Criteria Needed to Count Something as a Disorder: highly traumatic event.

Includes Dissociative Identity

Disturbance of thought, dysfunction of biological or Disorder.
developmental processes, distress or disability in everyday
life, and deviant thought, emotion, or behavior (but only if Somatic Symptom Disorders: Mimics physical diseases and
also dysfunctional) persists for at least 6 months.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders Personality Disorders: Personality disorders which develop

in late childhood or early adolescence. Typically caused by
ADHD: An genetic syndrome which is known to abuse.
cause inattention and carelessness
Odd-Eccentric Cluster
Autism Spectrum Disorder: a possibly genetic
disorder which causes severe language and social Schizoid: Do not want close
impairment combined with repetitive habits and relationships.
inward-focused behaviors. Schizotypal: Isolated or asocial but also
Positive, Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of have very odd thoughts (ex: think that TV shows were written
Schizophrenia: about them)

Positive: Hallucinations, delusional thinking, and Paranoid: Extremely suspicious of

disorganized thought and speech others.

Negative: Nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, Dramatic-Emotional Cluster

immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and inability to Histrionic: Must always be the center of
complete tasks attention.
Cognitive: Problems with working memory Borderline: Out-of-control emotions and
Depressive Disorders afraid of abandonment, fluctuate between idealizing and
hating those around them.
Major Depressive Disorder: A disorder caused by
biochemical factors or trauma and characterized by Narcissistic: Extremely positive and
pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, feelings arrogant self-image and exaggerated sense of self
of worthlessness, and guilt that lasts for at least two importance.
consecutive weeks. Antisocial: Extremely impulsive,
Bipolar Disorder: Caused by drug use at fetal stage or from deceptive, and uncaring of others.
genetic factors and has symptoms that include substantial Anxious-Fearful Cluster
mood fluctuations (cycling between manic and depressive
episodes) Avoidant: So afraid of criticism that they
avoid interaction with others.
Anxiety Disorders
Dependent: Fear rejection and have a
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A state of pervasive strong need to be cared for.
and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months.
Obsessive-Compulsive: Very rigid in
Panic Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized habits and perfectionist.
by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more
attacks. Biomedical Treatments
Social Phobia: Fear of humiliation in the presence Drug Therapy
of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about
appearance or behavior or both. --For schizophrenia: Uses
phenothiazines, a class of drugs discovered in 1952 by Henri
Agoraphobia: Fear of being in places from which Laborit that diminish paranoia, hallucinations, confusion, and
escape might be difficult or in which help might not be agitation
available, should a panic attack occur.
--For Depression: May use monoamine
Specific Phobias: Intense fear of something like oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or selective
flying or spiders. serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Causes: Possibly genetic or due to neurotransmitter GABA, --For Anxiety Disorders: May use
or due to a personality high in neuroticism. benzodiazepines or barbiturates.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder in --For Bipolar Disorder: Uses many
which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviours. different drugs in combination, typically including lithium for
Due to genetic factors or maybe infection with neuro manic episodes.
plasmosis.
Psychosurgery
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Type of trauma or stressor
related disorder that involves intrusive and persistent Prefrontal Lobotomy: Severs connection
cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered between prefrontal cortex and lower portion of brain.
by traumatic events. Electric and Magnetic Therapies
Dissociative Disorders: Characterized by extreme splits or ECT: Electrocuting to induce seizure.
gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness, and caused by a Used to treat severe depression.
 Repetitive TMS: Used sometimes with
schizophrenia, involves bursts of magnetic energy.
Deep Brain Stimulation: Electrical stimulation to
specific areas, shows promise with treating depression.
Effectiveness of the Biomedical Treatments: Some can only
be used in severe cases, while others are very niche and
experimental.
Psychological Treatments
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Freud: Innovated the field.
Dream Interpretation: Uncovering
motives through dreams.
Free Association: Associating
something with something from a dream.
Transference: Associating the therapist
with someone from your past.
Defense Mechanism: Way of keeping
self from being vulnerable.
Catharsis: Way of airing our intense
emotions in therapeutic setting.
Humanistic/Positive Therapy
Carl Rogers
Client-Centered Therapy
Positive Psychotherapy
Behavioral Therapies
Token Economies: Reinforce positive behaviors
with a token (fake coin or award)
Systematic Desensitization: Slow desensitization
to a stimuli that one fears
Flooding: Extreme exposure to phobic object
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
CT: Restructuring of irrational thought patterns.
CBT: Combines CT with operant and classical
conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors.
Group Therapy
Support Groups: Group who shares common
situation (disorder, disease, or trauma)
Technology-Based Treatments
Virtual Reality Therapies: Exposure to phobia
through virtual reality)
Combined Approaches
Drugs and Psychotherapy: Common and effective
Eclectic Approach/Integrative Therapy
Mindfulness Training
MBCT: Using mindfulness and cognitive therapy at
same time
DBT: Combines CBT with mindfulness to treat
borderline personality disorders.
Effectiveness of Combined Approaches