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Social Psychology MCQs for PSY403

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Social Psychology MCQs for PSY403

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Tanveer Online Academy

Social Psychology (PSY403)

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Objective Questions
1. In which of the following settings social psychologists
mostly work in Pakistan?

1. Industries
2. Clinics
3. Hospitals
4. Universities and NGOs

2. Which of the following event led to research on suicide

bombing?

1. 7/11
2. 9/11
3. 8/11
4. 11/11

3. Which of the following are individual evaluative

responses?

1. Beliefs
2. Emotions
3. Schemas
4. Attitude
4. Which of the following is not a data collection technique?
1. Self-reports
2. Direct observations
3. Reliability
4. Archival information
5. A presumed cause must occur before the presumed effect
is known as what?

1. Time order relationship

2. Co variation of relationship
3. Inverse relationship
4. Direct relationship
6. Which one is not a characteristic of empirical research?

1. Controlled
2. Reliable
3. Valid
4. Not well planned
7. Which of the following is not a part of a research article?

1. Title
2. SPSS
3. Method
4. Results
8. Which of the following is defined as a group of people
who are selected to participate in a given study?

1. Population
2. Public
3. Sample
4. Individuals
9. In which year US government established Institutional
Review boards for research involving human participants?

1. 1976
2. 1987
3. 1999
4. 1974
10. ________ is voluntary participation with full
understanding of the possible risk factors involved in any
research or experiment.

1. Anonymity
2. Protection from harm
3. Minimize deception
4. Informed consent
11. Which of the following research's aim is to simply
increase knowledge about social behavior, knowledge for
knowledge's sake?

1. Basic research
2. Applied research
3. Advance research
4. Pilot research
12. Which of the following is defined as a kind of mental
model that people hold?

1. Believes
2. Schema
3. Attitude
4. Dream
13. The process of selecting a subset of a population for a
survey is known as what?

1. Survey research
2. Representation
3. Triangulation
4. Sampling
14. According to Margaret Mead, which of the following
societies are peaceful?

1. New Guinea
2. Mundugumor of New Guinea
3. New York
4. Arapesh of New Guinea
15. Who designed or created the shock generator?

1. Stanley Hall
2. Norman Triplet
3. William McDougall
4. Stanley Milgram
16. Which of the following is not the area of interest in
social psychology?

1. Thinking
2. Evaluating
3. Doing
4. Interacting
17. Which of the following is the abbreviation of the IRB?

1. Industrial review boards

2. Institutional review bill
3. Interview review bill
4. Interview review board
18. What name is given to a person who is appearently a
normal participant in the experiment but who in fact
plays a presdribed role assigned by the experimenter?

1. Accomplice
2. Assistant
3. Confidant
4. Confederate
19. To determine whether changing one variable (like
education) will produce changes in another (like income),
we need to conduct which type of research method?

1. Correlational research
2. Archival research
3. Observational research
4. Laboratory research
20. Who wrote the third book on social psychology?

1. Edward Ross
2. Norman Triplet
3. William McDougall
4. Floyd Allport
21. Which of the following best defines that a student is
given candy and soft drinks along with words of praise for
a superb performance?

1. Gift
2. Reinforcement
3. Modelling
4. Learning
22. "Whether early deprivation can cause a deterioration in
IQ" is an example of which goal of research?

1. Prediction
2. Understanding
3. Explanation
4. Description
23. Which of the following is not a step in the research
process?

1. Choose a research design

2. Evaluate the ethics
3. Collect data
4. Subjective needs
24. Which of the following can be directly observed by using
only observational methods?

1. Cognitions
2. Perceptions
3. Thinking
4. Behaviour
25. ________ downplays the role of individual and focuses
on societal variables.

1. Psychology
2. Social psychology
3. Philosophy
4. Sociology
26. Which of the following is NOT a reason why a random
sample is important?

1. It allows you to generalize to a broader population

2. The sample will be completely representative of the
population
3. Every possible sample in a given population has an equal
chance to be chosen
4. The sample is similar to the population on important
characteristics
27. Which of the following is a NOT common type of
observational methods?

1. Naturalistic
2. Participant
3. Unrealistic
4. Archival
28. Who resolved the controversy of applied and pure
research by concluding that "no action without research,
no research without action".

1. Kurt Lewin
2. Neon Festinger
3. Carl Roger
4. David Hume
29. When scientists' preconceived ideas about what they
are studying affect the nature of their observation, this is
known as:

1. Observer biases
2. Viewer biases
3. Participant biases
4. Actor biases
30. Which of the following is defined as - transient states of
arousal that direct our behavior?

1. Emotions
2. Believes
3. Attitude
4. Dream
31. In an experimental study of the effects of failure on
self-esteem, self-esteem is known as what?

1. Controlled condition
2. Independent variable
3. Correlational condition
4. Dependent variable
32. Which of the following is defined as a group of people
consists of all the members of an identifiable group from
which a sample is drawn?

1. Population
2. Public
3. Sample
4. Individuals
33. A research psychologist manipulates the level of fear
among participants and see the effect on the participant's
reaction time. In this study, reaction time is the known as
what?

1. Independent variable
2. Experimental variable
3. Correlational condition
4. Dependent variable
34. Which one is a type of non-probability sampling?
1. Stratified
2. Accidental
3. Cluster
4. Random
MUHAMMAD IMRAN PSY403 Social Psychology
Covering Video Lectures 01-06. QUIZ NO 1

MUHAMMAD IMRAN PSY403 Social Psychology

GRAND QUIZ 2021 QUIZ NO 1

1. A presumed cause must occur before the presumed effect is known as what?________
___________________________________________________ Covariation of relationship
2. Which of the following is an organized system of ideas that seeks to explain why two or more
events are related _______________________________________________________ theory
3. In an experiment when the researcher can identify a given person’s response but not to do so
publicly ________________________________________________________ Confidentiality
4. Which of the following justified when each and every element has an equal chance of being
included __________________________________________________ Probability samples
5. Which of the following is defined as a group of people who are selected to participate in a given
study?________________________________________________________________ Sample
6. Which of the following hormones makes male more aggressive then females?__ Testosterone
7. Which of the following independent variable Federman (1994-1998) used in his research?____-
__________________________________________________________________ TV violence
8. Which of the following is NOT a reason why a random sample is important?_____________
___________________________ It allows you to generalize to a broader population
9. Which of the following is not the area of interest in social psychology?_____________ Doing
10. Which of the following is the abbreviation of the IRB? ______Institutional review boards
11. “How do we know when someone is lying or telling truth” is an example of:_______________
___________________________________________________________ Person perception
12. Who wrote the third book on social psychology? ________________________Floyd Allport
13. Which one is not a characteristic of empirical research?______________ Not well planned
14. Which of the following is not a data collection technique?____________________ Reliability
15. IQ is an abbreviation of ___________________________________ Intelligence quotient
16. Which of the following is not a step in the research process?__________ Subjective needs
17. Well-planned, internally consistent and replicable are characteristics of which of the
following?___________________________________________________ Empirical research
18. In which year US government established Institutional Review boards for research involving
human participants?________________________________________________________ 1974
19. Which of the following research’s aim is to simply increase knowledge about social behavior,
knowledge for knowledge's sake?____________________________________ Basic research
20. Heredity & physiology, past experiences and current situational factors are included in which of
the following levels?____________ _________________________Individual level explanations
21. Which of the following variable controlled by the researcher in an experiment?_______
_____________________________________________________________________Independent variable
22. Which of the following best defines that a student is given candy and soft drinks along with
words of praise for a superb performance?_____________________________ Reinforcement
23. The process of selecting a subset of a population for a survey is known as what__ Sampling
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 1
24. Which of the following are individual evaluative responses?____________________ Attitude
25. World War II stimulated research on which of the following?________________ _________
______________________________________________________ Prejudice & conformity
26. “whether early deprivation can cause a deterioration in IQ” is an example of which goal of
research?___________________________________________________________ Prediction
27. Which of the following sampling technique involves selecting respondents primarily on the
basis of their availability and willingness to respond?_________________ Accidental sample
28. Which of the following transient states of arousal that direct our behavior________ Emotions
29. Social psychology is the scientific study of : _______________________________________
__________________________how people relate to and are changed by other people
30. A possible topic studied by a social psychologist is : ___________________all of the above
31. Which factor would a social psychologist emphasize in explaining why a person commits a
violent crime?__________________having recently experienced a frustrating situation
32. The belief that adult behavior can be traced to unresolved psychological conflicts from one's
childhood is a hallmark of: _________________________________________gestalt psychology
33. Why might our informal observations of social life lead us to wrong conclusions?
____________________________________________________________________all of the above
34. Although much of their research was conducted with rats and pigeons, _____________ believed
that the same principles applied to humans. _________________________________behaviorists
35. Which name is most associated with the theory of behaviorism? _____________B.F. Skinner
36. Alana is thrown out of a basketball game because of her aggressive behavior. Which type of
theorist would explain her behavior as a result of powerful inborn impulses or drives?
_________________________________________________________a psychoanalytic theorist
37. Which type of theorist would argue that people perceive situations or events as "dynamic
wholes"? ____________________________________________________a gestalt psychologist
38. Whenever Carlos asks a question in his psychology class, his professor nods her head and
smiles at him in response. Carlos' frequent questions can be explained as a result of:
_____________________________________________________________________reinforcement
39. You can experience greater apprehension when you realize that you are the object of
other’s______.______________________________________________________________Attention
40. Virtual reality creates a virtual research environment using a ______Computer Simulation
41. _________ is a statistical technique to determine whether specific variable have important
effects across studies. __________________________________________________Meta analysis
42. Relationship between two variables is described by the statistical measure known as
_________. __________________________________________________Correlation Coefficient
43. ________ are structured sets of questions given to a group of people to measure their attitude,
beliefs and behavioral tendencies. ______________________________________________ Surveys
44. _______ observation is a form of observational method that investigates behavior in its natural
environment. _____________________________________________________________Naturalistic
45. In Experimental Research manipulated variable is called __________. Independent variable
46. A theory is an organized form of ________._______________________________________ Ideas
47. _______ is a group of people who are selected to participate in a given study _______Sample
48. Frontal lobes are involved in the coordination of _______. ___________________Movements
49. Leonard Berkowitz explains how ______________________ is often triggered by circumstances
that arouse negative feelings. _______________________________________Hostile aggression
50. The most common treatment is punishment; ultimate punishment is _____________. ___Death
51. ______________ is a form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase one’s
own welfare. ________________________________________________________Egoistic helping
52. ________________debriefing with the participants indicated that some participants who did not
intervene claimed that they were either unsure of what had occurred or did not think that the
situation was very serious.__________________________________________Post experimental
53. Two or more people, who interact with one another, share common goals, are somehow
interdependent, and recognize that they belong to a ___________. _____________________Group

