What is reproduction The biological process in which organism produce new organism of their own kind. + Reproduction is not an essential life process. . a 3 Do organisms _ produce exact copies | | Ys of their own In 7 ; oe roduction Respiration Transportation the fn ep Nutrition Why reproduction is important ? 2, f* 3) >) Necessary for continuation of species a YI i. we he t We A PY \ Unicellular MulticellularDo organisms produce exact copies of their own in the reproduction ? PRODUCTION + DNA is replicated and its copies are made. And in DNA copying Additional cellular apparatus are also created. + There is a slight variation in the process of copying of DNA. During reproduction DNA copies generated will be similar but may not be identical to the original.Variation is useful for the long term survival of any sUae ele adel)eer eaed Ueeeay The mode of reproduction which involve a single parent is called asexual reproduction. cy Features of asexual reproduction - lt consumes less time and energy. - Itinvolve less variation which does not lead to evolution. Sexual Reproduction It involves two parents. SSTypes of Asexual Reproduction |. Fission 2. Budding 3. Spore formation 4. Regeneration 5. Fragmentation 6. Vegetative propagationTypes of Asexual Reproduction It can be defined as the splitting of a unicellulai into two or more saparate daughter cells. r organism |. Binary Fission When anunicellular organism divides it's body into two new bodies Amobea ParameciumTypes of Asexual Reproduction It can be defined as the splitting of a unicellular organism into two or more saparate daughter cells. 2. Multiple Fission The process in which many daughter cells are produced from a parents cells instead of two daughter cell. 4 Lay. 4 ? Plasmodium oa For example :-Types of Asexual Reproduction [Link] >it is an asexual reproduction method in which an organism developes form a bud of an existing org For example :- Hydra Parent hydra Newborn hydraTypes of Asexual Reproduction 3. Spore formation > It is a form of asexual reproduction in which parent plant produce hundreds of tiny spores which can grow into new plants. For example :- fungi, rhizopus , bacteria Spore formation in rhizopus Spores 7 y Sporangia~ || + large number of spores are produce in one sporangium which lead to production of e ea more number of offspring. \ + Spores are distributed easily by air to far of pales, places to avoid competition at one place. a Drei + Spores are covered by thick walls to prevent them of unfavorable condition. RhizopusTypes of Asexual Reproduction It is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism breaks down into several fragments it occur only in the case of multicellular organisms it does not occur in unicellular organisms For example :- SpirogyraTypes of Asexual Reproduction It is a form of asexual reproduction where the organism is capable of regrowii rtain parts of this body loses them. + Every part of the organisms does not have the ability to regenerate, the cells that have the ability to regenerate canregenerate again. Forexample:- < — Planaria StarfishTypes of Asexual Reproduction 6. Vegetative propagation |, Natural vegetative propagation «It allhappens by itself. + Humans don't have to make any efforts. + It consists of three vegetative parts of the plant root, stem and leaves.Types of Asexual Reproduction 6. Vegetative propagation > Itis the process of formation of anew detached vegetati tem and | |. Natural vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation from root. from stem. from leaves. “ * Sweet potato Potato BryophyllumTypes of Asexual Reproduction 6. Vegetative propagation 2. Artificial vegetative propagation + In this we have to put some efforts from our side. + Itis done by three methods by cutting, grafting and layering.Types of Asexual Reproduction 6. Vegetative propagation > Itis the process of formation of anew plants form detached vegetative part such as root, stem and leaves. 2. Artificial vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation from cutting. from grafting. from layering. @ & athe, Scion =i Sa ' ‘ ¢ ps A (ne Stock S For example:- Rose For example:- mango , Rose For example:- Jasmine , lemonSexual reproduction It can be define as the production of new organism by the combination of genetic information of two individual of different sexes. o fi Male ) (at ~ 1) _Importance of sexual reproduction + The variation that occurs is very important for the long term survival of any species. » & + Two parents are involved in sexual reproduction. + Due to this the variation will be very high. + Because of that species will survive for along time. + Due to that evolution will also be more. Since sexual reproduction produce more variation as compared to asexual reproduction which lead to more evolution and variation.