C H A PTER 16

STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

SEC TIO N 1601 lateraldeform ation ofthediaphragm islessthan orequalto

G EN ER A L tw o tim es the average story drift.
1601.1 [Link] the D U R ATIO N O F LO A D .The period ofcontinuous applica-
structuraldesign ofbuildings,structuresand portionsthereof tion ofagiven load,ortheaggregateofperiodsofinterm ittent
regulated by this code. applications ofthe sam e load.
Exception: Buildings and structures located w ithin the ESSEN TIA L FAC [Link] and otherstructures
high-velocity hurricane zone shallcom ply w ith the provi- thatareintended to rem ain operationalin theeventofextrem e
sionsofSections1615 through 1626,and,asapplicablein environm entalloadingfrom flood,w ind,snow orearthquakes.
flood hazard areas,Section 1612.
FA BR IC PA RTITIO N .A partition consisting ofa finished
surfacem adeoffabric,w ithoutacontinuousrigidbacking,that
SEC TIO N 1602 isdirectly attached to a fram ing system in w hich the vertical
D EFIN ITIO N S A N D N O TATIO N S fram ing m em bersarespaced greaterthan 4 feet(1219 m m )on
center.
1602.1 D [Link] follow ing w ordsand term sshall,for
thepurposesofthischapter,havethem eaningsshow nherein. FAC TO R ED LO A D .Theproductofanom inalloadandaload
factor.
A LLO W A BLE STR ESS D ESIG N .A m ethod ofproportion-
ingstructuralm em bers,suchthatelasticallycom putedstresses G UA R D .See Section 1002.1.
producedinthem em bersbynom inalloadsdonotexceedspec- IM PAC T LO A D .Theloadresulting from m oving m achinery,
ified allow able stresses (also called “w orking stress design”). elevators,cranew ays,vehicles and other sim ilar forces and
BA SE SH EA R .Totaldesignlateralforceorshearatthebase. kinetic loads,pressure and possible surcharge from fixed or
D EA D LO A D S. The w eight of m aterials of construction m oving loads.
incorporated into the building,including butnotlim ited to LIM IT STATE.A condition beyond w hich a structure or
w alls,floors,roofs,ceilings,stairw ays,built-in partitions,fin- m em berbecom esunfitforserviceandisjudgedtobenolonger
ishes,cladding and othersim ilarly incorporated architectural usefulforitsintended function (serviceability lim itstate)orto
andstructuralitem s,andthew eightoffixedserviceequipm ent, be unsafe (strength lim itstate).
such ascranes,plum bing stacksand risers,electricalfeeders,
LIV E LO A D [Link] loads produced by the use and occu-
heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system s and
pancyofthebuildingorotherstructureanddonotincludecon-
autom atic sprinklersystem s.
structionorenvironm entalloadssuchasw indload,snow load,
D ESIG N STR EN G TH .Theproductofthenom inalstrength rain load,earthquake load,flood load ordead load.
and a resistance factor(orstrength reduction factor).
LIV E LO A D S (R O O F).Those loads produced (1) during
D IA PH R AG M .A horizontalorslopedsystem actingtotrans- m aintenance by w orkers,equipm entand m aterials;and (2)
m itlateralforcesto the vertical-resisting elem ents.W hen the during the life of the structure by m ovable objects such as
term “diaphragm ” isused,itshallinclude horizontalbracing planters and by people.
system s.
LO A D A N D R ESISTA N C E FAC TO R D ESIG N (LR FD ).A
D iaphragm ,[Link] light-fram e construction,a dia- m ethodofproportioning structuralm em bersandtheirconnec-
phragm in w hich allsheathing edges notoccurring on a tionsusing load and resistancefactorssuch thatno applicable
fram ingm em beraresupportedonandfastenedtoblocking. lim itstateisreached w hen thestructureissubjected to appro-
D iaphragm [Link]-fram econstruction,aloca- priate load com [Link] term “LRFD ” is used in the
tion w hereshearistransferred into oroutofthediaphragm design ofsteeland w ood structures.
[Link] eitherto a boundary elem entorto LO A D EFFEC TS. Forces and deform ations produced in
anotherforce-resisting elem ent. structuralm em bers by the applied loads.
D iaphragm chord.A diaphragm boundary elem entper- LO A D FAC TO R .A factorthataccountsfordeviationsofthe
pendicularto theapplied load thatisassum ed to takeaxial actualloadfrom thenom inalload,foruncertaintiesintheanal-
stresses due to the diaphragm m om ent. ysisthattransform stheloadintoaloadeffect,andfortheprob-
D iaphragm flexible.A diaphragm isflexible forthe pur- ability that m ore than one extrem e load w ill occur
pose of distribution of story shear and torsionalm om ent sim ultaneously.
w heresoindicatedinSection12.3.1ofA SCE 7,asm odified LO A D [Link] thew eightof
in Section 1613.6.1. building m aterials,occupantsand theirpossessions,environ-
D iaphragm ,rigid.A diaphragm isrigid forthepurposeof m entaleffects,differentialm ovem entand restrained dim en-
distribution ofstory shearand torsionalm om entw hen the sional changes. Perm anent loads are those loads in w hich

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

variations overtim e are rare orofsm allm agnitude,such as Lr = Roof live load including any perm itted live load
dead loads.A llotherloadsarevariableloads(seealso “Nom i- reduction.
nalloads”). R = Rain load.
N O M IN A L LO A D [Link] agnitudesoftheloadsspecifiedin T = Self-straining force arising from contraction or
thischapter(dead,live,soil,w ind,snow,rain,flood and earth- expansion resulting from tem perature change,
quake). shrinkage, m oisture change, creep in com ponent
O C C U PA N C Y C ATEG O RY.A category used to determ ine m aterials,m ovem entdue to differentialsettlem ent
structuralrequirem ents based on occupancy. orcom binations thereof.
O TH ER STRU C TU R [Link],other than buildings, Vasd= nom inaldesign w ind speed (3-sec gust),m ilesper
forw hich loads are specified in this chapter. hour(m ph)(km /hr)w here applicable.
PA N EL (PA RT O F A STRU C TU R E).Thesectionofafloor, Vult= ultim atedesign w ind speeds(3-secgust),m ilesper
w allorroofcom prised betw een the supporting fram e oftw o hour (m ph) (km /hr) determ ined from Figures
adjacentrow sofcolum nsandgirdersorcolum nbandsoffloor 1609A ,1609B,or1609C orA SCE 7.
orroofconstruction. W = Load due to w ind pressure.
PR O D U C TIO N G R EEN H O U SE. G reenhouses that are
occupied for grow ing plants on a productor research basis
w ithoutpublic access. SEC TIO N 1603
C O N STR U C TIO N D O C U M EN TS
R ESISTA N C E FAC TO R .A factorthataccounts fordevia-
tionsofthe actualstrength from the nom inalstrength and the 1603.1 G [Link] docum entsshallshow thesize,
m anner and consequences of failure (also called “strength section and relativelocationsofstructuralm em bersw ith floor
reduction factor”). levels,colum n centers and offsets dim [Link] design
loadsand otherinform ation pertinentto the structuraldesign
R ISK C ATEG O RY.A categorization ofbuildingsand other
required by Sections1603.1.1 through 1603.1.9 shallbeindi-
structuresfordeterm ination offlood and w ind loadsbased on
cated on the construction docum ents.
the risk associated w ith unacceptable perform ance.
STR EN G TH ,N O M IN A [Link] capacity of a structure or Exception: Construction docum ents for buildings con-
m em bertoresisttheeffectsofloads,asdeterm inedby com pu- structed in accordance w ith the conventionallight-fram e
tationsusing specified m aterialstrengthsand dim ensionsand construction provisionsofSection 2308 shallindicate the
equations derived from accepted principles of structural follow ing structuraldesign inform ation:
m echanicsorbyfieldtestsorlaboratorytestsofscaledm odels, 1. Floorand rooflive loads.
allow ing form odeling effectsand differencesbetw een labora-
2. Reserved.
tory and field conditions.
3. U ltim ate design w ind speed,V ult ,(3-second gust),
STR EN G TH ,R EQ U IR ED .Strengthofam em ber,crosssec- m iles per hour (m ph) (km /hr) and nom inaldesign
tion orconnection required to resistfactored loadsorrelated w ind speed,V asd,as determ ined in accordance w ith
internalm om entsandforcesinsuchcom binationsasstipulated Section 1609.3.1 and w ind exposure.
by these provisions.
4. Reserved.
STR EN G TH D ESIG N .A m ethodofproportioning structural
m em berssuch thatthecom puted forcesproduced in them em - 5. Flood design data,iflocated in flood hazard areas
bers by factored loads do not exceed the m em ber design established in Section 1612.3.
strength [also called “load and resistance factor design” 6. D esign load-bearing values ofsoils.
(LRFD )].The term “strength design” isused in the design of
concrete and m asonry structuralelem ents. 1603.1.1 Floor live [Link] uniform ly distributed,con-
centrated and im pactfloorliveload used in thedesign shall
V EH IC LE BA R R IER SY STEM .A system ofbuildingcom - be indicated forfloorareas.U se oflive load reduction in
ponentsnearopen sidesofagarage floororram p orbuilding accordancew ith Section 1607.9 shallbeindicated foreach
w alls thatactas restraints forvehicles. type oflive load used in the design.
N O TATIO N S. 1603.1.2 R oof live [Link] roof live load used in the
D = D ead load. design shallbe indicated forroofareas (Section 1607.11).
F = Load due to fluidsw ith w ell-defined pressuresand 1603.1.3 R oofsnow [Link].
m axim um heights.
1603.1.4 W ind design [Link] follow ing inform ation
Fa = Floodloadinaccordancew ithChapter5ofA SCE 7. related to w ind loadsshallbeshow n,regardlessofw hether
H = Load due to lateralearth pressures,ground w ater w ind loadsgovern the design ofthe lateral-force-resisting
pressure orpressure ofbulk m aterials. system ofthe building:
L = Liveload,exceptroofliveload,including any per- 1. U ltim ate design w ind speed V ult ,(3-second gust),
m itted live load reduction. m iles per hour (km /hr) and nom inal design w ind

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

speed,V asd,asdeterm inedinaccordancew ithSection to support safely the nom inal loads in load com binations
1609.3.1. defined in thiscode w ithoutexceeding the appropriate speci-
2. Risk Category from Table 1604.5 orTable 1.5-1 of fied allow able stresses forthe m aterials ofconstruction.
A SCE 7. Loadsand forcesforoccupanciesorusesnotcovered inthis
3. W ind exposure.W herem orethan onew indexposure chaptershallbesubjecttotheapprovalofthebuildingofficial.
is utilized,the w ind exposure and applicable w ind 1604.3 Serviceability. Structural system s and m em bers
direction shallbe indicated. thereofshallbe designed to have adequate stiffness to lim it
4. The applicable enclosure classifications and, if deflectionsandlateraldrift.SeeSection12.12.1ofA SCE 7for
designingw ithA SCE 7,internalpressurecoefficient. driftlim its applicable to earthquake loading.
5. Com ponentsand [Link] w ind pressures 1604.3.1 D [Link] deflections ofstructuralm em -
in term sofpsf(kN /m 2)to beused fortheselection of bersshallnotexceed them orerestrictiveofthelim itations
exteriorcom ponentandcladdingm aterialsnotspecifi- ofSections1604.3.2 through 1604.3.5 orthatperm itted by
cally designed by theregistered design professional. Table 1604.3.
1603.1.5 Earthquake design [Link]. TA B LE 1604.3
D EFLEC TIO N LIM ITS a,b,c,h,i
1603.1.6 G eotechnical inform ation. The design load- f
C O N STR U C TIO N L S or W D + Ld,g
bearing valuesofsoilsshallbe show n on the construction
docum ents. Roofm em bers: e

