RESEARCH ARTICLE | MAY 15 2023

Multi-criteria decision-making approaches in welding

processes: A review 
Abdul Arif  ; V. Siva Nagi Reddy; Akhilesh Kumar Singh; Pramod Kumar A. Chiranjeevi; V.S. Prasad

AIP Conf. Proc. 2715, 020016 (2023)

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22 February 2024 16:20:46

 Multi-criteria Decision-making Approaches in Welding
Processes: A Review

Abdul Arif a), [Link] Nagi Reddy, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Pramod Kumar
[Link] and [Link]

Aditya College of Engineering and Technology, Surampalem, India

a)
Corresponding author E-mail: arif309mech@[Link]

Abstract. Welding is a technique used to join, repair, and manufacturing new products. In welding to select the best
parameter, several optimization techniques were available, and among them, Technique for Order Performance by
Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) algorithm is one. TOPSIS algorithm is also one of the optimization processes
that also used to generate various welding process parameters. In this paper, the main focus on TOPSIS algorithm
used in various welding. The review work on the TOPSIS method used in the welding process like TIG welding,
laser welding, friction stir welding, manual metal arc welding, and other advanced types of the welding process, for
an enormous scope, was not performed prior. This review work will be future information for the ensuing
researchers, to find out their exploration in research for working on TOPSIS algorithm.

22 February 2024 16:20:46

Keywords: TOPSIS, TIG welding, Friction Stir welding, CO2 laser welding, manual metal arc welding

INTRODUCTION
To meet the worldwide competition to develop the new products at an economical price for the survival of
current innovation of products in the market is a challenge. To manufacture innovative products various welding
is mostly used in industries. Welding is used in the manufacturing process in almost all branches of industries
and construction to repair broken and defective parts, joining to metals, the building of worn surfaces.
Generally, the new methodologies and approaches control the process variables in any manufacturing process
effectively. The process variables (i.e., parameters: welding speed, arc voltage, welding current, etc.) must be
controlled and optimized to get the ideal solutions. In welding, several process parameters are used that affect
the desired weld output. To get the desired-out number of optimization methods were used. Welding parameters
are determined by the capacity to measure and regulate the welding process factors.
Tungsten Inert Gas welding (TIG), in which metals are joined by arc heat, the arc being formed between a
heat-resistant tungsten electrode and the workpiece. As a protection from atmospheric contamination a shielding
gas is used. This welding is an autogenic arc welding process that provides high-quality weld. In TIG welding
can be done with or without filler metal to join metals. TIG welding is mostly used due to high-quality weld in
pressure vessel industries, tube, and pipeline industries, food container manufacturing industries, etc.
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is the process in which a heat-resistant tool to produce solid-state bond which
creates extremely high-quality with good-strength joints with low distortion. This process probe (or called a pin)
tool rotates that plunged into the interface of two stationary parts to produce a solid-state bond between the two
workpieces. This FSW is most popular in industry to join ferrous and nonferrous metals such aluminum and
their alloys of all grades, magnesium, titanium, copper, and steel alloys. Some of its applications are
shipbuilding and marine, aerospace, railway industry, automotive.
Manual Metal Arc (MMAW or MMA) welding is a consumable electrode process arc welding, where weld
arc heat struck between an electrode flux coated metal rod and the workpiece to melts the parent metals to create
a weld. The application fields are steel constructions, pipeline construction work, and industrialized buildings.
Laser welding is an advanced welding technique to join metals, thermoplastics, and any material with high
heat conductivity can also joint by using a laser beam to form a weld. It comes in an unconventional welding

International Conference on Materials, Energy and Mechanical Engineering 2021 (ICME2-2021)

AIP Conf. Proc. 2715, 020016-1–020016-10; [Link]
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4521-5/$30.00

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process in which a concentrated heat source that produces narrow, deep welds between workpieces depends on
the power density. For welding and cutting purposes different types of lasers are used such as Gas lasers (a
mixture of gases such as helium and nitrogen), CO2 lasers, Solid-state lasers like Nd: YAG, ruby lasers, and
Diode lasers. This welding is mostly used in an automobile or a small medical/jewelry item, but frequently used
in large scale manufacturing industries like medical and automotive.
Plasma arc welding is similar to TIG welding, but advancement over TIG welding in weld higher quality and
speed. In plasma, gas is heated to a very high temperature and constricted arc setup between a tungsten electrode
that ionized so that it becomes conductive. This welding is mostly used for microplasma welding purposes and
used for cutting, beveling, and shape cutting, and piercing.