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 2
54. _______________in individual output when performers’ efforts are pooled and so cannot be
individually judged. ________________________________________Group-induced reduction
55. Christina Demetriou and Andrew Silke established a _____________to determine whether
people who visited to gain access to legal material will also try to gain access to illegal and
pornographic material. _______________________________________________________Web site
56. Diener indicates that the crucial cognitive factor in deindividuation is a lack of _______
________________________________________________ ____. Self awareness
57. The _____________ stipulates that people should help only when they believe that others
deserve assistance. ____________________________________________Norm of social justice
58. _______________theory suggests that aggressive thoughts are linked together in an associative
network in memory. _______________________________________Cognitive neo-association

GRAND QUIZ 2021

1. Which of the following is an advantage of private self consciousness?_ improves relationships

2. MRI is an abbreviation of which of the following brain imaging techniques?________________
_______________________________________________ _ Magnetic resonance imaging
3. Who designed or created the shock generator?________________________ Stanley Milgram
4. A presumed cause must occur before the presumed effect is known as what?_______________
__ ___________________________________________________ Time-order relationship
5. Which of the following scale will be used if we want to study the preference of coeducation in our
culture?___________________________________________________________ Likert scale
6. In which of the following developmental stage the self becomes critically important as a basis for
making life decisions?_______________________________________________ Adolescence
7. Likert scale was introduced in which of the following year?__________________________ 1932
8. Who resolved the controversy of applied and pure research by concluding that “no action without
research, no research without action”.____________________________________ Kurt Lewin
9. Court records, newspaper, census and government documents are example of:____________
______________________________________________________ _ _ Archival information
10. Who gave the Covariation model of attribution?________________ _________HAROLD Kelly
11. Which of the following refers to the tendency to underestimate how common one’s own desirable
traits and abilities are in the general population?_______________ False-uniqueness belief
12. Attitude is positive or negative evaluation of an object, this definition is given by:____ Schuman
13. Which of the following sampling technique involves selecting respondents primarily on the basis of
their availability and willingness to respond?______________________ Accidental sampling
14. A specific vitamin can extend the life expectancy of humans was the subject of interest for Ali’s
research study. The dependent variable for this study will be:_______________ Life-expectancy
15. Which of following is true when each member of a population has an equal chance of being
selected?________________________________ an equal probability selection method
16. If a salesperson is nice to us, we don’t necessarily assume he or she is intrinsically friendly. This
is an example of which of the following principle?_________________ The discounting principle
17. A research psychologist manipulates the level of fear among participants and see the effect on the
participant's reaction time. In this study, reaction time is the known as what?_________
18. Did you kill your boyfriend is a ___________. ___________________________ Vague question
19. Which of the following traits are commonly used in forming impressions?_________ Personality
20. People with unstable __________ become angry when challenged.____________ self-esteem
21. Which of the following part of the brain involves in planning skills and abstract thinking?__
_______________________________________________________________________frontal lobes
22. Which of the following refers that people tend to attribute their own behavior to external causes
but that of others to internal?___________________________________ actor-observer bias
23. According to LaPierre study in 1934, behaviour is specific but attitude is ____________ general
24. Which of the followings refers to the idea that greater attitude-behavior consistency is the result of
more accessible attitude?____________________________________ Attitude accessibility

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 3
25. When scientists’ preconceived ideas about what they are studying affect the nature of their
observation, this is known as:________________________________________ observer bias
26. Which of the following theory states that the different social roles occupied by women and men
lead to differences in the perception of women and men and in their behavior?_________
____________________________________________________________ Social role theory
27. The tendency for people to evaluate individual human beings more positively than groups or
impersonal objects is known as _______________________________________. Positive bias
28. Which of the following study allows researcher to have different samples of respondents from the
population complete the survey over a time period?_______________________ Trend studies
29. Which one is not a type of non-probability sampling?_________________ Stratified sampling
30. William Chaplin and his coworkers (2000) concluded that people with firm handshakes tend to be
more _______________________________________________________________. Extrovert
31. The tendency to judge the probability of an event is known as what?_________________
________________________________________________________ Attitude accessibility
32. The fundamental attribution error is more common in which of the following cultures?___
_________________________________________________________________________________Collectivist
33. Which of the following is defined as a kind of mental model that people hold?________ Schema
34. Which of the following is NOT a type of survey?___________________________ Oral surveys
35. How a person tends to act towards the object, is ___ component of attitude?______ Behavioral
36. A _________ is a cluster of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are
expected to fulfill._____________________________________________________ Social role
37. Which of the following principle is used to combine separate pieces of information about people?_
___________________________________________________________________ Averaging
38. Schemas are often called _________ when applied to members of a social group.___ _______
________________________________________________________________________________ Stereotypes
39. A ____ is a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about some stimulus.______ Schema
40. If your friend has a car accident, he will start avoid driving due to __________, but if you avoid
or dislike driving, it will be the result of observational learning._______ Operant conditioning
41. What factor is responsible for the self-serving bias?_____________ All of the given options
42. In which of the following settings social psychologists mostly work in Pakistan?_______________
___________________________________________________________________Universities and NGOs
43. Which of the following research method can be used when researcher has to study the cause and
effect relationship?_________________________________________________ Experimental
44. In 1993, vascular theory of emotion was proposed by whom?______________________ Zajonc
45. Which of the following event led to research on suicide bombing?_____________________ 9/11
46. Impression formation is often based on rapid assessments of salient and ________ qualities and
behaviors in others.__________________________________________________ Observable
47. Smiling causes facial muscles to increase the flow of air-cooled blood to the brain that
produces:_______________________________________________________ Pleasant mood
48. What was the violence rate in Canada in 1980?___________________________________ 1.9%
49. Which of the following is a temporary state of being aware of hidden self aspects?_______
___________________________________________________________________Private self awareness
50. At what age, individual realizes that he is a separate individual._________________ 18 months
51. Which of the following statement refers to Self-concept?________________________ Who I am
52. Habitual tendency of _________can contribute to depression and neuroticism?______
______________________________________________________________ Private self-consciousness
53. Discrepancy between actual self and ought self, make people feel what?___________Agitated
54. The role of a given cause is augmented if an effect occurs in the presence of _cause. Inhibitory
55. The process by which we come to know about others' temporary states and enduring dispositions
is known as:_________________________________________________ Person perception
56. ___________ method, which consists of a set of procedures used to gather, analyze and interpret
information in a way that reduces error and leads to dependable generalizations.____Scientific
57. Which of the following causes the problem in direct assessment of attitude?___ ____________
____________________________________________________________ Social desirability

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 4
58. In which of the following sampling technique the investigator selects the elements to be included
in the sample on the basis of their special characteristics?___________ Purposive sampling
59. Which of the following is a feminine characteristic in most of the cultures?___ Selflessness
60. Who among the following overestimate the importance of the situation in explaining their own
behaviors?_______________________________________________________________ Actor
61. ________in person perception can be defined as agreement between the perceiver and the target
of perception._________________________________________________________ Accuracy
62. Who is considered the first empirical social scientist?____________________ Norman Triplett
63. An Athlete wins a game and attribute his win to hard work and practice and when he loses the
following week, he will blame the loss on bad calls by the referees. This is known
as:__________________________________________________________ Self serving bias
64. In collectivist culture child bearing practices emphasize which of the followings? ____Conformity
65. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a self-concept? __________________Self affirmation
66. If a salesperson is nice to us, we don’t necessarily assume he or she is intrinsically friendly. This
is an example of which of the following principle? ________________The discounting principle
67. Which of the following is a sign of unstable self-esteem? ___________Unconsciously negative
68. Social psychology is a branch of psychology that scientifically studies an individual in which of the
following contexts? _________________________________________Relationship with others
69. Which part of brain is known as “thinking” center? ________________________Cerebral cortex
70. Which of the following is the way we analyse, remember, and use information about the social
world? _________________________________________________________Social cognition
71. Which of the following is voluntary participation with full understanding of the possible risk factors
involved? _____________________________________________________Informed consent
72. Which research strategy is designed to answer the question “From knowing X, can we predict Y?”
_________________________________________________________________-Correlational
73. Attitudes are: _________________________________Statements of approval or disapproval
74. Data that is exhibited in numerical form is known as: ____________________Quantitative data
75. Which of the following is NOT an example of a between-subjects design? _______________
_____________________________ ____Students take either woodwork or home economics
76. Who found that the adult’s perceivers agreed almost perfectly on which were the baby-faced
persons and which were the more mature-faced persons when they saw photographs of 6 age
groups: infants, preschoolers, fifth graders, eighth graders, young adults, and older
adults?__________________________________________________Zebrowitz and Montepare
77. A specific vitamin can extend the life expectancy of humans was the subject of testation for Ali’s
research study. The depended variable for this study will be: _______________Life-expectancy
78. According to Hull, undergraduate students who are high in self consciousness are more likely to
indulge in which of the following activity after failure? ____________________Substance abuse
79. October 8, 2005 earthquake in Pakistan initiated research on social and psychological effects of
___________._______________________________________Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
80. At what age, individual realizes that he is separate individual?__________________18 months
81. Which of the following developmental stage the self becomes critically important as basis for
making life decisions?_______________________________________________Adolescence
82. Which of the following is defined as making fun of shames or embarrass the individual
intentionally? ________________________________________________________Humiliate
83. EEG is an abbreviation of which of the following brain imaging
tecniques?______________________________________________Electroencephalogram
84. Ali studies the effect of vitamin X on the ability to memorize meaningful passages. The effect of
vitamin X is known as: _____________________________________Independent variable
85. Downplays the role of individual and focuses on societal variables.______________Sociology
86. Which of the following is NOT a reason why a random sample is important? ______________
____________________________It allows you to generalize to a broader population
87. “How can society reduce stereotyping and discrimination” is an example of: _______Prejudice
88. Which of the following is not a data collection technique? ______________________Reliability
89. Which of the following cognitive structure is known to be used for processing information based on
its perceived female or male qualities? _______________________________Gender schema
90. Which of the following is not the area of interest in social psychology? ________________ Doing
91. The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the.__Experimental group
92. Which of the following factor DOES NOT affect dissonance? _______________Observation