Supporting plasterceiling l/360 l/360 l/240

1603.1.7Flood design [Link] hole Supporting nonplasterceiling l/240 l/240 l/180
orin partin flood hazard areas as established in Section N otsupporting ceiling l/180 l/180 l/120
1612.3,thedocum entation pertaining to design,ifrequired M em bers supporting screen surface — — l/60
inSection1612.5,shallbeincludedandthefollow inginfor-
m ation,referenced to thedatum on thecom m unity’sFlood Floorm em bers l/360 — l/240
InsuranceRateM ap (FIRM ),shallbeshow n,regardlessof Exteriorw alls and interiorpartitions:
w hetherflood loads govern the design ofthe building: W ith brittle finishes — l/240 —
1. In flood hazard areas notsubjectto high-velocity W ith flexible finishes — l/120 —
w ave action,the elevation of the proposed low est Farm buildings — — l/180
floor,including the basem ent.
G reenhouses — — l/120
2. In flood hazard areas notsubjectto high-velocity
w ave action,the elevation to w hich any nonresiden- ForSI: 1 foot= 304.8 m m .
tialbuilding w illbe dry floodproofed. [Link] adeofform edm etalsheets,thetotalload
deflectionshallnotexceedl/[Link] em berssup-
[Link] flood hazard areassubjectto high-velocity w ave portingform edm etalroofing,theliveloaddeflectionshallnotexceedl/150.
action,the proposed elevation ofthe bottom ofthe Forsecondary w allm em bers supporting form ed m etalsiding,the design
low est horizontal structural m em ber of the low est w ind load deflection shallnotexceed l/[Link],this exception only
applies w hen the m etalsheets have no roofcovering.
floor,including the basem ent. [Link] 6 feetin heightand flexible,folding and
1603.1.8 [Link] portable partitionsare notgoverned by the [Link]
deflection criterion forinteriorpartitions is based on the horizontalload
thedesignofthebuilding,structureorportionsthereofshall defined in Section 1607.13.
be indicated along w ith the specified section ofthis code [Link] Section 2403 forglass supports.
thataddresses the specialloading condition. [Link] oodstructuralm em bershavingam oisturecontentoflessthan16per-
centattim e ofinstallation and used underdry conditions,the deflection
1603.1.9 System s and com ponents requiring special resulting from L + 0.5D is perm itted to be substituted forthe deflection
inspections for seism ic [Link]. resulting from L + D .
[Link]
sufficientslopeorcam berto assureadequatedrainageshallbeinvestigated
[Link] 1611 forrain and ponding requirem entsand Sec-
SEC TIO N 1604 tion 1503.4 forroofdrainage requirem ents.
G EN ER A L D ESIG N R EQ U IR EM EN TS f. The w ind load isperm itted to be taken as0.42 tim esthe “com ponentand
1604.1G [Link],structuresandpartsthereofshallbe cladding” loads forthe purpose ofdeterm ining deflection lim its herein.
[Link] em bers,the dead load shallbe taken as zero.
designed and constructed in accordance w ith strength design, [Link] inum structuralm em bersoralum inum panelsusedinskylightsand
load and resistance factor design,allowable stress design, slopedglazingfram ing,roofsorw allsofsunroom additionsorpatiocovers,
em piricaldesignorconventionalconstructionm ethods,asper- notsupporting edge ofglassoralum inum sandw ich panels,the totalload
m itted by the applicable m aterialchapters. deflection shallnotexceed l/[Link] inum structuralm em -
berssupportingedgeofglass,thetotalloaddeflectionshallnotexceedl/175
1604.2 [Link] and other structures,and parts foreach glassliteorl/60 fortheentirelength ofthem em ber,w hicheveris
thereof,shallbedesignedandconstructedtosupportsafelythe m [Link] inum sandw ichpanelsusedinroofsorw allsofsun-
room additions orpatio covers,the totalload deflection shallnotexceed
factored loadsin load com binationsdefined in thiscodew ith- l/120.
outexceedingtheappropriatestrengthlim itstatesforthem ate- i. Forcantileverm em bers,lshallbetakenastw icethelengthofthecantilever.
rials of construction. A lternatively, buildings and other j. Screensurfacesshallbeperm ittedtoincludeam axim um of25% solidflexi-
structures,andpartsthereof,shallbedesigned andconstructed ble finishes.

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

1604.3.2 R einforced concrete. The deflection of rein- building orstructure providesrequired accessto,required
forced concrete structuralm em bers shallnotexceed that egressfrom orshareslife safety com ponentsw ith another
perm itted by ACI318. portion having ahigherriskcategory,both portionsshallbe
assigned to the higherriskcategory.
1604.3.3 [Link] deflection ofsteelstructuralm em bers
shallnotexceed thatperm itted by A ISC 360,A ISIS100, 1604.6 In-situ load [Link]
A SCE 3,A SCE 8,SJICJ-1.0,SJIJG -1.1,SJIK -1.1 orSJI require an engineering analysisora load test,orboth,ofany
LH /D LH -1.1,as applicable. construction w heneverthereisreason to question thesafety of
[Link]-
1604.3.4 M [Link] deflection of m asonry structural
ysisand load testsshallbeconducted in accordancew ith Sec-
m em bersshallnotexceed thatperm itted by TM S 402/ACI
tion 1714.
530/A SCE 5.
1604.7 Preconstruction load tests.M aterialsand m ethodsof
1604.3.5 A lum inum .The deflection of alum inum struc-
construction that are not capable of being designed by
tural m em bers shall not exceed that perm itted by A A
approved engineering analysisorthatdo notcom ply w ith the
A D M 1.
applicable m aterialdesign standards listed in Chapter35,or
1604.3.6 Lim its.D eflection of structural m em bers over alternative testprocedures in accordance w ith Section 1712,
span,l,shallnotexceed thatperm itted by Table 1604.3. shallbe load tested in accordance w ith Section 1715.
1604.4 A [Link] effectson structuralm em bersand their 1604.8 A nchorage.
connectionsshallbedeterm inedbym ethodsofstructuralanal-
1604.8.1 G eneral.A nchorageoftheroofto w allsand col-
ysisthattake into accountequilibrium ,generalstability,geo-
um ns,and ofw alls and colum ns to foundations,shallbe
m etric com patibility and both short-and long-term m aterial
provided to resistthe upliftand sliding forces thatresult
properties.
from the application ofthe prescribed loads.
M em bers that tend to accum ulate residual deform ations
1604.8.2W alls.W allsshallbeanchoredtofloors,roofsand
underrepeatedserviceloadsshallhaveincludedintheiranaly-
otherstructuralelem entsthatprovidelateralsupportforthe
sistheadded eccentricitiesexpected to occurduring theirser-
w [Link]-
vice life.
tion capable ofresisting the horizontalforces specified in
A ny system orm ethod ofconstruction to be used shallbe thischapterunlessthelateralforcehasotherw isebeen cal-
based on a rationalanalysis in accordance w ith w ell-estab- culated by the [Link] and m asonry
lished principlesofm [Link] analysisshallresultin a w allsshallbe designed to resistbending betw een anchors
system thatprovidesacom pleteload path capableoftransfer- w here the anchor spacing exceeds 4 feet (1219 m m ).
ring loadsfrom theirpointoforigin to the load-resisting ele- Requiredanchorsinm asonryw allsofhollow unitsorcavity
m ents. w allsshallbe em bedded in a reinforced grouted structural
Thetotallateralforceshallbedistributedtothevariousverti- elem entof the w [Link] Sections 1609 for w ind design
calelem entsofthelateral-force-resisting system in proportion requirem ents.
to their rigidities,considering the rigidity of the horizontal 1604.8.3D ecks.W heresupportedbyattachm enttoanexte-
bracing system ordiaphragm .Rigid elem entsassum ed notto riorwall,decksshallbepositively anchored to theprim ary
be a partofthe lateral-force-resisting system are perm itted to structureand designed forboth verticaland lateralloadsas
be incorporated into buildings provided their effect on the [Link] attachm entshallnotbe accom plished by
action of the system is considered and provided for in the the use oftoenails ornails subjectto w ithdraw al.W here
[Link] herediaphragm sareflexible,orareperm itted positiveconnectiontotheprim arybuildingstructurecannot
to be analyzed as flexible,provisions shallbe m ade for the be verified during inspection,decksshallbe self-support-
increasedforcesinducedonresistingelem entsofthestructural [Link] ith cantilevered fram ing m em -
system resulting from torsion due to eccentricity betw een the bers to exteriorw alls orotherfram ing m em bers shallbe
centerofapplicationofthelateralforcesandthecenterofrigid- designed forboth ofthe follow ing:
ity ofthe lateral-force-resisting system .
1. The reactions resulting from the dead load and live
Every structure shallbe designed to resistthe overturning loadspecifiedinTable1607.1,orthesnow loadspec-
[Link] ified in Section 1608, in accordance w ith Section
Section 1609 forw ind loadsand Section 1610 forlateralsoil 1605,acting on allportions ofthe deck.
loads.
2. The reactions resulting from the dead load and live
1604.5 R isk [Link] building and structure shallbe loadspecifiedinTable1607.1,orthesnow loadspec-
assigned a risk categoryin accordance w ith Table 1604.5. ified in Section 1608, in accordance w ith Section
1604.5.1M ultipleoccupancies.W hereabuildingorstruc- 1605,acting on the cantilevered portion ofthe deck,
tureisoccupiedbytw oorm oreoccupanciesnotincludedin and no live load orsnow load on the rem aining por-
thesam eriskcategory,itshallbeassignedtheclassification tion ofthe deck.
ofthe highestrisk category corresponding to the various 1604.9 C ounteracting [Link] em -
occupancies.W here buildings or structures have tw o or bers,system s,com ponentsand cladding shallbe designed to
m ore portionsthatare structurally separated,each portion resistforces due to w ind,w ith consideration ofoverturning,
shallbeseparatelyclassified.W hereaseparatedportionofa sliding and [Link] pathsshallbeprovided for

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1604.5
R ISK C ATEG O RY O F B U ILD IN G S A N D O TH ER STRU C TU R ES
R ISK
C A TEG O R Y N A TU R E O F O C C U PA N C Y

Buildingsand otherstructuresthatrepresentalow hazard to hum an lifein theeventoffailure,including butnotlim ited to:

