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DOORS AND DOOR TYPES

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 07 DOORS AND DOOR TYPES

Dr. ROOPA RAO

College of Home Science Nirmala Niketan,
Affiliated to the University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Dr. SUMAN SINGH

College of Community and Applied Sciences, Maharana
Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan.

DOI: [Link]
[Link]:-NSP/EB/HHABITS/2024/Ch-07

About the Author: Dr. Roopa Rao, Associate Professor at Mumbai's College of Home Science Nirmala Niketan, has 29 years of
teaching experience. Specializing in Ergonomics, Interior Design, Hospitality, and Consumer Education. With a Ph.D. emphasizing
Musculoskeletal Discomfort, she has mentored over 70 research projects, and publications, and active participation in academic
boards and conferences.

Dr. Suman Singh, presently working as ICAR Emeritus Professor in the College of Community and Applied Sciences, MPUAT,
Udaipur. She holds vast experience working in the field of drudgery reduction of women farmers and ergonomic and technological
interventions for mitigating their occupational health hazards. She has many Awards to her credit besides being felicitated as the
University's Best Teacher for Academic Excellence. She has two Patents, 4 books, several scientific papers, and ICT materials to
her credit.

A door in a building is classified as a non-structural building component. It serves as an essential element for
access, privacy, security, and functionality within a structure.
7.1 INTRODUCTION
A door is a movable barrier or panel installed within a building to provide entry, exit, or separation between
spaces. It functions as an opening and closing mechanism that allows movement between rooms or between the
interior and exterior of a structure. Doors serve various purposes, including privacy, security, controlling the flow of
people and air, noise reduction, and temperature regulation.

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Doors and Door Types

While doors are integral components for providing access and partitioning spaces within a building, they do not
bear any significant structural load. They are not designed to support the building's weight or structural integrity but
rather serve functional and practical purposes for occupants. Doors are typically installed within load-bearing walls or
partitions, and their design, material, and style contribute to the aesthetics and usability of the building without affecting
its structural stability.

7.1.1 Definition
A door may be defined as a framework of wood, steel, aluminum, glass, or a combination of these materials
secured in an opening left in a wall to provide access to the user of the structures. It consists of two parts i.e. i) frame
and ii) shutter (leaf).
The frame is normally made up of timber. This is because timber is easily available everywhere and it can be
worked into different shapes without difficulty. Shutters are generally made up of timber framework with panel insets of
glass, timber, plywood, block board, or a combination of such materials.

7.1.2 Importance of Doors in Interior Design

Doors play a crucial and multifaceted role in interior design, far beyond the functional aspect of providing
access and privacy. They are essential elements that impact the overall aesthetics, functionality, and ambiance of
interior spaces. Here, we explore the importance of doors in interior design:
1. Architectural Integration: Doors are architectural components that seamlessly integrate into the overall design
of a space. They contribute to the structural and visual harmony of interiors, enhancing the architectural
aesthetics of a room. The choice of door style, material, and design should align with the broader architectural
theme, whether it's modern, traditional, minimalist, or eclectic.
2. Enhanced Privacy: Doors are instrumental in creating private zones within a structure. They allow for the
division of spaces, ensuring that each area serves its designated purpose. This is particularly important in
homes and offices, where privacy and segregation of functions are necessary.
3. Aesthetic Impact: Doors have a significant visual impact on interior spaces. They can serve as focal points or
artistic expressions within a room. Well-designed doors can add character and elegance, whether through
ornate carvings, decorative glass panels, or unique finishes. They can be a work of art in themselves.
4. Transition and Flow: Doors guide the flow of movement within a building. They define pathways and control
how people navigate spaces. The placement of doors affects the convenience and practicality of movement.
Sliding doors, for example, create a seamless transition between indoor and outdoor areas.
5. Light and Ventilation: Doors with glass panels or those designed for ventilation can contribute to the influx of
natural light and air circulation. In interior spaces, this is not only energy-efficient but also contributes to the
occupants' well-being and comfort.
6. Safety and Security: Doors are fundamental in ensuring the safety and security of interior spaces. They act as
barriers, protecting occupants from external elements and potential threats. High-quality doors with advanced
locking mechanisms enhance the safety of homes and commercial spaces.