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 5
93. Which of the following is the way we analyse, remember, and use information about the social
world?___ ____________________________________________________Social cognition
94. Generally happy people use which of the following routes for persuasion ? _________________
____________________________________________________________ Peripheral route
95. Which of the following scale will be used if we want to study the preference of coeducation in our
culture? ___________________________________________________________Likert scale
96. At what age self awareness is developed ? ________________________________18 months
97. Which of the following is considered as the building blocks of cognitions ? ________Categories
98. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Schematic Processing? ____________________
_______________________________________________________Generalize information
99. Ali is a nice guy and always have faith if he good then everything happens to me or world should
be nice. This concept is known as: _________________________________Just world belief
100. Which of the following factor DOES NOT affect Persuasion? _________________Authority
101. According to LaPierre study in 1934, behaviours is specific but attitude is ________ General
102. Who was the first to introduce - the Principle of Cognitive consistency? _____Fritz Heider
103. Which of the following refers to the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while
ignoring disconfirming information ? ________________________________Just world belief
104. Good mood, involvement and individual differences are which variables among the
followings?______ ___________________________________________Audience variables
105. When a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes an emotional response,
it is termed as: ____________________________________________Operant conditioning
106. Smiling causes facial muscles to increase the flow of air-cooled blood to the brain that
produces____________ ___________________________________________________Stress
107. ________ conditioning occurs where behavior is strengthened following rewards and
weakened following punishments. __________________________________________Atypical
108. The tendency to judge the probability of an event is known as what? ________________
_______________________________________________________ _Attitude accessibility
109. The longer the time between attitude measurement and behavior, more likely the attitude will
change will be measured by which of the following? _________________Test retest method
110. A crisis in the confidence shows weak relationship between attitude and: ________Behavior
111. According to researches, people have strong immune system. ________________Optimist
112. In public self-awareness the behavior is aligned with: __________________Public attitude
113. Which of the following is true for the statement, “Baby faced people may also come to believe
they have the traits others assume they have:” __________________Self-fulfilling prophecy
114. There is a hidden cost in trying to achieve or maintain high: ________________Self-esteem
115. Event schemas are also known as what? ___________________________________Scripts
116. The process by which we come to know about others’ temporary states and enduring
dispositions is known as . _______________________________________Person perception
117. Who is better at “reading” the valid cues to emotion? _________________________Women
118. The process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of
behaviour and events is known as: _______________________________________Attribution
119. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the person who has public self
consciousness? _________________________________More likely to accept intuitions
120. Which is NOT a major aspect in the definition of the independent self? ______Social roles
121. The process of selecting a subset of a population for a survey is known as what ? _________
____________________________________________________________________Sampling
122. Which of the following is a NOT common of observational methods___________Unrealistic
123. Birds of a feather flock together means____________________________________________
_______________________. People having same characteristics attract each other
124. Which of the following conditions is/are responsible for making Palestine and Yugoslavians
more aggressive and tensed?_____ ___________Evolutionary and cultural factors both
125. Which of the following are stable dispositions influencing broad of domains of human
behaviour ?___________________________________________________Personality traits
126. In which of the following sampling technique the investigator selects the elements to be
included in the sample on the basis of their special characteristics? ______Purposive sample

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 6
127. Which of the following is defined as, it comprises on the cognitive information? _____Beliefs
128. World War II stimulated research on which of the following:_______ _______________
_______________________________________________________ Prejudice & conformity
129. The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the _________ ______
__________________________________________________________Experimental group
130. If you are in a public place and you are hesitant to behave originally you are facing which of
the following:__________ ________________________________Evaluation apprehension
131. Habitual tendency of _____ can contribute to depression and neuroticism?_________ ___
__________________________________________________ Private self-consciousness
132. Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of survey research?____ _______-
_________________________________________________________Triangulation of data
133. The variable which is being measured in an experiment is known as what?_____Dependent
134. Which of the following psychologists are keenly interested in how people think about,
influences and relate to one another?__________________________________________Social
135. Which of the following can be directly observed by using only observational methods?____
___________________________________________________________________Behaviour
136. Which of the following is not commonly used brain-imaging technique?___________________
____________________________Functional magnificent releaser technique (FMRT)
137. Which of the following is defined stable dispositions influencing broad domains of behavior?__
_____________________________________________________________Personality traits
138. Which of the following hormones makes male more aggressive then females?_ ______-
_________________________________________________________________Testosterone
139. The distance between self concept and ideal self is know as what?_____ Self discrepancy
140. Which part of the brain is known as “thinking” center?_________________Cerebral cortes
141. Who is considered the first empirical social scientist?_________________Norman Triplett
142. Which of the following sampling technique involves selecting respondents primarily on the
basis of their availability and willingness to respond?__________________Accidental sample
143. Which of the following is defined as when person immediately does what is asked of him or
her?______________________________________________________________Compliance
144. Which of the following researches aim is to simply increase knowledge about social behave,
knowledge for knowledge’s sake? ___________________________________Basic research
145. How can society reduce stereoping and discrimination is an example of :________Prejudice
146. Which one is a type of non-probability sampling?__________________________Accidental
147. The manipulated variable in an experiment is called:__ __________Independent variable
148. Which one of the following is a negative attitude towards the members of specific social
groups?______________________________________________________________Prejudice
149. Which of the following is not a characteristics of the person who has public self
consciousness?_____________________More concerned about how others judge us
150. Which of the following selection method is used obtain representative sample?____Random
151. Which of the following is not common type of observational, methods? ________Unrealistic
152. In general, psychologists try to explain behavior by studying its: _______ _________Causes
153. Which of following is not a reason why random sample important?______ _______
___________________ ____It allows you to generalize to a broader population
154. Which of the following psychologists are keenly interested in how people think about,
influences and relate to one another?_____________ ____________________________Social
155. What name given to a person who is ostensibly a normal participant in the experiment but who
in fact plays a prescribed role assigned by experimenter?_____ _______________Confederate
156. Which of following is the correct abbreviation of ( PET)?______________ ______ ______
_______________________________________________Positron-emission tomography
157. Which of the following statement refers to self-concept?____ _________________Who I am
158. Which of the following is defined as ________ the extent to which the findings can be
generalized to people?____ _______________________________________External validity
159. Which of the following defined as ________ transient states of around that direct our
behavior?______________________ ______________________________________Emotions
160. Which of the following is not source for literature?___________________ ________Surveys

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 7
161. Which of the following is a limitation or drawback of panel studies?___
_______________________________ ____Interference of personality characteristics
162. How many times the word SELF used in books and psychological at abstraction
1969?___________________________________________________________________9269
163. Which of the following are individual evaluative responses?____________ _______Attitude
164. Which of the following is best defined if researcher ask a question to participant, did you kill
your boyfriend or girlfriend?______ _________________________________Vague question
165. Birds of a feather flock together means---------------?_____________________________
_______________________People having same characteristics attracts each other
166. Which of the following is defined as a group of people consists of all the members of an
identifiable group from which sample is drawn ?____________________________Population
167. TOTE is an abbreviation of what? _________________________Test-operate-Test-Exit
168. World War II stimulated research on which of the following?__ __Prejudice & conformity
169. In general, psychologists try to explain behaviour by studying its:___________ ____Causes
170. Which one is not a characteristics of empirical research ?_____________Not well planned
171. Social cognition, person perceptions, attribution and self-relate to which of the following
area?______ ______________________________Thinking about one’s self and others
172. Why we romantic feelings for one and not for others is an example of the following
terms?_____ ___________________________________________Interpersonal attraction
173. IQ is an abbreviation of------------------?________________________Intelligence quotient
174. Which of the following is not an emerging technological statistical technique used by
contemporary social psychologist?__ ___________________________Face to face surveys
175. Which of the following hormones makes males more aggressive then females? ______
_________________________________________________________________ Testosterone
176. Which of the following is not true regarding hypotheses?___ ________________________
___________________________________Hypotheses are thought of before theories
177. Which of the following is not part of research article?_______________ ____________SPSS
178. Which of the following research method, assesses the nature of relationship between two or
more variables are not considered by researcher?_ ______________Correlation coefficient
179. Heredity & physiology, past experiences and current situational factors are included in which of
the following levels?___ ___________________________________Individual explanations

Quiz no 2
1. When conformity is due to the desire to gain rewards, or avoid punishment from the group, then it
is termed as which of the followings?___________________________ Normative influence
2. Superficial friendships are formed and maintained because they are rewarding and are based on
the principle of:_______________________________________________________ Exchange
3. Which of the following is the negative side of social interactions?_______________ Aggression
4. The term used for the convergence of individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors towards a
group norm is known as:_________________
5. “Personal beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction” is saying of:__
________________________________________________________________________________ Aristotle
6. Which of the following is not an important characteristic of interpersonal attraction?____
_________________________________________________________________________________Conformity
7. Who gave the concept of cognitive dissonance?________________________ Leon Festinger
8. Who gave the idea of the contact hypothesis?__________________________________ Allport
9. Revealing personal information about oneself to other people is known as:____
10. Which of the following refer to partners also share their physical and psychological resources with
each other?___________________________________________________ Resource allocation
11. Geert Hofstede’s study (1980) of 22 countries found a positive relationship between a culture’s
degree of individuation and its citizens. ___________ needs._____________________ Affiliation
12. Which of the following means having a smaller or less satisfying network of social and intimate
relationships than we desire?____________________________________________ Loneliness
13. Which of the following is the hot point of the love?______________________________ Passion

