Mathematics 1 (MSM 131)

Mr Bupe Kolosa

Course code(MSM 131)

School of Natural and Applied Sciences (SNAS)
Mulungushi University (MU)

August 15, 2023

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 1 / 29

Unit 1 Overview

1 Set Theory
Basic Definitions
Notations
Ways to Describe a Set
Definition Cont...
Operations on Sets
Laws of Algebra of Sets
Sets of numbers
Rational and Irrational numbers
Real numbers
Complex numbers
Surds and Rationalisation of the Denominator
Binary Operations

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 2 / 29

 Set Theory Basic Definitions

A set

Definition
A set is a collection of well defined objects. known as elements or
members.
NB
1 A set must be well defined.
2 The elements in a set must be distinct
3 The order of elements in a set is not important

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 3 / 29

 Set Theory Notations

Notations

Symbol Meaning
{} or Φ ’Empty set’
∈ ’Member of’
̸∈ ’Not a member of’
⊂ ’Subset of’
̸⊂ ’Not a subset of’

We use a capital letter to name sets and small letters are reserved for
elements. e.g
A = {a, b, c, d}

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 4 / 29

 Set Theory Ways to Describe a Set

Ways to Describe a Set

1 Listing
2 Describing the elements

3 Set builder notation

Example 1.1
1 Describe the following sets;

1 A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2 B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
2 Given a set B = {5, 6, 7, 8}, express it in set builder notation in four
different ways.
3 Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, · · · , 10} and
B = {k ∈ S : k = 3n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, 3}. List set B.
4 Describe using set builder notation

A = {(0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)}

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 5 / 29

 Set Theory Definition Cont...

Definition Cont...

Definition
The empty set(null set) is the set with no elements.

NB: The set {0} is not an empty set.

Definition
A is a subset of B if every element of A is also an element of B.

If A is a subset of B and can also be equal to B, we denote this by A ⊆ B

. If A is a subset of B and A ̸= B , then A is said to be a proper subset of
B and we use the notation A ⊂ B.
Example 1.2
1 C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {0, 2, 4} and B = {1, 2, 7}. Is A ⊂ C ?
2 Why is the empty set a subset of every set?

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 6 / 29

 Set Theory Definition Cont...

Definition Cont...

Definition
Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements. Two sets
are equivalent if they contain the same number of elements but not
necessarily same elements.

Definition
The Universal set is a set which contains all the elements under discussion.
It is denoted by the letter U or E and it contains every other sets.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 7 / 29

 Set Theory Definition Cont...

Definition Cont...

Definition
A Venn diagram is a pictorial representation of the set.

In a Venn diagram, a rectangle is drawn to represent the universal set and

closed figures (usually circles) are drawn inside the rectangle to represent
other sets.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 8 / 29

 Set Theory Definition Cont...

The Power set

Definition
Let A be a set. The power set of A is the set whose elements are the
subsets of A and is usually denoted by P(A).

Example 1.3
If A = {a, b, c} then

P(A) = {{}, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, A}
Note: If A is a set with n elements, then the power set P(A) is a set with
2n elements.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 9 / 29

 Set Theory Operations on Sets

Set operations

There are basically three set operations. These are the union, the
intersection and the complement of sets.
Definition
If A and B are sets, then the union of A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the
set containing all elements of both A and B, i.e.

A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

Definition
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set
containing all elements that are found in both A and B, i.e.

A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 10 / 29

 Set Theory Operations on Sets

Set operations
Definition
The complement of a set A, denoted by or , Ac or A′ is the set of all
elements that are not in A, i.e.

A′ = {x : x ∈ U, x ̸∈ A}

Definition
The difference of two sets A and B, denoted by A − B , is the set of
elements which belong to A and which do not belong to B, i.e.

A − B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B ′ }

Example 1.4
1 If E = {0, 1, 2, 3, · · · , 10} and A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Find A′ .

