Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr.

Software Developer 2022

Model Paper
Class 12th
IT / ITeS
Job Role: Junior Software Developer
Maximum Marks: 60 Time: 2:30 Hours
Section-A Very Short Answer Type Questions 1 Mark Each

Q1: In a Spreadsheet, letters are used to represent________________

a) Columns b) Blocks
c) Rows d) Cells
Q2: Iffat owns a construction company and takes risky decisions in her work every
day. Iffat is an ____________
a) Wage Employed Person b) Entrepreneur
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
Q3: First step in the software development life cycle is ____________
a) System Design b) Coding
c) System Testing d) Preliminary investigation and analysis
Q4: Black box testing is also known as ____________
Q5: “int‟ is used to store floating point data. (True/False)
Q6: The ‘for loop’ in Python is an ____________
a) Entry controlled loop b) Exit controlled loop
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
Q7: Full form of HTML is _______________ (Hypertext Markup Language)
Q8: JavaScript is an ___________ language.
a) Object-Oriented b) Object-Based
c) Procedural d) None of the above
Q9: Choose the correct option related to Android:
a) Android is a web browser b) Android is an operating system
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

c) Android is a web server d) None of the above

Q10: Cybercrime is any criminal activity that involves a computer, networked
device or a network. (True/False)
Section-B Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 Marks Each
(20-40 words each)
Q11: What is active listening? Give an example.
Active listening is an art, which comprises both a desire to comprehend, as well as, offer support and
empathy to the speaker. It can affect our job effectiveness, the quality of our relationship with others,
and hence, our overall well-being. Active listening allows us to understand the problems and collaborate
to develop solutions. Let us learn through examples.

(i) She informed the office that 50 per cent of the books given for binding have been completed.

(ii) She informed the office that most of the books given for binding have been completed.

Now, we can see that in the first sentence, a measurable information is mentioned, which makes the
sentence accurate. It is, thus, important to ensure that our communication is clear, concise and
accurate.

Q12: With an example define result oriented goals.

Examples of result-oriented goals are as follows.
• A student may set a goal of scoring high marks in an exam.
• An athlete may run five miles a day.
• A traveler may try to reach a destination city within three hours.
Q13: What do you understand by the term unit testing?
Unit Testing is a software testing technique by means of which individual units of software
i.e. group of computer program modules, usage procedures, and operating procedures are
tested to determine whether they are suitable for use or not. It is a testing method using which
every independent module is tested to determine if there is an issue by the developer himself.
Q14: Name any two types of loops used in python.
1. While Loop
2. For in Loop
Q15: What is web browser?
Web Browser Definition: A software application used to access information on the World Wide
Web is called a Web Browser. When a user requests some information, the web browser fetches the
data from a web server and then displays the webpage on the user’s screen.
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

Functions of Web Browser

 The main function is to retrieve information from the World Wide Web and making it available
for users
Types of Web Browser
The functions of all web browsers are the same. Thus, more than the different types there are
different web browsers which have been used over the years.
1. Google Chrome
2. Mozilla Firefox
3. Internet Explorer
Q16: Write any two operating systems used in mobiles.
The most well-known mobile OSs are Android, iOS, Windows phone OS.
Q17: What do you understand by Smartphone?
A smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other
features not originally associated with telephones such as an operating system, web
browsing, and the ability to run software applications.
Section-C Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 Marks Each
(50-60 words each)
Q.3 what do you mean by Personality?
Personality is a cluster of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique and different
from others. Personality traits are defined as relatively lasting patterns of thoughts, feelings and
behaviours that distinguish individuals from one another. Hence, personality development is the
development of an organised pattern of behaviours and attitudes that makes a person distinctive.
Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character and
environment. Culture also plays an important role in shaping personalities.
Q4. What are the basic Personality traits?
There are five parameters that describe an individual’s personality. These five dimensions are also called
the ‘Big Five Factors’ and the model is referred to as the ‘Five Factor Model’, which is abbreviated as
FFM as shown by figure given below.

• Openness: Individuals with openness to experience are,

generally, creative, curious, active, flexible and adventurous. If
a person is interested in learning new things, meeting new
people and making friends, and likes visiting new places, the
person can be called open-minded.
• Consciousness: Individuals, who listen to their conscience,
are self-disciplined, do their work on time, take care of others
before themselves and care about others’ feelings.
• Extraversion: Extroverts are individuals, who love interacting
with people around and are, generally, talkative.