BACKGROUND OF TOPSIS ALGORITHM

Saha and Mondal has applied multi-objective optimization techniques like TOPSIS in addition to principal
component analysis (PCA) for finding optimal welding parameters in manual metal arc welding (MMAW),
and TOPSIS- Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is utilized to distinguish between TOPSIS-PCA
outcomes. ANOVA algorithm is used for finding most influential parameter [1]. Kumar has used the TOPSIS of
the MCDM technique for TIG of INCOLOY 800HT alloy to find the best process parameters and corresponding
mechanical properties are reciprocated with the metallurgical characteristics [2]. Chellappan has done TIG
welding on super martensitic stainless steels, where multi objective performance characteristics were optimized
by applying TOPSIS and the metallographic examination were also done for the best and the worst weld by
which the results of experimentation has shown the welded sample quality can be intensify effectively [3].
Kannan has welded NiTinol sheets by considering laser welding (Yb: YAG) where multi objective performance
characteristics were optimized by using TOPSIS and ANOVA algorithm is applied for finding most influential
parameter for multi objective performance characteristics of above welding process [4]. Sa´nchez-Lozano has
considered multi-criteria decision-making method by combining with fuzzy logic for selecting the best electric
welding process, Analytic Hierarchy Process is considered for obtaining weight for the criteria considered and

22 February 2024 16:20:46

to complete the steps of TOPSIS method. Submerged Arc Welding is the best alternative from other considered
welding process like GTAW, Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), Gas Metal Active Welding, MMAW [5].
Ananthakumar analyzed the effect of plasma arc cutting (PAC) parameters for evaluating the Material
removal rate (MRR), kerf taper (KT) and heat affected zone (HAZ) of Monel 400 super in this procedure, they
included the multi-criteria decision-making technique (MCDM) for ideal parameters for plasma arc cutting
using the approach of TOPSIS method for parameters like cutting speed, gas pressure, arc-current, and standoff
distance. TOPSIS approach will be helpful for choosing the optimal parameter combinations for machining
super alloys by using plasma arc cutting under multi-response criteria [6]. Sampreet has made an attempt of
approach of TOPSIS method for finding out optimal parameters combination in laser (Nd:YAG) welding ofTi-
6Al-4V (Grade 5) alloy , Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is applied for finding most important parameter
among the multi objective functions [7].Mahmood had made a study on research articles where the fuzzy multi-
criteria decision making (FMCDM)is employed where TOPSIS is considered as a part of multi-criteria decision
making methodology [8]. Sharma has investigated the impact of various combinations of friction stir welding
process parameters when joining Al-6101 and pure copper using a Taguchi L18 orthogonal array approach,
multi-response optimization for ultimate tensile strength and micro-hardness has been considered into account
for obtaining the optimum combination of friction stir welding process parameters, Taguchi-based TOPSIS
technique is applied in order to multi-response optimization. TOPSIS is an easy approach, where it can optimize
the multi responses [9]. Sudhargar has made an attempt for the selection of optimal parameters in friction stir
welding process of aluminium 2024 alloy by the approach of MCDM methods like Grey Relational Analysis
and TOPSIS are employed for the optimal process parameters which gives maximum value of responses.
TOPSIS is an effective approach to optimise multi criteria problems for friction stir welding [10]. Mirhedayatian
has made a study for the selecting a welding process to repair an engine block which is made up of nodular cast
iron in four study cases with TOPSIS approach. In order to give ranking for eleven welding processes. The best
part of this approach is, it does not require any predefined weighting factors considered for selecting the process,
as various optimizing technique like AHP. This approach will assist the designer, manufacturer, and supplier for
selecting best welding process [11].
Srinivasan has used the TOPSIS method in his TIG welding of 15CDV6 high strength low alloy steels to
find the best welding settings for low bead width, reinforcement, and maximum tensile strength. TOPSIS can be
used to solve challenges involving multi-performance characteristics optimization [12]. Mahidhar et al., utilized
the TOPSIS method to discover the best process parameters combination in CO2 laser welding Hastelloy C-276,
ANOVA is employed for finding the important parameters in the multi-objective functions [13]. Behzadian has
summarized the applications and methodologies of TOPSIS in various fields. TOPSIS approach has been
effectively utilized in a variety of industrial sectors using a variety of terminology and subjects; it requires more

