Lecture 03 –
Classification
Prof. Dr. André Carlos Silva
ancarsil@[Link]
Drill and blast Mineral processing
What is mineral processing
Resource & Reserve def. Load & haul
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Mineral processing Market
Haul R & R definition
Load Ore control
Blast Drill
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A Mineral Resource is a concentration or
occurrence of solid material of economic
interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such
form, grade or quality and quantity that
there are reasonable prospects for eventual
economic extraction.
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A Mineral Reserve is the
economically mineable part of a
Measured and/or Indicated
Mineral Resource.
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General Relationship between Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
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Relationship between ore
reserves, mineral
resources, and the true
extent of mineralization
Ore bodies in a deposit
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Matthew 17:20
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Caterpillar Surpasses 3 Billion Tonnes
Hauled Autonomously by Cat Command
for Hauling Trucks (May 7th, 2021)
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Wills' Mineral Processing
Technology: An Introduction to the
Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment
and Mineral Recovery
Some books
8th Edition
Publication date: September 1, 2015
Language: English
Print length: 465 pages
ISBN-13: 978-0080970530
ISBN-10: 0080970532
[Link]
Introduction-ebook/dp/B014W5JNDS
Mineral Processing Design and
Operations: An Introduction
Some books
2nd Edition
Authors: Ashok Gupta Dennis Yan
eBook ISBN: 9780444635921
Hardcover ISBN: 9780444635891
Imprint: Elsevier
Published Date: 2nd May 2016
Page Count: 882
[Link]
operations/gupta/978-0-444-63589-1
Mineral Processing:
Foundations of theory and practice
of minerallurgy
Some books
1st English edition
Jan Drzymala
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id=7w_jXwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Some books
Basics in Minerals Processing
Handbook
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ntent/0/[Link]
Principles of Mineral Processing
Some books
Maurice C. Fuerstenau (Editor),
Kenneth N. Han (Editor)
Hardcover : 573 pages
ISBN-10 : 0873351673
ISBN-13 : 978-0873351676
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Fuerstenau/dp/0873351673
Modeling and Simulation of
Mineral Processing Systems
2nd Revised edition
Some books
Publication date 30 Aug 2012
Publisher SME
ISBN10 0873353455
ISBN13 9780873353458
[Link]
Processing-Systems-R-P-King/9780873353458
Minerals by definition are
natural inorganic substances
possessing definite chemical
compositions and atomic
structures.
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Ore is a naturally occurring
mineral containing a valuable
constituent (such as metal)
for which it is mined and
worked
While metal content in an ore
is typically quoted as percent
metal, it is important to
remember that the metal is
contained in a mineral.
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Given a tin concentration of 2.00% in an ore, what is
the concentration of cassiterite (SnO2)?
Solution
Step 1: What is the Sn content of SnO2?
Molar mass of Sn (MSn) = 118.71 g mol-1
Molar mass of O (MO) = 15.99 g mol-1
Examples
Step 2: Convert Sn concentration to SnO2
Wills and Finch, 2015
A sample contains three phases, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), pyrite (FeS2), and non-
sulfides (containing no Cu or Fe). If the Cu concentration is 22.5% and the Fe
concentration is 25.6%, what is the concentration of pyrite and of the nonsulfides?
Solution
Note, Fe occurs in two minerals which is the source of complication. The solution, in
this case, is to calculate first the % chalcopyrite using the %Cu Step 1), and then to
calculate the %Fe contributed by the Fe in the chalcopyrite (Step 2) from which %Fe
associated with pyrite can be calculated (Step 3).
Examples
Molar masses (g mol-1): Cu = 63.54; Fe = 55.85; S = 32.06
Step 1: Convert Cu to chalcopyrite (Cp)
Wills and Finch, 2015
A sample contains three phases, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), pyrite (FeS2), and non-
sulfides (containing no Cu or Fe). If the Cu concentration is 22.5% and the Fe
concentration is 25.6%, what is the concentration of pyrite and of the nonsulfides?
Solution
Step 2: Determine %Fe in Cp
Examples
Step 3: Determine %Fe associated with pyrite (Py)
Wills and Finch, 2015
A sample contains three phases, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), pyrite (FeS2), and non-
sulfides (containing no Cu or Fe). If the Cu concentration is 22.5% and the Fe
concentration is 25.6%, what is the concentration of pyrite and of the nonsulfides?
Solution
Step 4: Convert Fe to Py (answer to first question)
Examples
Step 5: Determine % non-sulfides (answer to second question)
Wills and Finch, 2015
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Comminution Classification
Summarizing
Dewatering Concentration
Dewatering
Coal ore
Coal processing
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Gold ore
Gold processing
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Gold processing
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Copper ore
Copper processing
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Assessing the blue-water footprint of an opencast platinum mine in South Africa
DOI: 10.4314/wsa.v41i2.15
PGM processing
Diamond processing
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Classifiers
Screening Air Water
Types of classifiers
N°. 10 USA standard test sieve. Wills & Finch (2015)
Screening X Sieving
Metso ES Series screen
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W.S. TYLERs RO-TAPs test sieve shaker. Wills & Finch
(2015)
Particle size distribution
N°. 10 USA standard test sieve. Wills & Finch (2015)
1” = 2.54 cm W.S. TYLERs RO-TAPs test sieve shaker. Wills & Finch
(2015)
Particle size distribution
Wills & Finch (2015)
Particle size distribution
Cumulative distribution (%)
10
20
30
40
60
70
80
90
0
50
100
0
1
10
Particle size (µm)
100
1000
Quantification can now be performed in
2. counting: In total, the sample consists of 573
several ways:
objects distributed into the four fractions.
Since there is only one 40 mm sphere, this now
1. weighing: Each fraction contains 190 g of
accounts for only 0.2% of the total number,
sample, or 25% of the total amount or weight.
rather than 25% as in the mass-based
These values also correspond to the fraction of
distribution. On the other hand, the 490
the total volume, since mass and volume can
spheres with a diameter of 5 mm have a share
be treated equivalently, provided that the
of 85.5%.
density does not change with particle size.
Particle size distribution
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The quantity in each
fraction is represented by
the letter p, index 0
means "number-based",
index 3 means "mass- or
volume-based".
Particle size distribution
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Particle size distribution
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100 2.4
90 2.2
2.0
80
1.8
Verteilungssumme Q3 / %
70
Verteilungsdichte q3*
1.6
Particle size distribution
60 1.4
50 1.2
40 1.0
0.8
30
0.6
20
0.4
10 0.2
0 0.0
0.5 1.0 5 10 50 100 500
Partikelgröße / µm
Probenbezeichnung : Calcite gemörsert water
Particle size distribution
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Particle size distribution
Probenbezeichnung : Apatite gemörsert water
Vibratory screen
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Polyurethane screen panels
Linear vibrating screen
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Trommel
Spiral classifier
Spiral classifier (Screw Washers)
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Spiral classifier (Screw Washers)
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Wheel Washers
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Hydrocyclones