would observe when the reagent is added to each compound and the
test tube is shaken.

Reagent(s) _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Observation with F ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Observation with G ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Compounds F and G react to form a polymer.

Draw the repeating unit of the polymer.

(2)

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(e) In an experiment, 0.930 kg of purified F were obtained from 1.11 dm3 of G
(density 1.04 g cm−3).

Calculate the percentage yield.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Percentage yield _____________ %

(4)

(f) One reason for a yield of less than 100% in part (e) is that G reacts to form a number of
other compounds.

The other compounds are all liquids at room temperature.

Name the technique that should be used to separate and collect each of these other
compounds from the reaction mixture.

Include in your answer a description of the apparatus.

Your description of the apparatus can be either a description in words or a labelled sketch.

Name of technique ___________________________________________________

Apparatus

(4)
(Total 20 marks)

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EDTA is a useful laboratory chemical and is found in a wide variety of commercial products
54.
including detergents. It is very soluble in water and is often used in its ionic form EDTA4− as
shown in the diagram below.

(a) EDTA4− can act as a multidentate ligand.

Explain the meanings of the terms multidentate and ligand with reference to the reaction
of EDTA4− with [Cu(H2O)62+](aq) ions to form a complex ion.

Draw on the diagram above a separate circle around each atom that bonds to the Cu2+ ion
in this complex ion.

Multidentate ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Ligand _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(b) Copper(II) compounds may be used as fungicides in vineyards. When used in this way,
copper(II) ions can enter the water supply and cause problems because they are toxic in
high concentrations.

The water supply near a vineyard can be tested for copper(II) ions by forming a blue
aqueous complex with EDTA4− ions. The concentration of this complex can be determined
using a colorimeter.

Outline the practical steps that you would follow, using colorimetry, to determine the
concentration of this complex in a sample of water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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This result was checked by titrating a sample of the water with a solution containing
EDTA4−(aq) ions.

The EDTA4−(aq) used in the titration had a concentration of 1.00 × 10−3 mol dm−3.

Write an equation for the reaction between [Cu(H2O)6]2+ and EDTA4− ions.

Calculate the volume of the EDTA4− solution needed to react with a 25.0 cm3 sample of the
water.

Justify whether this titration will give an accurate value for the concentration of copper(II)
ions. If necessary, suggest a practical step that would improve the accuracy.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 11 marks)

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Iodine reacts slowly with propanone in the presence of an acid catalyst according to the equation
55.
CH3COCH3 + l2 ⟶ CH3COCH2l + Hl

The rate of this reaction can be followed by preparing mixtures in which only the initial
concentration of propanone is varied. At suitable time intervals, a small sample of the
mixture is removed and titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution. This allows determination
of the concentration of iodine remaining at that [Link] rate of this reaction can be
followed by preparing mixtures in which only the initial concentration of propanone is
varied. At suitable time intervals, a small sample of the mixture is removed and titrated with
sodium thiosulfate solution. This allows determination of the concentration of iodine
remaining at that time.

Five mixtures, A, B, C, D and E, are prepared as shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Mixture A B C D E

Volume of 0.0200 mol dm−3 I2(aq)/cm3 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0

Volume of 0.100 mol dm−3 H2SO4(aq)/cm3 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0

Volume of 1.00 mol dm−3 CH3COCH3(aq)/cm3 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 6.5

Volume of distilled water/cm3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 18.5

(a) Calculate the initial concentration, in mol dm−3, of the propanone in mixture A.

Concentration = _________ mol dm−3

(2)

(b) State and explain why different volumes of water are added to mixtures B, C, D and E.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(c) Calculate the volume of 0.0100 mol dm−3 sodium thiosulfate solution required to react with
all of the iodine in a 10.0 cm3 sample of mixture E, before the iodine reacts with propanone.

The equation for the reaction in the titration is

2Na2S2O3(aq) + I2(aq) ⟶ Na2S4O6(aq) + 2Nal(aq)

Volume = __________________ cm3

(4)

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(d) The results for mixture E are shown in Table 2.
V is the volume of 0.0100 mol dm−3 sodium thiosulfate solution needed, at different times,
t, to react with the iodine in a 10.0 cm3 sample of E.

Table 2

t/min 5 10 20 30

V/cm3 17.5 17.2 16.6 16.0

Use these data and your answer to part (c) to plot a graph of V (y-axis) against t (x-axis)
for mixture E.
Draw a best-fit straight line through your points and calculate the gradient of this line.

gradient = _____________ cm3 min−1

Heath Park Page 99 of 182

(5)

(e) The gradients for similar graphs produced by mixtures A, B, C and D are shown
in Table 3.
Each gradient is a measure of the rate of the reaction between iodine and propanone.

Table 3

Mixture A B C D

Gradient / cm3
−0.24 −0.20 −0.15 −0.10
min−1

Use information from Table 1 and Table 3 to deduce the order with respect to propanone.
Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Each sample taken from the reaction mixtures is immediately added to an excess of
sodium hydrogencarbonate solution before being titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution.

Suggest the purpose of this addition.

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

Heath Park Page 100 of 182

1,4-diaminobenzene is an important intermediate in the production of polymers such as Kevlar
56. and also of polyurethanes, used in making foam seating.

A possible synthesis of 1,4-diaminobenzene from phenylamine is shown in the following figure.

(a) A suitable reagent for step 1 is CH3COCl

Name and draw a mechanism for the reaction in step 1.