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 extensive accentuation on interdisciplinary and social choice issues [14]. Jahanshahloo has taken TOPSIS
approach for problems having interval data, as determining accurately the exact values of the attributes is
difficult and that their values taken into consideration as intervals [15]. Dutta has done analysis on TOPSIS
approach after the ranking is given, to find how much change is needed for an alternative’s rating under a
criterion to get a higher ranked alternative position, and also studied the behavior of t closeness coefficient of an
alternative when a criteria rating change [16]

THE ALGORITHM
TOPSIS approach can apply when we required a simpler weighting approach. TOPSIS is a method where a
best alternative is selected by Associating weights for every criterion with normalizing values for every criterion
and identifying the distance between every alternative and ideal alternative, which is having highest score [17].
It come up with a solution which is both closer to the supposedly best and further away from the hypothetically
worst. This approach is formed on the requirement that a chosen alternative be the farthest geometrical distance
from the negative ideal solution as well as the closest geometrical distance from the positive ideal solution. This
method requires the data with respective to the relative importance of properties which are consider in selection.
The following steps are the procedure of the Algorithm.

Step I: Normalizing a developed decision matrix

݆ܺ݅
ξσ݉
‹̈́ͳ ݆ܺ݅ 
ʹ

Œൌ ͳǡʹǥǥǢ‹ ൌͳǡʹǥǤ


Step II: The normalized matrix obtained from the above equation is multiplied with associated weights
obtained.

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Vij=QijBj j=1, 2...n; i = 1, 2...m

To obtaining associated weights has to follow the below procedure

Entropy value of each criterion
Ej=െ݇σ݉ ݆݈݆ܳ݅݊ܳ݅
‹Ƭͳ
where k=1/lnm is, m=number of alternatives
The degree of divergence (Dj) for each criterion can be obtained from the equation
Dj=1-Ej
Associated weight for each criterion
Bj= ࢔ࡰ࢐
σ࢐͓૚ ࡰ࢐
Step III: The positive and negative ideal solutions can be presented
[v1+, …….,vn+]= [ max (vij) if jϵJ ; min (vij) if j ϵJ']
[v1-,…,vn-]= [ min (vij) if jϵJ ; max (vij) if jϵJ']
Where J denotes a collection of positive characteristics and J' denotes a set of negative characteristics
Step IV: The geometrical distance from positive and negative ideal solutions can be calculated from the
following equations.

si+=͹σŒ̈́ͳ
൅ሺ‹ŒെŒȗሻʹǢ0.5

si+=͹σ݊ ሺܸ݆݅ െ ܸ݆ƬሻʹǢ0.5

Œ̈́ͳ

Where j = 1, 2. . n; i = 1, 2...m
Step V: Finding relative closeness obtained from the ideal solution

Ƭ
‫ܑܛ‬
‫ܑ܋‬ൌ ‫ܛ‬ሺƬ i=1,2 ...m;0<Ci<1
ܑሺ‫ܑܛ‬

Result of above equation which is having highest value is best and the smaller value is worst.

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 Developing decision Matrix

Normalizing Decision Matrix

Multiplication of Normalized Decision Matrix with

associated weights

Finding the positive and negative ideal- solution

Finding the Distance from positive and negative ideal

solution

Finding Relative Closeness to Ideal Solution

Order of Preference

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FIGURE 1. Step by Step procedure of Algorithm

TABLE1: a summary of various literatures on approach of TOPSIS algorithm in different welding processes are
discussed below.

