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Understanding Number Systems and Primes

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16 views6 pages

Understanding Number Systems and Primes

Uploaded by

ms velu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UPSC C-SAT STUDY MATERIALS

Class : VI – A2 APTITUDE : NUMBER SYSTEM -1

Number System : A number system is a system of writing for expressing numbers. It is the
mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other symbols in a
consistent manner.

1. CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBERS

Complex Numbers : Z=a + ib is called complex number, where a and b are real numbers,
b≠0 and i=−1.
So, a + ib or 4 + 5i are complex numbers.

Real Numbers : Set of all rational numbers as well as irrational numbers is called Real Numbers.
The square of all of them is positive.

Imaginary Numbers : Imaginary numbers are those numbers which we can just imagine but
cannot physically perceive.
For Example √-1, √-3, etc, √-1 is represented by i, Square Root of all imaginary number is
imaginary.

Rational number: The numbers in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q can’t be zero
are known as rational numbers, e.g., 22/7, 5/3, 0/11, -143/15.

Irrational numbers: The numbers which when written in decimal form do not terminate and repeat
are known as irrational numbers. These numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers or as a
fraction, e.g.√2,√3,√5, π, etc.

Integers : When in the set of whole numbers, natural numbers with negative sign are included, then
it becomes set of integer. It is denoted by I or Z.
Where, I={−∞,..,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,…∞}.
Integers can further be classified into negative or positive Integers. Negative Integers are denoted
by Z– and positive Integers are denoted by Z+.
Where, Z– ={−∞,…−4,−3,−2,−1} and Z+={1,2,3,….∞}
Further 0 is neither negative nor positive integer.

Natural Numbers : Set of counting numbers is called natural numbers. It is denoted by N.


Where, N={1,2,3,….∞}.

Even Numbers : The set of all natural numbers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
Its is denoted by E.
Where,E={2,4,6,8,10,….∞}
Odd Numbers : The set of all natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
In other words, the natural numbers which are not even numbers, are called odd numbers.
i.e., O={1,3,5,7,….∞}

Whole Numbers :When zero is included in the set of natural numbers, then it forms set of whole
numbers. It is denoted by W.
Where, W={0,1,2,3,….∞}

Prime Numbers : The natural numbers which have no factors other than 1 and itself are called
prime numbers.
Note that,
(i) In other words they can be divided only by themselves or 1 only. As 2,3,5,7,11 etc.
(ii) All prime numbers other than 2 are odd numbers but all odd numbers are not prime number.

Co-Primes Numbers: Two natural numbers are co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1. For example, (2,3),
(4,5) are co-primes.

Divisible Numbers/Composite Numbers : The whole numbers which are divisible by numbers
other than itself and 1 are called divisible numbers or we can say the numbers which are not prime
numbers are composite or divisible numbers. As, 4,6,9,15,….

Note :1 is neither Prime Number nor composite number. Composite number may be even or
odd.
Face Value: Face value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit itself. For example in 321, face
value of 1 is 1, face value of 2 is 2 and face value of 3 is 3.

Place Value : Place value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit multiplied by 10n where n
starts from 0. For example in 321:
Place value of 1 = 1 x 100 = 1 x 1 = 1
Place value of 2 = 2 x 101 = 2 x 10 = 20

ACTIVITY – 1:
a. Learn the Tables from 11 to 20.
b. Learn the Squares of a numbers from 12 to 202.
c. Learn the CubeS of a numbers from 13 to 103.

2. SQUARE ROOTS OF A NUMBER

Square root of a number is a value, which on multiplication by itself, gives the original number. The
square root is an inverse method of squaring a number. Hence, squares and square roots are related.
Suppose x is the square root of y, then it is represented as x=√y, or we can express the same
equation as x2 = y. Here, ‘√’ is the radical symbol used to represent the root of numbers.
For example, the square of 3 is 9, 32 = 9 and the square root of 9, √9 = 3. Since 9 is a perfect square.