Name of mechanism __________________________________________________

Mechanism

(5)

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(b) The product of step 1 was purified by recrystallisation as follows.

The crude product was dissolved in the minimum quantity of hot water and the hot
solution was filtered through a hot filter funnel into a conical flask. This filtration removed
any insoluble impurities. The flask was left to cool to room temperature.
The crystals formed were filtered off using a Buchner funnel and a clean cork was used to
compress the crystals in the funnel. A little cold water was then poured through the
crystals.
After a few minutes, the crystals were removed from the funnel and weighed.
A small sample was then used to find the melting point.

Give reasons for each of the following practical steps.

The minimum quantity of hot water was used

___________________________________________________________________

The flask was cooled to room temperature before the crystals were filtered off

___________________________________________________________________

The crystals were compressed in the funnel

___________________________________________________________________

A little cold water was poured through the crystals

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Heath Park Page 102 of 182

Suggest the most likely impurity to have caused this low value and an improvement to the
method so that a more accurate value for the melting point would be obtained.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The figure above is repeated here to help you answer the following questions.

Heath Park Page 103 of 182

(d) In an experiment starting with 5.05 g of phenylamine, 4.82 g of purified product were
obtained in step 1.

Calculate the percentage yield in this reaction.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Percentage yield = _______________%

(3)

(e) A reagent for step 2 is a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid,
which react together to form a reactive intermediate.

Write an equation for the reaction of this intermediate in step 2.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Name a mechanism for the reaction in step 2.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(g) Suggest the type of reaction occurring in step 3.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(h) Identify the reagents used in step 4.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 18 marks)

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Ethanedioic acid is a weak acid.
57. Ethanedioic acid acts, initially, as a monoprotic acid.

(a) Use the concept of electronegativity to justify why the acid strengths of ethanedioic acid
and ethanoic acid are different.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) A buffer solution is made by adding 6.00 × 10–2 mol of sodium hydroxide to a solution
containing 1.00 × 10–1 mol of ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4).
Assume that the sodium hydroxide reacts as shown in the following equation and that in
this buffer solution, the ethanedioic acid behaves as a monoprotic acid.

H2C2O4(aq) + OH–(aq) HC2O4−(aq) + H2O(l)

The dissociation constant Ka for ethanedioic acid is 5.89 × 10–2 mol dm–3.

Calculate a value for the pH of the buffer solution.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

pH = ____________________
(5)

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(c) In a titration, the end point was reached when 25.0 cm3 of an acidified solution containing
ethanedioic acid reacted with 20.20 cm3 of 2.00 ×10–2 mol dm–3 potassium manganate(VII)
solution.

Deduce an equation for the reaction that occurs and use it to calculate the original
concentration of the ethanedioic acid solution.

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Calculation

Original concentration = ____________________ mol dm-3

(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Sodium bromate(V) is a primary standard. This means that its solution can be used to check the
58. concentration of other solutions.

(a) The half-equations for the reaction between bromate(V) ions and thiosulfate ions in the
presence of acid are

2S2O32– → S4O62– + 2e–

BrO3– + 6H+ + 6e– → Br– + 3H2O

Use these half-equations to deduce an overall equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 106 of 182

(b) A laboratory technician decided to use a 5.00 × 10–3 mol dm–3 solution of sodium
bromate(V) to check the concentration of a sodium thiosulfate solution that was labelled as
1.00 × 10–3 mol dm–3. The sodium bromate(V) solution was placed in the burette and 25.0
cm3 of the sodium thiosulfate solution was pipetted into a conical flask.

Use the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution to calculate the expected titre
value in this experiment.
Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Suggest one change to the experimental procedure in part (b) that would enable you to
calculate a more accurate value for the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Compound R contains 61.0% carbon and 11.9% hydrogen by mass. The remainder is oxygen.
59. The mass spectrum of R contains a molecular ion peak at m/z = 118.

(a) Use these data to show that the molecular formula of R is C6H14O2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(b) The infrared spectrum of R (C6H14O2) is shown below.

The proton n.m.r. spectrum of R contains five peaks. The chemical shift values, integration
ratios and splitting patterns of these peaks are given in the table.

Chemical shift/ppm 3.8 3.2 3.1 1.4 1.1

Integration ratio 2 3 1 2 6

Splitting patterns triplet singlet singlet triplet singlet

Heath Park Page 108 of 182

When R is warmed with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) a green solution is formed.

Use Table A and Table B on the data sheet and all of the data provided in the question to
deduce the structure of R.

In your answer, explain how you have used the data provided in the question.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(9)
(Total 12 marks)

Heath Park Page 109 of 182

A green solution, X, is thought to contain [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions.
60.
(a) The presence of these ions can be confirmed by reacting separate samples of solution X
with aqueous ammonia and with aqueous sodium carbonate.

Write equations for each of these reactions and describe what you would observe.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) A 50.0 cm3 sample of solution X was added to 50 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid and made up to
250 cm3 of solution in a volumetric flask.

A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution from the volumetric flask was titrated with a 0.0205 mol
dm−3 solution of KMnO4
At the end point of the reaction, the volume of KMnO4 solution added was 18.70 cm3.

(i) State the colour change that occurs at the end point of this titration and give a reason
for the colour change.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

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(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between iron(II) ions and manganate(VII) ions.

Use this equation and the information given to calculate the concentration of iron(II)
ions in the original solution X.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 11 marks)

Heath Park Page 111 of 182

N-phenylethanamide is used as an inhibitor in hydrogen peroxide decomposition and also in the
1. production of dyes.