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 8
14. People find it easier to ______________ unanimous opinion of others._____________ Conform
15. Who among the following was successful in changing the social and political landscape of South
Africa?_________________________________________________________ Nelson Mandela
16. Group size is important when the _______ is clear._________________________ Social reality
17. Sherif et al.’s summer camp (robber’s cave) experiments were conducted in which year?______
_______________________________________________________________________________________1955
18. Self-concept contains which of the following with a personal identity?_______ Social identity
19. “Autobiography of a Face” is written by _____, who is an American poet.______ Lucy Graely
20. Size of the group is relatively _______ when social reality is ambiguous.______ Unimportant
21. The most powerful form of normative influence directed towards non-conformists is:______
___________________________________________________________________________ Social rejection
22. An infant has the ability to grasp and hold things, this is known as what?____ The Moro reflex
23. When members of a group are highly attracted to one another, this condition is known as:______
_____________________________________________________________________________Cohesiveness
24. Prejudice refers to negative ________ by members of an ingroup toward members of
outgroup. ____________________________________________________________Feelings
25. Bill believes that all fraternity members are snobs. Bill is engaging in___________.
_________________________________________________________________ Stereotyping
26. __________is a negative behaviour directed toward members of social groups who are the
object of prejudice. ______________________________________________Discrimination
27. Cognitive-response approach suggests that people in _________________mood are less
likely to engage in extensive processing of the presented arguments. ____________Good
28. The__________ involvement indicates that the outcome of argument has important
consequences for the self hence it will take a central route. _____________________Issue
29. _____is attitude change via an internal discrepancy. _______Cognitive dissonance
30. ___________can influence the persuasiveness of a message. _______All of the above
31. ________________is a negative attitude towards the members of specific social groups.
____________________________________________________________________Prejudice
32. _____________ is a feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is
inconsistent with one’s attitudes. ___________________________Cognitive dissonance
33. __________________is not only effective with those who initially disagree but who are
either well informed or who are going to be exposed to opposing viewpoints in future.
__________________________________________________________Two-sided message
34. Two _______________cognitions led to either adding a third cognition or by changing
attitude. __________________________________________________________ Inconsistent
35. ___________ approach suggests that people in positive mood are less likely to engage in
extensive processing of the presented arguments. _______________Cognitive-response
36. __________is a negative behaviour directed toward members of social groups who are the
object of prejudice. ______________________________________________Discrimination
37. Religious ideology is well suited to reduce______________________________. Prejudice
38. Teachers in schools and supervisors at work conditions should avoid creating
_________status groups. ________________________________________________Unequal
39. ______________ is a yielding to perceived group pressure by copying the behavior and
beliefs of others. ____________________________________________________ Conformity
40. _______________is the desire to approach another person. ___Interpersonal attraction
41. Alan Feingold conducted a ______________ of more than ninety studies that investigated
whether physically attractive and physically unattractive people actually differed in their
basic personality traits. ___________________________________________ meta-analysis
42. Tendency to be attracted to others who are similar to us in particular characteristics, such
as physical attractiveness, is known as the ___________________. Matching hypothesis
43. _____________is the hot point of love indicating intense feeling, arousal, physical
attraction, satisfying other drives and needs._______________________________Passion

Quiz no 3

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 9
1. A form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase one’s own welfare is
known as:_____________________________________________________ Egoistic helping
2. Which of the following is an ability to express yourself and your rights without violating the rights of
others?_________________________________________________________ Assertiveness
3. Which of the following refers to helping someone when there is no expectation of a reward?_ ___
____________________________________________________________ Altruistic helping
4. Who said that in our society we are trained to leave people alone and mind our own business?_
________________________________________________________________ Jane Piliavin
5. People are impatient and irritable during hot summer days in Pakistan is an example of _____
____________________________________________________________. Heat hypothesis
6. If a person is in a good mood he will NOT be:_____________________________ Less critical
7. The world wide rate of homicides is __________ for every 100,000 individuals approximately.____
_________________________________________________________________________ 10.7
8. According to Zimbardo (1970), following are the factors leading to deindividuation EXCEPT:____
______________________________________________________________ __ Identification
9. Two or more people who interact with one another, share common goals and are somehow
interdependent are termed as:______________________________________________ Group
10. The belief that the presence of other people in a situation makes one less personally responsible
for events that occur in that situation refers to:_______________ Diffusion of responsibility
11. According to which of the following, non-aggressive models can urge observers to exercise
restraint in the face of provocation?_________________________________ Social modeling
12. Which of the following provides an explanation for gene survival?_____________ Kin selection
13. Which one of the followings is based on the belief that authorities have the right to make
requests?_ ___ ______________________________________________________ Obedience
14. Social learning theory was given by:________________________________________ Bandura
15. The _____________theory of leadership maintains that some people are born to
lead and others are born to follow. __________ (Great person theory)
16. The most influential of the cognitive consistency theories has been ________
theory, proposed by Leon Festinger. _________(Cognitive dissonance)
17. The classification of people into groups based on their common attributes is
called_____________. __________(Social categorization)
18. Research has indicated that there are two separate components of credibility:
expertise and ________. _____________(Trustworthiness)
19. Reference groups are effective in producing change because of __________ and
similarity. _______________(Liking)
20. __________ are evaluations of objects, issues, or persons that are based on
affective, behavioral, and cognitive information. ______(Attitudes)
21. The ________ theory of leadership argues that certain personal or unique
characteristics predispose some individuals to be leaders._______ (Great person)
22. Working in brainstorming groups was especially harmful to the performance of
individuals who are high in __________ and uncomfortable in group
interactions.________ (Social anxiety)
23. ________ explains why a person who is alone is more likely to be helpful than is a
person who is surrounded by other people. _______Diffusion of responsibility
24. Three important elements of social structure are __________, social roles, and
social status. __________Social norms
25. Social psychologists use which of the following research methods when they have
to study the cause and effect relationship? ______Experimental method
26. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected,
this is called what? _______-• An equal probability selection method
27. In general, psychologists try to explain behaviour by studying its: _____Causes
28. Which part of brain is known as “thinking” center? ____• Cerebral cortex
29. Who is the major contributor in the understanding of self? ______George Mead
Social

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 10
30. MRI is an abbreviation of which of the following brain imaging techniques? ______•
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
31. Which of the following psychologists are keenly interested in how people think
about, influences, and relate to one another? ________Social
32. The set of beliefs we hold about who we are is known as what? _____Self-concept
33. If one’s actual self is discrepant from an important other person ideal for them they
feel what? • __________Ashamed
34. According to Festinger, __________ occurs when people use others as a
standards of comparison against which to evaluate their own opinions, abilities and
attributions.____________• ______Social comparison
35. Which one of the followings is based on the belief that authorities have the right to
make requests? __________• Obedience
36. Which of the following is the ability to express one‘s self without violating the rights
of others? ____• Assertiveness
37. According to Berkowitz, the presence of which of the following in the environment
can act as triggers for hostile outbursts by making aggressive thoughts more
accessible? _______ • Aggression-associated cues
38. Which of the following conditions can reduce the effectiveness of punishment for
reducing aggression? __________ • Temporary
39. Fawad always help others through thick and thin, if he is attending someone one
with love and care, gives courage to go ahead with confidence, he is involved in
which kind of helping? ____Emotional help
40. Which of the following states that we should help when others are in need and
dependent on us? ________Norm of social responsibility
41. Which of the following states that people are inhibited from helping for fear of
negative evaluation by others if they intervene and the situation is not an
emergency? ______• The audience inhibition effect
42. Which of the following is right? _______ • Presence of othersÆ DistractionÆ
Attention conflict
43. Which of the following is an example of social loafing? _______Ahmed is in a
group, works less and cannot be evaluated
44. Which of the following is an extreme form of group polarization? ____• Group think
45. When conformity is due to the desire to gain rewards, or avoid punishment from the
group, then it is termed as what of the followings? ________• Normative influence
46. Obedience contains which of the following characteristic that makes it different from
other types of influences? ______ • Overt
47. Which of the following suggests that aggressive thoughts are linked together in an
associative network in memory, so that thinking about one aggressive act should
prime other aggressive thoughts?______ • Cognitive neo-association theory
48. Which of the following is the focus view of social learning theory? ______• An
environmental factor makes one aggressive
49. Which of the following conditions can reduce the effectiveness of punishment for
reducing aggression? ______ • Temporary
50. In incompatible response strategy which of the following is followed? ____ • Two
simultaneous emotions are evoked
51. Kin selection provides an explanation for which of the followings? ______ • Gene
survival
52. Which of the following states that we should help when others are in need and
dependent on us? • Norm of social justice ______ • Norm of social responsibility
53. According to which model, helping, witnessing an emergency is emotionally
arousing and is generally experienced as an uncomfortable tension that bystanders
seek to decrease. ______ • Arousal cost-reward model

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 11
54. The belief that the presence of other people in a situation makes one less
personally responsible for events that occur in that situation refers to which of the
followings? _______ • Diffusion of responsibility
55. The _____________theory of leadership maintains that some people are born to
lead and others are born to follow. (Great person theory)
56. The most influential of the cognitive consistency theories has been ________
theory, proposed by Leon Festinger. (Cognitive dissonance)
57. The classification of people into groups based on their common attributes is
called_____________. (Social categorization)
58. Research has indicated that there are two separate components of credibility:
expertise and ________. (Trustworthiness)
59. Reference groups are effective in producing change because of __________ and
similarity. (Liking)
60. __________ are evaluations of objects, issues, or persons that are based on
affective, behavioral, and cognitive information. (Attitudes)
61. The ________ theory of leadership argues that certain personal or unique
characteristics predispose some individuals to be leaders. (Great person)
62. Working in brainstorming groups was especially harmful to the performance of
individuals who are high in __________ and uncomfortable in group interactions.
(Social anxiety)
63. ________ explains why a person who is alone is more likely to be helpful than is a
person who is surrounded by other people. Diffusion of responsibility
64. Three important elements of social structure are __________, social roles, and
social status. Social norms
65. Leonard Berkowitz explains how ______________________ is often triggered by
circumstances that arouse negative feelings. Hostile aggression
66. The most common treatment is punishment; ultimate punishment is_____________.
Death
67. ______________ is a form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to
increase one’s own [Link] helping
68. _______________debriefing with the participants indicated that some participants
who did not intervene claimed that they were either unsure of what had occurred or
did not think that the situation was very [Link] experimental
69. Two or more people, who interact with one another, share common goals, are
somehow interdependent, and recognize that they belong to a ___________. Group
70. _______________in individual output when performers’ efforts are pooled and so
cannot be individually [Link]-induced reduction
71. Christina Demetriou and Andrew Silke established a _____________to determine
whether people who visited to gain access to legal material will also try to gain
access to illegal and pornographic material. Web site
72. Diener indicates that the crucial cognitive factor in deindividuation is a lack of
________________. Self awareness
73. The _____________ stipulates that people should help only when they believe that
others deserve [Link] of social justice
74. ________________theory suggests that aggressive thoughts are linked together in
an associative network in memory._______ Cognitive neo-association

MUHAMMAD IMRAN 12
Describe experimental design or experimental method? 3

Experimental methods are research designs to examine cause-effect relationships. The variable that
is manipulated is called the independent variable, while the variable whose changes are considered
to be the effect of the manipulated changes in the independent variable is called the dependent
variable (e.g., varying lighting conditions and performance of students) Experimental and control
groups are two main groups used in experimental methods.