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

• Agreeableness: Individuals having such a trait are, generally, kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm
and considerate.
• Neuroticism: Neuroticism is a trait, wherein, individuals show tendency towards anxiety, self-doubt,
depression, shyness and other similar negative feelings.
Q18: What are the common personality disorders? Discuss briefly.
Personality disorders involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviour that are unhealthy and rigid.
A personality disorder is a way of thinking, feeling and behaving that deviates from worldly expectations
and causes distress, which lasts over time.
Cluster A: Suspicious
People falling under this cluster always mistrust others and are suspicious, even when there is no need
to do so.
Cluster B: Emotional and impulsive
This personality disorder is characterised by unstable moods and behaviours, which lead to unhealthy
and unstable relationships, emotional instability and feeling of worthlessness.
Cluster C: Anxious
This personality disorder is characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear, which have the potential
to affect one’s daily routine.
Steps to overcome personality disorders
• Talk to someone. Most often, it helps to share your feelings.
• Look after your physical health. A healthy body can help you maintain a healthy mind.
• Build confidence in your ability to handle difficult situations.
• Engage in hobbies, such as music, dance and painting. These have a therapeutic effect.
• Stay positive by choosing words like ‘challenges’ instead of ‘problems’.
Q. Define Entrepreneurship
The process of developing a business plan, launching and running a business using innovation to meet
customer needs and to make a profit is entrepreneurship.
Q. Explain Software Testing.
Software Testing is a process of evaluating the functionality of a software application to find any
software bugs. It checks whether the developed software met the specified requirements and identifies
any defect in the software in order to produce a quality product.

Q20: Describe briefly the qualities of a successful entrepreneur.

There may be many qualities needed to successfully run an enterprise. However, the following qualities
are considered important.
(a) Initiative: In the world of business, opportunities come and go. An entrepreneur must be able to
initiate action and take advantage of an opportunity. Therefore, taking initiative on the part of the
entrepreneur is a must.
(b) Willingness to take risks: In any business, there is an element of risk involved. It implies that it is not
necessary that every business shall earn a profit. However, an entrepreneur always volunteers to take
risks to run a business and be successful.

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

(c) Ability to learn from experience: An entrepreneur may make mistakes. However, once an error is
committed, it must be tried that it is not repeated as it may lead to heavy losses. Therefore, the person
must have the ability to learn from experience.
(d) Motivation: It is necessary for success in every walk of life. Once we get motivated to do something,
we will not rest until we complete it.
(e) Self-confidence: For achieving success in life, a person needs to have confidence in oneself. Self-
confidence is reflected in courage, enthusiasm and ability to lead. Therefore, a successful entrepreneur
must have self-confidence.
Q21: Difference between white box and black box testing.

Black Box Testing White Box Testing

It is a way of software testing in which the It is a way of testing the software in which the
internal structure or the program or the code tester has knowledge about the internal structure
is hidden and nothing is known about it. or the code or the program of the software.

Implementation of code is not needed for Code implementation is necessary for white box
black box testing. testing.

It is mostly done by software testers. It is mostly done by software developers.

No knowledge of implementation is needed. Knowledge of implementation is required.

It can be referred as outer or external software

testing. It is the inner or the internal software testing.

It is functional test of the software. It is structural test of the software.

This testing can be initiated on the basis of This type of testing of software is started after
requirement specifications document. detail design document.

Q22: What are the different types of mobile applications?

1. Native apps are built for a specific operating system. A native app developed for iOS operating system
won’t work on Android devices and vice-versa. If an app is developed for iOS, it will remain exclusive to
that operating system.
2. Mobile web apps are the web applications to render/deliver pages on web browsers running in
mobile devices. Since these apps target browsers, they work on different mobile operating systems. We
can view a mobile web app on Android, iOS or Windows tablets and phone devices.
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

3. Hybrid apps are a mixture of both native and mobile web apps. This type of application has cross-
platform compatibility but can still access phone’s hardware. Software’s used to develop these apps are
generally HTML, CSS, Javascript, JQuery, Mobile Javascript frameworks, etc.

Q23: Explain briefly cloud computing.