—7~ Germs cells Sex cells Gametes Reproductive cells DNA Double Specialised cells (©) - Female germ cellis slightly bigger in size and it stores the food. ~-- «Male germcells are motile and their size is very small.ead iP a Cedi) The process in which male gamete and female gamete fuse together to form a cell called zygote is called fertilization. Sexual reproduction in flowering plant 1. Unisexual flower + There is only one reprod- uctive part in any flower, stamen or pistil, sowe call sucha flower unis- exual flower. For example:- Papaya and Watermelon 2. Bisexual flower + Ina flower have both the reproductive parts stamen and pistil, so we callsucha flo- weras asexual flower. For example:- Hibiscus and Mustard Hibiscus flowerSexual reproduction in flowering plant Stamen } Male reproductive part + Stamenis the male reproductive part. + Which releases pollen grains which are yellowish in color. Hibiscus Hower 4. Anther [Link]Sexual reproduction in flowering plant Female reproductive part + The pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower which is present inthe center of the flower. 1. Stigma [Link] 3. OvarySexual reproduction in flowering plant Pollen grains Female reproductive part ap. + The pistilis the female reproductive part — of the flower which is present in the center of the flower. 1. Stigma [Link] 3. Ovary The transfer of pollen granis from anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination. A\ (x j y + Self-pollination can be seen ss only in bisexual flowers. + Cross pollination can be seen in both bisexual flower Self pollination Cross pollination unisexual flower. 1. Self pollination 2. Cross pollinationSexual reproduction in flowering plant Pollen Grains are transferred through some agent. For ex. - Wind ,Water and Animals Pollen grains Ovule Ovary Ovary Female germ cellSexual reproduction in flowering plant Pollen Grains are transferred through some agent. For ex. - Wind ,Water and Animals Pollen grains Ovary GerminationDouble fertilization The process of fusion of one male gamete which the egg along with the union of second male gamete with the two polar nuclei or the second nucleus is called double fertilization. Triple fusion Syngamy Endosperm Pi reviewey Teele MC Leb) So as we grow old some changes start if happening in our body. + Inthe early age, our height grows. Reproductive changes very well + The age of ateenageris 12 to 13 + Our milk teeth fall out and new teeth years. changesey Teele MC Leb Similar change in boys and girls 1. Growing of thick hair on the new parts of body suchas armpits and the genital area between the thighs. 2. Thinner hair can also appear on legs and arms as well as on face. [Link] skin frequently become oily and we might begin to develop pimples. 4. We begin to be conscious and aware of both our bodies and those of other innew ways. Conscious on body Towardsey Teele MCL eb) Different different change in girls and boys 1. Sizes of breast begin to increase. 2. Darkening of the skin of the nipples at the tip of breast. 3. Girls begin to menstruate around this time. Boys 1. Thick hair growth on face. 2. Voice begin to crack and become heavy. 3. Size of penis begin to increase and become enlarge and individual become capable of reproduction.ee Teele a te MC Leb) Different different change in girls and boys 1. Allthe changes take place slowly. + Thick hair growth on face. + Size of penis begin to increase and become enlarge . Girls + Sizes of breast begin to increase. 2. These do not happened in all at same time Slowly. ® + Itisnot compulsory that these change occurs simultaneously in both. & - Anindividual may be reproductively mature earlier and some may be later. + So this changes can vary from individual to individual.ey Teele aM CLE h) Different different change in girls and boys 3. Allthese changes are aspects of the sexual muturation of the body. f a i + In early age, our body grows very quickly. « Inteenage years, our reproductive cells become active and y this condition is called puberty. The time in life when a boy or girl become sexually mature is call puberty. + 10-14 years for girls. + 12-16 years for boys.| Reproduction in human beings | ih) | Reproduction in human beings | beings 1. External release of germ cell from the bodies of individual. 2. Internal transfer of germ cell. + Both the individuals join each other's body due to which internal transfer of germ cells takes place. + And the internal transfer is possible only through the process of mating. Ginn ifs Ginn It is pairing of opposite sex individual for the purpose of reproduction.ever ae eMC Leb Itis ae of opposite sex individual for the purpose of reproduction. + As in male individual penis should be healthy and should be erect. + Itis also very important to mature the reproductive organ and breast of the female.ey Teele MCLE Male reproductive system Testis + Testis are primary reproductive organs found in males which are found in pair. y + They are found outside the abdominal cavity. Function of testis Primary reproduction organs in males. 