Experimental Method: Description because correlational studies cannot definitively tell us why
variables are related to one another, social psychologists use experimental methods to examine
cause effect relationships. In an experiment, the scientist manipulates one variable by exposing
research participants to it at contrasting levels (for example, high, medium, low, no exposure), and
then observes what effect this manipulation has on the other variable that has not been manipulated.

How mimicry effect the impression formation? 3

In a follow-up experiment to their face rubbing/foot-shaking study, Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found
evidence that mimicry increases liking for the imitator. The researchers instructed confederates to
subtly imitate the mannerisms of people they were interacting with in a "get acquainted" session (for
example, rubbing their face or tapping their foot when their partner did so). Their findings indicated
that people whose gestures had been mimicked liked the confederates more than those who had not
been mimicked. Prosocial behavior these studies suggest that mimicry triggers _ positive reactions in
people that lead to benefits to those who are present.

Define attribution? And write its dispositional attributions? 3

Attribution: Attribution is the process by which people use information to make inferences about the
causes of behavior and events.

Dispositional attribution: We are especially likely to make dispositional attributions when events are
negative or unexpected and this usually happens under following three conditions: Social desirability:
an internal, dispositional attribution more likely when socially undesirable behaviors are observed
Choice: an internal, dispositional attribution is more likely when the actor has freely chosen the given
behavior(Jones & Harris, 1967) Non-common effects: an internal, dispositional attribution is more
likely when the outcome of a behavior has a unique (or non-common) effect.

What is social cognition? Also tell social cognition strategy? 2+3

Social cognition:

Researchers who are working on social cognition can ask the following question in their investigation:
“How does jury decide guilt or innocence”.

Social cognition is the way we analyses, remember, and use information about the social world
(Berkowitz & Devine, 1995)

Social cognition strategy:

Dual-Process models of social cognition: strategies Explicit cognition: Deliberate judgments or

decisions of which we are consciously aware Implicit cognition: Judgments or decisions that are
under the control of automatically activated evaluations.

What are prons and crons? Write details in the just-world hypothesis? 2+5

The Just-World Hypothesis (Lerner, 1980)

A belief system in which the world is perceived to be a fair and equitable place, with people getting
what they deserve provides an illusion of control ‘if we are good people good things will happen to
us’.

Advantages: Related to good psychological adjustment (Ormel & Schaufeli, 1991), improves
relationships (Lipkus & Bissonnette), 1996 and reduces stress (Lipkus et al., 1996).
Disadvantages Defensive attribution (Shaver, 1970) Blame victims for their own misfortune to retain
the belief that bad things only happen to bad people (and so a similar tragedy will not befall us!)
qualified by similarity (Burger, 1981) What happens when people believing in a JW encounter
contradictory outcomes? Like Earthquakes or 9/11. If the event was truly without personal fault,
people with BJW often respond with revenge (Kaiser et al., 2004).

How do expectations shape our social thinking? 3

False consensus

Confirmation bias

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Just world belief

Learned helplessness

Ali tested himself on TOTE, analyses the results and found himself not meeting the standard of self-
test. What will be the emotional consequences Ali can face as a result? 3

Self-discrepancy is the distance between our self-concept and ideal self, or how we believe/others
think we should be (ought self);

What is meant by impression formation? How do you make impression in your life?

Impression formation is the process by which observers integrate various sources of information
about others' self-presentations into a unified and consistent judgment (Hamilton & Sherman, 1996;
Ickes, 2003).

Impression formation is often based on rapid assessments of salient and observable qualities and
behaviors in others. These judgments are obtained by attending to nonverbal cues, such as facial
expressions and body posture, as well as incorporating more detailed and descriptive characteristics,
such as traits, into an overall impression. If you talk to anyone who was there at the same time as
him, I don't think you'll find anyone at the paper who questioned his ethics at all. Impression formation
is usually just the first step of person perception. Often, we also want to understand what causes
people to act in a particular manner. This attribution process goes beyond discerning people's current
moods and feelings and attempts instead to use their past actions to predict future behavior

The tendency to develop more positive feelings towards objects and individuals; the more we are
exposed to them is known as mere exposure, which play an important role in attitude formation.
Explain with the help of researches?

A positive or negative evaluation of an object (Schuman, 1995), where an attitude object is a person,
thing, event, or issue Earliest use of the term attitude came from theatre, described it as a body
posture; dates back to the 1800s; later referred to as a “posture of mind” than of body. According to
Allport, attitude is the most indispensable concept of social psychology. He maintained that “Attitudes
determine for each individual what he will see and hear, what he will think and what he will do. To
borrow a phrase from Willliam James, “they engender meaning upon the world” (Allport, 1935, p.
806).

Attitude formation: In the following, different theories about how attitudes are formed have been
explained. 1) Mere exposure (Robert Zajonc, 1968) the tendency to develop more positive feelings
toward objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them No action or beliefs about the object
required Familiarity does not breed contempt!

How would you operationally define the term Reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement: the model being given candy and soft drinks along with words of praise for a superb
performance.

Punishment: Another adult shaking a menacing finger at the aggressive model and saying, "Hey, you
big bully. You quit picking on that clown. I won't tolerate it." Relationship between concept,
hypothesis, and operational definition Table 1 illustrates the relationship between theory, hypothesis
and operational
How punishment can be used to reduce aggression, what do you think is punishment truly effective?

Describe various methods to reduce aggression: punishment, inducing incompatible responses,

reducing frustration, and teaching of non-aggressive responses.

Is punishment truly effective?

Aggressor punisher may serve as an aggressive model according to social learning theory That is
exactly the process underlying the continuing cycle of family violence (Hanson et al., 1997) Although
punishment may reduce aggressive behavior, it does not teach the aggressor new prosocial forms of
behavior Fear of punishment or retaliation reduces aggression only in the immediate situation.
Generates anger, sparks counter-aggression: Cognitive neo-associationist model would suggest that
it may even provoke intense anger in the aggressor-turned-victim (if aggressors are extremely angry,
threats of punishment will not work) Even if they worked, this is too expensive to be a wide-spread
solution.

Differentiate between classical and statistical prediction?

Clinical versus statistical prediction Given these hindsight- and diagnosis-confirming tendencies, it will
come as no surprise that most clinicians and interviewers express more confidence in their intuitive
assessments than in statistical data (such as using past grades and aptitude scores to predict
success in graduate or professional college). Yet when researchers pit statistical prediction against
intuitive prediction, the statistics usually win. Statistical predictions are indeed unreliable, but human
intuition— even expert intuition— is even more unreliable. Three decades after demonstrating the
superiority of statistical over intuitive prediction, Paul Meehl (1986) found the evidence stronger than
ever.

What is heat hypothesis? Write a brief note on it.

Laboratory experiments demonstrate that hot temperatures increase hostile thoughts and feelings
Archival studies suggest that the urban riots that erupted in many American cities in the 1960s were
most likely to occur on hot days and then to diminish in intensity as the weather cooled (Carlsmith &
Anderson, 1979). This effect also occurs for such aggressive behaviors as murder, assault, rape, and
spousal abuse (Anderson & Anderson, 1984, 1996); Pakistan: general observation that people are
impatient and irritable during hot summer days.

Practical implications Frequency of hostile outbursts could be reduced in temperature-controlled

environments Second, the heat hypothesis has obvious implications for global warming By the middle
of the twenty-first century, we can expect global temperatures to increase by two to eight degrees,
which means there will be many more hot days in the summer months (U.S. House of
Representatives, 1994). Craig Anderson (2001) estimates that such temperature increases could
increase annual serious and deadly assaults by more than 24,000 incidents in the US.

What is social psychology and write its main questions of interest?

Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think. Feel, and behave toward other
people and how individual’s thoughts, feelings, & behaviors are affected by other people (Brehm,
Kassin, & Fein, 2002, p. 5)

The main questions/ topics of interest in social psychology are as given below: Thinking about the self
and others Evaluating persons and relationships interacting with others.

What are the symptoms of group think? Enlist any three symptoms and explain.

Overestimation of the competence of the in group: Illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned

belief in the in-group’s own morality. American president and his colleagues thought that USA will
crush armed oppositions and will win the hearts and minds of Iraqi. Same is true for USA’s
observation for Afghanistan.

Close-mindedness: •Bush and his administration did not examine the evidence that would have
confirmed the existence of weapons. Members of close-minded group rationalize the correctness of
their decisions.
Increased conformity: Members reject those who raise doubts about the group’s assumptions and
decisions, and they censor their own misgivings. With all this conformity pressure, members develop
an illusion that everyone is in agreement. Groupthink is more when there is a lot of loyalty, and not
much intellectual diversity within a decision making body.

Discuss aggressive cues as” triggers” of aggression? 5

Berkowitz believes that the presence of aggression-associated cues in the environment can' act as
triggers for hostile outbursts by making aggressive thoughts more accessible. An aggression-
associated cue is anything that is associated with either violence or unpleasantness, such as guns,
knives, and clubs. The most obvious aggressive cues are weapons, while less obvious cues are
negative attitudes and unpleasant physical characteristics. Numerous studies indicate that the
presence of aggression-associated cues does indeed trigger aggression.