Cloud computing is an emerging trend in the field of information technology, where computer-based
services are delivered over the Internet or the cloud, for the case of their accessibility form any where
using any smart device. The services comprise software, hardware (servers), databases, storage, etc.
These resources are provided by companies called cloud service providers and usually charge on pay per
use basis, like the way we pay for electricity usage. We already use cloud services while storing our
pictures and files as backup on Internet, or host a website on the Internet. Through cloud computing, a
user can run a bigger application or process a large amount of data without having the required storage
or processing power on their personal computer as long as they are connected to the Internet.

Q . Explain Cloud Services.

A better way to understand the cloud is to interpret everything as a service. A service corresponds to
any facility provided by the cloud. There are three standard models to categorise different computing
services delivered through cloud as shown in
(A) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
The IaaS providers can offer different kinds of computing infrastructure, such as servers, virtual
machines (VM), storage and backup facility, etc.
(B) Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Through this service, a user can install and execute an application without worrying about the
underlying infrastructure and their setup.

(C) Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS provides on-demand access to application software, usually requiring a licensing or subscription by
the user.
Q24: Define the terms:
a) Trademark
Trademark includes any visual symbol, word, name, design, slogan, label, etc., that distinguishes the
brand or commercial enterprise, from other brands or commercial enterprises. For example, no
company other than Nike can use the Nike brand to sell shoes or clothes. It also prevents others from
using a confusingly similar mark, including words or phrases. For example, confusing brands like “Nikke”
cannot be used.
b) Patent
A patent is usually granted for inventions. Unlike copyright, the inventor needs to apply (file) for
patenting the invention. When a patent is granted, the owner gets an exclusive right to prevent others
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

from using, selling, or distributing the protected invention. Patent gives full control to the patentee to
decide whether or how the invention can be used by others. Thus it encourages inventors to share their
scientific or technological findings with others

c) Copyright
Copyright grants legal rights to creators for their original works like writing, photograph, audio
recordings, video, sculptures, architectural works, computer software, and other creative works like
literary and artistic work. Copyrights are automatically granted to creators and authors. Copyright law
gives the copyright holder a set of rights that they alone can avail legally.
Section-D Long Answer Type Questions 5 Marks Each
(150-200 words each)
Q25: What is Spreadsheet? Give its applications in different areas.
Spreadsheet software can also store, manipulate and create graphical representations of data.
Spreadsheet is a long sheet of rows and columns on the computer screen to do data analysis and
calculation. It is also called as Electronic Spreadsheet. There are many types of spreadsheet available
that have been created by different companies. Some of the most popular ones are Microsoft Excel,
LibreOfficeCalc, OpenOfficeCalc, and Google Sheets. The Components of a spreadsheet are as
follows:
Active cell in a worksheet: To enter data in the cell, it should be selected first. Active cell in a worksheet
can be moved and selected by the key or a combination of keys.
 Rows and columns: The sheet is divided into vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each sheet
can have a maximum of 1,048,576 (220) rows and 1024 (210) columns. The rows are numbered
as 1,2,3,4 and columns are numbered as A, B, C, D.
 Label: Label is the any text entered by using a keyboard. It may combine with letters, numbers,
and special symbols.
 Values: The numerical data consisting of only numbers are called values.
 Formulae: Any expressions that begins with an equals ‘=’ is treated as formula.
 Function: Clicking on the Function icon inserts an equals (=) sign into the selected cell and the
Input line allow formula to be entered.
 The Name box shows the location of the selected cell. The location of the cell is a combination
of column and row. For example, A1, where A is the column name and 1 is the row number.
 A worksheet is a collection of cells in the form of a grid (a network of lines that intersect each
other, making rectangles). When we open a spreadsheet for the first time, we see a blank
worksheet with the name ‘Sheet1’.
 A workbook is a spreadsheet that has one or more worksheets.
Electronic Spreadsheet is used to perform the following activities accurately and efficiently.
 Finance: Spreadsheets are used for financial data like it is used for checking account information,
taxes, transaction, billing, budgets, etc.
 Forms: Spreadsheet is used to create form templates to manage performance review, timesheets,
surveys, etc.