The methods to find the square root of numbers are:


Square Root by Prime Factorisation
Square Root by Long Division Method

Finding Square root By Prime factorisation Method


We can always find the square root of perfect numbers using the prime factorisation method. Let us
see some examples here:

Example 1: Square root of 81


Answer: By prime factorisation, we know:
81 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
Pairing the numbers to get the perfect squares we get;
81 = 9 x 9 = 92
Hence, √81 = 9

Example 2. Find the square root of 625.


Answer: By prime factorisation, we know:
625 = 5 x 5 x 5 x 5
Pairing the numbers to get the perfect squares we get;
625 = 25 x 25 = 252
Hence, √625 = 25
Finding square root using Long division method
Another method to find the square root of any numbers is long division method. Let us see some
examples here:

Example 1: Find square root of 7921


The long division method for √7921 can be found as given below
Hence, √7921 = 89

Since, 7921 is a perfect square, therefore, we can also find using


factorisation method.

Square roots from 1 – 50:

3. DIVISIBILITY RULES

Divisibility: A number is divisible by another number if it is a true multiple of the other number (or
if the division problem does not have a remainder.
24 is divisible by 3 because 24 ÷ 3 = 8 with no remainder.
25 is not divisible by 3 because it would have a remainder of 1!

Divisibility Rule for 2: When the last digit in a number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8, the number is divisible by 2.
Divisibility Rule for 3: When the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3, the number is divisible by 3.
Divisibility Rule for 4: When the last 2 digits in a number are a multiple of 4, the number is divisible
by 4.
Divisibility Rule for 5: When the last digit in a number is 0 or 5, the number is divisible by 5.
Divisibility Rule for 6: When a number is divisible by 2 and 3, the number is divisible by 6.
Divisibility Rule for 7: The last digit is multiplied by 2, and the product is subtracted from the rest of
the number. If the difference is 0 or a multiple of 7, then we say that the given number is divisible by 7.
Divisibility Rule for 8:When the last 3 digits in a number are divided by 8, then the number is
divisible by 8.
Divisibility Rule for 9: When the sum of the digits is a multiple of 9, the number is divisible by 9.
Divisibility Rule for 10: When the last digit in a number is 0, the number is divisible by 10.
Divisibility Rule for 11: When the sum of the odd digits is equal to (or 11 more than) the sum of the
even digits, the number is divisible by 11.
Divisibility Rule for 12: A numeral is divisible by 15 if it is divisible by both 3 and 4.
Divisibility Rule for 13: Nine times the last digit in a number and subtract it from the rest of the
number. If the result is a known multiple of 13, then the number is divisible by 13.
Divisibility Rule for 14: A numeral is divisible by 15 if it is divisible by both 2 and 7.
Divisibility Rule for 15: A numeral is divisible by 15 if it is divisible by both 3 and 5.
Divisibility Rule for 16: When the last 4 digits in a number are divided by 16, then the number is
divisible by 16.

4. PRIME NUMBERS

Prime numbers: Numbers which is divisible by themselves only apart from 1.


1.) The number 1 is not a prime or composite number.
2.) The number 2 is the only even number which is a prime number.
3.) There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100,

e.g.: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,
53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89 and 97.

Finding whether a given number is prime or not


i) Select the least positive integer 'n' so that n2 > given number.
ii) Find out all the prime numbers less than n and check if the given number is divisible by any of
these prime numbers.
Iii) If the given number is not divisible by any of the prime numbers, it will be a prime number.

1. Example: 191 is prime number or not?


Solution:
Step 1 - 14 > √191
Step 2 - Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 - 191 is not divisible by any above prime number.
Result - 191 is a prime number.
2. Example: 187 is prime number or not?
Solution:
Step 1 - 14 > √187
Step 2 - Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 - 187 is divisible by 11.
Result - 187 is not a prime number.