“Kin selection” while helping provides an explanation for gene survival? 5

“Kin selection” provides an explanation for gene survival: There is a preference for helping blood
relatives because this will increase the chances for the helper’s genes to pass on to successive
generations. Because your blood relatives share many of your same genes, by promoting their
survival you can also preserve your genes even if you don't survive the helpful act. This principle of
kin selection states that you will exhibit preferences for helping blood relatives because this will
increase the odds that your genes will be transmitted to subsequent generations. Animals help others
more who are genetically related. But People also help non-relatives. How this becomes possible?
This is explained by Trivers (1983) in the next perspective on prosocial behavior explanations.

Define relationship between attitude and behavior?

During the 1970s a crisis of “confidence” in the attitude concept developed as a result of weak
relationship between attitude and behaviour. Psychologists started questioning whether attitudes still
should be considered a central concept of social psychology. Difficulty was first demonstrated by
LaPierre in 1934; in the US in the 30’s there was widespread prejudice again Asians. LaPierre went
with a young Chinese couple across the U.S for 3 months. The question under consideration was
‘Would restaurant/hotel managers refuse to serve the couple?’ Only 1 out of 66 hotels turned them
away, 1 out of 250 restaurants refused service Later a letter sent asking if they would serve Chinese
of the 128 replies 90% said they would refuse to serve Chinese people.

What is self-complexity? What is the difference between self-schema and self- complexity.

Self-complexity: some people think of themselves along only one or two dimensions. Children may
react extremely to failure because they have relatively simple self-schemas that include only a "good
me" and a "bad me”.

Self-schemas: A schema is a set of beliefs that provides an organizing framework for understanding
a topic, an event, or a person. A schema for physiques, for example, might help us to tell the
difference between being "fat and being muscular.

Define cause and effect relationship in naturally occurring phenomena?

Cause and effect is the relationship between two things when one thing makes something else
happen. For example, if we eat too much food and do not exercise, we gain weight. Eating food
without exercising is the “cause;” weight gain is the “effect.” There may be multiple causes and
multiple effects. Looking for the reason why things happen (cause/effect) is a basic human drive. So,
understanding the cause/effect text structure is essential in learning the basic ways the world works.
Writers use this text structure to show order, inform, speculate, and change behavior. This text
structure uses the process of identifying potential causes of a problem or issue in an orderly way. It is
often used to teach social studies and science concepts.

The definitions suggest a cause and effect equation – people influencing individual’s thoughts,
feelings

And behavior.

What is effect of private self-awareness? Describe in your own words.

Private self-awareness: It is temporary state of being aware of private, hidden self-aspects. We are
aware of our private self when we looking ourselves in mirror, or become aware of our stomach
cramps.

Today our youth is more indulged in substance abuse and being eating. What is the reason behind
this?

Binge eating; substance abuse; two most serious problems of youth today (Wechseler et al., 2000).
The purpose is usually to reduce awareness of some distressing events. For example, in binge eating
attention is redirected on chewing, tasting and swallowing, temporary relief from depression.
According to Hull et al. (1986) UGs high in self-consciousness are more likely to indulge in substance
use after academic failures.

Briefly explain false consensus effect?

False Consensus Effect The attributers draw less dispositional inferences about their own behaviour
than about another person's behavior, because their own behaviours is less visually salient and
because they believe that their own choices are more prevalent than they are, or at least more
prevalent than they are viewed by other people who choose differently. False consensus occurs
because our own behaviours are relatively easy to imagine, because we usually interact with "our
own kind," and because it makes us feel good about ourselves.

What is meant by impression formation?

What is fundamental attribution error? Explain with the help of experiment.

Explanations for the fundamental attribution error the fundamental attribution error may occur
because people make dispositional attributions automatically we only later use situational information
to discount it. Predictability Need: It gives us greater confidence that we can accurately predict
behaviour Perceptual salience – The person being observed is the most perceptually salient aspect of
the situation (i.e., moving, talking, etc.) and so an internal (person) attribution becomes much more
accessible. Taylor and Fiske (1975) tested this hypothesis by varying the seats of 6 people who
observed 2 actors engaged in carefully arranged 5-minute conversation. Observers were seated so
that faced actor A, B or both. Then they were asked whom they thought had the most impact on the
conversation. Results: whichever actor they faced was perceived as the most important of the dyad.

State correspondent inference theory and who proposed this theory?

Correspondent Inference Theory (Jones & Davis, 1965) the theory of correspondent inferences
describes how we use certain rules of thumb to infer dispositional (stable and internal) causes of
behaviour. The main characteristics are as under: People try to infer a correspondent inference that
the action of an actor corresponds to, or is indicative of, a stable personality characteristic People
prefer dispositional attributions because this type of knowledge is more valuable with regard to
making predictions about people’s behaviour However, social behaviour is ambiguous so as a guide
people use several heuristics to assess whether correspondence between behaviour and personality
is high.

Weiner joined in attribution theory. Describe the following.

a) Stability and controllability:

Weiner (1982, 1986) added another to attribution- stability vs. instability of causes. Stable vs.
unstable causes: permanent and lasting vs. temporary and fluctuating Although stability and
instability of dimension is independent of internal and stable dimension (dispositional), stability
of causes can also be explained in combination with locus of causality. For example causes
may be internal and stable, internal but unstable, external and stable, external and unstable.
b) Controllable and uncontrollable causes:
Weiner also talked about another dimension of making attribution- controllability and
uncontrollability. They also are independent of locus of causality or stability of causes but can
also be explained in connection with them. These three dimensions appear to be the main way
people explain events, e.g., stigmatizing AIDS and cancer (Meyer & Koebl, 1982) and are
equally applicable in individualist and collectivist countries (Hau & Salili, 1991)
Enlist primary emotions?
Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, surprise, contempt, and sadness other emotions that are
considered basic by some theorists are shame and guilt.
How can we do direct asses?
Usually three methods are employed to measure attitudes directly: 1. Likert (Summated
Ratings) scales: What is your opinion about co-education at college level? -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2
+3 +4 Very much opposed Very much in favor 2. Semantic Differential Scales: Do you feel
about the taste of this (any brand) coffee? Unpleasant
______________________________________ Pleasant 3. Latitude of Acceptance -4 -3 -2 -1
0 +1 +2 +3 +4 All options acceptable to the respondent are encircled, while those not
acceptable are encircled.
Survey and its types with brief explanation. 5
SURVEYS although studying the relationships among variables can be done by directly
observing behavior or examining archived information, it is often accomplished by asking
people carefully constructed questions. Surveys are structured sets of questions or statements
given to a group of people to measure their attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavioral tendencies
(Lavaca’s, 1993; Schuman, 2002). The four major survey techniques are face-to-face surveys,
written surveys, phone surveys, and computer surveys. The face-to-face format provides
highly detailed information and allows researchers the best opportunity to clarify any unclear
questions. However, it is costly and there is always the possibility that people's responses
might be influenced by the interviewer's presence. Written, phone, and computer surveys
eliminate such interviewer bias and are much less expensive. An important consideration in
constructing surveys involves how questions are asked. Survey questions usually are either
open-ended or closed-ended. An open-ended question requires a response that must have
more than just a yes or no answer— research participants provide a narrative response. A
closed-ended question, in contrast, is answered with a yes or no, or by choosing a single
response from several alternatives. Closed-ended questions are the quickest and easiest to
score. In contrast, open-ended questions may provide information from respondents that might
be missed with closed-ended questions. However, open-ended responses require coding by
carefully trained judges and this is a time-consuming process. One of the most important
considerations in conducting surveys—as well as when using other methods—is getting
responses from people who represent the population as a whole. This representative sample is
often obtained through random selection, which is a procedure in which everyone in the
population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. As long as a sample is
selected randomly, you are reasonably assured that the data will represent the overall
population. However, when samples are not randomly selected, drawing conclusions from the
data can lead to serious errors. Finally, one last problem in conducting survey research is
social desirability bias, which occurs when people respond to survey questions by trying to
portray them in a favorable light rather than responding in an accurate and truthful manner
Surveys are structured sets of questions or statements given to a group of people to measure
their attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavioral tendencies.
Types of surveys:
Face-to-face surveys
Written surveys
Phone surveys
Computer surveys.
Negative event in your life and its causes. Discuss approach whether optimistic or pessimistic?
Pessimistic vs. optimistic explanatory styles: habitual ways to attribute negative/positive events
to internal, stable, global /external, unstable, specific causes (Nolen-Hoeksma, 1992; Sweeney
et al., 1986) The optimist sees the rose and not its thorns; the pessimist stares at the thorns,
oblivious to the rose (Khail Gibran, Lebanese poet, 1883-1931) Archival study about college
graduates describing their wartime experience classifying their pessimistic style in 1946; not at
that time but by the age of 45, when life became more variable, those having pessimistic
explanatory style in their youth showed more health related problems (Peterson et al., 1988)
Archival study showed positive correlation b/w pessimistic style and health problems (Peterson
et al., 1988) Optimists have better immune system Use of Cognitive therapy to change self-
attributions: keeping a diary of success and failures, and identifying how you contributed to
your successes and failures; train to engage in self-serving bias.
Cultural effects on non-verbal cues?
Nonverbal behavior plays in impression formation and often consciously employs nonverbal
cues in their self-presentation strategies.
Sources of literature?
Sources of Literature: Books Research Articles Electronic databases, e.g., PsycINFO, etc.
Unpublished material.
How does mimicking effect on impression formation?
In a follow-up experiment to their facerubbing/foot-shaking study, Chartrand and Bargh (1999)
found evidence that mimicry increases liking for the imitator. The researchers instructed
confederates to subtly imitate the mannerisms of people they were interacting with in a "get
acquainted" session (for example, rubbing their face or tapping their foot when their partner did
so). Their findings indicated that people whose gestures had been mimicked liked the
confederates more than those who had not been mimicked. Prosocial behavior these studies
suggest that mimicry triggers _ positive reactions in people that lead to benefits to those who
are present.
Biases in attribution?
Kelley’s model is idealized to explain causes of behaviour, but we really are naive scientists.
Although people follow these rules and deduce causality logically in some circumstances, a
number of attribution biases and ‘errors’ often occur Considerable research suggests that there
are several prominent biases in the ways we make causal attributions The process of making
causal attributions entails several "biases." First, attributers seem too ready to assume that
another person's traits correspond with his or her words and deeds. This "correspondence
bias" occurs because people overlook situational constraints, have unrealistic expectations for
what other people are willing and able to do, overemphasize the link between the person and
his or her behavior, and adjust their initial attributions inaccurately when they are "cognitively
busy." The fundamental attribution error is the correspondence bias.
Attitude formation?
In the following, different theories about how attitudes are formed have been explained.
1) Mere exposure (Robert Zajonc, 1968)
2) 2) Classical conditioning
3) Operant conditioning
4) Self-perception theory (Bem, 1965)
5) . Functional
What is social psychology?

Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think. Feel, and behave toward other
people and how individual’s thoughts, feelings, & behaviours are affected by other people (Brehm,
Kassin, & Fein, 2002, p. 5).

Enlist social techniques in data collection?

In the previous lecture relationship between population and sample was described. Regarding
different sampling strategies, probability sampling, where each and every member of the population
has an equal chance of being included, was discussed. Hence, this lecture will start from
Nonprobability sampling techniques, which cannot guarantee the representativeness of the sample of
its base population.

Discus self-awareness?

Self-awareness is the ability to tune in to your feelings, thoughts, and actions. Being self-aware
also means being able to recognize how other people see you. People who are self-aware recognize
their strengths and their challenges. Self-awareness is about learning to better understand why
you feel what you feel and why you behave in a particular way. Once you begin to understand
this concept you then have the opportunity and freedom to change things about yourself enabling you
to create a life that you want.

• Examples: Identifying your emotions and what you're feeling. ...

• Recognizing your primary coping mechanisms. ...
• Defining your own beliefs without being influenced by others. ...
• Prioritizing what gives you joy. ..
Name of three important research designs?

1. Descriptive investigations
2. Designs based on differences between groups
3. Designs based on association between variables

What do you think why people lying successful?

Perceivers have a truthfulness bias (Zuckerman et al., 1981). Most behaviour is accepted uncritically
at face value to doubt a target person’s authority often runs the risk of hurting the perceiver’s own
feelings

Names of three nonverbal cues?

such as facial expressions and body posture, as well as incorporating more detailed and descriptive
characteristics, such as traits, into an overall impression

Differentiate between nonverbal cues with two examples according to individualistic and collectivistic
culture?

Visible and No visible channels Visible Facial expressions, gestures, posture, appearance, Eye
Contact [not made in some cultures] Indicates interest (friendship or threat) Paralinguistic: These are
not related with variation in the content of speech but in the variation of tone and quality of speech.
For example, Pitch, amplitude, rate, voice quality of speech Studies have indicated that: An attractive
voice is resonant, articulate, and has a range; not shrill, high-pitched or monotonous (Zuckerman &
Miyake, 1993) Attractive voiced are perceived as more strong and interpersonally warm (Berry, 1992)

Who worked to understand self-concepts?

Twenty Statement Test (TST) by Kuhn & McPartland (1954) have been used to have an idea about
one’s self-concept.

Baby faced people in jobs. What positive and negative outcomes they get?

It becomes very difficult to be objective in case of very attractive characteristics of people with whom
we interact. Similarly for certain people, we feel more sympathetic for example we feel sympathy
toward handicapped. The perception of baby faced people is most tricky. We tend to treat baby faced
as babies, which are considered dependent and fragile. Young of many species can look after
themselves after weeks of their birth, but a human child is dependent for years. Human beings are
prepared by their Evolutionary history to treat baby-faced in the same way as they do with children.
Baby faced are unanimously explained as having large eyes, a small chin, thin eyebrows, and a small
nose.

Ali always talks on phone and he doesn’t care if others disturbed by him, which kind of self he
has?

Public awareness: Public is being aware of public-self aspects. We become aware of our public self,
when, e.g., we are being watched by others, or our photograph is taken.

Types of experimental research?

FIELD EXPERIMENTS

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

Self-discrepancies?

Self-discrepancy is the distance between our self-concept and ideal self, or how we believe/others
think we should be (ought self); Discrepancy produces strong emotions (Higgins, 1987): Dejection-
related emotions: Dejection: frustration, depression; with ideal self, e.g., I wish I was more physically
attractive Agitation related emotions are anxiety, guilt which arise as a result of discrepancy with
ought self, e.g., I should help my family with more money but I can’t
Virtual environmental technology?

Recently, some social psychologists believe they have found a possible remedy to the dilemma of
choosing between greater control and greater realism in experiments (Blascovich, 2003). They
recommend using virtual environment technology, in which they create a virtual research environment
using a computer. Virtual environment technology creates a virtual research environment using a
computer.

Self-perception theory?

(Bem, 1965) We infer our attitudes from observing our own behaviours (i.e., behaviours can cause
attitudes) Attributional processes - we attribute our own behaviour as being indicative of certain
attitudes Bem argued we are more likely to make attitude inferences when our behaviour is freely
chosen

Chaiken & Baldwin’s Study (1981) the researchers conducted an Interesting empirical demonstration
of self-perception theory of attitude formation. They first separated participants into 2 groups: strong
and weak proenvironment. Then they induced them to endorse either relatively pro or anti statements
on a questionnaire. The results showed that the participants who were induced into reporting
proenvironment behavior reported more positive attitude for environment. However, this only occurred
if their initial proenvironment attitude was weak.

Differentiate between authoritarian and permissive parents?

In contrast, parents who impose many rules and expect strict obedience (authoritation parents) and
those who make few demands and submit to their children’s desires (permisive parents) tend to raise
children who are less confident in their abilities and have lower self-esteem (Baumrind, 1996)

Differentiate between fundamental attribution error and self-serving biases?

Fundamental attribution error:

Ichheiser (1940) maintained long time ago that “In everyday life interpreting individual behaviour in
the light of personal factors rather than in the light of situational factors must be considered the
fundamental source of misunderstanding personality in our time”. More than 30 years later, Ross
(1977) renamed this tendency to make internal rather than external attributions for peoples’
behaviour. He maintained that the fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the
impact of dispositional causes and underestimate the impact of situational causes on other person’s
behaviour. Ross and his colleagues devised a simulated TV quiz game in which students were
randomly assigned to serve as either quizmaster or contestants. The quizmasters would ask 10
challenging but fair questions from the contestants. The results showed that observers and
contestants both rated the quizmasters as more knowledgeable despite the process of random
selection for serving as either contestant or quizmaster. Figure 1 illustrates this experiment.

The Self-Serving Attribution Bias (SSAB) We are not coldly rational informational processors of
information. When our performance results in either success or failure, we tend to take credit for our
successes but deny blame for our failures. Self-serving biases include attributing our own (but not
other people) successes to internalstable factors and our own (but not other people) failures to
external-unstable factors, taking more credit than is due for desirable outcomes, and unrealistic (but
useful) optimism about our life prospects. Where we will assign the locus of causality?: IQ, effort vs.
unreasonable professor or luck? According to Olson & Ross (1988), we make internal attributions for
our successes (e.g., I’m intelligent) and external attributions for failures (e.g., it was a particularly hard
exam)

One feature of high self-esteem and one feature of low self-esteem?

This difference in evaluating the self has important consequences for people's lives. Individuate with
low self-esteem are generally more unhappy and pessimistic (DeNeve & Cooper, 1998; Shepperd et
al., 1996), less willing to take risks to benefit themselves (Josephs et al., 1992), more likely to
encounter academic and financial problems (Crocker & Luhtancn, 2003), less likely to have
successful careers (Judged Bono, 2001), and less likely to be physically healthy (Vingilis et al., 1998)
than high self esteem individuals.
Which step of research process is important and why?

Regarding how the imagined presence of others might influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviour,
think about past incidents when you were considering doing something that ran counter to your
parents’ wishes. Although they may not have been actually present, did their imagined presence
influence your behaviour? For example, if your parents have prohibited you from smoking, and you
start smoking in a party on peer pressure, does their imagined presence affect your behaviour?
Imagined presence in certain cases can be quite strong, as indicated by Shaw (2003), “Imagined
figures can guide our actions by shaping our interpretation of events just as surely as do those who
are physically present”. In a few conditions, imagined presence can also help us fight negative
emotions. For example, McGowan (2002) pointed out that in anxiety imagined presence of others can
serve as emotional security blanket. Similarly, daughter of one renowned social psychologist confided
to her father that she wants to be as brave as two young wizards, Harmione & Harry in Harry Potter
books.

Actor-observer bias and example?

The actor-observer bias People tend to attribute their own behaviour to external causes but that of
others to internal Actors overestimate the importance of the situation in explaining their own
behaviors: actors look at the situation, observers look at actors. This bias suggests that observers
overestimate the importance of an actor’s dispositions for causing the actor’s behavior; Access to
different information: actors have more background about themselves Actors overestimate the
importance of the situation in explaining their own behaviors Perceptual: actors look at the situation,
observers look at actors

Phenomena of deindividuation?

Deindividuation •Research indicates that groups can arouse us, and can lower evaluation
apprehension. In such circumstances our normal inhibitions may diminish and we may engage in
behaviors we normally avoid. •May occur in crowded, anonymous situations when people lose a
sense of responsibility for their own actions and feel free to express aggressive and sexual impulses.
•Prentice-Dunn and Rogers (1980) believe that accountability cues, such as anonymity, tell people
how far they can go without being held responsible for their actions. •These cues loosen restraint
against deviant behavior by altering a person’s cost-reward calculations, e.g., during a riot people
often believe that they would not be caught.

Open ended and closed ended questions with example?

An open-ended question requires a response that must have more than just a yes or no answer—
research participants provide a narrative response. A closed-ended question, in contrast, is answered
with a yes or no, or by choosing a single response from several alternatives. Closed-ended questions
are the quickest and easiest to score. In contrast, open-ended questions may provide information
from respondents that might be missed with closed-ended questions. However, open-ended
responses require coding by carefully trained judges and this is a time-consuming process.