N-phenylethanamide can be produced in a laboratory by the reaction between phenylammonium

sulfate and an excess of ethanoic anhydride:

(a) A student carried out this preparation using 1.15 g of phenylammonium sulfate (Mr = 284.1)
and excess ethanoic anhydride.

(i) Calculate the maximum theoretical yield of N−phenylethanamide that could be

produced in the reaction. Record your answer to an appropriate precision.

Show your working.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) In the preparation, the student produced 0.89 g of N−phenylethanamide.

Calculate the percentage yield for the reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) The student purified the crude solid product, N−phenylethanamide, by recrystallisation.

(i) Outline the method that the student should use for this recrystallisation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(ii) Outline how you would carry out a simple laboratory process to show that the
recrystallised product is a pure sample of N−phenylethanamide.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Heath Park Page 2 of 46

(iii) Assume that the reaction goes to completion.

Suggest two practical reasons why the percentage yield for this reaction may not be
100%.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The reaction to form N−phenylethanamide would happen much more quickly if the student
used ethanoyl chloride instead of ethanoic anhydride.

Explain why the student might prefer to use ethanoic anhydride, even though it has a
slower rate of reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

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(a) Sodium hydroxide can be obtained as a monohydrate (NaOH.H2O). When heated, the
2. water of crystallisation is lost, leaving anhydrous sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

A chemist weighed a clean, dry crucible. The chemist transferred 1.10 g of NaOH.H2O to
the crucible. The crucible and its contents were heated until a constant mass had been
reached. The chemist recorded this mass.

The experiment was repeated using different masses of the monohydrate.

For each experiment, the chemist recorded the original mass of NaOH.H2O and the mass
of NaOH left after heating. The chemist’s results are shown in the table below.

Mass of NaOH.H2O / g Mass of NaOH / g

0.50 0.48

1.10 0.79

2.05 1.41

2.95 2.06

3.50 2.28

4.20 2.93

4.90 3.41

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(i) Plot a graph of mass of NaOH.H2O (y-axis) against mass of NaOH on the grid.
Draw a straight line of best fit on the graph.

(3)

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(ii) Use your graph to determine the mass of NaOH.H2O needed to form 1.00 g of NaOH

_____________ g
(1)

(iii) Use your answer from part (a) (ii) to confirm that the formula of sodium hydroxide
monohydrate is NaOH.H2O

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Sodium hydroxide is used to remove grease from metal components.

Sodium hydroxide cannot be used to clean components made of aluminium because it
reacts with this metal.

(i) Balance the equation for the reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide with aluminium.

...... NaOH + ...... Al + ...... H2O ...... NaAl(OH)4 + 3H2

(1)

(ii) In 1986, a sealed aluminium tank exploded while being used by mistake for
transporting concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.

Suggest one reason why the tank exploded.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) A strong alkali such as potassium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte in some alkaline
batteries for household use. The electrolyte will escape if the battery casing is broken.

Suggest one reason why a leak of this electrolyte is hazardous.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Heath Park Page 6 of 46

A student carried out an experiment to find the mass of FeSO4.7H2O in an impure sample, X.
3. The student recorded the mass of X. This sample was dissolved in water and made up to
250 cm3 of solution.
The student found that, after an excess of acid had been added, 25.0 cm3 of this solution reacted
with 21.3 cm3 of a 0.0150 mol dm–3 solution of K2Cr2O7

(a) Use this information to calculate a value for the mass of FeSO4.7H2O in the sample of X.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) The student found that the calculated mass of FeSO4.7H2O was greater than the actual
mass of the sample that had been weighed out. The student realised that this could be due
to the nature of the impurity.

Suggest one property of an impurity that would cause the calculated mass of FeSO4.7H2O
in X to be greater than the actual mass of X.
Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Heath Park Page 7 of 46

One cell that has been used to provide electrical energy is the Daniell cell. This cell uses copper
4. and zinc.

(a) The conventional representation for the Daniell cell is

Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) | | Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)

The e.m.f. of this cell under standard conditions is +1.10 V.

Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes.

At Zn electrode ______________________________________________________

At Cu electrode ______________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A Daniell cell was set up using 100 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulfate solution. The
cell was allowed to produce electricity until the concentration of the copper(II) ions had
decreased to 0.50 mol dm–3.

Calculate the decrease in mass of the zinc electrode. Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Briefly outline how you would carry out an experiment to confirm your answer to part (b).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Heath Park Page 8 of 46

This question explores some reactions and some uses of cobalt compounds.
5.
(a) Ethanal is oxidised to ethanoic acid by oxygen. The equation for this reaction is

2CH3CHO + O2 2CH3COOH

This redox reaction is slow at room temperature but speeds up in the presence of cobalt
compounds.

Explain why a cobalt compound is able to act as a catalyst for this process.

Illustrate your explanation with two equations to suggest how, in the presence of water and
hydrogen ions, Co3+ and then Co2+ ions could be involved in catalysing this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) In aqueous solution, the [Co(H2O)6]2+ ion reacts with an excess of ethane-1,2-diamine to
form the complex ion Y.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction.

Explain, in terms of the chelate effect, why the complex ion Y is formed in preference
to the [Co(H2O)6]2+ complex ion.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

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(ii) Draw a diagram that shows the shape of the complex ion Y and shows the type of
bond between the ethane-1,2-diamine molecules and the cobalt.