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7. Sound Control: Soundproof doors or doors with acoustic properties are vital for minimizing noise transfer
between rooms. In offices, hotels, and residential buildings, acoustic doors help maintain a peaceful and
productive environment.
8. Flexible Design Solutions: Doors offer opportunities for creative design solutions. For example, pocket doors
can save space in small rooms, while barn doors create a rustic and charming aesthetic. These design choices
can greatly impact the visual appeal and functionality of a space.
9. Energy Efficiency: Energy-efficient doors with proper insulation help maintain consistent indoor temperatures.
They contribute to reduced energy consumption and lower utility bills.
10. Smart Integration: In modern interior design, doors can be equipped with smart technologies. Smart locks,
access control systems, and integrated sensors provide convenience and enhance security.
Doors are more than just functional elements; they are integral to the overall design of interior spaces. Their
role extends to aesthetics, comfort, safety, and energy efficiency. When carefully selected and thoughtfully designed,
doors can significantly enhance the interior design and functionality of homes, offices, and commercial
[Link] of Form

7.1.3 Historical Evolution of Doors in Interior Design

The historical evolution of doors in interior design is a fascinating journey that reflects the advancement of
human civilization and architectural innovation. Doors have played a pivotal role in interior spaces, serving not only as
practical barriers but also as significant elements of aesthetics, culture, and functionality.
In ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, doors were primarily utilitarian, constructed from
materials like wood, stone, and woven reeds. These early doors were rudimentary and served the fundamental purpose
of dividing interior spaces. However, ancient Egyptians, known for their craftsmanship, often adorned doors with
intricate carvings and hieroglyphics, adding an artistic dimension to their functionality.
As human civilization progressed, ancient Greece and Rome made substantial contributions to door design.
Greek architecture introduced monumental doors with massive wooden structures adorned with intricate carvings and
decorative elements. Roman doors often featured ornate metalwork, showcasing their engineering skills. The
introduction of pivoting mechanisms for larger doors improved ease of use.
During the Medieval period in Europe, doors took on a more fortified character in castles and fortresses. These
doors were robust, often constructed from iron or solid wood, designed to withstand sieges and protect the inhabitants.
The Gothic era brought forth intricately designed wooden doors with religious motifs and symbolic carvings.
With the Renaissance came a newfound focus on aesthetics and symmetry. Doors became more refined,
adorned with elaborate moldings, pilasters, and intricate carvings. The Baroque and Rococo eras continued this trend,
featuring opulent and grandiose door designs in European palaces and churches.
The Industrial Revolution marked a significant shift in door manufacturing. Mass production techniques led to
standardized door sizes and styles, making doors more accessible to a broader population. The Victorian era
introduced the use of stained glass panels in doors, adding an artistic touch to interior spaces.

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Doors and Door Types

In the 20th century, the Art Deco movement influenced door design with its geometric patterns and modernist
aesthetic. The mid-century modern style favored simplicity and minimalism, which was reflected in designs.
Contemporary architecture explores a wide range of materials and technologies, including glass, steel, and composite
materials, resulting in doors that are as functional as they are visually striking.
Today, doors continue to evolve with advancements in materials, security features, and smart technologies.
Modern interior doors are not just functional but also serve as artistic expressions and statements of personal style,
seamlessly integrating with the overall interior design of spaces. The historical evolution of doors in interior design
highlights their transformation from basic dividers of space to complex and aesthetically significant components of
interior environments. These doors not only facilitate movement within spaces but also contribute to the visual appeal
and character of interior design throughout the ages.