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

 School and colleges: Spreadsheets are most commonly used in schools and colleges to manage
student’s data like their attendance, grades, etc.
 Lists: Spreadsheets are also used to create lists like grocery lists, to-do lists, contact detail, etc.
 Hotels: Spreadsheets are also used in hotels to manage the data of their customers like their
personal information, room numbers, check-in date, check-out date, etc.
Q. Define entrepreneur. What are the various types of entrepreneurs?
An entrepreneur is a person who is self-employed, is willing to take a calculated risk and brings in a new
idea to start a business. It is, however, important to understand that all self-employed persons are not
entrepreneurs, for example, a shopkeeper cannot be called an entrepreneur unless he/she introduces a
new method or idea in the business.
There are many types of entrepreneurs, which include the following.
Service entrepreneurs
These entrepreneurs either create a new market for their services or provide a service in an existing
market. They spot an idea and convert it into a service, which is unprecedented or not available in the
market. It is irrespective of the nature and size of operations but is essentially a service.
Business entrepreneurs
These are entrepreneurs, who undertake business and trading activities and are not concerned with the
manufacturing work. A business entrepreneur identifies the potential of a product in a market. From
that point onwards, the business and trading entrepreneur is responsible for stimulating demand for the
product.
Industrial entrepreneurs
An industrial entrepreneur is, essentially, a manufacturer, who identifies the needs of customers and
creates products or services to serve them. Such an entrepreneur is product oriented, who starts
through an industrial unit to create a product like electronic industry, textile unit, machine tools,
manufacturing unit, etc.
Agricultural entrepreneurs
Agriculture has always been considered as a low‑ yielding entrepreneurship. Agriculturists have now
introduced new and innovative technology to maximise the yield, giving birth to agriculture
entrepreneurship.
Q26: What is Software engineering? Discuss different phases of SDLC?
SDLC is a process followed for a software project, within a software organization. It consists of a detailed
plan describing how to develop, maintain, replace and alter or enhance specific software. The life cycle
defines a methodology for improving the quality of software and the overall development process.
The following figure is a graphical representation of the various stages of a typical SDLC.
A typical Software Development Life Cycle consists of the following stages –
SDLC Phases
• Phase 1: Requirement collection and analysis
• Phase 2: Feasibility study
• Phase 3: Design
• Phase 4: Coding
• Phase 5: Testing
• Phase 6: Installation/Deployment
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

• Phase 7: Maintenance
Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis
Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by the
senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department, market surveys.
Stage 2: Defining Requirements
Once the requirement analysis is done the next step is to clearly define and document the product
requirements and get them approved from the customer or the market analysts. This is done through
an SRS (Software Requirement Specification) document which consists of all the product requirements
to be designed and developed during the project life cycle.
Stage 3: Designing the Product Architecture
The Design Document Specification is reviewed by all the important stakeholders and based on various
parameters as risk assessment, product robustness, design modularity, budget and time constraints,
the best design approach is selected for the product.
Stage 4: Building or Developing the Product
In this stage of SDLC the actual development starts and the product is built. The programming code is
generated as per DDS during this stage. If the design is performed in a detailed and organized manner,
code generation can be accomplished without much hassle.
Stage 5: Testing the Product
This stage is usually a subset of all the stages as in the modern SDLC models, the testing activities are
mostly involved in all the stages of SDLC. However, this stage refers to the testing only stage of the
product where product defects are reported, tracked, fixed and retested.
Stage 6: Deployment in the Market and Maintenance
Once the system is deployed, and customers start using the developed system, following 3 activities
occur
• Bug fixing – bugs are reported because of some scenarios which are not tested at all
• Upgrade – Upgrading the application to the newer versions of the Software
Describe any three types of software testing.
1. Unit Testing is a software testing technique by means of which individual units of software i.e.
group of computer program modules, usage procedures, and operating procedures are tested
to determine whether they are suitable for use or not. It is a testing method using which every
independent module is tested to determine if there is an issue by the developer himself. It is
correlated with the functional correctness of the independent modules.
Unit testing is defined as a type of software testing where individual components of software are
tested. Unit testing of the software product is carried out during the development of an application.

2. White Box testing

The term 'white box' is used because of the internal perspective of the system. The clear box or white
box, or transparent box name denotes the ability to see through the software's outer shell into its inner
workings.

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

It is performed by Developers, and then the software will be sent to the testing team, where
they perform black-box testing. The main objective of white-box testing is to test the application's
infrastructure. It is done at lower levels, as it includes unit testing and integration testing. It requires
programming knowledge, as it majorly focuses on code structure, paths, conditions, and branches of a
program or software. The primary goal of white-box testing is to focus on the flow of inputs and outputs
through the software and strengthening the security of the software.