Characteristi
Input
AUTHO WELDING output cof output
[Link] paramete Remarks
R PROCESS parameters regarding
rs topsis
the optimal
conditions of
the input
welding
welding current is the
welding parameters
weld bead most influential
manual current, arc corresponding
A. Saha, width, parameter. Moreover,
metal voltage A5V2S1 are
1 S.C. reinforceme it also manifests
arc welding and welding current
Mondal nt and bead welding speed a most
(MMAW) welding 160 A (level 5),
hardness significant parameter
speed arc voltage 19 V
for weld bead width
(level 2) and
welding speed
20 mm/min
(level 1)
welding
mechanical properties
current, The optimized
with ultimate tensile
voltage parameters are
strength at room
Arun and Ultimate welding current
Gas temperature (628
Kumar welding tensile of 110 A,
2 Tungsten MPa), Ultimate
Srirangan speed with strength, voltage of 10
Arc Welding tensile strength at
et al a constant Toughness Vand welding
7500 C (591 MPa)
gas flow speed of 1.5
and Charpy V-notch
rate of 15 mm/sec.
impact energy (60J)
lpm.

020016-4
 Input Characteristi
AUTHO WELDING out put cof output
[Link] paramete Remarks
R PROCESS parameters regarding
rs
topsis

The optimum
combination of
the process
current, parameters The grain size
voltage, Bead width, Current = 160 influenced the
travell depth of A, Voltage= 18 hardness of the weld.
Chellappa TIG
3 speed, penetration, V, Travel speed
n [Link], welding
shielding hardness of = 55 mm/min,
gas flow weld shielding gas
rate flow rate = 14
lpm resulted in
better quality of
the weld.
Theoptimal
process
parameters are
welding speed:
2100 mm/min,
Shielding gas
welding blown angle: 30
speed, degrees, focal
power was the most

22 February 2024 16:20:46

laser position: 0 mm,
influential parameter
Deepan power, Bead width, power:940Watt
(Yb: YAG) followed
Bharathi focal depth of The
4 laser by shielding gas
Kannan. position penetration corresponding
welding blown angle, focal
[Link] and hardness optimizedoutpu
position and welding
shielding t parameters are
speed
gas blown Depth of
angle penetration:
1.186 mm, Bead
width: 1.737
mm, Hardness:
204.5 HV
Efficiency
,Productivi
ty,Minimu GTAW
m power (CCPD):
Maximum Gas
power,Wel Tungsten
der fatigue Arc
Welding Welding
process FCAW: SAW welding
cleaning,R Flux Cored process is the to obtain the weight
Juan M.
Arc Welding eliability Arc Welding best alternative of the criteria and to
5 Sa´nchez
Process Maintenan GMAW: compared to the complete the steps of
-Lozano
cecosts(qu Gas Metal other welding TOPSIS.
antitative Active process
criteria) Welding
fatigue of SAW:
welder, Submerged
process Arc Welding
learning, SMAW:
reliability( Shield Metal
qualitative Arc Welding
criteria)

020016-5
 Input Characteristi
AUTHO WELDING out put cof output
[Link] paramete Remarks
R PROCESS parameters regarding
rs
topsis
optimal plasma
arc cutting
Material stand-off distance
parameters are
arc removal rate and gas pressure are
cutting speed:
current, (MRR), kerf most
2400 mm/min,
K. cutting taper (KT) at influencing
plasma arc gas pressure: 3
6 Ananthak speed, top and parameters on MRR
cutting bar, arc current:
umar [Link] stand-off bottom and HAZ, whereas
45A and stand-
distance surface and KT primarily affected
off distance: 2
and gas heat affected with cutting
mm to obtain
pressure zone(HAZ) speed.
superior part
quality
The optimum
parameter
combination is
Power = 2900
W,
Speed of
welding = 1000
mm/min and
Bead width, Flow rate = 20 Laser power is the
K.R. Nd:YAG Power, depth of lit/min. most influencing

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7 Sampree laser Speed, penetration, The parameter on the
[Link], welding Flow rate hardness of corresponding quality of the
weld output weldments.
parameters are
and Bead
Width = 3.553
mm, Hardness =
810 HV and
Depth of
Penetration =
3.066 mm.
Mapping the
research
landscape of
Fuzzy-
TOPSIS into a
coherent
taxonomy.
Mahmood
· Figure out the
M. Salih ,
motivation of
B.B.
develop the
Zaidan ,
8 Fuzzy-TOPSIS
A.A.
· Highlight the
Zaidan ,
open
Mohamed
challengesthat
A. Ahmed
hinder the of
develop the
Fuzzy-TOPSIS
Recommendatio
ns lists of
develop the
Fuzzy-TOPSIS
in the literature.