7.2 PARTS OF A DOOR

The various parts of a typical door:
 Door Leaf: The main panel or leaf of the door, typically made of wood, metal, glass, or composite materials,
forms the primary barrier for entry or exit.
 Stile: Vertical sections or frame members that run along the sides of the door leaf, providing structural support
and stability.
 Rail: Horizontal frame members at the top and bottom of the door leaf, connecting the stiles and contributing to
the door's structural integrity.
 Panel: Raised or recessed sections within the door leaf that add aesthetic detail and may contribute to the
door's strength.
 Mullion: Vertical or horizontal dividers within the door leaf, commonly found in doors with multiple panels or
sections.
 Door Frame: The structure surrounding the door opening, provides support and attachment for the door leaf. It
consists of the head jamb, side jambs, and sill.
 Hinge: Mechanisms mounted on the door leaf and frame that allow the door to swing open and close. They
support the weight of the door and enable movement.
 Lockset: The combination of components that secure the door, including the doorknob, latch, deadbolt, and
locking mechanism.
 Threshold (Sill): The bottom part of the door frame, forming the entrance to a building and providing a seal
against weather and insects.
 Weatherstripping: Strips or seals around the door perimeter that prevent air, water, or dust from passing
between the door leaf and frame.
 Casing or Trim: Decorative molding or trim installed around the door frame to cover gaps and provide an
aesthetic finish.

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Each of these components plays a crucial role in the functionality, security, and aesthetics of a door, contributing to its
overall structure and performance within a building.

7.3 TYPES OF DOORS

7.3.1 Based on Material
Doors come in various types based on the materials used for their construction, and each material offers
distinct characteristics in terms of aesthetics, durability, maintenance, and cost. Here, we delve into the different types
of doors based on material:
 Wooden Doors: Solid Wood Doors: These doors are crafted from a single piece of wood and are known for
their classic and timeless appeal. They offer excellent insulation and soundproofing properties.
- Hollow Core Doors: Hollow core doors are lightweight and cost-effective. They consist of a frame with
hollow spaces and are commonly used for interior applications.
- Solid Core Doors: These doors have a solid core made of engineered wood or particleboard. They are
heavier and provide better sound insulation than hollow core doors.
 Glass Doors:
- Full Glass Doors: These doors are primarily made of glass, offering transparency and allowing natural light
to flow through. They are often used in modern and minimalist designs.
- Paneled Glass Doors: These doors feature glass panels surrounded by a frame, offering a balance
between transparency and privacy.

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Doors and Door Types

- Stained Glass Doors: Stained glass adds a decorative touch to doors, creating a colorful and artistic focal
point.
 Metal Doors:
- Steel Doors: Steel doors are known for their robustness, security, and resistance to harsh weather
conditions. They are often used for exterior entrances.
- Aluminum Doors: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, aluminum doors are ideal for coastal areas and
contemporary designs.
- Iron Doors: Iron doors are not only strong and durable but also highly ornamental. They are often used as
grand entrance doors in upscale residences.
 Fiberglass Doors: Fiberglass doors mimic the look of wood but offer superior durability and resistance to rot,
warping, and insects. They are a popular choice for exterior doors.
 Composite Doors: Composite doors are made of a combination of materials, typically wood fibers and a resin
or foam core. They offer the aesthetics of wood with enhanced durability.
 PVC or Vinyl Doors: PVC doors are lightweight, low-maintenance, and resistant to moisture and insects. They
are often used for sliding or patio doors.
 Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Doors: GRP doors are lightweight, durable, and offer high thermal insulation.
They are suitable for exterior doors.
 Laminate Doors: Laminate doors are constructed by layering materials like MDF with a decorative laminate.
They are easy to clean and available in various designs.
- MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) Doors: MDF doors are made of compressed wood fibers and are often
used for interior doors. They can be painted or veneered to achieve the desired finish.
 UPVC Doors: UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) doors are known for their energy efficiency and
resistance to weather. They are popular for exterior applications.
 Glass and Metal Combination Doors: These doors blend glass with metal frames, offering a contemporary
and industrial look.
 Bamboo Doors: Bamboo doors are eco-friendly, sustainable, and known for their unique texture and
appearance.
Each type of door material comes with its own set of advantages and considerations. The choice of material
depends on factors like the location of the door (interior or exterior), the desired aesthetic, maintenance
preferences, and budget constraints. Selecting the right door material is a crucial decision in interior and
architectural design, as it impacts the door's performance and its contribution to the overall style and
functionality of a space.

7.3.2 Based on Style and Design

Depending upon the types of material used, arrangement of different components, method of construction, and
nature of the working operation, doors can be broadly classified into different types:

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 Habitats: Holistic Approaches to Building, Interiors and Technical Systems

 Battened and Ledged Doors: This is the simplest form of door commonly used for narrow openings. The door
consists of a series of vertical battens fixed together with horizontal battens known as ledges. This type of door
is recommended for WCs, bathrooms, etc. in buildings where economy rather than appearance is of main
consideration.
 Battened, Ledged, and Braced Doors: This is an improved form of battened and ledged door. In this type of
door, two additional members are provided in the form of inclined braces between the ledges.