Q10. Black Box testing

The primary source of black-box testing is a specification of requirements that are stated by the
customer. It is another type of manual testing. It is a software testing technique that examines the
functionality of the software without knowing its internal structure or coding. It does not require
programming knowledge of the software. All test cases are designed by considering the input and
output of a particular function.

Q27: What do you understand by Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act
2000)?
The Information Technology Act, 2000 was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 2000. It is the
primary law in India for matters related to cybercrime and e-commerce.
 The act was enacted to give legal sanction to electronic commerce and electronic
transactions, to enable e-governance, and also to prevent cybercrime.
 Under this law, for any crime involving a computer or a network located in India, foreign
nationals can also be charged.
 The law prescribes penalties for various cybercrimes and fraud through digital/electronic
format.
 It also gives legal recognition to digital signatures.
 The original Act contained 94 sections, divided into 13 chapters and 4 schedules.
 The Government of India’s Information Technology Act, 2000 amended in 2008, provides
guidelines to the user on the processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information.
 In the wake of the recent Indo-China border clash, the Government of India banned various
Chinese apps under the Information Technology Act.
Features of the Information Technology Act, 2000
 All electronic contracts created through secure electronic channels were legally valid.
 Legal recognition for digital signatures.
 Security measures for electronic records and conjointly digital signatures are in place.
Q Technology is changing the way we think. Where would we be without
technology?
The number of things that we are now capable of doing is infinite because of the technology we
have access to. This technology is also changing the way we think, write and concentrate. Cell/
smart phones along with texting and being able to Google practically everything have all played a
role in the way we think and do things in today’s society.
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

Is technology changing our lives for the better? That question is debatable depending on how you
look at it. Technology has definitely changed the way we think, how we remember things and how
we react to things and certain situations. Clive Thompson, author of “Smarter than You Think:
How Technology Is Changing Our Minds for the Better” This means that we are relying more on
the information we can get easily and quickly rather than the reading for the information. I believe
that into today’s society we have become so used to how easy technology makes our lives that we
don’t realize how much we rely on it. Thompson also states that technology “at their best can help
us see more, retain more and communicate more. At their worst, they leave us prey to the
manipulation of the tool makers”.
Q. write basic parts of Speech.
Basic Parts of Speech
The different types of words we use in sentences are called parts of speech. The basic parts of speech
are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
Q. Describe Presentation Software
Presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is typically a demonstration,
introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, or to build good will or to
present a new idea or product.
A Presentation includes:
 Regular text
 Lists items
 Table
 Graphics elements
 Sound and Video
 Animation
It has many advantages, which are as follows.
1. They are interesting as they have features like images, videos, animation and music.
2. Making changes in digital presentations is easy.
3. A digital presentation can be shown to a much larger audience by projecting on a screen.
4. The presentation can be printed and distributed to the audience.
Presentation software available
There are a number of presentation software available, such as
1. LibreOffice Impress
2. Microsoft Office – PowerPoint
3. OpenOffice Impress
4. Google Slides
5. Apple Keynote

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

Q. Barriers to Entrepreneurship
These things can stop the person from achieving success. These are called ‘barriers’. Here are some of
the most common barriers.
1. Environmental barriers
One of the biggest barriers that entrepreneurs face is environmental factors. Environmental factors can
be many. But the most common ones include the following.
• Lack of adequate resources or raw material
• Non‑availability of skilled labour
• Lack of requisite machinery and other infrastructure
• Unavailability of monetary resources on time
2. No or faulty business plan
Every entrepreneur wants a successful business. But if a person does not make an action plan, it may
lead helps the person in knowing one’s role in running a successful business and pushes everyone
associated with it to work harder.
3. Personal barriers
Establishing any new venture is a risk because there is always a fear of what may go wrong. Secondly,
finding a suitable team is also a tedious job. A team of careless and non-suitable workers may cause
damage to a business.
Q1. What is Green Job?
A green job is defined as one that helps bring about and maintain transition to environmentally
sustainable forms of production and consumption. It cuts across all sectors — energy, material, water
conservation, waste management and pollution control.
According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), green jobs or green collar jobs
are works in agricultural, administrative, research and development, manufacturing and service
activities that contribute substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. ‘
Q4. Explain green jobs in the following sectors.
(i) Agriculture
(ii) Transportation
(iii) water conservation
1. Green jobs in Agriculture
Organic gardening and farming is the process by which we can grow plants and crops in an environment
friendly way. It prevents toxic runoff as no synthetic pesticides are used. It prevents water pollution and
soil contamination as no chemical is added to the soil. Organic fruits and vegetables are free from
chemical residues of synthetic fertilisers, and hence, are good for our health.
2. Green jobs in transportation
Use of energy-efficient vehicles and alternate fuels like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) can help
minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The new biofuel Policy announced by the Government of India on
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