2 If B = {0, 2, 4} and B ′ = {1, 3, 5}. Find E .

3 If C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and C ′ = {1, 3, 5}. Find C .

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 11 / 29

 Set Theory Operations on Sets

Laws of Algebra of Sets

1 The Idempotent laws
1 A∪A=A
2 A∩A=A
2 The Associative laws
1 A ∪ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
2 A ∩ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
3 The Commutative laws
1 A∪B =B ∪A
2 A∩B =B ∩A
4 The Distributive laws
1 A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C )
2 A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C )
5 The Identity laws
1 A∩ϕ=ϕ
2 A∪ϕ=A
3 A∩E =A
4 A∪ϕ=E
Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 12 / 29
 Set Theory Operations on Sets

Laws of Algebra of Sets

6 The Complement laws
1 A ∩ A′ = ϕ
2 A ∪ A′ = E
3 (A′ )′ = A
4 E′ = ϕ
5 ϕ′ = E
7 De morgan’s laws
1 (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B ′
2 (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B ′
Example 1.5
1 Given the sets E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and

B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 8}. Using De morgan’s laws verify the following

1 (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B ′
2 (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B ′
2 Simplify [A′ ∪ (A ∩ B ′ )]′
3 Simplify A − (A′ − B)
Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 13 / 29
 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Sets of numbers
The following terminologies are commonly used to classify different types
of numbers.
Definition
Natural numbers are numbers used for counting, i.e. 1, 2, 3, · · · . We
denote natural numbers by N.

Definition
Whole numbers are non-negative integers, i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, · · · . We denote
natural numbers by W.

Definition
Integer numbers (Integers) are natural numbers with their opposites
(natural numbers with a negative sign), and 0, i.e. · · · , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, . . . .
The notation for integers is Z.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 14 / 29

 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Rational numbers
Definition
a
A rational number is any number that can be expressed in the form b
where a and b are integers and b ̸= 0.

Examples of rational numbers include; 32 , −3

4 , 6, −4, 0, e.t.c.
A rational number can also be defined as a number that has either a
terminating or repeating decimal. e.g, 43 = 0.75 and 13 = 0.333 · · · .

Example 1.6
a
Express each repeating decimal below in the form b where a and b are
integers with b ̸= 0.
a 0.3̄
b 0.13̄
c 2.3̄
d 2.181¯
Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 15 / 29
 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Irrational numbers

Definition
a
An Irrational number is a number that can not be expressed in the form b
where a and b are integers with b ̸= 0.

An irrational number is one whose decimal representation is non-repeating

and non-terminating.
e.g √
2 = 1.414213562373095 · · · .
√
3 = 1.732080756887 · · · .
Example 1.7
√
1 Prove that 2 is an irrational number.
√
2 Prove that 3 is an irrational number.
√ √
3 Given that 2 is irrational, prove that 2 − 1 is irrational.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 16 / 29

 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Real numbers
Definition
Real numbers are a collection of rational and irrational numbers and are
denoted by R. In others words, any number on the continuous line is a
real number.
The set of real numbers can be expressed in form of an interval, i.e.
R = (−∞, ∞). We can do set operations of sets involving intervals as the
next example shows:

Example 1.8
1 Given that the universal set is R and that A = (−1, 7], B = [−5, 3]

and C = [−1, 10], find each of the following sets and display on the
number line:
a A′
b B −A
c (B ∩ A) ∩ C ′
Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 17 / 29
 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Quiz 1 (20 MINUTES)

1 Show that (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B ′

2 Let E = Whole numbers less than 11 ,

A = set of even numbers less than 10 and
B = set of prime numbers less than 9 . Verify De Morgan’s laws:
a (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B ′
b (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B ′

√ √
3 Given that 2 is irrational, prove that 2 − 1 is irrational.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 18 / 29

 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Quiz 2 (20 MINUTES)

1 If A = [1, 4], B = (2, 8), C = [3, 6) and the universal set X = [1, 9].
Find each of the following sets and display it on the number line.
a (A ∩ B)′
b A ∩ (B − C )

2 Express the decimal expansion −4.357 in the form ba .

3 Use the laws of algebra of sets to simplify A − (A′ − B).

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 19 / 29

 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Complex numbers

Definition
Complex numbers, denoted by C, are√numbers that can be expressed as
z = x + iy , where x, y ∈ R and i = −1. x is referred to as the real part
while y is referred to as the imaginary part of a complex number, i.e.
Re(Z ) = x and Im(Z ) = y

Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be two complex numbers, and let z1 = z2 .