(3)

A solid sample of Z was prepared by reaction of 50 cm3 of 0.203 mol dm−3 aqueous
cobalt(II) chloride with ammonia and an oxidising agent followed by hydrochloric acid.

When this sample of Z was reacted with an excess of silver nitrate, 4.22 g of silver chloride
were obtained.

Use this information to calculate the mole ratio of chloride ions to cobalt ions in Z.

Give the formula of the complex cobalt compound Z that you would expect to be formed in
the preparation described above.

Suggest one reason why the mole ratio of chloride ions to cobalt ions that you have
calculated is different from the expected value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 15 marks)
Heath Park Page 10 of 46
The triiodomethane reaction is often used as a test for aldehydes and ketones that contain the
6. CH3CO group shown.

The aldehyde or ketone is reacted with an alkaline solution of iodine. Triiodomethane (CHl3) is
formed as a precipitate. Compounds that contain a group that can be oxidised to the CH3CO
group will also give a positive result in this test.

(a) State, with a reason, whether or not ethanol will give a positive result in the triiodomethane
reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The equation for the reaction of ethanal with an alkaline solution of iodine is

CH3CHO + 3l2 + 4NaOH CHl3 + HCOONa + 3Nal + 3H2O

In an experiment using this reaction, the yield of triiodomethane (CHl3) obtained by a

student was 83.2%.

Calculate the minimum mass of iodine that this student would have used to form 10.0 g of
triiodomethane.
Give your answer to the appropriate precision.
Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

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(c) Triiodomethane can be separated from the reaction mixture by filtration.
State one reason why the solid residue is then washed with water after the filtration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) State one reason, other than cost or availability, why water is suitable for washing this solid
residue after the filtration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

The pigment ’Cobalt Yellow’ contains an octahedral complex of cobalt(III) and nitrate(III) ions
7.
(NO2–). Analysis shows that Cobalt Yellow contains 13.0% of cobalt, 18.6% of nitrogen and
25.9% of potassium by mass. The remainder is oxygen.

(a) Use these data to calculate the empirical formula of Cobalt Yellow. Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Deduce the structural formula of the cobalt-containing ion in Cobalt Yellow.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

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Iron(II) ethanedioate is another insoluble solid used as a pigment in paints and glass. It occurs as
8. a dihydrate (FeC2O4.2H2O). One procedure used for the preparation of iron(II) ethanedioate is
outlined below.

Procedure
A 6.95 g sample of hydrated iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) was added to 100 cm3 of water in a
beaker and stirred until all of the solid dissolved. A 150 cm3 volume of 0.20 mol dm–3 sodium
ethanedioate solution was added to the beaker. The mixture was stirred until precipitation was
complete. After filtration, 3.31 g of the dihydrate (FeC2O4.2H2O) were collected.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between iron(II) sulfate and sodium ethanedioate.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Calculate the amount, in moles, of FeSO4.7H2O in 6.95 g of hydrated iron(II) sulfate. Show
your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Calculate the percentage yield of iron(II) ethanedioate dihydrate (Mr = 179.8) formed in this
reaction.
Give your answer to the appropriate precision. Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 13 of 46

(e) In this experiment, no side reactions take place, the reagents are pure and the reaction
goes to completion.

Suggest one reason why the yield of iron(II) ethanedioate dihydrate in this experiment is
less than 100%.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) When dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid, the number of moles of ethanedioate ions in a
pigment can be determined by titration with acidified potassium manganate(VII).

Explain why the titration of a sample of iron(II) ethanedioate would require a different
amount of potassium manganate(VII) than a titration of an equimolar amount of copper(II)
ethanedioate.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) Because of the toxic nature of the copper(II) ion, a wide range of alternative anti-fungal
9. drugs has been developed for use in agriculture. One example is Zineb.

(i) The negative ion in Zineb could act as a bidentate ligand.

On the structure above, draw a ring around each of two atoms that could provide the
lone pairs of electrons when this ion acts as a bidentate ligand.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the Mr of Zineb. Give your answer to the appropriate precision.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 14 of 46

(iii) Name the functional group formed at each end of the negative ion when all the sulfur
atoms in the structure of Zineb are replaced by oxygen atoms.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Zineb has been investigated for harmful effects. Generally, Zineb has been found to be
safe to use in agriculture. It is only slightly soluble in water and is sprayed onto plants. A
breakdown product of Zineb is ethylene thiourea (ETU), which is very soluble in water. The
structure of ETU is shown below.

Determine the percentage, by mass, of sulfur in ETU (Mr = 102.1).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Outline how this technique is used to separate and identify ETU from a sample of Zineb
powder.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

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Solid iron(II) ethanedioate dihydrate (FeC2O4.2H2O) has a polymeric structure.
10. Two repeating units in the polymer chain are shown.

Each iron ion is also bonded to

two water molecules. These are
not shown in the diagram.

(a) Name the type of bond that is represented by the arrows.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In terms of electrons explain how the water molecules, not shown in the diagram, form
bonds to the iron.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(d) Iron(II) ethanedioate dihydrate can be analysed by titration using potassium
manganate(VII) in acidic solution. In this reaction, manganate(VII) ions oxidise iron(II) ions
and ethanedioate ions.

A 1.381 g sample of impure FeC2O4.2H2O was dissolved in an excess of dilute sulfuric acid
and made up to 250 cm3 of solution.
25.0 cm3 of this solution decolourised 22.35 cm3 of a 0.0193 mol dm–3 solution of
potassium manganate(VII).