 Battened, Ledged, Braced, and Framed Doors: This type of door is considered to the superior in strength,
durability, and appearance to the other two types of doors mentioned above. The framework of this type of door
consists of two vertical members called stiles, three horizontal members known as ledges or rails, vertical
battens, and two inclined braces.
 Framed and Paneled Door: This type of door is commonly provided in all types of buildings This door consists
of a timber framework of stiles and rails which are grooved on the inside to receive one or more panels.
 Glazed or Sash Door: This type of door is used in residential as well as public buildings like hospitals, schools
colleges, etc. to supplement the natural lighting provided by windows or to make the interior of one room visible
from an adjacent one. Glazed or Sash doors are made in several designs. They can be glazed fully or partially.
Fully glazed doors are recommended in situations where sufficient light is required through the door opening in
the case of partly glazed doors normally the bottom 1/3rd height of the door is paneled and the remaining 2/3rd
height is glazed.
 Revolving Door: A revolving door provides an entrance on one side and an exit on the other simultaneously
keeping the opening automatically closed when not in use this type of door is advantageously provided in places
where there is regular foot traffic of people entering and going out of the building especially when it is air-
conditioned or situated in a place where strong winds blow for most of the year.

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Doors and Door Types

 Sliding Door: This type of door is considered suitable for shops, sheds, godowns, garages, etc., and places
where the use of hinges for fixing the shutter is to be avoided. Depending upon the size of the opening and the
space available on either side, the door can have a single, double, or more number of leaves or shutters. The
shutters are also provided with locking arrangements, handles, stoppers, etc.
 Swing Door: This type of door is generally provided in passages of public buildings like offices, banks, etc. The
door may have a single shutter or two shutters. The shutters are fixed with special hinges known as double-
action spring hinges which hold the shutter in the closed position when not in use. Since these doors are pushed
open, they should have glazed shutters to enable the user to see the object on the other side of the door and
avoid accidents.
 Collapsible Steel Door: These doors are extensively used for shops, garages, public buildings, godowns, etc.
These doors are also used from consideration of increased safety and protection of the property. These doors
are commonly recommended in situations where light and ventilation are desired even when the opening is
closed.
 Rolling Steel Shutter Doors: These doors are commonly used for show windows, stores, shop fronts godowns,
etc. The door shutter acts like a steel curtain and provides adequate protection and safety against burglars and
fire
 Fire Check Doors: These doors are required to control and restrict the spread of fire through the door opening
thereby minimizing the damage to the adjoining property in the event of fire. By provision of fire check doors, it is
possible to prevent the spread of fire to communicating rooms and floors thereby ensuring the desired degree of
fire protection to the building. Used in warehouses, hotels, banks, departmental stores, and other public
buildings.

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7.4 DOOR HARDWARE

Door hardware refers to the various components and accessories installed on or around a door to enhance its
functionality, security, and usability. These components assist in opening, closing, securing, and accessorizing doors.
Some common door hardware includes:
i. Locksets: Include doorknobs, levers, latches, deadbolts, and other locking mechanisms that secure the door.
ii. Hinges: Hardware that allows the door to swing open and close. They are typically attached to the door leaf and
frame.
iii. Handles and Knobs: Door handles or knobs are used for manually opening and closing doors. They come in
various designs, finishes, and styles.
iv. Latches and Bolts: Devices used to secure the door in a closed position, providing additional security.
v. Door Closers: Mechanisms that automatically close the door after it's been opened, commonly found in
commercial buildings.
vi. Door Stops: Prevent doors from swinging too far or hitting the wall, often installed on the floor or wall.
vii. Kick Plates: Metal plates are installed on the lower part of the door to protect it from damage caused by kicking
or pushing.
viii. Peepholes and Viewers: Small lenses or viewers installed on doors to allow occupants to see outside without
opening the door.
ix. Weatherstripping and Door Seals: Materials installed around the door frame to prevent air, water, or debris
from entering the building.
x. Thresholds and Sills: Found at the bottom of the door frame, creating a transition between the interior and
exterior and providing a seal against the elements.
xi. Decorative Hardware: Additional accessories such as door knockers, letter plates, and doorbells that add
aesthetic appeal to the door.
Door hardware comes in various materials, finishes, and designs to match different architectural styles,
security requirements, and interior designs. These components not only contribute to the functionality and security of
doors but also add to the overall aesthetics of the building.

