INDEX

[Link]
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. RESULT
10. PRECAUTION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ARNAB BANIK student of class XII(SCI)-C has

successfully completed the research on project carried out in the
CHEMISTRY lab under the guidance of [Link] SHARKAR
during the year 2024-25 in partial fulfillment of computer practical
examination conducted by AISSCE 2024-25.

Signature of chemistry teacher Signature of principal

Date: Signature of External Examinar

Roll no.:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best

owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am
utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank my teachers for being able to complete this project
successfully. Then I would like to thank my principal ----------------------------
and Chemistry teacher --------------------- whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of
the completion of the project.
 AIM

To analyse the given samples of commercial antacids by

determining the amount of hydrochloric acid they can
neutralize.
 Introduction

Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid,

which includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and
hydrochloric acid. The acidic environment of the stomach makes it
possible for inactive forms of digestive enzymes to be converted into
active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin), and acid is also needed to
dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that may enter the stomach along
with food.

However, excessive acid production (hyperacidity) results in the

unpleasant symptoms of heartburn and may contribute to ulcer
formation in the stomach lining.

Antacids are weak bases (most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides,

and carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus
alleviate symptoms of heartburn.

The general neutralization reaction is: Antacid

(weak base) + HCI (stomach acid) -> salts + H20 CO2
 THEORY

1.) STOMACH ACID

Stomach acid is very dangerous. Stomach acid is highly acidic and
has a pH of 1-6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid produced by the
stomach. If there is too much stomach acid it can cause heartburn.
One of the symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest
or abdomen.

2.) ANTACID
An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an acid. All antacids
are bases. The pH of a base is 7-1-14. All antacids have chemical in
them called a buffer. When an antacid is mixed with an acid the
buffer tries to even out the acidity and that is how stomach acid gets
neutralized.
3.) SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS

 Alka-Seltzer
 Gaviscon
 Maalox (liquid)
 Milk of Magnesia
 Digene
 Eno
 Gelusil
 Gas-O-Fast

4.) DRUG NAMES

 Aluminium hydroxide
 Magnesium hydroxide
 Calcium carbonate
 Sodium bicarbonate
 Bismuth subsalicylate
 Ranitidine
5.) ACTION MECHANISM

Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric

acid,raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric
hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in gastrointestinal mucosa,
they signal pain to the central nervous system. This happens when
these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. Antacids are
commonly used to help neutralize stomach acid. The action of
antacids is based on the fact that a base reacts with acid to form salt
and water.
Chemistry of antacids
The chemistry of antacid action is simple-the reduction of
hydronium ion concentration by reaction with a base stronger than
water.
H₂O + b = HB + H₂O
The extent to which the reaction proceeds is a function of the
relative strengths of water as a base and the antacid as a base but
the effect is an increase in pH.
Different antacids react with HCl to form chlorides, water and
carbon dioxide, neutralizing HCl by the following chemical reactions.
Al(OH) + 3HCI = AICI, + 3H₂O (slow)
Mg(OH)₂ + 2HCI = MgCl₂ + 2H₂O (slow/moderate)
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂ (fast)
NaHCO3 + HCI = NaCl + H₂O CO₂ (fast)

Ideal antacid
The antacid should not be absorbable or cause systemic alkalosis.
 It should not be laxative or cause constipation
 It should buffer in the pH 4-6 range
 It should be rapidly effective and maintain its effect over a long
period of time.
 It should probably inhibit pepsin but should not completely
inactivate peptic digestion.
 It should not produce rebound acidity or excessive eructation
(belching).
 It should not cause large evolution of gas by reacting with
gastric HCL
 It should not affect the absorption of food, nutrient and
vitamin.
 It should be non-irritant to stomach, intestine and should not
cause diarrhea.
 5.)SIDE EFFECTS

 Most people who take an antacid do not have any side- effects.
However, side-effects occur in a small number of users. The
most common are diarrhoea, constipation and belching.

 Aluminium hydroxide: may lead to the formation of insoluble

aluminium phosphate complexes, hypophosphate and
osteocalcin. Aluminium containing drugs may cause
constipation.

 Magnesium hydroxide has a laxative property. Magnesium may

accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to keep
magnesia with cardiovascular and neurological complications.