(i) Use the half-equations given below to calculate the reacting ratio of moles of
manganate(VII) ions to moles of iron(II) ethanedioate.

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O

Fe2+ Fe3+ + e–
C2O42– 2CO2 + 2e–

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

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(ii) Calculate the percentage by mass of FeC2O4.2H2O in the original sample.

(If you have been unable to answer part (d)(i) you may assume that three moles of
manganate(VII) ions react with seven moles of iron(II) ethanedioate. This is not the
correct ratio.)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

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A student was given a task to determine the percentage purity of a sample of salicylic acid. The
11. method used by the student to prepare a solution of salicylic acid is described below.

• 0.500 g of an impure sample of salicylic acid was placed in a weighing bottle.

• The contents were tipped into a beaker and 100 cm 3 of distilled water were added.
• Salicylic acid does not dissolve well in cold water so the beaker and its contents were
heated gently until all the solid had dissolved.
• The solution was poured into a 250 cm 3 graduated flask and made up to the mark with
distilled water.

(a) Give two additional instructions that would improve this method for making up the salicylic
acid solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The pH of this solution was measured and a value of 2.50 was obtained.
Calculate the concentration of salicylic acid in this solution.
Assume that salicylic acid is the only acid in this solution. The Ka for salicylic acid
is 1.07 × 10–3 mol dm–3. You may represent salicylic acid as HA.
Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Use your answer to part (b) to calculate the mass of salicylic acid (Mr = 138.0) present in
the original sample.
(If you were unable to complete the calculation in part (b), assume that the concentration of
salicylic acid is 8.50 × 10–3 mol dm–3. This is not the correct answer.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(d) Use your answer to part (c) to calculate the percentage purity of the salicylic acid used to
make the solution.
(If you were unable to complete the calculation in part (c), assume that the mass of salicylic
acid is 0.347 g. This is not the correct answer.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

(a) The iron(II) ions in well-water can be removed by oxidation using potassium
12. manganate(VII) in alkaline solution. A mixture containing solid iron(III) hydroxide and solid
manganese(IV) oxide is formed. These solid products can be removed by filtration under
reduced pressure.

(i) Draw a diagram of the apparatus used for this filtration. Do not include the apparatus
used to reduce the pressure.

(2)

(ii) An equation representing the oxidation reaction is given below.

3Fe2+(aq) + KMnO4(aq) + 5OH–(aq) + 2H2O(I) 3Fe(OH)3(s) + MnO2(s) + K+(aq)

Calculate the mass, in grams, of KMnO4 required to react with the iron(II) ions in 1.00
dm3 of well-water that has an iron(II) concentration of 0.225 mol dm–3.
Give your answer to the appropriate precision.
Show your working.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

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(iii) In practice, a slight excess of potassium manganate(VII) is used to treat the
well-water.
Although this treated water is safe to drink, this excess of potassium manganate(VII)
is undesirable. Suggest one reason, other than colour, why the excess is
undesirable.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Suggest one reason why the colour of potassium manganate(VII) solution can be a source
of error when using a volumetric (graduated) flask to prepare a standard solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

The slowing down of chemical processes is important in food storage. Over time, fats may
13. become rancid. This involves the formation of compounds that have unpleasant odours and
flavours within the food.
Hydrolysis of fats is one way in which rancid flavours are formed. Fats break down to long-chain
carboxylic (fatty) acids and glycerol.

(a) Complete the right-hand side of the equation below to show how hydrolysis affects the
molecule of fat shown.

+ 3H2O → 3 ........................ + ........................

(2)

(b) Other than by cooling, suggest one method that would decrease the rate of hydrolysis of
fats.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) Food can also acquire unpleasant flavours when the fatty acids, produced by hydrolysis of
fats, are oxidised by air. This oxidation occurs by a free-radical mechanism.
Chemicals called anti-oxidants can be added to food to slow down the oxidation.
Suggest why anti-oxidants are not regarded as catalysts.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) A student investigated the extent of hydrolysis in an old sample of the fat in part (a).
The carboxylic acid extracted from a 2.78 g sample of this fat (Mr = 806.0) reacted with
24.5 cm3 of a 0.150 mol dm–3 solution of NaOH.
Calculate the percentage of the fat that had hydrolysed.
Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

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Complexes containing transition elements have a wide variety of uses including acting as
14. dyestuffs like Prussian Blue.

Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers. It was
the first member of a class of anti-cancer drugs that react with DNA in tumour cells.

Cisplatin is prepared from K2PtCl4 according to the following scheme.

All the reactions shown are reversible.

(a) Name the type of reaction occurring in all four steps of the scheme.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why an excess of potassium iodide is used in Reaction 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) (i) Write an equation for Reaction 1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 23 of 46

(ii) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of K2PtI4 in Reaction 1.
Show your working.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) In Reaction 3, silver nitrate solution is added to improve the yield of product.

(i) Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction of iodide ions with silver nitrate.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest why addition of silver nitrate improves the yield of product from Reaction 3.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Suggest two reasons, other than poor practical technique, why the overall yield of cisplatin
in this synthesis may be low.

Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) The cisplatin formed in Reaction 4 is impure. Outline how the impure solid is purified by
recrystallisation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(g) Platinum compounds are highly toxic.