7.5 INTERIOR DOOR DESIGN

Interior door design refers to the planning, selection, and arrangement of doors within the interior spaces of a
building. It involves considering various aspects to ensure that doors harmonize with the overall interior décor,
complement the design elements, and meet functional needs. The different aspects to be considered are:

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1. Matching Door Styles with Interior Decor: Consistency in design styles helps create a cohesive interior.
Doors should align with the overall aesthetic, whether it's modern, traditional, minimalist, or rustic. For instance,
choose panel doors for a classic or traditional interior and sleek, flush doors for a contemporary space.
2. Customized vs. Pre-designed Doors: Customized doors offer the advantage of tailor-made solutions, allowing
flexibility in design, material, size, and finishes to suit specific interior themes. Pre-designed or ready-made
doors are more convenient and cost-effective, offering a range of styles that might complement the interior
décor.
3. Considerations for Door Size and Scale: Proper proportion and scale are crucial. Taller ceilings might benefit
from taller doors, giving an illusion of height and elegance. Ensure that the door size aligns with the room's
dimensions to avoid overwhelming or undersized doors.
4. Functional Considerations: Functional considerations in door selection address specific requirements and
functionalities:
 Soundproofing Doors: Soundproof doors are designed to minimize the transmission of sound between
rooms or from external sources. They incorporate specialized construction, materials, and sealing
mechanisms to reduce noise transfer, providing a quieter environment for privacy or minimizing
disruptions.
 Fire-Rated Doors: Fire-rated doors are engineered to withstand fire for a specified duration. They are
crucial in building safety, compartmentalizing areas, and preventing the spread of fire, smoke, and toxic
gases. These doors are rated based on their resistance to fire and are essential in fire exit routes and
areas with high fire risks.
 Security Considerations: Doors with enhanced security features are designed to prevent unauthorized
access and protect against intrusions. They may include reinforced frames, durable locks, deadbolts,
peepholes, and materials resistant to forced entry.
Each of these functional considerations addresses specific needs or requirements in different contexts,
whether it's ensuring safety in case of fire, providing privacy by minimizing sound transmission, enhancing security, or
facilitating accessibility for all individuals, including those with disabilities. Choosing doors that meet these functional
requirements is crucial for ensuring safety, comfort, and compliance with relevant building codes and standards. Interior
door design involves a thoughtful approach to choosing doors that blend seamlessly with the interior aesthetics,
whether by matching styles, customizing designs, or considering appropriate sizing and scale to create a harmonious
and visually appealing space.

7.6 DOOR FINISHES AND TREATMENTS

There are various finishes and treatments available for doors, contributing to their appearance, protection, and
durability. Some common door finishes and treatments include:

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 Habitats: Holistic Approaches to Building, Interiors and Technical Systems

 Paint: One of the most versatile and popular options. Paint can be applied to wooden, metal, or fiberglass
doors, offering a wide range of colors, finishes (matte, satin, or glossy), and customization possibilities.
 Stain: Ideal for wooden doors, stains enhance the natural beauty of the wood grain while providing protection.
They come in various shades and can be translucent or opaque.
 Varnish or Clear Coat: Clear coats or varnishes are applied to wooden doors to protect the surface, enhance
the wood's natural appearance, and provide resistance against moisture and UV rays.
 Laminate: A thin layer of decorative material bonded to the door's surface, offering durability, scratch
resistance, and a variety of colors, patterns, and textures.
 Veneer: Thin slices of real wood applied to a base material, giving the appearance of solid wood doors. Veneers
are available in different wood species, offering a natural look.
 Powder Coating (for metal doors): An electrostatically applied dry powder cured under heat, providing a
durable finish resistant to corrosion, chipping, and fading. Offers a wide range of colors and textures.
 Oil or Wax Finish: Natural finishes that penetrate the wood, enhancing its appearance while protecting against
moisture. Oil finishes offer a matte look, while wax finishes provide a soft sheen.
 Embossing or Texture: Adding texture or embossed patterns to the door surface for visual interest and tactile
appeal, providing a unique look to the door.
 Foil Finish: Thin plastic foils heat-bonded to the door's surface, offering a cost-effective alternative to achieve
different colors and designs.
Choosing the appropriate finish or treatment depends on the door material, desired appearance, maintenance
requirements, and the overall design aesthetic. Each finish has its unique characteristics and benefits, catering
to different preferences and functional needs.

