MSAI 511 Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Ghulam Nabi
Learning Objectives
o Artificial intelligence (AI)
o Discuss the impact of AI on Businesses
Intelligence Defined.
◼ Intelligence is the ability to benefit from past
experience, act purposefully to solve problems,
and adapt o new situations.
◼ A typical definition of Intelligence is:
“the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.”
Intelligence Defined.
◼ Before we discuss artificial intelligence (AI), it is
necessary to define the term Intelligence
◼ Intelligence is an explicit ability to solve specific
problems and an inherent ability to learn
solutions for new problems (Simmons &
Chappell)
Simmons, A. B., & Chappell, S. G. (1988). Artificial
intelligence-definition and practice. IEEE journal of oceanic
engineering, 13(2), 14-42.
Intelligence Types
1. Linguistic – Language skills
2. Logical – Mathematical – Number skills
3. Musical – Performance skills
4. Spatial – Ability to evaluate/analyze visual world
5. Bodily-Kinesthetic – Athletic ability
6. Interpersonal – Skills in understanding and
relating to others
7. Intrapersonal – skills in understanding the “self”
8. Nature – Skills understanding the natural world
Intelligence: Three Aspects
1. Componential Intelligence
✓ Ability assessed by intelligence tests
2. Experimental Intelligence
✓ Ability to adapt to new situations and produce
new ideas
3. Contextual Intelligence
✓ Ability to function effectively in daily situations
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
◼ Term “Artificial Intelligence”, first coined in in 1956
by John McCarthy, a prominent computer scientist
and cognitive scientist
◼ John McCarthy defined AI as "the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines"
◼ McCarthy is often called the "father of AI"
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
◼ Artificial Intelligence is the branch of Computer
Science
◼ Deals with the way of representing knowledge
using symbols rather than numbers and with rules
of thumb or heuristic methods for processing
information
Artificial Intelligence
◼ John McCarthy defined AI as "the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines“
◼ “An artificial entity capable of solving problems
and learning solutions for new problems”
◼ AI refers to the development, deployment, and
maintenance of computational systems that can
replicate certain types of human intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
◼ In a broader term, AI involves any code, algo, or
combined technology to mimic human
intelligence or behavior
◼ AI enabled technologies can be applied to
various aspects of human ability
◼ Simply, AI is a machine, device, robot, or a tool,
powered by a software program to exhibit the
human characteristic reasoning and human
thinking pattern
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence
• Created the computer programming language LISP in 1958
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Branches of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence History
◼ AI has a rich history, stretches back to the mid-
20th century
◼ AI pioneers, John McCarthy, Alan Turing, Marvin
Minsky, and Claude Shannon began exploring
foundational concepts such as artificial neural
networks, machine learning, and symbolic
reasoning
Artificial Intelligence History
◼ Over the years, AI research has gone through
periods of waxing and waning, including the AI
winter of the 1970s and 1980s, and the
subsequent revival of machine learning algorithms
in the 1990s
◼ In recent years, deep learning algorithms have
enabled computers to process and interpret
complex data, leading to breakthroughs in fields
like natural language processing and computer
vision
Artificial Intelligence History
◼ 1943: Artificial Neuron based Model Proposed
◼ 1949: Hebb Rule for neuron connection strength
◼ 1950: Turing Test for testing machines intelligence
◼ 1955: First AI program created “Logic Theorist”
◼ 1956: Word AI, first adopted at the Dartmouth conference
◼ 1966: First chatbot “Eliza” created
◼ 1972: First Intelligent humanoid robot “WABOT-1”
◼ 1980: Expert Systems human show decision-making ability
◼ 1997: IBM “Deep Blue” beats world chess champion
◼ 1999: Sony first consumer robot “dog AiBO”
◼ 2002: AI in homes, “Roomba” vacuum cleaner
◼ 2006: AI in businesses
◼ 2011: IBM launched “Watson” and Apple introduced “Siri” in iPhone 4
◼ 2014: Eugene Goostman passes Turing Test
◼ 2014: Amazon “Alexa” virtual assistant moves into homes
◼ 2017: Google’s AI AlphaGo beats Go world champion
◼ 2022: OpenAI launched ChatGPT
Artificial Intelligence History
Turing Test
◼ A simple method in AI to determine whether a
machine can demonstrate human intelligence
◼ Named after Alan Turing, the founder of the
Turing Test, an English computer scientist,
cryptanalyst, and mathematician
◼ In a research paper in 1950, Turing proposed that
a machine can be said to have artificial
intelligence if it can mimic human responses
under specific conditions
Turing Test
◼ This method of inquiry can help determine whether or
not a machine is capable of thinking like a human-
being, or it determines whether a machine can
demonstrate intelligence like humans do
