Introduction
The lesson deals with the
▪ Second law ofthermodynamics
▪ Thermodynamicproperty
▪ Entropy
Also discussed are the application of the second law of thermodynamics
➢ Carnot engine and cycle
▪ A process must satisfy the first law in order to occur.
▪ Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take place.
▪ Second law is useful:
➢ provide means for predicting the direction of processes,
➢ establishing conditions for equilibrium,
➢ determining the best theoretical performance of cycles,
engines and other devices.
Limitation of “FIRST LAW”
▪ The first law of thermodynamic states that a certain energy flow takes place when a system
undergoes a process or change of state is possible or not.
– According to first law in ‘cyclic process’
➢Work is completely converted into heat or heat is completely converted into work.
➢“HEAT” & “WORK” are mutually converted into each other.
• But from experience this is NOT TRUE!
Limitation of “FIRST LAW”
▪ First law does not help to predict whether the certain process
is possible or not.
▪ The first law does not give info about Direction.
▪ It does not provide and specify sufficient condition to process
take place.
The "SECOND LAW" of thermodynamic:
• The second law of thermodynamic gives more information
about thermodynamic processes.
• Second law may be defined as
- "Heat can not flow itself from colder body to a hotter Figure 1. Limitations fo thermodynamics
body".
• The Second law is also used to determine the theoretical limits for the performance of mostly
used engineering systems like heat engines and heat pump....
"Kelvin-Plank" statement:
• The Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law of thermodynamic is states that
-"It is impossible to for any device as heat engine that operates on a cycle to receive heat
from a single reservoir and produce net amount of work".
• This statement means that only part of total heat absorbed by heat engine from a high
temperature is converted to work, the remaining heat must be rejected at a low temperature.
STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW
There is no formal definition or definite statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics
1. Whenever energy is transferred, the level of energy cannot be conserved and some energy
must be permanently reduced to a lower level.
2. Whenever energy is transferred, energy must be conserved, but the level of energy cannot be
conserved and some energy must be permanently reduced to a lower level (Burghardt and
Harbach, 1993).
▪ The energy level is a function of all the thermodynamic forces in a system that will cause energy
transfer from the system.
▪ The direction of energy transport is from a high energy level to a low energy level.
SECOND LAW FOR A CYCLE
▪ The first law gives techniques for energy analysis, but it does not describe how the energy flows.
▪ The second law of thermodynamics gives direction to the energy flow.
▪ In a cyclic thermodynamic processes, not all energy could be converted into usable work.
KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT
▪ "No cyclic process is possible, whose sole
result is the flow of heat from a single heat
reservoir and the performance of an equivalent
amount of work"
Considerations:
▪ Condenser could not be eliminated from the
cycle and still maintain a cycle. There is no way
to return the steam to the boiler.
▪ Work could not be accomplished if the Figure 2: Schematic Diagram of a Simple Steam Power Plant
condenser is at the same temperature as the boiler. If work were accomplished, then there would
be a reduction in temperature, and heat must flow from cold to hot to leave the turbine and enter
the condenser. This is a violation of the second law.
▪ Only a portion of the heat may be converted into work.
DEFINITIONS
▪ Thermal reservoir is a body with large heat capacity such that when heat is removed or added to
the reservoir, the temperature of the reservoir does not change (Faires, 1978).
▪ Heat Engine is a device that operates in a cycle. Its main function is to convert heat input into
positive network output.
▪ Power Cycles are cycles used to produce work output.
▪ Refrigeration Cycles are cycles used to pump heat from low to high-temperature regions.
▪ Heat pump and refrigerator are devices that operate in a cycle and transfer heat from a low-
temperature region to a high-temperature region with work input to the system.
.