1. These are responsible for the production of sperm. 2. They secrate testosterone which regulate the formation of sperm and also responsible for the changesin appearance at the time of puberty. 3. They start producing sprem when the body hits puberty.Pye at MUM CLs) Male reproductive system pee Sane Vas deferens Prostategland + The sperms produced in testes are carried |(Seminalvesicle) through vas defrence to the urethra. Vasdeferens It is along duct soitis called sperm duct or eC =7 Testi Y duct deference Scrotum Urethra + Is this common passage for urine and sperm Prostate gland (Seminal vesicle) + It secrate Milky fluid that increase to the mobility of the sperm. » Andit also provides nutrition to the sperm. + When sperm gets mixed in this milky fiuid, we call that mixture as semen. UrethraTL How does sperm look like? Male reproductive system TT Tail | a Vas deferens Middle piece Urethra Epididymis Testis Scrotum The sperms and urine cannot discharge together.eC aa MTEL female reproductive system Fallopian tube Ovarypoy Tete a ee MC Leb) What happens in the process of reproduction + When mating occur vagina receives sprem cells.Cy eda) Ce nelle What happens in the process of reproduction + When mating occur vagina receives sprem cells. Placenta +Itis the connection between embryo and mother side. + It transports oxygen and glucose towards developing foetus through blood. + Itrelase carbon dioxide and urea as waste product. + Gas station periodis of 9 months.ee Teele MCL eb) What happens when egg is not fertilized + When egg does not get fertilized it survive for 1to 2 days. + This happens every month and cycle is called menstural cycle. + It usually last 2 to 6 days.ey Teele MC Leb) Menarche + Menarche is defined as the first menstrual period in the female adolescent . + Average age of menarche in females is 12.4 years. Menopause «It can be defined as the time of life when a women ovary stop producing harmones and egg and menstrual period stop. + it usually occurs at the age of 45 to 50 yearsReproduction in human beings Reproductive health + It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being all aspect of reproduction. S.T.D (Sexually transmitted disease) + These are the diseases that can be transferred from one infected person to another at the time of sexual intercourse. [Link] 2. ViralSTD Gonorrhea HIV Syphilis WartsReproduction in human beings Contraception method + Any approach that are used to prevent the conception of unwanted pregnancy refers to contraception. Types of contraception method 1. Barrier method + In this method, the entry of sperms are blocked by any physical device from going into the female genital tract. Condom Diaphragm —— Cervical capReproduction in human beings Contraception method + Any approach that are used to prevent the conception of unwanted pregnancy refers to contraception. Types of contraception method 2. Chemical method + Inthis method, the hormones of the body are chemically altered. With the help of pills, which prevents egg maturation and fertilization in the female body. © Vaginal pillsReproduction in human beings Contraception method + Any approach that are used to prevent the conception of unwanted pregnancy refers to contraception. Types of contraception method 2. Chemical method IUCD (Intra-uterine contraceptive device) + These devices are implanted in the uterus to avoid pregnancy. 4 _~ Copper-tReproduction in human beings Contraception method + Any approach that are used to prevent the conception of unwanted pregnancy refers to contraception. Types of contraception method 3. Surgical method + This is the most highly effective contraceptive method, 1. Vasectomy + This process is done only in males, in which the vas deferens of males is blocked to prevent sperm transfer.Ply TeeLel aa Lire fy Contraception method + Any approach that are used to prevent the conception of unwanted pregnancy refers to contraception. Types of contraception method 3. Surgical method + This is the most highly effective contraceptive method, [Link] + This process is done only in the female. In this process, the fallopian tube of the female is blocked, which prevents the transfer of the egg.Tae et teu y Stigma Anther Filament Pollen tube Receptacle Longitudinal section of flower Germination of pollen on stigmaUrinary bladder — Seminal vesicle Vas deferens Rectum Urethra Penis — epididymis { Testes \— Prostate — Scrotum Male reproductive system Fellooian tebe Female reproductive system