• A griculturalfacilities.
I • Certain tem porary facilities.
• M inorstorage facilities.
• Screen enclosures.
II Buildings and otherstructures exceptthose listed in Risk Categories I,IIIand IV
Buildings and otherstructures thatrepresenta substantialhazard to hum an life in the eventoffailure,including butnot
lim ited to:
• Buildingsandotherstructuresw hoseprim aryoccupancyispublicassem blyw ithanoccupantloadgreaterthan300.
• Buildingsand otherstructurescontaining elem entary school,secondary schoolorday carefacilitiesw ith an occupant
load greaterthan 250.
• Buildingsandotherstructurescontainingadulteducationfacilities,suchascollegesanduniversities,w ithanoccupant
load greaterthan 500.
III • G roup I-2 occupanciesw ith an occupantload of50 orm ore residentpatientsbutnothaving surgery orem ergency
treatm entfacilities.
• G roup I-3 occupancies.
• A ny otheroccupancy w ith an occupantload greaterthan 5,000a.
• Pow er-generating stations,w atertreatm entfacilitiesforpotablew ater,w astew atertreatm entfacilitiesand otherpub-
lic utility facilities notincluded in Risk Category IV .
• Buildingsand otherstructuresnotincluded in Risk Category IV containing sufficientquantitiesoftoxicorexplosive
substances to be dangerous to the public ifreleased.
Buildings and otherstructures designated as essentialfacilities,including butnotlim ited to:
• G roup I-2 occupancies having surgery orem ergency treatm entfacilities.
• Fire,rescue,am bulance and police stations and em ergency vehicle garages.
• D esignated earthquake,hurricane orotherem ergency shelters.
• D esignated em ergency preparedness,com m unicationsand operationscentersand otherfacilitiesrequired forem er-
gency response.
IV • Pow er-generating stationsandotherpublicutility facilitiesrequired asem ergency backup facilitiesforRiskCategory
IV structures.
• Structurescontaining highly toxicm aterialsasdefined by Section 307 w herethequantity ofthem aterialexceedsthe
m axim um allow able quantities ofTable 307.1(2).
• A viation controltow ers,airtraffic controlcenters and em ergency aircrafthangars.
• Buildings and otherstructures having criticalnationaldefense functions.
• W aterstorage facilities and pum p structures required to m aintain w aterpressure forfire suppression.
[Link],occupanciesrequiredbyTable1004.1.1to usegrossfloorareacalculationsshallbeperm ittedtousenetfloorareasto
determ ine the totaloccupantload.

transm itting these forces to the foundation.W here sliding is com bination shallalso beinvestigated w ith oneorm oreofthe
usedtoisolatetheelem ents,theeffectsoffrictionbetw eenslid- variable loads setto zero.
ing elem ents shallbe included as a force.
1605.1.1 [Link] hich load com binations
1604.10 W ind and seism ic [Link]. areused to design forstrength,w hereoverallstructuresta-
bility(suchasstabilityagainstoverturning,sliding,orbuoy-
ancy) is being verified, use of the load com binations
SEC TIO N 1605 specified in Section 1605.2 or1605.3 shallbe perm itted.
LO A D C O M B IN ATIO N S W here the load com binations specified in Section 1605.2
1605.1 G [Link] otherstructuresand portions areused,strength reduction factorsapplicableto soilresis-
thereofshallbe designed to resist: tanceshallbeprovided by aregistered design professional.
The stability ofretaining w alls shallbe verified in accor-
1. The load com binations specified in Section 1605.2, dance w ith Section 1807.2.3.
1605.3.1 or1605.3.2,
2. Theload com binationsspecified in Chapters18 through 1605.2 Load com binations using strength design or load
23. and resistance factor design.
A pplicable loads shallbe considered,including w ind,in 1605.2.1 Basicload com binations.W herestrength design
accordance w ith the specified load com [Link] load orload and resistancefactordesign isused,structuresand

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

portionsthereofshallresistthem ostcriticaleffectsfrom the increase shall be perm itted in accordance w ith

follow ing com binations offactored loads: Chapter23.
1.4(D + F) (Equation 16-1) Exception:Increases in allow able stressshall
be perm itted in accordance w ith A C I
1.2(D + F + T)+ 1.6(L + H )+ 0.5(LrorR) (Equation 16-2) 530/A SCE 5/TM S 402 provided the loads in
the load com binationsofEquations16-11 and
1.2D + 1.6(LrorR)+ (f1L or0.5W ) (Equation 16-3)
16-13 are notreduced.
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(LrorR) (Equation 16-4) 1605.3.1.2 Flood loads.W hereflood loads,Fa,aretobe
1.2D + f1L (Equation 16-5) considered in design,the load com binationsofSection
2.4.2 ofA SCE 7 shallbe used.
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (Equation 16-6)
1605.3.2 A lternativebasicload com [Link] lieu ofthe
0.9D + 1.6H (Equation 16-7) basic load com binationsspecified in Section 1605.3.1,struc-
turesand portionsthereofshallbeperm ittedtobedesigned for
w here: them ostcriticaleffectsresulting from thefollow ing com bina-
f1 = 1forfloorsinplacesofpublicassem bly,forliveloads tions.W hen using these alternative basic load com binations
inexcessof100poundspersquarefoot(4.79kN /m 2), thatincludew ind orseism icloads,allow ablestressesareper-
and forparking garage live load,and m itted to be increased or load com binations reduced w here
= 0.5 forotherlive loads. perm ittedbythem aterialchapterofthiscodeorthereferenced
[Link] com binationsthatinclude the counteract-
Exception:W hereotherfactored load com binationsare ingeffectsofdeadandw indloads,onlytw o-thirdsofthem ini-
specificallyrequired by theprovisionsofthiscode,such m um deadloadlikelytobeinplaceduring adesignw indevent
com binations shalltake precedence. shallbe used.W here w ind loadsare calculated in accordance
1605.2.2 Flood loads.W herefloodloads,Fa,aretobecon- w ithChapters26through31ofA SCE 7,thecoefficient inthe
sideredinthedesign,theloadcom binationsofSection2.3.3 follow ing equations shallbe taken as [Link] other w ind
ofA SCE 7 shallbe used. loads, shallbetaken as1.W hen using thesealternativeload
com binationsto evaluatesliding,overturning and soilbearing
1605.3 Load com binations using allow able stress design. atthesoil-structureinterface,thereductionoffoundationover-
1605.3.1Basicload com binations.W hereallowablestress turning from Section 12.13.4 in A SCE 7 shallnotbe used.
design (w orking stressdesign),asperm ittedby thiscode,is
D + L + (LrorR) (Equation 16-16)
used,structures and portions thereofshallresistthe m ost
criticaleffectsresultingfrom thefollow ingcom binationsof D +L+( W ) (Equation 16-17)
loads:
D +L+ W (Equation 16-18)
D +F (Equation 16-8)
D + L + W /2 (Equation 16-19)
D +H +F +L+T (Equation 16-9)
D + H + F + (LrorR) (Equation 16-10) D +L (Equation 16-20)

D + H + F + 0.75(L + T)+ 0.75(LrorR) (Equation 16-11) 0.9D (Equation 16-21)

D + H + F + (0.6W ) (Equation 16-12) Exceptions:

[Link] binedw ithrooflive
D + H + F + 0.45(W )+ 0.75L + 0.75(LrorR) loads orone-halfofthe w ind load.
(Equation 16-13)
[Link].
0.6D + 0.6W + H (Equation 16-14)
1605.3.2.1 O therloads.W hereF,H orT areto becon-
0.6D + H (Equation 16-15) sideredinthedesign,eachapplicableloadshallbeadded
to the com binations specified in Section 1605.3.2.
Exceptions:
1605.4 H eliportsand helistops.H eliportandhelistoplanding
1. Cranehook loadsneed notbecom bined w ith roof areasshallbe designed forthe follow ing loads,com bined in
live load orone-halfofthe w ind load. accordance w ith Section 1605:
2. Reserved.
1.D eadload,D ,plusthegrossw eightofthehelicopter,D h.
1605.3.1.1 Load reduction. 2. D eadload,D ,plustw osingleconcentratedim pactloads,
1. Increasesinallow ablestressspecifiedinthem ate- L,approxim ately 8 feet(2438 m m )apartapplied any-
rials,sectionsofthiscodeorareferencedstandard w here on the touchdow n pad (representing each ofthe
shallnotbeperm itted to beused w ith load com bi- helicopter’stw om ainlanding gear,w hetherskid typeor
nations of Sections 1605.3.1. D uration of load w heeled type),having a m agnitude of 0.75 tim es the

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

grossw [Link] TA B LE 1607.1

total1.5 tim es the gross w eightofthe helicopter. M IN IM U M U N IFO R M LY D ISTR IB U TED LIVE LO A D S,Lo,A N D
M IN IM U M C O N C EN TR ATED LIVE LO A D S g
3. D eadload,D ,plusauniform liveload,L,of100psf(4.79 U N IFO R M C O N C EN TR A TED
kN /m 2). O C C U PA N C Y O R U SE (psf) (lbs.)

Exception: Landing areas designed for helicopters w ith 1.A partm ents (see residential) — —
gross w eights notexceeding 3,000 pounds (13.34 kN )in
2.A ccess floorsystem s
accordance w ith Item s 1 and 2 shallbe perm itted to be O ffice use 50 2,000
designed using a 40 psf(1.92 kN /m 2)uniform live load in Com puteruse 100 2,000
Item 3,provided thelanding areaisidentified w ith a3,000-
pound (13.34 kN ) w eight lim itation. This 40-psf (1.92 3.A rm ories and drillroom s 150 —
kN /m 2)uniform liveload [Link]
4.A ssem bly areas and theaters
areaw eightlim itationshallbeindicatedbythenum eral“3” Fixed seats (fastened to floor) 60
(kips)located in thebottom rightcornerofthelanding area Follow spot,projections and control
asview ed from the prim ary approach [Link] indication room s 50
—
forthelanding areaw eightlim itationshallbeam inim um 5 Lobbies 100
M ovable seats 100
feet(1524 m m )in height. Stages and platform s 125
O therassem bly areas 100

5. Balconies (exterior)and decksh Sam e as

SEC TIO N 1606 occupancy —
D EA D LO A D S served

1606.1 G eneral.D eadloadsarethoseloadsdefinedinSection 6. Bow ling alleys 75 —

1602.1.D ead loads shallbe considered perm anentloads.
7. Catw alks 40 300
1606.2 D esign dead [Link],the actual
w eightsofm aterialsofconstruction and fixed service equip- 8. Cornices 60 —
m [Link] theabsenceofdefiniteinform ation,val-
9. Corridors,exceptas otherw ise indicated 100 —
uesusedshallbesubjecttotheapprovalofthebuildingofficial.
10.D ance halls and ballroom s 100 —