(i) State why cisplatin is used in cancer treatment despite its toxicity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest a suitable precaution that should be taken by medical staff when using
cisplatin.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

(a) Some metal ions are toxic to humans. A substance that can be used to treat such
15.
poisoning contains the ion EDTA4–.
EDTA4– forms very stable complexes with metal ions. These complexes are not toxic.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction of EDTA4– with aqueous copper(II) ions,
[Cu(H2O)6]2+.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) A solution containing EDTA4– can also be used in a titration to determine the
concentration of metal ions in solution.
A river was polluted with copper(II) ions. When a 25.0 cm3 sample of the river water
was titrated with a 0.0150 mol dm–3 solution of EDTA4–, 6.45 cm3 were required for
complete reaction.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of copper(II) ions in the river water.
Show your working.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The determination of the concentration of copper(II) ions in a single sample of river water
gives an unreliable value for the copper(II) ion pollution in the river.
Give one reason why this value is unreliable.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) Silver complexes can be used to identify a particular organic functional group.
Give one example of a silver complex that can be used in this way and state the organic
functional group it identifies.

Silver complex _______________________________________________________

Organic functional group _______________________________________________

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Hydrogen peroxide is used as an oxidising agent in the preparation of transition metal

16. complexes.

(a) Consider the following reaction scheme. All the complexes are in aqueous solution.

Reaction 1 Reaction 2
[Co(H2O)6 ]2+ cobalt(II) complex [Co(NH3)6]3+
H2O2

(i) Identify a reagent for Reaction 1 and describe the colour change that occurs.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) State the colour of the final solution formed in Reaction 2.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Consider the following reaction scheme. All the complexes are in aqueous solution.

(i) For Reaction 3, state the colour of the initial and of the final solution and write an
equation for the reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

Heath Park Page 26 of 46

(ii) Write a half-equation for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxide ions.

Deduce an overall equation for Reaction 4 and state the colour of the final solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) The concentration of a hydrogen peroxide solution can be determined by titration with
acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution. In this reaction the hydrogen peroxide is
oxidised to oxygen gas.

A 5.00 cm3 sample of the hydrogen peroxide solution was added to a volumetric flask and
made up to 250 cm3 of aqueous solution. A 25.0 cm3 sample of this diluted solution was
acidified and reacted completely with 24.35 cm3 of 0.0187 mol dm–3 potassium
manganate(VII) solution.

Write an equation for the reaction between acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
and hydrogen peroxide.
Use this equation and the results given to calculate a value for the concentration, in
mol dm–3, of the original hydrogen peroxide solution.
(If you have been unable to write an equation for this reaction you may assume that 3 mol
of KMnO4 react with 7mol of H2O2. This is not the correct reacting ratio.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 17 marks)

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The electrons transferred in redox reactions can be used by electrochemical cells to provide
17. energy.

Some electrode half-equations and their standard electrode potentials are shown in the table
below.

Half-equation Eο/V

Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33

Fe3+(aq) + e– → Fe2+(aq) +0.77

2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) 0.00

Fe2+(aq) + 2e– → Fe(s) –0.44

Li+(aq) + e– → Li(s) –3.04

(a) Describe a standard hydrogen electrode.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Heath Park Page 28 of 46

(b) A conventional representation of a lithium cell is given below.
This cell has an e.m.f. of +2.91 V

Li(s) | Li+(aq) || Li+(aq) | MnO2(s) , LiMnO2(s) | Pt(s)

Write a half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the positive electrode of this cell.

Calculate the standard electrode potential of this positive electrode.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Suggest what reactions occur, if any, when hydrogen gas is bubbled into a solution
containing a mixture of iron(II) and iron(III) ions. Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 29 of 46

(d) A solution of iron(II) sulfate was prepared by dissolving 10.00 g of FeSO4.7H2O
(Mr = 277.9) in water and making up to 250 cm3 of solution. The solution was left to stand,
exposed to air, and some of the iron(II) ions became oxidised to iron(III) ions. A 25.0 cm3
sample of the partially oxidised solution required 23.70 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3 potassium
dichromate(VI) solution for complete reaction in the presence of an excess of dilute sulfuric
acid.

Calculate the percentage of iron(II) ions that had been oxidised by the air.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 14 marks)

(a) When a solution containing iron(II) ions is treated with a slight excess of a solution
18. containing ethanedioate ions a bright yellow precipitate of hydrated iron(II) ethanedioate,
FeC2O4.2H2O, is formed. The precipitate is filtered off, washed with propanone and then
allowed to dry. A typical yield of the solid is 95%.

(i) Propanone boils at 56 °C and is miscible with water in all proportions. Suggest two
reasons why washing with propanone is an effective method for producing a pure, dry
precipitate.

Reason 1 ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 30 of 46

(ii) By suggesting a simple test tube reaction, state how the filtrate could be tested to
show that all of the iron(II) ions have been removed from the solution. State what you
would observe.

Test __________________________________________________________

Observation ____________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Suggest one reason why the typical yield of iron(II) ethanedioate is less than 100%.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Calculate the mass of hydrated iron(II) ethanedioate, FeC2O4.2H2O that can be
formed from 50.0 cm3 of a 0.50 mol dm–3 solution of iron(II) sulfate when the yield of
the reaction is 95%. Show your working.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(v) The identity of the precipitate can be confirmed by dissolving it in sulfuric acid and
titrating the mixture with potassium manganate(VII).