 Calcium compounds containing calcium may increase calcium

output in the urine, which might be associated to renal stones.

 Calcium salts may cause constipation.

 Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in

turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney
stones.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

 Burette
 Pipette
 Titration Flask
 Measuring Flask
 Beakers
 Weight Box
 Fractional Weights

Chemicals REQUIRED

 Various samples of antacids

 Sodium Hydroxide
 Sodium Carbonate
 Hydrochloric Acid
 Phenolphthalein
 PROCEDURE

I. Standardization of NaOH- First we will take 20 ml of 0.1m HCl

and titrate it with unknown concentration solution of NaOH to
find it's concentration.

II. Determine the mass of antacid for analysis- Since maximum of

our antacids are tablet, so we will pulverize and/or grind the
antacid tablet with a mortar and pestle. Measure not more
than 0.2g of the pulverized commercial antacid tablet in a 250
ml Erlenmeyer flask having a known mass.

III. Prepare the antacid for analysis Pipette 40-0ml of standardize

O-1M HCI (stomach acid equivalent) into the flask and swirl.

IV. Prepare the burette for titration- Prepare a clean burette. Rinse
the clean burette with two 3 to 5 ml portions of a standard
NaOH solution. Record the actual molar molar concentration
concentration of the NaOH.
Fill the burette with the NaOH solution; sure no air bubbles are in
the burette tip. Wait for 30 seconds and then read its initial volume.

V. 5-Titrate the sample- Once the antacid solution has cooled,

titrate the sample with the NaOH solution to a blue end point.
Watch closely, the endpoint may only take a few milliliters,
depending on the concentration of the antacid in the sample-
When a single drop of NaOH solution changes the sample
solution from yellow to blue, stop. Wait for 30 seconds and
then read the final volume of NaOH solution in the burette.

a) Repeat the titration of the same sample- Refill the burette

and repeat the experiment.

b.) Analyze another antacid- Perform the experiment, in

duplicate, for another antacid Record all data on the report
sheet
 Observation

Table 1: Standardisation of NaOH solution using 0.1M HCL

Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
SL. Solution Solution Volume Ant Value
No (ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 20 0 11.2 11.2

2. 20 11.2 22.5 11.3

11.2

3. 20 22.5 33.7 11.2

Table 2: Titration of GELUCIL using 0.1M HCL

SL. Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
No Solution Solution Volume Ant Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 8.1 8.1

2. 40 8.1 16.3 8.2

8.1

3. 40 16.3 24.4 8.1

Table 3: Titration of DIGENE using 0.1M HCL
SL. Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
No Solution Solution Volume Ant Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.4 15.4

2. 40 15.4 30.9 15.5

15.4

3. 40 30.9 46.3 8.1

Table 4: Titration of ENO using 0.1M HCL

SL. Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
No Solution Solution Volume Ant Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 13.3 13.3

2. 40 13.3 26.7 13.4

13.3

3. 40 26.7 40 13.3
Table 5: Titration of OCID using 0.1M HCL
SL. Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
No Solution Solution Volume Ant Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 14.6 14.6

2. 40 14.6 29.3 14.7

14.6

3. 40 29.3 43.9 14.6

Table 6: Titration of GAS-O-FAST using 0.1M HCL

SL. Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
No Solution Solution Volume Ant Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.7 15.7

2. 40 15.7 31.5 15.8

15.7

3. 40 31.5 47.2 15.7

 RESULT

1
8
1
6
1
4
1
2
1
0
8
6
4
2
0
GELUCIL DIGENE ENO OCID 20 GAS-O-FAST

Clearly from the graph Gelucil required least amount of NaOH for
reaching end point thus it is more effective than other antacid
products used. Arranging in descending order our antacids are in
order

Gelucil > ENO > Ocid 20 >Digene > Gas-O-Fast

 PRECAUTIONS

 All apparatus should be clean and washed properly.

 Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the respective solution

to be put in them.

 Air bubbles must be removed from the burette and jet

 Last drop from the pipette should not be removed by blowing.

 The flask should not be rinsed with any of the solution, which
are being titrated.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia

 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

 Comprehensive Practical Manual in

 chemistry for class XII

 Pradeep's New Course Chemistry

 Chemistry NCERT Class XII Part II