10 August 2018 focuses on initiatives for enhanced use of biomass so as to improve the availability of
ethanol through starch and sugar‑based feedstock, develop ethanol technologies and increase the
production of biodiesel for blending. Bio-fuels produced directly or indirectly from organic material,
including BioCNG, Bio-methanol, etc., can generate green jobs.
3. Green jobs in water conservation
There are green jobs in water harvesting and conservation. Rooftop rainwater harvesting refers to the
process where rainwater is collected in tanks to be used later. It can be installed in all houses and
buildings. It can also help increase the water table. Cycle‑run water pumps are being used instead of
electricity‑run pumps. These do not consume electricity and provide a way for people to exercise.
Q. Explain the importance of green jobs in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.
1. Limiting greenhouse gas emissions
Some of the greenhouse gases are Carbon dioxide, methane, Nitrous oxide, ozone and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These are emitted due to burning of fossil fuels, using vehicles and
refrigerants, and carrying out agricultural activities, etc. These gases can trap heat from the earth and
prevent it from escaping into outer space. This causes the earth to heat, leading to ‘global warming’. To
reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, people are working towards reducing the use of fossil fuels by
finding less polluting energy sources, such as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).
2. Protecting and restoring ecosystems
People are working now to help conserve the existing ecosystems and restore the degraded ones,
using natural solutions. Forests and vegetation help stabilise slopes, and therefore, reduce the risk of
landslides. Wetlands can help control floods. Avoiding cutting of forests, planting more trees, investing
in soil health and restoration can control the emission of greenhouse gases.
3. Adapting to the effects of climate change
Climate will change based on the damage already done. Even though people are trying to control the
emission of greenhouse gases, global warming will be there due to the damage already done in terms of
felling of trees and using land for agriculture, etc. So, we have to adapt to those changes. This means,
we must find ways to survive in the new climatic conditions. For example, if there is weather forecast of
less rain, farmers will need to grow crops that can survive in drought conditions.
Q2. List some ways by which we can reduce the amount of waste generated.
 Minimising waste and pollution
• Reusing scrap material
• Ensuring quality control

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

• Waste exchange
• Managing e-waste
• Use of eco-friendly material
Q. Explain THE MOBILE ECO-SYSTEM.
Mobile Ecosystem is a collection of multiple devices (mobile phones, Tablet etc), software (operating
system, development tools, testing tools etc), companies(device manufacturers, carrier, apps stores,
development/testing companies) etc.. and the process by which data (sms, bank-transactions etc.) is
transferred/ shared by a user from one device to another device or by the device itself based on some
programs(Birthday, Wedding Messages, Calendar).
Q. Describe Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence is comprised of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial means "man-
made," and intelligence means "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power.“
Artificial Intelligence exists there, where a machine can have human based skills such as
learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines
Goals of AI
• To Create Expert Systems − the systems which holds intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate,
explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that can understand, think,
learn, and behave like humans.
Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
• Gaming
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with fewer errors: it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed
• High reliability:
• Digital Assistant:
Artificial intelligence can be divided into three subfields:
• Artificial intelligence
• Machine learning
• Deep learning

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

Q2. Machine Learning

Machine Learning is a subsystem of Artificial Intelligence, wherein computers have the ability to learn
from data using statistical techniques,
without being explicitly programmed by a
human being. It comprises algorithms that
use data to learn on their own and make
predictions. These algorithms, called
models, are first trained and tested using a
training data and testing data, respectively.
After successive trainings, once these
models are able to give results to an
acceptable level of accuracy, they are used
to make predictions about new and unknown data.
Applications of Machine Learning
1. Image Recognition:
2. Speech Recognition
3. Traffic prediction:
4. Product recommendations:
5. Self-driving cars:
6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:
7. Virtual Personal Assistant:

