An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022

on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022 on

Performance Testing of
Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Matt Taher, P.E.

Served as the Chairman of ASME PTC 10-2022 Code Committee

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Engineering and Design

Specification Performance Evaluation Performance Guarantees

1 Operating stability
2
A 1 Head rise to surge
2
OEM I
1 Head fall to choke (max flow)
3
Head

Head
1

C
14 End-of-curve max. capacity
B
OEM II 5 Power consumption
3 - Individual compressor
- String of compressors

Flow Flow

Operating Envelope / Conditions

- Variable Comp. Duty
- Semi-constant Comp. Duty
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link!

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Why Performance Testing

1) Determine if equipment meets design or expected performance criteria

Factory
2) Incorporate by reference into contracts to serve to determine fulfillment of guarantees

Site 3) Performance Monitoring

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Polytropic Efficiency
Polytropic Head

Flow Flow

Predicted Performance
As-tested Performance

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
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History is Prologue
ASME PTC 10

1st Ed. 2nd Ed. 3rd Ed. 4th Ed. 5th Ed.
1935 1949 1965 1997 2022

R1986 R1992 R2003 R2009 R2014

1958 1974 1994

API 617 ANSI DoD
1st Ed. Type 1 Type 1
Type 2 Type 2
Ideal and Real Gas Real Gas

Class I → Similar to Type 1

Class II → Equivalent to Type 2 for ideal gas calculations
Class III → Equivalent to Type 2 for real gas calculations

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

ASME PTC 10
Title Object and Scope
5th Ed.
2022
Axial and Centrifugal Compressors ... an axial or centrifugal compressor ... (para 1.1)

4th Ed.
1997
Compressors and Exhausters ... an axial or centrifugal compressor or exhauster ...
(para 1.1)

3rd Ed. ... dynamic gas compressors of the mechanical type

Compressors and Exhausters including axial, Centrifugal, and other similar types.
1965
(para 1.02)

2nd Ed. Centrifugal, Mixed Flow and Axial Flow ... compressors or exhauster of the centrifugal,
mixed flow, or axial flow types... (para 1)
1949 Compressors and Exhausters

... centrifugal compressors, blowers, fans, and

1st Ed. Centrifugal Compressors, Exhausters, exhausters... (para 1)
1935 and Fans

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors
Key Changes in the new ASME PTC-10 (2022 revision)

❶ Real gas relationships

❷ Polytropic process: updated definition ; new calculation methods

❸ Machine Reynolds Number: allowable range ; new correction method
❹ Updated permissible deviations for sidestream flows
❺ Test stabilization for readings and calculated values
❻ Test instruments, test data treatment, and methods of measurement
❼ New calculation methods for test total pressure and temperature.
❽ New updates on casing heat transfer for test power measurements.
❾ New chapter on test uncertainty.
❿ New appendix on performance testing of back-to-back compressors.
11 Metric units added.

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Type 1 Versus Type 2

A Type 1 test must be conducted on a gas similar to the specified gas with limited deviations between
test and specified operating conditions as defined in Table 3-2.1-1 and Table 3-2.1-2.

• A Type 1 test shall be required for specified Machine Reynolds number below 90,000.
• No Machine Reynolds number correction is applicable for Type 1 tests.

A Type 2 test permits the use of a substitute test gas and extends the permissible deviations between
test and specified operating conditions as defined in Table 3-2.1-2.

The emphasis in conducting either a Type 1 or Type 2 test should be toward minimizing these deviations.

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
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Permissible Deviation

TABLE 3-2.1-1 GENERAL NOTES:

Permissible Deviation from Specified Operating
Conditions for Type 1 Tests
1. A Type 1 test is conducted on a gas with similar
US compositions to the specified gas with limited
SI Permissible deviations between test and specified composition
Variable Customary
Units Deviation
Units and operating conditions.
Inlet pressure pi psia Pa 5%
2. The combined effect of inlet pressure, temperature,
Inlet Temp. Ti °R K 8% compressibility factor, and molecular weight shall not
produce more than an 8% deviation in the inlet gas
Speed N rpm 1/s 2%
density.
Molecular Wgt. MW lbm/lbmole kg/kmol 2%
3. Efforts shall be made to maintain the volume
Capacity qi ft3/min m3/s 4% reduction as close to that at specified conditions
through variation of the above variables within the
deviations allowed.

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Permissible Deviation
for PTC-10 Equivalent Conditions (Similitude)

TABLE 3-2.1-2 Limit of Test Values

Permissible Deviation from Parameter Symbol as Percent of
Specified Operating Parameters Specified Values
for Type 1 and Type 2 Tests
Min. Max.