SEC TIO N 1607 11.D ining room s and restaurants 100 —

LIVE LO A D S
12.D w ellings (see residential) — —
1607.1 G [Link] in Section
1602.1. [Link] achine room grating
— 300
(on area of4 in2)
1607.2 [Link]-
ignated in Table 1607.1,the live load shallbe determ ined in [Link] lightfloorplate construction —
(on area of1 in2) 200
accordance w ith a m ethod approved by the building official.
1607.3U niform [Link] [Link] escapes 100
O n single-fam ily dw ellings only —
buildings and other structures shallbe the m axim um loads 40
expected by theintended useoroccupancy butshallin no case 16.G arages (passengervehicles only) 40 N ote a
be less than the m inim um uniform ly distributed unitloads Trucks and buses See Section 1607.6
required by Table 1607.1.
17.G randstands
— —
1607.4 C oncentrated [Link] othersim ilarsurfaces (see stadium and arena bleachers)
shall be designed to support the uniform ly distributed live
loadsprescribed in Section 1607.3 ortheconcentrated load,in 18.G ym nasium s,m ain floors and balconies 100 —
pounds(kilonew tons),given in Table 1607.1,w hicheverpro- 19.H andrails,guards and grab bars See Section 1607.7
ducesthe greaterload effects.U nlessotherw ise specified,the
indicated concentration shallbeassum ed to beuniform ly dis- 20.H ospitals
tributed overan area 21/2 feetby 21/2 feet(0.76 m by 0.76 m ) Corridors above firstfloor 80 1,000
O perating room s,laboratories 60 1,000
[61/4 squarefeet(0.58m 2)]andshallbelocatedsoastoproduce Patientroom s 40 1,000
the m axim um load effectsin the structuralm em bers.
21.H otels (see residential) — —
1607.5 Partition [Link] officebuildingsand in otherbuild-
ingsw herepartitionlocationsaresubjecttochange,provisions [Link]
forpartitionw eightshallbem ade,w hetherornotpartitionsare Corridors above firstfloor 80 1,000
show nontheconstructiondocum ents,unlessthespecifiedlive Reading room s 60 1,000
load exceeds80 psf(3.83 kN /m 2).Thepartition load shallnot Stack room s 150b 1,000
be lessthan a uniform ly distributed live load of15 psf(0.72 continued
kN /m 2).

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1607.1— continued TA B LE 1607.1— continued

M IN IM U M U N IFO R M LY D ISTR IB U TED LIVE LO A D S,Lo,A N D M IN IM U M U N IFO R M LY D ISTR IB U TED LIVE LO A D S,Lo,A N D
M IN IM U M C O N C EN TR ATED LIVE LO A D S g M IN IM U M C O N C EN TR ATED LIVE LO A D S g
U N IFO R M C O N C EN TR A TED U N IFO R M C O N C EN TR A TED
O C C U PA N C Y O R U SE (psf) (lbs.) O C C U PA N C Y O R U SE (psf) (lbs.)
23.M anufacturing [Link] s and arenas
H eavy 250 3,000 Bleachers 100c —
Light 125 2,000 Fixed seats (fastened to floor) 60c
24.M arquees 75 — [Link] and exits
N ote f
O ne-and tw o-fam ily dw ellings 40
25.O ffice buildings A llother 100
Corridors above firstfloor 80 2,000
File and com puterroom s shallbe [Link] w arehouses
designed forheavierloads based — — (shallbe designed forheavierloads if
on anticipated occupancy required foranticipated storage)
Lobbies and first-floorcorridors 100 2,000 H eavy 250
O ffices 50 2,000 Light 125
[Link] [Link]
Cellblocks 40 — Retail
Corridors 100 Firstfloor 100 1,000
U pperfloors 75 1,000
[Link] W holesale,allfloors 125 1,000
O ne-and tw o-fam ily dw ellings
U ninhabitableatticsw ithoutstoragei 10 38.V ehicle barriersystem s See Section 1607.7.3
U ninhabitable attics w ith lim ited 20
storagei,j,k 39.W alkw ays and elevated platform s
H abitable attics and sleeping areas (otherthan exitw ays) 60 —
30
A llotherareas —
40
H otels and m ultifam ily dw ellings 40.Y ards and terraces,pedestrians 100 —
Privateroom sandcorridors 40
serving them ForSI: 1 inch = 25.4 m m ,1 foot= 304.8 m m ,1 square inch = 645.16 m m 2,
1 square foot= 0.0929 m 2,
Publicroom sand corridorsserving 100 1 pound persquare foot= 0.0479kN /m 2,1 pound = 0.004448kN ,
them
a. Floorsingaragesorportionsofbuildingsusedforthestorageofm otorvehiclesshallbe
designedfortheuniform lydistributedliveloadsofTable1607.1orthefollow ingcon-
[Link] ing stands,grandstands and centrated loads:(1)forgaragesrestricted to passengervehiclesaccom m odating not
bleachers N ote c
m orethanninepassengers,3,000poundsactingonanareaof4.5inchesby4.5inches;
(2)form echanicalparking structuresw ithoutslab ordeck w hich areused forstoring
[Link] passengervehicles only,2,250 pounds perw heel.
A llroofsurfacessubjecttom aintenance 300 b. Theloadingappliesto stack room floorsthatsupportnonm obile,double-faced library
w orkers bookstacks,subjectto the follow ing lim itations:
A w ningsand canopies 1. The nom inalbookstack unitheightshallnotexceed 90 inches;
Fabric construction supported by a 5 2. The nom inalshelfdepth shallnotexceed 12 inches foreach face;and
lightw eightrigidskeletonstructure nonreducible 3. Parallelrow sofdouble-faced bookstacksshallbe separated by aislesnotless
A llotherconstruction 20 than 36 inches w ide.
O rdinaryflat,pitched,andcurvedroofs 20 c. D esign in accordance w ith ICC 300.
Prim ary roof m em bers,exposed to a d. O theruniform loadsinaccordancew ithanapprovedm ethodw hichcontainsprovisions
w ork floor fortruck loadings shallalso be considered w here appropriate.
Singlepanelpointoflow erchord of e. The concentrated w heelload shallbe applied on an area of4.5 inches by 4.5 inches.
rooftrusses orany pointalong f. M inim um concentratedloadonstairtreads(onareaof4squareinches)is300pounds.
prim ary structuralm em bers g. Reserved.
supporting roofs: h. See Section 1604.8.3 fordecks attached to exteriorw alls.
O ver m anufacturing, storage i. A tticsw ithoutstoragearethosew herethem axim um clearheightbetw eenthejoistand
warehouses,andrepairgarages rafterislessthan42inches,orw heretherearenottw oorm oreadjacenttrussesw iththe
2,000
A llotheroccupancies sam e w eb configuration capable ofcontaining a rectangle 42 inches high by 2 feet
300 w ide,orgreater,locatedw [Link] ithoutstorage,thislive
Roofs used forotherspecialpurposes N ote 1 N ote 1 load need notbe assum ed to actconcurrently w ith any otherlive load requirem ents.
Roofs used forprom enade purposes 60 j. Foratticsw ithlim ited storageandconstructedw ithtrusses,thisliveloadneedonlybe
Roofs used forroofgardens or 100 applied to those portionsofthe bottom chord w here there are tw o orm ore adjacent
assem bly purposes trussesw ith the sam e w eb configuration capable ofcontaining a rectangle 42 inches
highby2feetw ideorgreater,located w ithin [Link]
[Link] fitbetw eenthetopofthebottom chordandthebottom ofanyothertrussm em ber,pro-
Classroom s 40 1,000 vided thateach ofthe follow ing criteria is m et:
Corridors above firstfloor 80 1,000 i. Theatticareaisaccessiblebyapull-dow nstairw ayorfram edopeninginaccor-
dance w ith Section 1209.2,and
First-floorcorridors 100 1,000
ii. The truss shallhave a bottom chord pitch less than 2:12.
[Link],skylightribs and accessible [Link] chordsoftrussesshallbedesignedforthegreaterofactualim poseddead
ceilings — 200 load or10 psf,uniform ly distributed overthe entire span.
k. A tticspacesservedbyafixedstairshallbedesignedtosupportthem inim um liveload
[Link] alks,vehiculardrivew ays and specified forhabitable attics and sleeping room s.
yards,subjectto trucking 250d 8,000e l. Roofs used for other special purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads as
approved by the building official.
[Link] rinks 100 —
1607.6 Truck and bus garages. M inim um live loads for
continued garages having trucks orbuses shallbe asspecified in Table
1607.6,butshallnotbe lessthan 50 psf(2.40 kN /m 2),unless

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

otherloadsarespecificallyjustifiedandapprovedbythebuild- act concurrently w ith the loads specified in Section