Deduce the number of moles of iron(II) ethanedioate that would react with one mole
of potassium manganate(VII) in acidic solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Ethanedioate ions can be used to remove calcium ions from blood plasma.
A precipitate of calcium ethanedioate is formed. Write an ionic equation for the reaction of
ethanedioate ions with calcium ions.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Heath Park Page 31 of 46

(c) Ethanedioic acid is used to clean marble, a form of calcium carbonate. Suggest one reason
why the reaction between ethanedioic acid and marble stops after a short time.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Tea leaves contain ethanedioic acid. Suggest one reason why tea drinkers do not suffer
from ethanedioic acid poisoning.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Ethanedioic acid is produced by the oxidation of carbon monoxide in a multi-step process.
The equation which summarises the reactions taking place is shown below.

4CO + 4NaOH + O2 + 4HCl → 2H2C2O4 + 4NaCl + 2H2O

Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of ethanedioic acid in this
reaction. Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

(a) State and explain the trend in electronegativities across Period 3 from sodium to sulfur.
19.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Heath Park Page 32 of 46

(b) Explain why the oxides of the Period 3 elements sodium and phosphorus have different
melting points. In your answer you should discuss the structure of and bonding in these
oxides, and the link between electronegativity and the type of bonding.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Heath Park Page 33 of 46

(c) A chemical company has a waste tank of volume 25 000 dm3. The tank is full of phosphoric
acid (H3PO4) solution formed by adding some unwanted phosphorus(V) oxide to water in
the tank.

A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution required 21.2 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide
solution for complete reaction.

Calculate the mass, in kg, of phosphorus(V) oxide that must have been added to the water
in the waste tank.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 15 marks)

Synthetic dyes can be manufactured starting from compounds such as 4-nitrophenylamine.

20.
A synthesis of 4-nitrophenylamine starting from phenylamine is shown below.

Heath Park Page 34 of 46

(a) An equation for formation of N-phenylethanamide in Step 1 of the synthesis is shown
below.

2C6H5NH2 + CH3COCl → C6H5NHCOCH3 + C6H5NH3Cl

N-phenylethanamide

(i) Calculate the % atom economy for the production of N-phenylethanamide

(Mr = 135.0).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) In a process where 10.0 kg of phenylamine are used, the yield of

N-phenylethanamide obtained is 5.38 kg.

Calculate the percentage yield of N-phenylethanamide.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Comment on your answers to parts (i) and (ii) with reference to the commercial
viability of the process.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Heath Park Page 35 of 46

(b) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction in Step 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(c) The mechanism of Step 2 involves attack by an electrophile. Write an equation showing the
formation of the electrophile. Outline a mechanism for the reaction of this electrophile with
benzene.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 16 marks)

Heath Park Page 36 of 46

Iron from the Blast Furnace contains carbon. In the steel-making process, oxygen is blown
21. through molten impure iron. At stages during this process samples of iron are taken and
analysed to determine the remaining carbon content. One method of analysis involves a redox
titration.

At one stage a 1.27g sample of this impure iron was reacted with an excess of dilute sulphuric
acid. All of the iron in the sample was converted into iron(II) sulfate, and hydrogen was evolved.
The solution formed was made up to 250 cm3. A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution reacted
completely with exactly 19.6 cm3 of a 0.0220 mol dm–1 solution of potassium manganate(VII).

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between iron and dilute sulphuric acid.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction of iron(II) ions with manganate(VII) ions in acid solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(d) How would you ensure the reliability of the result obtained in this experiment?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Suggest one way in which the reliability of this analysis could be improved.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Heath Park Page 37 of 46

A 0.263 g sample of impure iron, containing an unreactive impurity, was reacted with an excess
22. of hydrochloric acid. All of the iron in the sample reacted, evolving hydrogen gas and forming a
solution of iron(II) chloride. The volume of hydrogen evolved was 102 cm3, measured at 298 K
and 110 kPa.

The percentage, by mass, of iron in the sample can be determined using either the volume of
hydrogen produced or by titrating the solution of iron(II) chloride formed against a standard
solution of potassium dichromate(VI).

(a) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between iron and hydrochloric acid.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen produced in the reaction.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Use your answers to parts (a)(i) and (ii) to determine the number of moles of iron and
the mass of iron in the original sample. (If you have been unable to complete part
(a)(ii) you should assume the answer to be 4.25 × 10–3 mol. This is not the correct
answer.)

Moles of iron ___________________________________________________

Mass of iron ____________________________________________________

(iv) Calculate the percentage of iron in the original sample.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)

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(b) (i) Write half-equations for the oxidation of Fe2+ and for the reduction of Cr2O in acidic
solution, and use these to construct an overall equation for the reaction between
these two ions.

Half-equation for the oxidation of Fe2+

______________________________________________________________

Half-equation for the reduction of Cr2O

______________________________________________________________

Overall equation

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The number of moles of iron in the sample was determined in part (a)(iii). Use this
answer to calculate the volume of a 0.0200 mol dm–3 solution of potassium
dichromate(VI) which would react exactly with the solution of iron(II) chloride formed
in the reaction.

(If you have been unable to complete part (a)(iii) you should assume the answer to be
3.63 × 10–3 mol. This is not the correct answer.)

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Explain why an incorrect value for the number of moles of iron(II) chloride formed
would have been obtained if the original solution had been titrated with potassium
manganate(VII).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 14 marks)

Heath Park Page 39 of 46

Ethanoyl chloride reacts with methylbenzene forming compound X according to the equation
23. below.