Specific volume ratio 𝑣𝑖 Τ𝑣𝑑 95 105

Flow coefficient 𝜑 96 104

Machine Mach Number 𝑀𝑚 See Figure 3-2-1

Machine Reynolds Number 𝑅𝑒𝑚 See Figure 3-2-3

NOTES:
(1) The limits in this table are applied to “specified” and “converted to specified values”. See para. 3.2.3.
(2) Minimum allowable specified Machine Reynolds number is 90,000 for a Type 2 test with Reynolds Number correction.

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors
Permissible Deviation: Machine Reynolds Number

Indicates an increase in allowable range

for the test machine Reynolds number,
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑡 , at 0.9E+5< 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑠𝑝 <1E+7.

References:
Taher, M., “ASME PTC 10-2022: Concise Update Overview”, Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2024, London, UK, GT2024-129055

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

MACHINE REYNOLDS NUMBER CORRECTION:

Centrifugal Compressors

Type 2 Tests
Corrected Reynolds
ASME PTC to specified number at test
1997 2022 conditions correction conditions

Polytropic Efficiency 𝜂𝑝,𝑐𝑠𝑝 = 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟,𝜂 × 𝜂𝑝,𝑡

Polytropic Work Coefficient 𝜇𝑝,𝑐𝑠𝑝 = 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟,𝜇 × 𝜇𝑝,𝑡
Flow Coefficient 𝜑csp = 𝑅𝑒𝑚corr,𝜑 × 𝜑𝑡
Work Input Coefficient 𝜇𝑖𝑛,𝑐𝑠𝑝 = 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟,𝜇𝑖𝑛 × 𝜇𝑖𝑛,𝑡
Total Work Input Coefficient* 𝛺𝑠ℎ,𝑐𝑠𝑝 = 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟,𝛺 × 𝛺𝑠ℎ,𝑡
*shaft power measurement method

References:
Taher, M., “ASME PTC 10-2022: Concise Update Overview”, ASME Turbo Expo 2024, GT2024-129055

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Compressors with Sidestreams

sidestream: a partial flow addition or extraction to the flow of an upcoming section.

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

❶ ❸ ❸ ❻ ❻ ❽

❷ ❷ ❺ ❺
❹ ❼

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

❶ section 1 inlet from flange measurements

❷ section 1 discharge computed from measurements before sidestream
❸ section 2 inlet from flange measurements
❹ section 2 mixed inlet computed
❺ section 2 discharge computed from internal measurements before sidestream
❻ section 3 inlet from flange measurements
❼ section 3 mixed inlet computed
❽ section 3 discharge from flange measurements

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors
❶ ❸ ❸ ❻ ❻ ❽

❷ ❷ ❺ ❺
❹ ❼

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

Permissible deviations of the test volume flow ratio as a percent of the specified values

𝑟𝑞1−2 𝑞3 𝑟𝑞3−2 𝑞6 𝑟𝑞6−5

𝑞1 𝑡 𝑟𝑞3−2 = 𝑡
= 1 ± 5% 𝑟𝑞6−5 = 𝑡
= 1 ± 5%
𝑟𝑞1−2 = = 1 ± 5% 𝑞2 𝑟𝑞3−2 𝑞5 𝑟𝑞6−5
𝑞2 𝑟𝑞1−2 𝑠𝑝 𝑠𝑝
𝑠𝑝

𝑞4 𝑟𝑞4−5 𝑞7 𝑟𝑞7−8
𝑡 𝑡
𝑞3 𝑟𝑞3−2 𝑟𝑞4−5 = = 1 ± 5% 𝑟𝑞7−8 = = 1 ± 5%
𝑟𝑞3−2 = 𝑡 𝑞5 𝑟𝑞4−5 𝑞8 𝑟𝑞7−8
= 1 ± 5% 𝑠𝑝 𝑠𝑝
𝑞2 𝑟𝑞3−2
𝑠𝑝
𝑞6 𝑟𝑞6−5
𝑡
𝑟𝑞6−5 = = 1 ± 5%
𝑞5 𝑟𝑞6−5
𝑠𝑝

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Real Gas
Ref: GT2019-90112

𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 ≠ 𝑅
𝑍 2
𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑅 ∙ 𝑋+1
𝑌

NOTE:

(𝒄𝒑 −𝒄𝒗 )/𝐑

The relationship 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑅 is not valid for real gases.
To calculate the ratio of specific heats, values of 𝑐𝑝 and
𝑐𝑣 must be independently calculated.