EXERCISE – 1

1. Write all prime numbers till 100.


2. Write squares of a numbers from 12 to 202.
3. Write cubes of a number from 13 to 103.
4. Find the square roots of the following numbers using long division method.
a. 324 b. 729 c. 1024 d. 1521 e. 3136
f. 4624 g. 5329 h. 7744 i. 8836 j. 9604

EXERCISE – 2

1. Check whether 1440 is divisible by 15.


2. Is 2848 divisible by 11?
3. Check whether the number 2024 is divisible by 4.
4. Is 119 divisible by 7?
5. Is 99992 divisible by 8?
6. Check whether the number 2112 is divisible by 6?
7. Check whether 4355 is divisible by 13?
8. Is 783 divisible by 9?
9. Check whether 10032 is divisible by 12.
10. Check whether the number 1744 is divisible by 8.

EXERCISE – 3

1. Find whether the following numbers are prime numbers are not.
a. 97 b. 56 c. 823 d. 47 e. 443
f. 273 g. 467 h. 433 i. 319 j. 223

********************************

Common questions

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The number 2 is unique among prime numbers because it is the only even prime number. All other even numbers can be evenly divided by 2 and themselves, making them composite. Hence, 2 stands out as the sole even number meeting the criteria for primality .

The number system classifies numbers into several categories such as complex numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, integers, natural numbers, even numbers, odd numbers, whole numbers, prime numbers, co-prime numbers, and composite numbers. Complex numbers are expressed as Z=a+ib, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit. Real numbers include rational and irrational numbers, while rational numbers can be expressed as fractions and irrational ones cannot. Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative, or zero. Natural numbers are positive integers starting from 1. Even numbers are divisible by 2, odd numbers are not. Prime numbers only have divisors of 1 and themselves, and composite numbers have additional divisors. Co-prime numbers have a greatest common divisor of 1 .

The prime factorization method involves expressing a number as a product of its prime factors and then grouping the factors into pairs to identify perfect squares. For instance, by expressing 81 as 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 and pairing the factors, it simplifies to 9 x 9, thus the square root is 9. This method efficiently finds square roots for perfect square numbers by reducing the number to its core repeated factors .

Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 that are only divisible by 1 and themselves, such as 2, 3, 5. Composite numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 that have more divisors, like 4, 6, 8. The number 1 is neither prime nor composite as it doesn't have two distinct positive divisors, a fundamental requirement to qualify as either .

The divisibility rule for 7 involves taking the last digit of a number, multiplying it by 2, and subtracting this product from the rest of the number. If the result is 0 or a multiple of 7, then the original number is divisible by 7. For example, for the number 203: take 3, multiply by 2 to get 6, subtract from 20 to get 14, which is a multiple of 7, thus 203 is divisible by 7 .

To identify a perfect square, perform prime factorization on the number and ensure every prime factor's exponent is even. For example, 36 is factored as 2^2 x 3^2. Since both exponents are even, 36 is a perfect square. This method checks the symmetry in factorization, confirming if a number is derived from squaring an integer .

Divisibility rules simplify calculations by offering a quick way to ascertain if a number can be evenly divided by another number without cumbersome arithmetic. The rule for 11 involves adding the digits in odd positions and even positions separately, then subtracting the smaller sum from the larger. If the result is 0 or a multiple of 11, the number is divisible by 11. For instance, with 2728: (2+2) - (7+8) = 4 - 15 = -11, which is not divisible by 11, indicating that 2728 is not divisible by 11 .

Place value applies by exponentiating 10 based on the digit's position in a number. In the number 321, the digit 1's place value is 1 x 10^0 = 1, 2's place value is 2 x 10^1 = 20, and 3's place value is 3 x 10^2 = 300. This demonstrates how each digit's value is determined by its position and respective power of 10 .

Co-prime numbers are two natural numbers whose highest common factor (HCF) is 1, meaning they do not share any prime factors other than 1. Examples of co-prime pairs include (2, 3) and (4, 5), as their HCF is 1 in both cases. Being co-prime doesn't depend on the individual numbers being prime—it solely depends on the relative absence of common factors .

The long-division method involves estimating the number whose square is closest to the beginning digits of a number, performing subtraction to find remainders, and repeating these steps while bringing down pairs of digits. For example, to find √7921, form pairs from right to left, estimate divisors, and subtract repeatedly until reaching a zero remainder, concluding that 7921's square root is 89. This method is practical for large and perfect square numbers .

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