Equating the two we can obtain a = c and b = d.

NB: Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are
equal and their imaginary parts are also equal.

Example 1.9
1 If 3 + 4i = x + yi, find x and y .

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 20 / 29

 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Adding and Subtracting Complex numbers

Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided as the

next examples shows.
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be two complex numbers,

z1 + z2 = (a + bi) + (c + di)
= a + c + (b + d)i

Example 1.10
Given z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 4 − i, find the sum
1 z1 + z2 .
2 z1 − z2 .

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 21 / 29

 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Multiplying Complex numbers

We use the distributive
√ law to multiply two complex numbers.
Remember that i = −1.
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be two complex numbers

z1 z2 = (a + bi)(c + di)
= a(c + di) + bi(c + di)
= ac + adi + bci − bd
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i

Example1.11
Work out the following
1 (2+3i)(4-i)
2 (6 + 3i)(4+2i)
3 Find the real part and imaginary part of z. If z = (2 + 3i)(4 − 3i)
Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 22 / 29
 Set Theory Sets of numbers

The Conjugate of a Complex number

If z = x + iy is a complex numbers, then the conjugate of z, denoted by z̄,

is the complex numbers z̄ = x − iy .

Example 1.12
Find the conjugate of the complex number.
1 z1 = 4 − 3i
2 z2 = −4 − 4i
3 z4 = 4
4 z1 = −4i

Note that: (x + iy )(x − iy ) = x 2 + y 2

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 23 / 29

 Set Theory Sets of numbers

Division of Complex numbers

To divide complex numbers, multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di be two complex numbers, then
z1 a + bi c − di
= ·
z2 c + di c − di
(ac + bd) + (bc − ad)i
=
c2 + d2
ac + bd (bc − ad)
= 2 2
+ 2 i
c +d c + d2
Example 1.13
Simplify
1 3+4i
1+2i
2 6+4i
4i
3 5i
6−2i
Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 24 / 29
 Set Theory Surds and Rationalisation of the Denominator

Properties

If a and b are real numbers then

√ √ √
1 ab = a × b
√
√a
pa
2
b = b
√ √
3 a× a=a

Example 1.14
Evaluate the following
√ √ √
1 20 + 2 45 − 80
√ √
2 ( 11 − 5)(5 − 11)
q
3 4
25
q
4 28
9

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 25 / 29

 Set Theory Surds and Rationalisation of the Denominator

Rationalization of surds

If a fraction has a number with surds in the denominator, then we can

‘remove’ the surd from the denominator. When this is done, we say that
the denominator has been rationalised.

Example 1.15
Rationalize the denominator of
1 √1
2
√
2 1+√2
1− 2
3 √ 4√
5+ 2

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 26 / 29

 Set Theory Binary Operations

Binary Operation

Definition
A binary operation denoted by ’∗’ on a non-empty set G is a rule which
associates to each pair of elements a, b in G a unique element a ∗ b of G .

The usual operation of arithmetic +, −, ×, are binary operations on R

because each operation on any two numbers from R generates a number
in R.

N.B: Whenever ’∗’ is a binary operation on a set G , we say that set G is

closed or the closure property is satisfied in G with respect to the
operation.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 27 / 29

 Set Theory Binary Operations

Binary Operations

The operation ’∗’ on a set G is said to be ;

1 Commutative if for every pair a, b ∈ G we have a ∗ b = b ∗ a.

N.B Not all binary operations are commutative.

2 Associative if for all a, b, c ∈ G we have a ∗ b(b ∗ c) = (a ∗ b) ∗ c.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 28 / 29

 Set Theory Binary Operations

Binary Operations

Example 1.16

1 Define an operation ’∗’ on R by a ∗ b = a + 2b for all a, b ∈ R. Is this

operation (i) Commutative (ii) Associative?

2 +b
2 Let the operation ’∗’ on R be defined by a ∗ b = 2a , where
a, b ∈ R.
1 Is ’∗’ binary on R?
2 Is it commutative?
3 Is it associative?
4 Evaluate 3 ∗ 2.

Mr Bupe Kolosa (MU) Mathematics 1 (MSM 131) August 15, 2023 29 / 29