𝑋 = 𝛽𝑇 − 1
1 𝜕𝑣
𝛽 Isobaric expansivity, = 𝜐
𝜕𝑇 𝑝

𝑌 = 𝑝𝛼
1 𝜕𝑣
𝛼 Isothermal compressibility, = − 𝜐
𝜕𝑝 𝑇
z
𝑍 Compressibility factor (as used in 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑍𝑅𝑇)

References:
Taher, M., “The Use of Departure Functions to Estimate Deviation of a Real Gas from the Ideal Gas Model”, ASME Turbo Expo 2019, GT2019-90112
Taher, M., “ASME PTC-10 and Heat Capacity Relations for Polytropic and Isentropic Compression Process of Real Gas”, ASME Turbo Expo 2017, GT2017-63106

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Real Gas
Acoustic Velocity required for Mach number calculations
Ref: GT2019-90112

𝑎 ≠ 𝑘𝑅𝑇

𝑎= 𝑛𝑠 𝑍𝑅𝑇st

Isentropic volume exponent, 𝑛𝑠 ,

𝑐𝑝
𝑛𝑠 ≠
𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑝
𝑐
𝑛𝑠 = 𝑣
𝑌

Reference:
z
Taher, M., “The Use of Departure Functions to Estimate Deviation of a Real Gas from the Ideal Gas Model”, ASME Turbo Expo 2019, GT2019-90112

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2
Polytropic Process Polytropic Work 𝑤𝑝 = න 𝑣𝑑𝑝 Unknown path
1
𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑝) ?
p
𝑤𝑝
Polytropic Efficiency 𝜂𝑝 =
2 ∆ℎ

1 𝑝𝑣 𝑛 = 𝑐
Neither 𝑐 nor 𝑛 remain constant along the polytropic path
For real gas conditions, deviation is higher
ν
DON’T USE 𝑝𝑣 𝑛 = 𝑐 FOR PERFORMANCE TESTS

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
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ASME PTC 10- 2022 ASME PTC 10-1997

2.6 Polytropic compression 2.6.3 Polytropic compression
… The polytropic process follows a path such
… The polytropic process follows a path such that the polytropic exponent is constant
that the polytropic efficiency is constant during the process.
during the process.
poor approximation for the
𝒑𝒗𝒏ഥ = constant polytropic path!
Ref: GT2023-104213

Reference:
Taher, M., Evans F., “Centrifugal Compressor Polytropic Performance Evaluation:
Taher-Evans Methods”, ASME Turbo Expo 2023, GT2023-104213

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𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝
𝒗 − 𝒅𝒗

Polytropic Process
𝑇 + 𝑑𝑇
ℎ + 𝑑ℎ
𝒑𝟐
𝑝
❷ 𝑣
Enthalpy
𝑇
ℎ

𝑠 𝑠 + 𝑑𝑠
𝒑𝟏
Polytropic efficiency is constant
along the path:

❶ 𝑣𝑑𝑝
𝜂𝑝 =
𝑑ℎ
Entropy
Reference:
Taher, M., Evans, F., "Centrifugal Compressor Polytropic Performance — Improved Rapid Calculation Results — Cubic Polynomial Methods", International Journal
of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power, 2021, DOI 10.3390/ijtpp6020015.

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
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Polytropic Process

❶ Updated Definition:
based on a constant polytropic efficiency along the compression path

ASME PTC 10-2022 (Table 7-4-1)

❷ New Calculation Methods: Max. Expected
Calculation Method
Uncertainty [%]
• Sandberg-Colby Endpoint Method Sandberg-Colby Endpoint 0.38

• Huntington Method Huntington 0.02

10 steps 0.004
• Sandberg-Colby Multistep Method Sandberg-Colby Multistep
20 steps 0.001

The listed uncertainties are based on a 95% confidence level (two

standard deviations) for more than 70 different example cases,
(Evans and Huble, 2017), including a majority that were highly
nonideal gas conditions.

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Multipoint Performance Test Two-point Performance Test

Polytropic Work Coefficient

0.96 𝜙𝑠𝑝

Polytropic Work Coefficient

1.04 𝜙𝑠𝑝
1 2 1
3
4 2
5
test speed test speed
(or IGV setting) (or IGV setting)

> 1.05 𝜙𝑠𝑝

𝜙𝑠𝑝 Flow Coefficient

𝜙𝑠𝑝
𝜙𝑡,1 𝜙𝑡,2 Flow Coefficient

References:
Taher, M., “ASME PTC 10-2022: Concise Update Overview”, Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2024, London, UK, GT2024-129055

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 An Overview of ASME PTC 10-2022
on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

Permissible Fluctuation Tolerances of Test Readings

Permissible Fluctuation of Test Readings, %
Measurement Units*
PTC 10 - 1997 PTC 10 - 2022

Inlet temperature °R 0.5 0.3

Speed rpm 1 0.5

Inlet volumetric flow ft3/min - 0.5

Cooling water inlet temp °R 0.5 0.3

Torque lbf·ft 1 0.5

specific gravity meter 0.25
Molecular weight lbm/lbmole 0.25
gas chromatograph (Para. 4-9.3)
* ASME PTC 10-2022 employs both SI and U.S. customary units. In this table, the U.S. customary units are used to highlight the updates
from the previous revision of ASME PTC 10-1997, which was based on U.S. customary units only.