ing official.A ctualloadsshallbe used w here they are greater 1607.7.1.
than the loads specified in the table.
1607.7.1.2 C om [Link] ediate rails (allthose
1607.6.1Truck and busgarageliveload [Link] exceptthe handrail),balustersand panelfillersshallbe
concentrated load and uniform load shallbeuniform ly dis- designedtow ithstandahorizontallyappliednorm alload
tributedovera10-foot(3048 m m )w idthonalinenorm alto of50 pounds(0.22 kN )on an areaequalto 1 squarefoot
the centerline of the lane placed w ithin a 12-foot-w ide (0.0929 m 2), including openings and space betw een
(3658 m m )[Link] ithintheirindi- [Link] thisloading arenotrequired to be
viduallanesso asto produce the m axim um stressin each superim posed w ith those of Section 1607.7.1 or
structuralm em [Link] spans shallbe designed forthe 1607.7.1.1.
uniform loadinTable1607.6andonesim ultaneousconcen-
1607.7.2 G rab bars,show er seats and dressing room
tratedloadpositionedtoproducethem axim um effect.M ul-
bench seats.G rab bars,show er seats and dressing room
tiple spansshallbe designed forthe uniform load in Table
bench seatsystem sshallbedesigned to resistasinglecon-
1607.6 on the spans and tw o sim ultaneous concentrated
centratedloadof250pounds(1.11kN )appliedinanydirec-
loadsintw ospanspositionedtoproducethem axim um neg-
tion atany point.
ative m om enteffect.M ultiple span design loads,forother
effects,shallbe the sam e as forsingle spans. 1607.7.3 Vehiclebarriersystem [Link] s
forpassengervehicles shallbe designed to resista single
TA B LE 1607.6
U N IFO R M A N D C O N C EN TR ATED LO A D S loadof6,000pounds(26.70kN )appliedhorizontallyinany
direction to thebarriersystem and shallhaveanchorage or
C O N C EN TR A TED LO A D
(pounds)b
attachm entcapableoftransm ittingthisloadtothestructure.
U N IFO R M LO A D Fordesign ofthe system ,tw o loading conditions shallbe
LO A D IN G (pounds/linear For m om ent For shear [Link] shallapply theload ataheight
C LA SS a footoflane) design design
of1foot,6inches(457m m )abovethefloororram psurface.
H 20-44 and H S20-44 640 18,000 26,000 Thesecondloadingconditionshallapplytheloadat2feet,3
H 15-44 and H S15-44 480 13,500 19,500 inches(686 m m )abovethefloororram p [Link] ore
severeload condition shallgovern thedesign ofthebarrier
ForSI: 1 pound perlinearfoot= 0.01459kN /m ,1 pound = 0.004448kN , restraintsystem .Theloadshallbeassum edtoactonanarea
1 ton = 8.90 kN .
a.A n H loading classdesignatesa tw o-axle truck w ith a sem itrailer.A n H S
notto exceed 1 squarefoot(0.0929 m 2),and isnotrequired
loadingclassdesignatesatractortruck w ith asem [Link] bersfol- tobeassum edtoactconcurrentlyw ithanyhandrailorguard
low ing theletterclassification indicatethegrossw eightin tonsofthestan- loadingsspecified in Section 1607.7.1.G aragesaccom m o-
dard truck and the yearthe loadings w ere instituted. dating trucks and buses shallbe designed in accordance
[Link] Section 1607.6.1 forthe loading ofm ultiple spans. w ithanapprovedm ethodthatcontainsprovisionsfortraffic
1607.7 Loads on handrails,guards,grab bars,seats and railings.
vehiclebarriersystem s.H andrails,guards,grab bars,acces- 1607.8 Im pact loads. The live loads specified in Section
sible seats,accessible benches and vehicle barrier system s 1607.3 include allow ance for im [Link]
shallbedesignedandconstructedtothestructuralloadingcon- shallbe m ade in the structuraldesign forusesand loadsthat
ditions setforth in this section. involve unusualvibration and im pactforces.
1607.7.1 H andrails and guards. H andrails and guards 1607.8.1 [Link] loads shallbe increased by
shallbedesignedtoresistaloadof50poundsperlinearfoot 100 percentforim pactand the structuralsupportsshallbe
(plf)(0.73 kN /m )applied in any direction atthetop and to designed w ithin the lim its of deflection prescribed by
transferthisloadthroughthesupportstothestructure.G lass A SM E A 17.1.
handrailassem bliesandguardsshallalsocom ply w ithSec-
tion 2407. 1607.8.2 M [Link],thew eight
ofm achinery and m oving loads shallbe increased as fol-
Exceptions: low sto allow forim pact:(1)elevatorm achinery,100 per-
cent;(2)lightm achinery,shaft-orm otor-driven,20percent;
1. Forone-andtw o-fam ilydw ellings,onlythesingle
(3)reciprocating m achinery orpow er-driven units,50 per-
concentrated load required by Section 1607.7.1.1
cent;(4)hangers forfloors orbalconies,33 [Link]-
shallbe applied.
centages shall be increased w here specified by the
2. InG roupI-3,F,H andS occupancies,forareasthat m anufacturer.
are notaccessible to the generalpublic and that
havean occupantload lessthan 50,them inim um 1607.9 R eduction in [Link] liveloads
load shallbe 20 pounds perfoot(0.29 kN /m ). atroofs,allotherm inim um uniform lydistributedliveloads,Lo,
inTable1607.1 areperm ittedtobereducedinaccordancew ith
1607.7.1.1 C oncentrated load.H andrails and guards Section 1607.9.1 [Link] live loads,other
shallbe able to resista single concentrated load of200 than specialpurposeroofsofSection 1607.11.2.2,areperm it-
pounds(0.89 kN ),applied in any direction atany point ted to bereduced in accordancew ith Section [Link]
along the top,and to transferthisload through the sup- uniform liveloadsofspecialpurposeroofsareperm itted to be
portsto the [Link] need notbe assum ed to reduced in accordance w ith Section 1607.9.1 or1607.9.2.

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

1607.9.1 G [Link] the lim itations of Sections 2. Foruses otherthan storage,w here approved,
1607.9.1.1 through 1607.9.1.4,m em bersforw hich avalue additionalliveload reductionsshallbeperm it-
ofK LLAT is400squarefeet(37.16 m 2)orm oreareperm itted ted w hereshow n by theregistered design pro-
tobedesignedforareducedliveloadinaccordancew iththe fessionalthatarationalapproachhasbeenused
follow ing equation: and thatsuch reductions are w arranted.
1607.9.1.3 Passenger vehicle [Link] live loads
15
L = Lo 025
. + (Equation 16-22) shallnotbe reduced in passengervehicle garages.
K LL AT
Exception:The live loads form em bers supporting
4.57 tw o orm ore floorsare perm itted to be reduced by a
ForSI:L = Lo 025
. + m axim um of20 percent,buttheliveload shallnotbe
K LL AT less than L as calculated in Section 1607.9.1.
w here: 1607.9.1.4 G roup A occupancies.Liveloadsof100 psf
L = Reduced design live load per square foot (square (4.79 kN /m 2)and atareasw here fixed seatsare located
m eter)ofarea supported by the m em ber. shallnotbe reduced in G roup A occupancies.
Lo = U nreduced design live load persquare foot(square 1607.9.1.5 R oofm em [Link] loadsof100 psf(4.79
m eter)ofarea supported by the m em ber(see Table kN /m 2)orless shallnotbe reduced forroofm em bers
1607.1). exceptas specified in Section 1607.11.2.
K LL = Live load elem entfactor(see Table 1607.9.1). 1607.9.2 A lternatefloorliveload reduction.A san alter-
AT = Tributary area,in square feet(square m eters). nativeto Section 1607.9.1,floorliveloadsareperm itted to
be reduced in accordance w ith the follow ing provisions.
L shallnotbelessthan 0.50Lo form em berssupporting one Suchreductionsshallapplytoslabsystem s,beam s,girders,
floorand L shallnotbe lessthan 0.40Lo form em berssup- colum ns,piers,w alls and foundations.
porting tw o orm ore floors.
1. A reduction shallnotbeperm itted in G roup A occu-
TA B LE 1607.9.1 pancies.
LIVE LO A D ELEM EN T FAC TO R ,K LL
2. A reductionshallnotbeperm ittedw heretheliveload
ELEM EN T K LL
exceeds100 psf(4.79 kN /m 2)exceptthatthe design
Interiorcolum ns 4 liveload form em berssupporting tw o orm orefloors
Exteriorcolum ns w ithoutcantileverslabs 4 is perm itted to be reduced by 20 percent.

Edge colum ns w ith cantileverslabs 3 Exception: For uses other than storage, w here
approved,additionallive load reductionsshallbe
Cornercolum ns w ith cantileverslabs 2 perm itted w here show n by the registered design
Edge beam s w ithoutcantileverslabs 2 professionalthatarationalapproachhasbeenused
Interiorbeam s 2 and thatsuch reductions are w arranted.
A llotherm em bers notidentified above including: 3. A reduction shallnotbeperm itted in passengervehi-
Edge beam s w ith cantileverslabs cle parking garages except that the live loads for
Cantileverbeam s m em berssupportingtw oorm orefloorsareperm itted
O ne-w ay slabs 1 to be reduced by a m axim um of20 percent.
Tw o-w ay slabs
M em bers w ithoutprovisions forcontinuous shear 4. Forliveloadsnotexceeding100psf(4.79kN /m 2),the
transfernorm alto theirspan designliveloadforanystructuralm em bersupporting
150 squarefeet(13.94 m 2)orm oreisperm itted to be
reduced in accordance w ith Equation 16-23.
1607.9.1.1 O ne-w ay [Link] tributary area,AT,for
useinEquation16-22forone-w ayslabsshallnotexceed 5. Forone-w ay slabs,the area,A,foruse in Equation
an areadefined by theslab span tim esaw idth norm alto 16-23 shallnotexceed the productofthe slab span
the span of1.5 tim es the slab span. and a w idth norm alto the span of0.5 tim esthe slab
span.
1607.9.1.2 H eavy [Link] 100
psf(4.79 kN /m 2)shallnotbe reduced. R = 0.08(A -150) (Equation 16-23)

Exceptions: ForSI:R = 0.861(A -13.94)

1. The live loadsform em berssupporting tw o or Such reduction shallnotexceed the sm allestof:
m ore floors are perm itted to be reduced by a 1. 40 percentforhorizontalm em bers;
m axim um of20 percent,buttheliveload shall
not be less than L as calculated in Section 2. 60 percentforverticalm em bers;or
1607.9.1. 3. R as determ ined by the follow ing equation.

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

R = 23.1(1+ D /Lo) (Equation 16-24) Lr = Reduced liveload persquarefoot(m 2)ofhorizon-

talprojection in pounds persquare foot(kN /m 2).
w here:
The reduction factorsR1 and R2 shallbe determ ined as
A = A rea of floor supported by the m em ber, follow s:
square feet(m 2).
D = D ead load persquare foot(m 2)ofarea sup- R1 = 1 forAt 200 square feet
ported. (18.58m 2) (Equation 16-26)
Lo = U nreduced live load persquare foot(m 2)of R1 = 1.2 – 0.001At for200 square
area supported. feet< At< 600squarefeet (Equation 16-27)
R = Reduction in percent. ForSI:1.2–0.011Atfor18.58squarem eters< At< 55.74
1607.10 D istribution offloor loads.W here uniform floor square m eters
live loads are involved in the design ofstructuralm em bers
arranged so as to create continuity,the m inim um applied R1 = 0.6 forAt 600 square feet
loadsshallbethefulldead loadson allspansin com bination (55.74m 2) (Equation 16-28)
w ith the floor live loads on spans selected to produce the w here:
[Link]
perm itted to reduce floorlive loadsin accordance w ith Sec- At = Tributaryarea(spanlengthm ultipliedbyeffective
tion 1607.9. w idth)in squarefeet(m 2)supported by any struc-
turalm em ber,and
1607.11 R [Link] m ar-
queesshallbedesigned to resistw ind loads,in addition to the R2 = 1forF 4 (Equation 16-29)
deadloadofconstruction and theappropriateliveloadsaspre-
scribed in thissection,orassetforth in [Link] R2 = 1.2–0.05F for4< F < 12 (Equation 16-30)
loadsacting on asloping surfaceshallbeassum ed to actverti- R2 = 0.6forF 12 (Equation 16-31)
cally on the horizontalprojection ofthatsurface.
1607.11.1 D istribution ofroofloads.W hereuniform roof w here:
live loads are reduced to lessthan 20 psf(0.96 kN /m 2)in F = Forasloped roof,thenum berofinchesofriseper
accordancew ith Section 1607.11.2.1 and areapplied to the foot(forSI:F = 0.12× slope,w ithslopeexpressed
design ofstructuralm em bersarranged so astocreateconti- as a percentage), or for an arch or dom e, the
nuity,thereduced roofliveload shallbeapplied toadjacent rise-to-span ratio m ultiplied by 32.
spans orto alternate spans,w hicheverproduces the m ost
1607.11.2.2 Special-purpose roofs. Roofs used for
unfavorable load [Link] Section 1607.11.2 forreduc-
prom enade purposes,roofgardens,assem bly purposes
tions in m inim um rooflive loads.
or other special purposes, and m arquees, shall be
1607.11.2R eduction in [Link] inim um uni- designed for a m inim um live load,Lo,as specified in
form ly distributed live loadsofroofsand m arquees,Lo,in [Link] ittedtobereduced
Table1607.1areperm ittedtobereducedinaccordancew ith inaccordancew ithSection1607.9.Liveloadsof100psf
Section 1607.11.2.1 or1607.11.2.2. (4.79 kN /m 2) or m ore at areas of roofs classified as
1607.11.2.1 Flat,pitched and curved roofs.O rdinary G roup A occupancies shallnotbe reduced.
flat,pitchedandcurvedroofs,andaw ningsandcanopies 1607.11.3 Landscaped roofs.W here roofsare to be land-
other than of fabric construction supported by light- scaped,theuniform design liveload in thelandscaped area
w eight rigid skeleton structures, are perm itted to be shallbe20 psf(0.958 kN /m 2).Thew eightofthelandscap-
designed fora reduced roofliveload asspecified in the ing m aterialsshallbe considered asdead load and shallbe
follow ingequationsorothercontrollingcom binationsof com puted on the basis ofsaturation ofthe soil.
loads in Section 1605,w hicheverproduces the greater
load. 1607.11.4 Aw ningsand [Link] ningsand canopies
shallbedesignedforuniform liveloadsasrequiredinTable
In structuressuch asgreenhouses,w herespecialscaf- 1607.1 as w ellas for w ind loads as specified in Section
foldingisusedasaw orksurfaceforw orkersandm ateri- 1609.
als during m aintenance and repairoperations,a low er
roofload than specified in thefollow ing equationsshall 1607.12 C rane [Link] crane live load shallbe the rated
notbe used unless approved by the building official. capacity of the crane.D esign loads for the runw ay beam s,
Such structures shallbe designed fora m inim um roof including connectionsand supportbrackets,ofm oving bridge
live load of12 psf(0.58 kN /m 2). cranesand m onorailcranesshallincludethem axim um w heel
loadsofthecraneandtheverticalim pact,lateralandlongitudi-
Lr= Lo R1R2 (Equation 16-25) nalforces induced by the m oving crane.
w here:12 Lr 20 1607.12.1 M axim um w [Link] m axim um w heel
loadsshallbethew heelloadsproducedbythew eightofthe
ForSI:Lr = LoR1R2 bridge,asapplicable,plusthesum oftherated capacityand
w here:0.58 Lr 0.96 the w eightofthe trolley w ith the trolley positioned on its