020016-6
 Characteristi
Input
AUTHO WELDING out put cof output
[Link] paramete Remarks
R PROCESS parameters regarding
rs
topsis

The optimum
parameters rotational speed is the
shoulder
combination are most significant
diameter ,
maximum diameter 18 process
Nidhi pin offset ,
friction strength mm, pin offset parameter followed
9 Sharm welding
stir welding andmicro- 0.5 mm, by the welding speed,
[Link] speed , and
hardness welding speed shoulder
rotational
63 mm/min, and diameter, and tool pin
speed
rotational speed offset
900 r/min.

the optimal
ultimate
Tool conditions are
tensile
rotation tool rotational
strength,
speed, speed Same optimal
[Link] Friction stir impact
10 Welding of 1000rpm, conditions are
ar [Link], welding toughness
speed welding speed obatined as Topsis
and hardness
and tool of 80mm/min
of welded
offset and tool offset
joint
at 0mm.
Design GTAW Gas
applicationP tungsten arc

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rimary welding
structural PAW Plasma
Joint arc welding
configuratio SMAW
n Butt Shielded metal
Seyed Capital Welding arc welding
Mostafa cost positions Furnace welding
11
Mirheday Operator Equipment Flame spay
atian et al factor portability welding are the
Filter metal optimized
utilization welding
Deposition processes based
rate on the selected
Thickness of criterias
parts
Alloy class

the optimal Current is the most

current, conditions are significant and travel
voltage, Reinforceme current: 110 A, speed was the least
Gas
Srinivasan welding nt, bead Voltage: 16 V significant factors on
12 Tungsten
.L [Link] speed and width and travel speed: 65 the multi
Arc Welding
gas flow hardness mm/min, performance
rate shielding gas characteristics
flow rate: 7 lpm.

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 Characteristi
Input
AUTHO WELDING out put cof output
[Link] paramete Remarks
R PROCESS parameters regarding
rs
topsis

The optimized
parameter
combination is
welding
speed =
2000mm/min,
Power = 1600W
V. and Flow rate = The most influencing
Mahidhar, Bead width, 20 lit/min. parameter is laser
Power,
K. R. CO2 laser depth of The power followed by
13 Speed,
Sampreet, welding penetration,h corresponding welding speed and
Flow rate
R. Kannan ardness output shielding gas flow
et al parameters are rate.
Hardness =
332HV,
Depth of
Penetration =

22 February 2024 16:20:46

2.419 mm and
Bead Width =
2.194 mm.

CONCLUSION
TOPSIS Algorithm is effectively utilized in various welding processes such as TIG welding, Yb: YAG laser
welding, Friction Stir welding, CO2 laser welding, Nd:YAG laser welding, manual metal arc welding (MMAW)
,plasma arc cutting , and other welding process, Utilization of TOPSIS Algorithm has given good experimental
results. By demonstrating its capacity, the basic and modified versions of the TOPSIS algorithm are expanding
at a faster rate. The approach of this algorithm has been proved at its best way compared to streamlining
procedures like PSO, GA and Taguchi Method. TOPSIS is performed under less iterations and which gives
better specific outcomes, compared to other optimization algorithms.
An overview of a sophisticated optimization method TOPSIS, which is based on the effect of an ideal best
solution or a negative worst solution, has been explored here. The algorithm expands its application in various
fields like chemical, production, maintenance and civil. Not only in the above streams, but also it gives good
results in fields like process planning, supply Network management and bioengineering. When one has a large
number of constraints and a multi-objective function, this method can be applied.

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