References:
Taher, M., “ASME PTC 10-2022: Concise Update Overview”, Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2024, London, UK, GT2024-129055

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on Performance Testing of Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

TOTAL PRESSURE AND TOTAL TEMPERATURE

ASME PTC 10-2022 provides two methods to determine the total pressure and total temperature:

1. Rigorous Method (para. 5-4.4.1)

based on the use of an equation of state to determine fluid properties

and calculate pressures and temperatures for known state conditions
based on using enthalpy and entropy.

2. Alternate Mach Number Method (para. 5-4.4.2b)

𝑉2 1 + 𝑋
𝑇 = 𝑇static +
𝑛𝑠 𝑍𝑅 1+𝑋 Τ𝑐𝑝 𝑛𝑠 −1 2𝑐𝑝
𝑇meas 𝑛𝑠 − 1
= 1 − 𝑟𝑓 + 𝑟𝑓 1 + 𝑀2 𝑛𝑠 Τ 𝑛𝑠 −1
𝑇static 2 𝑛𝑠 − 1 2
𝑝 = 𝑝static 1+ 𝑀
2

Note: The overall uncertainty of the test is not expected to be impacted by the choice of either method.

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TEST UNCERTAINTY

• ASME PTC 10-2022 recommends an uncertainty analysis be made prior to the test to
ensure that the test objectives can be met.

New Section 7
• Section 7 has been added to ASME PTC 10-2022, which refers to ASME PTC 19.1 for
uncertainty and treatment of errors.

New Appendix H
• A sample calculation is provided in appendix H.

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ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES

3-13.1 Uncertainty Analysis Measurement Unit Value Table 4-18.2-1:

… the results of the test calculations Typical end-to-end
Pressure % value 0.25 measurement uncertainties
are subject to error caused by the Temperature °C (°F) 0.3 (0.5) for adequate precision
inaccuracies of the test Volume flow % value 0.5
instrumentation systems and/or Gas molecular weight
% value 1.0
procedures. It is recommended that (specific gravity meters)
an uncertainty analysis be made Torque % value 1.0
prior to the test to ensure that the Speed % value 0.1
test objectives can be met. Relative humidity
% value 2
… detailed procedures are given in (for open loop air tests)
Section 7 and ASME PTC 19.1. Max. Expected Table 7-4-1
Calculation Method Max. Expected Uncertainty
Uncertainty
Sandberg-Colby Method 0.38% Based on more than 70
Huntington Method 0.02% cases including highly
non-ideal gas conditions
Sandberg-Colby Multi-step Method (10 steps) 0.004%
Sandberg-Colby Multi-step Method (20 steps) 0.001%

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0.88 Ref: GT2021-59678

0.87

Polytropic Efficiency
0.86
Caution!
0.85
0.84
The polytropic efficiency or work, when 7.5% 7% 4%
0.83
calculated using different EOS for the
0.82
same inlet and discharge conditions with 5% 2%
0.81
identical gas compositions, may exhibit
0.80
significant deviations. These variations 4%
0.79
can far exceed the uncertainties
0.78
associated with both measurement and
0.77
polytropic work calculation methods. MP HP
HP HP
LP Ethylene HP Propane CH4/C3H8/ CH4/C3H8/
Ethylene CH4/CO2
CO2 CO2

Equation of State
PR-LK 0.8036 0.8217 0.8112 0.7460 0.7504 0.8181
PR 0.8354 0.8164 0.8145 0.8458 0.8418 0.8563
LKP 0.8022 0.8225 0.8107 0.7998 0.8008 0.8335
BWRS 0.7868 0.8085 0.7761 0.8735 0.8683 0.8334
REFPROP 0.8192 0.8061 0.7943 0.8204 0.8204 0.8211

Reference:
Taher, M., Evans F., “Centrifugal Compressor Polytropic Performance Evaluation Using Cubic
Polynomial Approximation for the Temperature-Entropy Polytropic Path”, ASME Turbo Expo 2021,
GT2021-59678
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Thank you!

Matt Taher, P.E.

Technology Manager, Turbomachinery
Bechtel Energy Inc.
Houston, USA

mtaherim@[Link]

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