Q3. Big Data

Big Data is also data but with a huge size/volume and yet growing exponentially with time. In short such
data is so large and complex that none of the traditional data management tools are able to store it or
process it efficiently. Figure shows that at the current pace, around 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are
created each day, and the pace is increasing with the continuous evolution of the Internet of Things
(IoT). This result in the generation of data sets of enormous volume and complexity called Big Data.
Benefits of Big Data Processing
• Businesses can utilize outside intelligence while taking decisions
• Improved customer service
• Early identification of risk to the product/services, if any
• Better operational efficiency
Characteristics of Big Data
 Volume – The name Big Data itself is related to a size which is enormous
 Variety – It asserts that a data set has varied data, such as structured, semi-structured and
unstructured data. Some examples are text, images, videos, web pages and so on.
 Velocity – means speed of generation of data. How fast the data is generated and processed to
meet the demands, determines real potential in the data.
 Variability – This refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data at times.

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

 Value: Big data is not only just a big pile of data, but also possess to have hidden patterns and
useful knowledge which can be of high business value.
Q. Internet of Things-IOT
The ‘Internet of Things’ is a network of devices that have an embedded hardware and software to
communicate (connect and exchange data)
with other devices on the same network as
shown in Figure 2.10. At present, in a typical
household, many devices have advanced
hardware (microcontrollers) and software.
These devices are used in isolation from
each other, with maximum human
intervention needed for operational
directions and input data. IoT tends to bring
together these devices to work in
collaboration and assist each other in
creating an intelligent network of things.
For example, if a microwave oven, an air
conditioner, door lock, CCTV camera or other such devices are enabled to connect to the Internet, we
can access and remotely control them on-the-go using our Smartphone.
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
• Very Large Scale
• Heterogeneity
• Pervasively-Computing and Communication technologies embedded in our environments
Q. CYBER CRIME
Criminal activities or offences carried out in a digital environment can be considered as cyber crime. In
such crimes, either the computer itself is the target or the computer is used as a tool to commit a crime.
Cyber crimes are carried out against either an individual, or a group, or an organisation or even against a
country, with the intent to directly or indirectly cause physical harm, financial loss or mental
harassment. A cyber criminal attacks a computer or a network to reach other computers in order to
disable or damage data or services. Apart from this, a cyber criminal may spread viruses and other
malwares in order to steal private and confidential data for blackmailing and extortion.
Q. Types of cybercrimes
1. Hacking
Hacking is the act of unauthorised access to a computer, computer network or any digital system.
Hackers usually have technical expertise of the hardware and software. They look for bugs to exploit and
break into the system. Hacking, when done with a positive intent, is called ethical hacking. Such ethical
hackers are known as white hat hackers.
2. Phishing and Fraud Emails
Phishing is an unlawful activity where fake websites or emails that look original or authentic are
presented to the user to fraudulently collect sensitive and personal details, particularly usernames,

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

passwords, banking and credit card details. The most common phishing method is through email
spoofing where a fake or forged email address is used and the user presumes it to be from an authentic
source. So we might get an email from an address that looks similar to our bank or educational
institution, asking for our information, but if we look carefully we will see their URL address is fake.
3. Ransomware
This is another kind of cyber crime where the attacker gains access to the computer and blocks the user
from accessing, usually by encrypting the data. The attacker blackmails the victim to pay for getting
access to the data, or sometimes threaten to publish personal and sensitive information or photographs
unless a ransom is paid.
Q9. Combatting and Preventing Cyber Crime
The challenges of cyber crime can be mitigated with the twin approach of being alert and taking legal
help. Following points can be considered as safety measures to reduce the risk of cyber crime:
• Take regular backup of important data
• Use antivirus software and keep it updated always
• Avoid installing pirated software. Always download software from known and secure (HTTPS) sites
• Always update the system software which include the Internet browser and other application software
• Do not visit or download anything from untrusted websites
• Usually the browser alerts users about doubtful websites whose security certificate could not be
verified; avoid visiting such sites
• Use strong password for web login, and change it periodically. Do not use same password for all the
websites. Use different combinations of alphanumeric characters including special characters. Ignore
common words or names in password.
Q. Explain the structure of an HTML document
An HTML 4 document is composed of three parts:
1. A line containing HTML version information
2. A declarative header section (delimited by the HEAD element),
3. A body, which contains the document's actual content. The body may be implemented by the
BODY element or the FRAMESET element.
Here's an example of a simple HTML document:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My first HTML document</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>Hello world!
</BODY>
</HTML>

Q. HTML Heading
There are six different HTML headings which are defined with the <h1> to <h6>
tags, from highest level h1 (main heading) to the least level h6 (least important
heading).
1. <h1>Heading no. 1</h1>
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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

2. <h2>Heading no. 2</h2>

3. <h3>Heading no. 3</h3>
4. <h4>Heading no. 4</h4>
5. <h5>Heading no. 5</h5>
6. <h6>Heading no. 6</h6>

HTML <br> tag

The <br> tag in HTML document is used to create a line break in a text.