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

runw ay atthe location w here the resulting load effectis SEC TIO N 1608
m axim um . SN O W LO A D S
R ESERVED
1607.12.2 Vertical im pact [Link] m axim um w heel
loads of the crane shallbe increased by the percentages
show n below to determ ine the induced verticalim pactor SEC TIO N 1609
vibration force: W IN D LO A D S
M onorailcranes(pow ered) · · · · · · · · · 25percent 1609.1 A [Link],structures and parts thereof
shallbe designed to w ithstand the m inim um w ind loadspre-
Cab-operated orrem otely operated scribed herein.D ecreasesin w ind loadsshallnotbem ade for
bridgecranes(pow ered)· · · · · · · · · · · 25percent the effectofshielding by otherstructures.
A llexteriorw allcoverings and soffits shallbe capable of
Pendant-operated bridge cranes resisting the design pressures specified forw alls forcom po-
(pow ered)· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 10percent nentsand cladding loadsin accordancew ith Section 1609.1.1.
M anufactured soffitsshallbelabeled in accordancew ith Sec-
Bridge cranes orm onorailcranes w ith tion 1715.9 ofthis code.
hand-gearedbridge,trolleyandhoist· · · · · 0percent
1609.1.1 D eterm ination of w ind loads.W ind loads on
1607.12.3 [Link] ay every building or structure shallbe determ ined in accor-
beam sw ithelectricallypow eredtrolleysshallbecalculated dancew ithChapters26 through 30 ofA SCE 7 ortheprovi-
as20 percentofthe sum ofthe rated capacity ofthe crane sionsofthealternateallheightsm ethod in Section 1609.6.
andthew [Link] W ind shallbeassum ed to com efrom any horizontaldirec-
be assum ed to acthorizontally atthe traction surface ofa tion and w ind pressuresshallbe assum ed to actnorm alto
runw aybeam ,ineitherdirectionperpendiculartothebeam , the surface considered.
and shallbedistributed according to thelateralstiffnessof
Exceptions:
the runw ay beam and supporting structure.
1. Subjectto the lim itations of Section 1609.1.1.1,
1607.12.4 [Link] longitudinalforce on the provisions ofICC 600 shallbe perm itted for
crane runw ay beam s, except for bridge cranes w ith applicable G roup R-2 and R-3 buildings.
hand-gearedbridges,shallbecalculatedas10percentofthe 2. Subjectto the lim itations ofSection 1609.1.1.1,
m axim um w [Link] 1609.1.4, and 1609.3, provisions of
shallbeassum edtoacthorizontallyatthetractionsurfaceof A N SI/A F& PA W FCM ,W ood Fram e Construc-
a runw ay beam ,in eitherdirection parallelto the beam . tion M anualforO ne-and Tw o-Fam ily D w ellings
shall be perm itted for applicable w ood fram e
1607.13 Interiorw allsand [Link] allsand par- buildings of G roup R-3 occupancy w here V asd,
titionsthatexceed 6 feet(1829 m m )in height,including their determ ined in accordance w ith Section 1609.3.1
finishm aterials,shallhaveadequatestrengthtoresisttheloads is150 m ph orless.
tow hichtheyaresubjectedbutnotlessthanahorizontalloadof
5 psf(0.240 kN /m 2). 3. Subjectto the lim itations of Section 1609.1.1.1,
residentialstructuresusing theprovisionsofA ISI
Exception: Fabric partitions com plying w ith Section S230.
1607.13.1 shallnotberequired to resistthem inim um hori- 4. D esigns using N A A M M FP [Link]
zontalload of5 psf(0.24 kN /m 2). forD esign Loads ofM etalFlagpoles.
1607.13.1Fabricpartitions.Fabricpartitionsthatexceed6 5. D esigns using TIA -222 for antenna-supporting
feet(1829 m m )in height,including theirfinish m aterials, structuresandantennasshallbeperm ittedforcom -
shallhaveadequatestrengthtoresistthefollow ingloadcon- m unication tow erand steelantennasupportstruc-
ditions: tures.
6. W indtunneltestsinaccordancew ithChapter31of
1. A horizontaldistributed load of5 psf(0.24 kN /m 2) A SCE 7.
appliedtothepartitionfram [Link]
determ inethedistributed load shallbetheareaofthe 7. D esignsusing A A SH TO LTS-4 StructuralSpeci-
fabric face betw een the fram ing m em bers to w hich fications for H ighw ay Signs, Lum inaries, and
[Link] load shall Traffic Signals.
be uniform ly applied to such fram ing m em bers in 8. W ind loadsforscreened enclosuresshallbedeter-
proportion to the length ofeach m em ber. m ined in accordance w ith Section 2002.4.
2. A concentrated load of40 pounds(0.176 kN )applied The w ind speeds in Figure 1609A ,1609B and 1609C
to an 8-inch diam eter (203 m m ) area [50.3 square shallbe converted to nom inalw ind speeds,V asd in accor-
inches(32 452 m m 2)]ofthefabricfaceataheightof dance w ith Section 1609.3.1 w hen the provisions of the
54 inches (1372 m m )above the floor. standards referenced in Exceptions 1 through 5 and 7 are

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

used unlessthe w ind provisionsin the standardsare based 8 feet(2438 m m )shallbe perm itted foropening
on U ltim ate W ind Speeds as specified in Figures 1609A , protection in one-and tw o-story buildingsclassi-
1609B or1609C orChapter26 ofA SCE 7. fied asG roup R-3 orR-4 [Link]
1609.1.1.1 A [Link] 600are beprecutsothattheyshallbeattachedtothefram -
applicable only to buildingslocated w ithin Exposure B ing surrounding the opening containing the prod-
orC [Link] uct w ith the glazed opening. Panels shall be
600,A F& PA W FCM ,and A ISIS230 shallnotapply to predrilled as required for the anchorage m ethod
buildingssited on theupperhalfofan isolatedhill,ridge and shallbesecuredw iththeattachm enthardw are
orescarpm entm eeting the follow ing conditions: provided.A ttachm entsshallbe designed to resist
thecom ponentsand cladding loadsdeterm ined in
1. The hill,ridge orescarpm entis 60 feet(18 288 accordance w ith the provisions ofA SCE 7,w ith
m m )orhigheriflocated in ExposureB or30 feet corrosion-resistantattachm enthardw areprovided
(9144 m m )orhigheriflocated in Exposure C; andanchorsperm anentlyinstalledonthebuilding.
2. Them axim um averageslopeofthehillexceeds10 A ttachm ent in accordance w ith Table 1609.1.2
percent;and w ithcorrosion-resistantattachm enthardw arepro-
vided and anchors perm anently installed on the
3. The hill, ridge or escarpm ent is unobstructed building is perm itted for buildings w ith a m ean
upw indbyothersuchtopographicfeaturesforadis- roofheightof45 feet(13 716 m m )orlessw here
tancefrom thehigh pointof50 tim estheheightof V asd, determ ined in accordance w ith Section
thehillor1 m ile(1.61 km ),w hicheverisgreater. 1609.3.1 doesnotexceed 140 m ph (63 m /s).
1609.1.2 Protection of openings. G lazed openings in 2.G lazing in RiskCategoryIbuildingsasdefined in
buildingslocatedinw ind-bornedebrisregionsshallbepro- Section 1604.5, including greenhouses that are
tected from w ind-borne debris.G lazed opening protection occupied for grow ing plants on a production or
forw ind-bornedebrisshallm eettherequirem entsofSSTD research basis,w ithoutpublicaccessshallbeper-
12,A STM E 1886 and A STM E 1996,A N SI/DA SM A 115 m itted to be unprotected.
(forgarage doorsand rolling doors)orTA S 201,202 and
203 orA A M A 506 referenced therein. 3. G lazing in Risk Category II,III or IV buildings
locatedover60feet(18288m m )abovetheground
1. G lazed openings located w ithin 30 feet(9.1 m ) of and over30 feet(9144 m m )above aggregate sur-
gradeshallm eettherequirem entsofthelargem issile faceroofslocated w ithin 1,500 feet(458 m )ofthe
testofA STM E 1996. building shallbeperm itted to beunprotected.
2. G lazed openings located m ore than 30 feet(9.1 m ) 4. Exteriorbalconiesorporchesunderexisting roofs
above grade shallm eetthe provisions of the sm all ordecksenclosed w ith screen orrem ovable vinyl
m issiletestofA STM E 1996. andacrylicpanelscom plyingw ithSection2002.3.3
3. Storageshedsthatarenotdesignedforhum anhabita- shallnotberequiredtobeprotectedandopeningsin
tion and thathaveafloorareaof720 squarefeet(67 the w allseparating the unitfrom the balcony or
m 2)orlessarenotrequiredtocom plyw iththem anda- porch shallnotbe required to be protected unless
toryw indbornedebrisim pactstandardsofthiscode. required by otherprovisionsofthiscode.
4. O peningsinsunroom s,balconiesorenclosedporches 1609.1.2.1 Louvers. Louvers protecting intake and
constructed under existing roofs or decks are not exhaustventilationductsnotassum edtobeopenthatare
requiredtobeprotectedprovidedthespacesaresepa- located w ithin 30 feet(9144 m m )ofgrade shallm eet
ratedfrom thebuildinginteriorbyaw allandallopen- requirem entsofA M CA 540 orshallbeprotected by an
ingsintheseparatingw allareprotectedinaccordance im pact resistant cover com plying w ith an approved
w ith Section 1609.1.2 [Link] spaces shallbe im pact-resistance standard or the large m issile testof
perm itted to be designed aseitherpartially enclosed A STM E 1996.
orenclosed structures. 1609.1.2.2 G arage [Link].
Exceptions:
1. W ood structuralpanelsw itham inim um thickness
of7/16 inch(11.1 m m )andm axim um panelspanof

