LIMIT STATE
A stage in loading after which structure can not perform its intended function due to strength or
serviceability considerations.
CREEP
Continuous deformation with time under constant stress.
FATIGUE
If loading cycles are greater than a certain limit, then repeated application of loading reduce the
strength, this is called fatigue.
FLEXURAL CRACKS
In regions of high moment, propagate from tension face towards neutral axis.
FLEXURAL SHEAR CRACKS
In regions where both shear and moment are high, Propagate from tension face and reducing
the area to resist shear. Shear then becomes critical and so the crack is turned towards NA.
WEB SHEAR/ PURE SHEAR
In region of high shear, propagate from NA Towards faces at 45 deg.
MODULAR RATIO
Ratio between modulus of elasticity of steel to concrete. Normally 8 to 10.
WHITNEY’S EQUIVALENT STRESS BLOCK
It is difficult to find area and centroid of actual stress strain diagram so it is replaced with
equivalent fictious stress block called whitney block.
BALANCED STEEL RATIO
Amount of steel which will cause yielding of steel at the same time when concrete crushes.
TENSION CONTROLLED SECTION
In which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is greater than or equal to 0.005 when
the corresponding concrete strain at the compression face is 0.003.
COMPRESSION CONTROLLED SECTION
In which the strain at extreme fiber for concrete reached 0.003 before steel yield.
TRANSITION SECTION
In which net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is greater than yield strian (εy) but less
than 0.005 (forGrade420) when the corresponding concrete strain is 0.003.
UNDER-REINFORCED SECTIONS
In Under-Reinforced Sections steel starts yielding before the crushing of concrete
BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
It includes The number, length, diameter, steel grade of each bar
BOND STRESS
Stress developed against pulling out of steel bar from concrete mass.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH’
Embedded length sufficient to develop maximum expected force in bar after strain hardening.
SPLICE LENGTH
Lap length required to transfer from one bar to surrounding concrete and then back to other
overlapped bar.
WAFFLE SLAB
To save material, slab at mid span is replaced by intersecting ribs and full depth is retained near
column to transmit loads.
CEMENT TESTS
• Compressive strength
• Slump test
• Fineness test
• Initial setting time
• Soundness test
COARSE AGGREGATE TEST
• Gradation test
• Shape test
• Strength test
• Hardness test
• Specific gravity and water absorption test
FINE AGGREGATE TEST
Fineness test
Specific gravity and water absorption test
Impurities test
Alkali reactivity test
BRICK TEST
Compressive strength
Water absorption test
Soundness test
Hardness test
Efflorecence test
Size, shape and colour test