HTML Anchor or A Tag

The HTML anchor tag defines a hyperlink that links one page to another page e.g., <a
href=[Link]

HTML Table
HTML table tag is used to display data in tabular form (row * column). There can be many
columns in a row.
We can create a table to display data in tabular form, using <table> element, with the help
of <tr> , <td>, and <th> elements. In Each table, table row is defined by <tr> tag, table
header is defined by <th>, and table data is defined by <td> tags.

HTML Image
HTML img tag is used to display image on the web page.
<img src="good_morning.jpg" alt="Good Morning Friends"/>

HTML Ordered List and Unordered List

HTML Ordered List or Numbered List displays elements in numbered format. The
HTML ol tag is used for ordered list.
<Ol type=”1”>Fruits
<li>Apple>
<li>Banana</li>
</ol>
HTML Unordered List or Bulleted List displays elements in bulleted format.
<ul type=”disc”>Fruits
<li>Apple>
<li>Banana</li>
</ul>
HTML Head
The HTML <head> element is used as a container for metadata (data about data). It
is used between <html
> tag and <body> tag.
The head of an HTML document is a part whose content is not displayed in the
browser on page loading. It just contains metadata about the HTML document which
specifies data about the HTML document.

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

HTML Paragraph
HTML paragraph or HTML p tag is used to define a paragraph in a webpage.
An HTML <p> tag indicates starting of new paragraph.
Title
The <title> tag defines the title of the document.
BODY
The <body> tag defines the document's body. The <body> element contains all the contents of
an HTML document, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc. Note
Font Size
The font-size property sets the size of the text.
HTML Form
An HTML form is a section of a document which contains controls such as text fields,
password fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit button, menus etc.
<form> It defines an HTML form to enter inputs by the used side.
<input> It defines an input control.
<textarea> It defines a multi-line input control.
<label> It defines a label for an input element.
<select> It defines a drop-down list.
<button> It defines a clickable button.
Q Explain CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets, also referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to simplify
the process of making web pages presentable. CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page.
Using CSS, we can control the color of the text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs,
how columns are sized and laid out, what background images or colors are used, as well as a
variety of other effects. CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the
presentation of an HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages
HTML or XHTML.
Advantages of CSS
1. Consistency
2. Improved Website Speed
3. Easy to Maintain
4. Appearance
5. Maintainability
6. An Example of CSS Syntax

Let's use a block of CSS to clarify what each of these items is.

h1 {

color: red;

font-size: 3em;

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

text-decoration: underline;

Inline CSS Style

Inline CSS Style writes in element line using style attribute. All most every html element support style
attribute .Inline stylesheet priority high more than other three.

Inline CSS style consists set of rules in 4 parts:

1. Selector (Element)

2. Style (Attribute)

3. Property and

4. Value

How to Write Inline CSS Style

Selector is normally HTML element that element we want to assign CSS style. And style is attribute
to assign CSS property and set suitable value.

Example Code:

<html>
<body>
<p style="color:purple;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph line.</p>
<div style="color: purple; font-size: 16px; background-
color:#FF6633;">This is a paragraph Second line. </div>

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Notes by Tariq Maqsood Shah@7051774304 | Subject Voc. IT | Class: 12th | Job Role Jr. Software Developer 2022

</body>
</html>

External Style Sheet

External Style Sheet define in separate .css extension file. And used to make global change gllij1
also manage all webpage from a single CSS document. External style sheets give you control to
change formatting and layout styles of every single elements in webpages. And only those webpage
who are linked with external CSS document.

How to write External Stylesheet

External stylesheet linked to a webpage. Selector is normally HTML element (or class, id) to assign
CSS properties and set suitable values.

Example Code:
/*CSS Style*/

P{

color: purple;

margin-left: 20px;

div{

color: purple;

font-size: 16px;

background-color:#FF6633;

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