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

FIG U R E 1609A
U LTIM A TE D ESIG N W IN D SPEED S,V alt FO R R ISK C A TEG O R Y IIB U ILD IN G S A N D O TH ER STR U C TU R ES

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

FIG U R E 1609B
U LTIM A TE D ESIG N W IN D SPEED S,V alt FO R R ISK C A TEG O R Y IIIA N D IV B U ILD IN G S A N D O TH ER STR U C TU R ES

2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G 16.15

STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

FIG U R E 1609C
U LTIM A TE D ESIG N W IN D SPEED S,V alt FO R R ISK C A TEG O R Y IB U ILD IN G S A N D O TH ER STR U C TU R ES

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1609.1.2 1609.[Link] Table1 ofA STM E 1886 and A STM E

W IN D -B O R N E D EB R IS PR O TEC TIO N FA STEN IN G
SC H ED U LE FO R W O O D STRU C TU R A L PA N ELS a,b,c,d
1996 shallbe m odified to read as follow s:
FA STEN ER SPAC IN G (inches) A irPressure Cycles
4 feet 6 feet 0.2 to 0.5 Ppos1
FA STEN ER PanelSpan PanelSpan PanelSpan
TYPE 4 feet 6 feet 8 feet 0.0 to 0.6 Ppos1
N o.8 wood-screw -based 0.5 to 0.8 Ppos1
anchorw ith 2-inch 16 10 8
em bedm entlength
0.3 to 1.0 Ppos1
N o.10 wood-screw -based 0.3 to 1.0 Pneg2
anchorw ith 2-inch 16 12 9 0.5 to 0.8 Pneg2
em bedm entlength
1
0.0 to 0.6 Pneg2
/4-inch diam eter
lag-screw -based anchor 0.2 to 0.5 Pneg2
16 16 16
w ith 2-inch em bedm ent N otes:
length [Link] = 0.6 × positive ultim ate design load in accordance w ith A SCE 7.
[Link] = 0.6 × negative ultim ate design load in accordance w ith A SCE 7.
ForSI: 1 inch = 25.4 m m ,1 foot= 304.8 m m ,1 pound = 4.448 N ,
1 m ile perhour= 0.447 m /s. 1609.1.3 O ptional exterior door com ponent testing.
[Link] table is based on a V asd, determ ined in accordance w ith Section Exteriorside-hinged doorassem bliesshallhavetheoption
1609.3.1 of140 m ph and a 45-footm ean roofheight.
[Link] installed atopposing endsofthe w ood structuralpanel.
tohavethecom ponentsoftheassem bly testedand ratedfor
Fastenersshallbelocatedam inim um of1inchfrom theedgeofthepanel. im pactresistancein accordancew ith thefollow ing specifi-
c.A nchors shall penetrate through the exterior w all covering w ith an cation:SD I250.13.
em bedm entlength of2 inchesm inim um into thebuilding fram [Link]
shallbelocatedam inim um of21/2 inchesfrom theedgeofconcreteblockor 1609.1.4 Thew ind-bornedebrisregionsrequirem entsshall
concrete. notapply landw ard ofthedesignated contourlinein Figure
d.W here panels are attached to m asonry or m asonry/stucco,they shallbe 1609A or1609B.A geographicalboundary thatcoincides
attachedusingvibration-resistantanchorshavingam inim um ultim atew ith- w ith the contourline shallbe established.
draw alcapacity of1,500 pounds.
1609.1.2.3 Im pactresistantcoverings. 1609.1.5 Testing to allow able or nom inalloads.W here
testing forw ind load resistance is based on allow able or
1609.[Link] Im pact resistant coverings shall be nom inalw ind loads,the design w ind loads determ ined in
tested at1.5 tim es the design pressure (positive or accordancew ith A SCE 7 orSection 1609 areperm itted to
negative) expressed in pounds per square feet as bem ultipliedby 0.6 forthepurposesofthew ind loadresis-
determ ined by the Florida Building Code,Building tance testing.
Section1609orA SCE 7,forw hichthespecim enisto
1609.2 D [Link] follow ing w ordsand term sshall,for
be [Link] design pressures,asdeterm ined from
thepurposesofSection1609,havethem eaningsshow nherein.
A SCE 7,are perm itted to be m ultiplied by 0.6.
H U R R IC A N E-PR O N E R EG IO N S. A reas vulnerable to
1609.[Link] Im pact resistant coverings. Im pact
hurricanes defined as:
resistant coverings shall be labeled in accordance
w ith the provisions ofSection 1714.8. [Link] U .S.A tlantic O cean and G ulf of M exico coasts
w here the basic w ind speed forRisk Category IIbuild-
1609.1.2.4 M odifications to A STM E [Link] ings is greaterthan 115 m ph (40 m /s)and
6.2.2 ofA STM E 1996 shallbe m odified as follow s:
2.H aw aii,Puerto Rico,G uam ,V irgin Islandsand A m eri-
6.2.2 U nless otherw ise specified,selectthe w ind zone can Sam oa.
based on the basic w ind speed as follow s:
W IN D -BO R N E D EBR IS R EG IO N . A reas w ithin hurri-
6.2.2.1W indZone1— 130m ph basicw indspeed< 140 cane-prone regionslocated:
m ph,and H aw aii.
1.W ithin 1 m ile(1.61 km )ofthecoastalm ean high w ater
[Link] W ind Zone2— 140 m ph basicw ind speed < linew heretheultim atedesign w ind speed V ultis130 (48
150 m ph atgreaterthan 1.6 km (one m ile)from the m /s)orgreater;or
[Link] coastline shallbe m easured from the [Link] w heretheultim atedesignw indspeedV ultis140
m ean high w aterm ark. m ph (53 m /s)orgreater.
6.2.2.3W indZone3— 150m ph(58m /s) basicw ind ForRisk Category IIbuildingsand structuresand Risk Cate-
speed 160 m ph (63 m /s),or140 m ph (54 m /s) gory IIIbuildingsand structures,excepthealth care facilities,
basicw ind speed 160 m ph (63 m /s)and w ithin 1.6 the w indborne debrisregion shallbe based on Figure 1609A .
km (onem ile)[Link] ForRisk Category IV buildingsand structuresand Risk Cate-
m easured from the m ean high w aterm ark. goryIIIhealthcarefacilities,thew indbornedebrisregionshall
[Link] W ind Zone 4— basic w ind speed > 160 m ph be based on Figure 1609B.
(63 m /s). W IN D SPEED ,V ult.U ltim ate design w ind speeds.

2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G 16.17

STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

W IN D SPEED ,V asd.N om inaldesign w ind speeds. purpose of assigning an exposure category as defined in
Section 1609.4.3.
1609.3Basicw ind [Link] atedesignw indspeedV ult,
in m ilesperhour,forthedevelopm entofthew ind loadsshall Surface R oughness B. U rban and suburban areas,
bedeterm ined by Figures1609A ,1609B and [Link]- w ooded areas or other terrain w ith num erous closely
m atedesign w ind speed V ultforusein thedesign ofRisk Cate- spaced obstructions having the size of single-fam ily
gory IIbuildingsand structuresshallbeobtained from Figure dw ellings orlarger.
1609A .The ultim ate design w ind speed V ult for use in the Surface R oughness C . O pen terrain w ith scattered
design ofRisk Category IIIand IV buildings and structures obstructions having heights generally less than 30 feet
shallbeobtainedfrom [Link] atedesignw ind (9144m m ).Thiscategoryincludesflatopencountryand
speedV ultforuseinthedesignofRiskCategoryIbuildingsand [Link]
structures shallbe obtained from Figure [Link] exact buildinglocatedw ithinsurfaceroughnessB-typeterrain
location ofw ind speed linesshallbeestablished by localordi- w herethebuilding isw ithin 100 feethorizontally in any
nance using recognized physical landm arks such as m ajor directionofopenareasofsurfaceroughnessC orD -type
roads,canals,rivers and lake shores w hereverpossible. terrain thatextends m ore than 600 feet(182.9 m )and
1609.3.1W ind speed conversion.W henrequired,ultim ate w idth greater than 150 feet in the upw ind direction.
design w ind speedsofFigure1609A ,B and C shallbecon- Short-term (lessthan tw o year)changesin thepre-exist-
verted to nom inaldesign w ind speeds,Vasd,using Table ing terrain exposure,forthe purposes ofdevelopm ent,
1609.3.1 orEquation 16-32. shall not be considered surface roughness C. W here
developm entbuildoutw illoccurw ithin three yearsand
Vasd = Vult 06
. (Equation 16-32) theresultantconditionw illm eetthedefinitionofsurface
roughnessB,surfaceroughnessB shallberegulatingfor
w here: the purpose of perm [Link] category includes flat
Vasd = nom inaldesign w ind speed open country andgrasslandsandshallextenddow nw ind
Vult = strength design w ind speedsdeterm ined from Fig- fora distance of1500 feet.
ures1609A ,1609B,or1609C . Surface R oughness D . Flat, unobstructed areas and
1609.4 Exposure [Link] w ind direction consid- w [Link] oothm udflats,
ered,an exposurecategory thatadequately reflectsthecharac- saltflats and unbroken ice.
teristicsofgroundsurfaceirregularitiesshallbedeterm inedfor 1609.4.3 Exposurecategories.A nexposurecategory shall
thesiteatw hich thebuilding orstructureisto beconstructed. be determ ined in accordance w ith the follow ing:
A ccountshallbetaken ofvariationsin ground surfacerough-
Exposure [Link] ith a m ean roofheightof
nessthatarisefrom naturaltopography and vegetation asw ell
less than or equalto 30 feet,Exposure B shallapply
as from constructed features.
w here the ground surface roughnessasdefined by Sur-
Exception: A n interm ediate exposure betw een the expo- faceRoughnessB prevailsin theupw ind direction fora
surecategoriesdefinedisperm ittedinatransitionzonepro- distanceofatleast1,500 ft(457 m ).Forbuildingsw itha
vided thatitis determ ined by a rationalanalysis m ethod. m ean roofheightgreaterthan 30 feet,Exposure B shall
1609.4.1 W ind directionsand [Link] selected applyw hereSurfaceRoughnessB prevailsintheupw ind
w ind direction atw hich thew ind loadsareto beevaluated, direction fora distance ofatleast2,600 feet(792 m )or
theexposureofthebuildingorstructureshallbedeterm ined 20tim estheheightofthebuilding,w hicheverisgreater.
forthetw o upw ind sectorsextending 45 degrees(0.79 rad) ExposureC .ExposureC shallapply forallcasesw here
eithersideoftheselected w ind [Link] Exposures B orD do notapply.
these tw o sectors shallbe determ ined in accordance w ith Exposure D .Exposure D shallapply w here the ground
Sections1609.4.2 and 1609.4.3 and theexposure resulting surface roughness,asdefined by Surface RoughnessD ,
in the highestw ind loadsshallbe used to representw inds prevailsin the upw ind direction fora distance ofatleast
from thatdirection.
5,000feet(1524m )or20tim estheheightofthebuilding,
1609.4.2 Surfaceroughnesscategories.A ground surface w [Link] shallextendinlandfrom
roughnessw ithin each 45-degree (0.79 rad)sectorshallbe theshorelineforadistanceof600feet(183m )or20tim es
determ ined fora distance upw ind ofthe site asdefined in the heightofthe building,w hicheverisgreaterfrom an
Section 1609.4.3 from thecategoriesdefined below,forthe ExposureD conditionasdefinedintheprevioussentence.
TA B LE 1609.3.1
W IN D SPEED C O N VER SIO N S a,b,c
Vult 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Vasd 78 85 93 101 108 116 124 132 139 147 155
ForSI: 1 m ile perhour= 0.447 m /s.
[Link] is perm itted.
[Link] = nom inaldesign w ind speed.
[Link] = ultim ate design w ind speed determ ined from Figures 1609A ,1609B,or1609C.