◼ If a machine can engage in a conversation with a
human without being detected as a machine, then it
has demonstrated human intelligence
◼ For example, a computer program can think, and its
responses can fool a human into believing that the
machine is also a human
Artificial Intelligence: Goals
◼ To Create Expert Systems
o Create systems that exhibit intelligent behavior,
learn, explain, and advise
◼ To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines
o Create systems that can understand, think,
and behave like humans
Artificial Intelligence: Applications
AI concepts has been implemented in the following fields:
1. Problem-Solving
2. Natural Language Processing
3. Robotics
4. Game Playing
5. Expert Systems
6. Vision Systems
7. Speech Recognition
Components of Artificial Intelligence
AI components primarily comprises of:
1. Learning
2. AI Programming Language
3. Knowledge Representation
4. Problem-Solving
5. AI Hardware
AI Components: Learning
• Learning means adding new knowledge to the
knowledge base and improving or refining
previous knowledge
• Success of an AI program is based on the extent
of knowledge it has and how frequently it
acquires knowledge
AI Components: Learning
Learning agents consists of four main components:
1. Learning element - Part of the agent
responsible for improving its performance
2. Performance element - Part that chooses the
actions to take
3. Critics - Tells the learning element how the
agent is doing
4. Problem generator - Suggests actions that
could lead to new information experiences
AI Components: AI Programming
AI Programming Language
• We have specialized languages and programs for
data processing and scientific applications
• We have specialized languages and tools for AI
programming using AI language programs and
tools for the AI environment
• LISP and Prolog are the primary languages used
in AI programming
AI Components:
Knowledge Representation
Knowledge Representation
• Quality of the result depends on how much
knowledge the system possesses
• Available knowledge must be represented in an
efficient way, thus, knowledge representation is a
vital component of the system
• Best known representations schemes are:
✓ r Associative Networks or Semantic Networks
✓ r Frames
✓ r Conceptual Dependencies
✓ r Scripts
AI Components: Problem-Solving
Problem-Solving
• Objective of this problem-solving is how to
implement the procedures on AI systems to solve
the problems similar to how humans solve
• Inference process should be good to obtain
satisfactory results
• Inference process is broadly divided into the
brute and heuristic search procedures
AI Components: AI Hardware
AI Hardware
• Most of the AI programs are implemented on Von
Neumann machines
• However, dedicated workstations have also
emerged for AI programming
AI Components: AI Hardware
AI Hardware
• Computer are based on one of following four
categories of computer architecture models:
1) Single Instruction Single Data (SISD) Machines
2) Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) Machines
3) Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) Machines
4) Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) Machines
AI Components: AI Hardware
AI Hardware
Single Instruction Single Data (SISD) Machines
1) A sequential computer whose processing unit executes
a single instruction on a single data stream at any
given clock cycle
2) This architecture is very old and was used by the
oldest type of computers with a single processor/core
AI Components: AI Hardware
AI Hardware
Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) Machines
1) Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) machines are a
type of parallel computer that use multiple processing
elements to perform the same operation on multiple
data points at the same time
2) SIMD machines are often used in graphics applications
and physics calculations, and have been available in
Intel microprocessors since the MMX, SSE, and AVX
ISA extensions
AI Components: AI Hardware
AI Hardware
Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) Machines
1) A parallel computing architecture that allows multiple
processing units to perform different instructions on the
same data set simultaneously
2) MISD is primarily used in specialized applications
where it's necessary to execute multiple instructions on
the same data
3) Such as situations where the outcome of instructions
needs to be double-checked
AI Components: AI Hardware
• AI Hardware
Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) Machines
1) MISD computers use multiple processors that share
the same input data while using different algorithms
2) Output of one processor becomes the input for the next
processor
3) Number of operations that can be performed is
determined by the number of processors available
AI Components: AI Hardware
AI Hardware
Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) Machines
1) Multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) machines are
multiprocessor devices that can execute multiple
instructions on different data sets simultaneously
2) This technique, also known as parallel processing, can
significantly increase computational speed and
efficiency