Write 2 steps of compliance strategy?

Two-step Compliance strategies Foot-in-the-Door Technique. Meta- analysis by Cialdin & Trost
(1998)) shows its effectiveness of First make a small request, then a large one. Door-in-the-Face
Technique; usually adopted by charities and organizations. O First makes an unreasonably large
request, then a smaller one. Low-Ball Technique (Cialdini et al., 1978) o First make a reasonable
request; then reveal further costs That’s-Not-All Technique; don’t give the opportunity to reject: buy
one get one free o First make a large request, then offer a bonus or discount Social impact theory
(Latane, 1981): A theory that attempts to unify and explain the findings from conformity and
obedience research: Physical presence of the authority figure is important 0 20 40 60 80 100
Baseline - males Baseline - females Run-down office building Ordinary person as experimenter
Participant and victim in same room Participant required to touch victim Experimenter gives orders by
phone Participant with fully obedient confederates Participant with openly rebellious confederates
Percentage of participants who fully obeyed . Social impact theory can explain the ‘leveling off’ effect
in Asch’s (1956) conformity study - each successive individual adds less and less to the overall effect
(one light bulb has more of an effect than the second, but adding the 15th bulb to 14 already lit would
not make any noticeable difference). Latane states it is because the individual impact decreases with
so many people. Social support means any effect of an influencing group is diffused. Persuasion:
expertise and credibility of the authority are important. In Milgram’s experiment, researcher/ scientist
was obeyed more. The amount of social influence that others have depends on: o Number - the
number of people in the group exerting power o Strength - status, power, expertise o Immediacy -
how close the group exerting power is in time and space

3 strategies to reduce social loafing?

Reducing Social Loafing •Make each person’s contribution identifiable •People were led to believe
that their performance (shouting) was identifiable or never identifiable (Williams et al., 1981) •Provide
them with a standard to evaluate their own or group’s performance. •Provide rewards for high group
productivity •Make task meaningful, complex, or interesting: On challenging tasks people may
perceive their efforts as indispensable •Social ostracism: Lazy workers are socially rejected until they
conform to the group productivity norm. •Gender differences have been reported by Williams &
Sommer (1997): males coped by redirecting their interest to non-tasks in their surroundings, while
females when were given a chance to get back into the good graces of the group, they worked hard
to do so.

Obesity and attractive bias?

Obesity and attractiveness bias: People who are obese are stigmatized and face discrimination in the
workplace. The negative view occurs because people are seen as responsible for their weight. Anti-
fat prejudice is strongest in individualistic cultures (Crandall et al., 2001).

Can stereotype be monitored through recatorization?

Two types of Recategorization:

Combination Separate groups might be combined into one larger group for reducing prejudice, e.g., if
Whites and Blacks marry each other, the children will be of brown colour. This is what has happened
in America. Although racial discrimination has not totally abolished by this, it has helped at least in
reducing prejudice against the minorities. On similar lines, Zaat Beraadri intermarriages will help
reduce discriminatory behaviour for other groups. Subtypes and individual uniqueness. We might try
to break the existing categories into smaller subtypes, or to further divide the subtypes into units so
small that each individual is regarded as unique.

Aggression and assertiveness?

Definition of Aggression Any form of behaviour that is intended to harm or injure some person,
oneself, or an object Aggression may be antisocial, sanctioned (e.g., self-defense), or prosocial (e.g.,
law enforcement) Aggression is a behavior and should be distinguished from feelings of anger
Different from assertiveness, designed not to hurt others. Assertiveness is the ability to express
yourself and your rights without violating the rights of others.

Negative thinking is a cause of depression?

Negative thinking causes depressed mood Negative explanatory style contributes to depressive
reactions. One study monitored university students every six weeks for two and a half years (Alloy &
others, 1999). Only one percent of those who began college with optimistic thinking styles had a first
depressive episode, but 17 percent of those with pessimistic thinking styles did. "A recipe for severe
depression is preexisting pessimism encountering failure," notes Martin Seligman (1991, p. 78).
Patients who end therapy no longer feeling depressed but retaining a negative explanatory style tend
to relapse as bad events occur (Seligman, 1992). If those with a more optimistic explanatory style
relapse, they often recover quickly Vicious cycle of depression makes one more vulnerable to
depression.

Two ways in which human infant give attachment response within few minutes?

Human infants have an infant attachment response observable within minutes of birth by: The rooting
instinct (sucking mother’s breast) The Moro reflex (ability to grasp and hold)

Common questions

Random sampling is crucial because it ensures each member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen, enhancing the likelihood of a representative sample. However, a common misconception is that random sampling alone enables generalization to a broader population, which requires careful consideration of sample size and diversity .

Diffusion of responsibility occurs when individuals in a group see others as equally responsible for taking action, reducing their personal sense of responsibility. This often leads to inaction or slower responses in emergency situations because each person assumes someone else will intervene .

Personality traits are stable dispositions that impact broad domains of behavior, shaping how individuals consistently respond across various situations. For instance, a trait like extraversion can influence sociability, assertiveness, and risk-taking behaviors .

Attitude formation through classical conditioning implies that associations between stimuli and responses can create positive or negative attitudes over time. This understanding suggests that altering environmental associations can effectively change attitudes, highlighting the importance of context in behavior modification .

Social categorization is the process of classifying people into groups based on shared attributes. It's a fundamental cognitive process in social psychology affecting how we perceive and interact with different social groups, often leading to stereotyping and prejudice .

Self-discrepancy refers to the gap between one's self-concept and ideal self. This discrepancy can lead to negative emotions like disappointment and motivation to change, impacting self-esteem and overall psychological well-being .

Two prominent biases in causal attributions are the fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) and self-serving bias. The former involves overemphasizing personality traits over situational factors when explaining others' behavior, while the latter involves attributing personal successes to internal factors and failures to external factors, influencing accuracy and objectivity in perceiving behavior .

Cognitive neo-association theory posits that aversive events trigger negative emotions, leading to linked aggressive thoughts stored in memory networks. These thoughts can be activated by situational cues, increasing the likelihood of aggressive behavior .

The independent variable is the exposure to TV violence, as it is manipulated to observe its impact on aggression in adolescents .

Emotions are transient states that direct behavior by influencing how individuals perceive and react to situations. For example, anger can drive a person to confront perceived injustices, while fear might lead them to avoid potential threats .

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Social Psychology MCQs for PSY403

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Social Psychology MCQs for PSY403

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Tanveer Online Academy

Social Psychology (PSY403)

2. Which of the following event led to research on suicide

3. Which of the following are individual evaluative

1. Time order relationship

1. Industrial review boards

1. Choose a research design

1. It allows you to generalize to a broader population

MUHAMMAD IMRAN PSY403 Social Psychology

GRAND QUIZ 2021

1. Which of the following is an advantage of private self consciousness?_ improves relationships

How mimicry effect the impression formation? 3

Define attribution? And write its dispositional attributions? 3

What is social cognition? Also tell social cognition strategy? 2+3

Social cognition strategy:

Dual-Process models of social cognition: strategies Explicit cognition: Deliberate judgments or

The Just-World Hypothesis (Lerner, 1980)

How do expectations shape our social thinking? 3

Just world belief

Describe various methods to reduce aggression: punishment, inducing incompatible responses,

Is punishment truly effective?

Differentiate between classical and statistical prediction?

What is heat hypothesis? Write a brief note on it.

Practical implications Frequency of hostile outbursts could be reduced in temperature-controlled

What is social psychology and write its main questions of interest?

Overestimation of the competence of the in group: Illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned

Discuss aggressive cues as” triggers” of aggression? 5

“Kin selection” while helping provides an explanation for gene survival? 5

Define relationship between attitude and behavior?

Define cause and effect relationship in naturally occurring phenomena?

What is effect of private self-awareness? Describe in your own words.

Briefly explain false consensus effect?

What is meant by impression formation?

What is fundamental attribution error? Explain with the help of experiment.

State correspondent inference theory and who proposed this theory?

Weiner joined in attribution theory. Describe the following.

a) Stability and controllability:

Enlist social techniques in data collection?

• Examples: Identifying your emotions and what you're feeling. ...

What do you think why people lying successful?

Names of three nonverbal cues?

Who worked to understand self-concepts?

Types of experimental research?

Differentiate between authoritarian and permissive parents?

Differentiate between fundamental attribution error and self-serving biases?

Fundamental attribution error:

One feature of high self-esteem and one feature of low self-esteem?

Actor-observer bias and example?

Open ended and closed ended questions with example?

Write 2 steps of compliance strategy?

3 strategies to reduce social loafing?

Obesity and attractive bias?

Can stereotype be monitored through recatorization?

Two types of Recategorization:

Aggression and assertiveness?

Negative thinking is a cause of depression?

Common questions

Why is random sampling important in research studies, and what is one common misconception about its utility?

Why is random sampling important in research studies, and what is one common misconception about its utility?

Explain the concept of 'diffusion of responsibility' and how it affects individual behavior in emergency situations.

Explain the concept of 'diffusion of responsibility' and how it affects individual behavior in emergency situations.

What are 'personality traits' and how do they influence broad domains of behavior?

What are 'personality traits' and how do they influence broad domains of behavior?

How does 'attitude formation' relate to classical conditioning, and what does it imply about behavior change?

How does 'attitude formation' relate to classical conditioning, and what does it imply about behavior change?

Describe what is meant by 'social categorization' and its relevance in the context of social psychology?

Describe what is meant by 'social categorization' and its relevance in the context of social psychology?

What is meant by 'self-discrepancy' and what are its psychological implications?

What is meant by 'self-discrepancy' and what are its psychological implications?

Identify two prominent biases in causal attributions and discuss how they influence perception of behavior.

Identify two prominent biases in causal attributions and discuss how they influence perception of behavior.

Define 'cognitive neo-association' theory and discuss how it explains aggression.

Define 'cognitive neo-association' theory and discuss how it explains aggression.

In an experimental study concerning how exposure to TV violence affects aggression in adolescents, which variable would be considered the independent variable?

In an experimental study concerning how exposure to TV violence affects aggression in adolescents, which variable would be considered the independent variable?

Discuss the role of 'emotions' as transient states guiding behavior and give an example.