7.7 TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS

The latest trends and innovations in door technology, sustainability, and artistic designs:

7.7.1 Smart Doors and Technology Integration

 Smart Locks and Access Control: Integration of smart technology into doors includes the use of keyless
entry systems, biometric access (like fingerprint or facial recognition), and remote locking/unlocking
through smartphones or voice assistants.
 Integrated Sensors and Automation: Doors equipped with sensors for motion detection, touchless
opening/closing, or automated responses based on user proximity or voice commands are becoming more
prevalent.

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 Connectivity and Home Integration: Integration with home automation systems allows users to control
various home functions, including door locks, lights, and security cameras, through a centralized platform
or smartphone apps.
 Continual advancements focus on improving security, convenience, and connectivity. Advancements in
biometric recognition, enhanced encryption for smart locks, and increased compatibility with smart home
ecosystems continue to evolve.

7.7.2 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Door Options

 Use of Sustainable Materials: Doors made from recycled or renewable materials, such as reclaimed
wood, bamboo, or composite materials, promote eco-friendliness.
 Energy Efficiency: Energy-efficient doors with better insulation properties reduce heat loss or gain,
contributing to improved indoor climate control and reduced energy consumption.
 Low VOC Finishes: Environmentally friendly finishes, paints, and coatings with low volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) reduce off-gassing and environmental impact.
 Recent trends emphasize circular economy principles, with more focus on utilizing recycled materials,
incorporating advanced insulation technologies, and improving the overall lifecycle sustainability of door
products.
7.7.3 Use of Art and Graphics on Doors

 Customized Designs: Doors serve as canvases for artistic expression, with custom designs, murals, etchings,
or embossed patterns reflecting personal tastes or thematic elements.
 Digital Printing and Graphics: Advancements in digital printing technology allow intricate and high-resolution
graphics to be directly applied to door surfaces, enabling detailed and vibrant designs.
 Interactive and Augmented Reality Doors: Integration of technology with artistic designs creates interactive
experiences where doors act as displays or surfaces for augmented reality applications.
 Innovative techniques like 3D printing for textured designs, holographic or dynamic displays, and smart surfaces
with interactive elements are pushing the boundaries of artistic expression on doors.
These trends demonstrate the integration of technology, sustainability, and artistic expression into door
design, offering consumers advanced functionalities, environmentally conscious options, and visually appealing
personalized solutions. Continuing advancements in these areas are shaping the future of door innovation.
End of Chapter Exercise
1. Provide images or descriptions of various doors (e.g., panel doors, flush doors, sliding doors, etc.), and identify
each type. Include a mix of architectural drawings, photographs, or sketches for diverse door styles and
materials.

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 Habitats: Holistic Approaches to Building, Interiors and Technical Systems

2. Present a list of different door types and outline the advantages and disadvantages of each type (Consider
factors like durability, cost, aesthetics, maintenance, and suitability for different environments.)
3. Compare and contrast the functional features of traditional doors versus smart doors. List the features unique to
smart doors (e.g., keyless entry, remote access) and traditional doors (e.g., locking mechanisms, materials).
4. Research and discuss how sustainable materials and innovative designs can be integrated into door
manufacturing. Propose ideas for eco-friendly door materials or design features that enhance sustainability.
5. Conduct a photographic survey of different types of doors used in specific settings (e.g., hospitals, commercial
buildings, residential homes) and discuss why those types are chosen for those environments.

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E-ISBN- 978-81-968974-4-4, P-ISBN- 978-81-968974-6-8 135

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