If the experimental yield is 40.0%, the mass in grams of X (Mr = 134.0) formed from 18.4 g of
methylbenzene (Mr = 92.0) is

A 26.8

B 16.1

C 10.7

D 7.4
(Total 1 mark)

(a) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction between propanoyl chloride,
24. CH3CH2COCl, and methylamine, CH3NH2
Draw the structure of the organic product.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Heath Park Page 40 of 46

(b) Benzene reacts with propanoyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride. Write
equations to show the role of aluminium chloride as a catalyst in this reaction. Outline a
mechanism for this reaction of benzene.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(c) Write an equation for the reaction of propanoyl chloride with water. An excess of water is
added to 1.48 g of propanoyl chloride. Aqueous sodium hydroxide is then added from a
burette to the resulting solution.
Calculate the volume of 0.42 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide needed to react exactly
with the mixture formed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 16 marks)

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In a reaction which gave a 27.0% yield, 5.00 g of methylbenzene were converted into the
25. explosive 2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene (TNT) (Mr = 227.0). The mass of TNT formed was

A 1.35 g

B 3.33 g

C 3.65 g

D 12.34 g
(Total 1 mark)

A 0.0720 g sample of reducing agent R was dissolved in water and acidified with an excess of
26.
dilute H2SO4. The resulting solution was found to react with exactly 18.0 cm3 of a 0.0200 mol
dm−3 solution of KMnO4.

In this reaction, 5 mol of R react with 3 mol of KMnO4. The Mr of R is

A 120

B 167

C 240

D 333
(Total 1 mark)

Propanoic acid reacts with methanol in the presence of a small amount of concentrated sulphuric
27. acid. The empirical formula of the ester formed is

A CH2O

B C2H6O2

C C2H4O2

D C 2H 4O
(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 42 of 46

This question is about the following reaction scheme which shows the preparation of polymer P.
28.

If 1.0 kg of benzene gave 0.98 kg of J, the percentage yield of J was

A 64

B 66

C 68

D 70
(Total 1 mark)

The relative molecular mass (Mr) of benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid is

29.
A 164

B 166

C 168

D 170
(Total 1 mark)

Butan-1-ol was converted into butyl propanoate by reaction with an excess of propanoic acid. In
30. the reaction, 6.0 g of the alcohol gave 7.4 g of the ester. The percentage yield of ester was

A 57

B 70

C 75

D 81
(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 43 of 46

This question relates to the equilibrium gas-phase synthesis of sulphur trioxide:
31.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Thermodynamic data for the components of this equilibrium are:

Substance ΔH / kJ mol−1 S / J K-1 mol-1

SO3(g) −396 +257

SO2(g) –297 +248

O2(g) 0 +204

This equilibrium, at a temperature of 585 K and a total pressure of 540 kPa, occurs in a vessel of
volume 1.80 dm3. At equilibrium, the vessel contains 0.0500 mol of SO2(g), 0.0800 mol of O2(g)
and 0.0700 mol of SO3(g).

At equilibrium in the same vessel of volume 1.80 dm3 under altered conditions, the reaction
mixture contains 0.0700 mol of SO3(g), 0.0500 mol of SO2(g) and 0.0900 mol of O2(g) at a total
pressure of 623 kPa. The temperature in the equilibrium vessel is

A 307 °C

B 596 K

C 337 °C

D 642 K
(Total 1 mark)

1,3-dinitrobenzene can be prepared by heating nitrobenzene with a mixture of fuming nitric acid
32. and concentrated sulphuric acid. The reaction can be represented by the following equation.

If the yield of the reaction is 55%, the mass of 1,3-dinitrobenzene produced from 12.30 g of
nitrobenzene is

A 16.90 g

B 16.80 g

C 9.30 g

D 9.24 g
(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 44 of 46

33. Aqueous C2O ions react with MnO ions in acidic solution according to the equation

5 C 2O + 2MnO + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

Under the same conditions Fe2+ ions also react with MnO ions. How many moles of MnO ions
are required to react exactly with one mole of Fe(C2O4).2H2O?

A 0.4

B 0.6

C 2.5

D 7.5
(Total 1 mark)

An excess of methanol was mixed with 12 g of ethanoic acid and an acid catalyst. At equilibrium
34. the mixture contained 8 g of methyl ethanoate. The percentage yield of ester present was

A 11

B 20

C 54

D 67
(Total 1 mark)

Hydrolysis of the ester, CH3COOCH2CH2CH3, produces ethanoic acid. In an experiment, 2.04 g

35. of the ester was used and 0.90 g of ethanoic acid was produced. The percentage yield of
ethanoic acid was:

A 44

B 59

C 75

D 90
(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 45 of 46

When vanadium reacts with chlorine at 400°C, a brown compound is obtained. When an
36. aqueous solution containing 0.193 g of this compound was treated with aqueous silver nitrate all
the chlorine in the compound was precipitated as silver chloride. The mass of silver chloride
(AgCl) produced was 0.574 g. Which one of the following could be the formula of the brown
compound?

A VCl

B VCl2

C VCl3

D VCl4
(Total 1 mark)

The oxidation of ethanedioate (oxalate) ions by manganate(VII) ions can be represented by the
37. half equations:

C2O (aq) → 2CO2(g) + 2e−

MnO (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e− → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

What volume (in cm3) of 0.02 M KMnO4 is required to oxidise completely a solution containing
0.02 mol of ethanedioate ions?

A 25

B 40

C 250

D 400
(Total 1 mark)

CH2O is the empirical formula of

38.
A methanol

B methyl methanoate

C ethane-1,2-diol

D butanal
(Total 1 mark)

Heath Park Page 46 of 46

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