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

1609.5 R oofsystem s. [Link] roof tiles shallbe eitherloose laid on battens,

m echanically fastened,m ortarsetoradhesive set.
1609.5.1 R oof [Link] roof deck shallbe designed to
w ithstand the w ind pressures determ ined in accordance [Link] roof tiles shallbe installed on solid sheathing
w ith A SCE 7. w hich has been designed as com ponents and clad-
ding.
1609.5.2 R oof coverings. Roof coverings shall com ply
w ith Section 1609.5.1. 3.A n underlaym ent shall be installed in accordance
w ith Chapter15.
Exception:Rigid tileroofcoveringsthatareairperm e- [Link] tile shallbe single lapped interlocking w ith a
ableand installed overaroofdeck com plying w ith Sec- m inim um headlapofnotlessthan2inches(51m m ).
tion1609.5.1 areperm ittedtobedesignedinaccordance
w ith Section 1609.5.3. [Link] length ofthe tile shallbe betw een 1.0 and 1.75
feet(305 m m and 533 m m ).
A sphaltshingles installed over a roof deck com plying
w ith Section 1609.5.1 shallcom ply w ith the w ind-resis- [Link] exposed w idth ofthe tile shallbe betw een 0.67
tance requirem ents ofSection 1507.2.7.1. and 1.25 feet(204 m m and 381 m m ).
[Link] axim um thicknessofthetailofthetileshallnot
1609.5.3 R igid tile.W ind loadson rigid tileroofcoverings
exceed 1.3 inches (33 m m ).
shallbedeterm ined in accordancew ith thefollow ing equa-
tion: [Link] using m ortarsetoradhesive setsystem s
shallhaveatleasttw o-thirdsofthetile’sareafreeof
M a = qhC LbLLa[1.0–G C p] (Equation 16-33) m ortaroradhesive contact.
1609.6 A lternate all-heights m ethod. The alternate w ind

ForSI:M a =
qhC L bLLa 10[
. −G C p ] design provisionsin thissection aresim plificationsofChapter
27,Part1— D irectionalProcedure ofA SCE 7.
1000
,
1609.6.1 Scope.A san alternative to A SCE 7 Chapter27,
w here: Part1 and Chapter30,Part3,the follow ing provisionsare
b = Exposed w idth,feet(m m )ofthe rooftile. perm itted to beused to determ inethew ind effectson regu-
larly shaped buildings,orotherstructuresthatareregularly
C L = [Link] shaped,w hich m eetallofthe follow ing conditions:
claytileshallbe0.2orshallbedeterm inedbytestin
accordance w ith Section 1716.2. [Link] orotherstructureislessthan orequalto
75 feet(22 860 m m )in heightw ith a height-to-least-
G C p = Roofpressure coefficientforeach applicable roof w idth ratio of4 orless,orthebuilding orotherstruc-
zonedeterm ined from Chapter30 ofA SCE [Link] turehasafundam entalfrequencygreaterthanorequal
coefficientsshallnotbe adjusted forinternalpres- to 1 hertz.
sure.
[Link] building or other structure is not sensitive to
L = Length,feet(m m )ofthe rooftile. dynam ic effects.
La = M om entarm ,feet(m m )from the axisofrotation to
[Link] orotherstructureisnotlocated on asite
thepointofuplifton [Link]
forw hich channeling effectsorbuffeting in thew ake
shallbe taken at0.76L from the head ofthe tileand
ofupw indobstructionsw arrantspecialconsideration.
the m iddle ofthe exposed w [Link] ith
nailsorscrew s(w ithorw ithoutatailclip),theaxisof [Link] building shallm eetthe requirem entsofa sim ple
rotationshallbetakenastheheadofthetilefordirect diaphragm building as defined in A SCE 7 Section
deck application orasthe top edge ofthe batten for 26.2,w herew indloadsareonlytransm ittedtothem ain
battened [Link] only by w ind-force-resisting system (M W FRS) at the dia-
a nailorscrew along the side ofthe tile,the axisof phragm s.
rotation shallbedeterm ined by [Link] [Link] open buildings,m ultispan gable roofs,stepped
installedw ithbattensandfastenedonlybyaclipnear roofs,saw tooth roofs,dom ed roofs,roofsw ithslopes
the tailofthe tile,the m om entarm shallbe deter- greaterthan45degrees(0.79rad),solidfree-standing
m inedaboutthetopedgeofthebattenw ithconsider- w allsand solid signs,and rooftop equipm ent,apply
ation given forthepointofrotation ofthetilesbased A SCE 7 provisions.
on straightbond orbroken bond and thetileprofile.
1609.6.1.1 M [Link] ing m odifications
M a = A erodynam ic upliftm om ent,feet-pounds (N -m m ) shallbem adeto certain subsectionsin A SCE 7:in Sec-
acting to raise the tailofthe tile. tion 1609.6.2,sym bolsand notationsthatarespecificto
qh = W ind velocity pressure, psf (kN /m 2) determ ined thissectionareusedinconjunctionw iththesym bolsand
from Section 27.3.2 ofA SCE 7. notations in A SCE 7 Section 26.3.
Concrete and clay rooftilescom plying w ith the follow ing 1609.6.2 Sym bols and [Link] and vari-
lim itationsshallbedesigned to w ithstand theaerodynam ic ables used in the alternative all-heights m ethod equations
upliftm om entas determ ined by this section. are as follow s:

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

C net = N et-pressure coefficientbased on K d [(G )(C p)– 1. The pressure coefficient,C net,forw allsand roofs
(G C pi)],in accordance w ith Table 1609.6.2(2). shallbe determ ined from Table 1609.6.2(2).
G = G usteffectfactorforrigidstructuresinaccordance 2. W here C net has m ore than one value,the m ore
w ith A SCE 7 Section 26.9. severe w ind load condition shall be used for
K d = W ind directionality factor in accordance w ith design.
A SCE 7 Table26.6-1.
Pnet = D esign w ind pressureto beused in determ ination 1609.6.4.4 A pplication ofw ind pressures.W henusing
ofw ind loadson buildings orotherstructures or the alternative all-heightsm ethod,w ind pressuresshall
theircom ponents and cladding,in psf(kN /m 2). beapplied sim ultaneously on,and in adirection norm al
to,allbuilding envelope w alland roofsurfaces.
qs = W ind stagnation pressurein psf(kN /m 2)in accor-
dance w ith Table 1609.6.2(1).
1609.[Link] C om ponentsand cladding.W indpres-
1609.6.3 D esign equations.W hen using the alternative sure for each com ponent or cladding elem ent is
all-heightsm ethod,theM W FRS,andcom ponentsandclad- applied as follow s using C net values based on the
dingofevery structureshallbedesigned toresisttheeffects effective w ind area,A,contained w ithin the zonesin
ofw ind pressures on the building envelope in accordance areasofdiscontinuityofw idthand/orlength“a,”“2a”
w ith Equation 16-34. or“4a”at:cornersofroofsand w alls;edgestripsfor
Pnet= qsK zC net[K zt] (Equation 16-34) ridges,rakesandeaves;orfieldareasonw allsorroofs
asindicated in figuresin tablesin A SCE 7 asrefer-
D esignw indforcesfortheM W FRS shallnotbelessthan encedinTable1609.6.2(2)inaccordancew iththefol-
16psf(0.77kN /m 2)m ultipliedbythew allareaofthebuild- low ing:
ingand8psf(0.38kN /m 2)m ultipliedbytheroofareaofthe
building projected on a plane norm alto the assum ed w ind 1. Calculated pressures at local discontinuities
direction (see A SCE 7 Section 27.4.7 forcriteria).D esign acting over specific edge strips or corner
netw ind pressureforcom ponentsand cladding shallnotbe boundary areas.
lessthan 16 psf(0.77 kN /m 2)acting in eitherdirection nor-
m alto the surface. 2. Include “field” (Zone 1,2 or4,asapplicable)
pressures applied to areas beyond the bound-
1609.6.4 D esign [Link] W FRS and thecom po- aries ofthe areas ofdiscontinuity.
nentsand cladding ofeverybuilding orotherstructureshall
be designed for the pressures calculated using Equation 3. W here applicable,the calculated pressures at
16-34. discontinuities (Zones 2 or 3) shallbe com -
bined w ith design pressuresthatapply specifi-
1609.6.4.1 M ain w ind-force-resisting system s. The cally on rakes oreave overhangs.
M W FRS shallbe investigated forthe torsionaleffects
identified in A SCE 7 Figure 27.4-8. 1609.7G aragedoorsand [Link] Table
1609.6.4.2 D eterm ination ofK z and K [Link] pres- 1604.7(1)forw indloadingactionsongaragedoorsandrolling
sure exposure coefficient, K z, shall be determ ined in doors forbuildings designed as enclosed shallbe perm itted.
accordancew ith A SCE 7 Sections27.3 and 30.3 and the
topographic factor,K zt,shallbe determ ined in accor- 1609.8 R ooftop structuresand equipm [Link]
dance w ith A SCE 7 Section 26.8. on rooftop structuresand equipm entw ith A flessthan (0.1Bh)
1. Forthe w indw ard side ofa structure,K zt and K z located on buildings ofallheights shallbe determ ined from
shallbe based on heightz. Equation 29.5-1 ofA SCE 7 in w hich thevalueofG C f shallbe
takenas3.1.G C fshallbeperm ittedtobereducedlinearlyfrom
2. Forleew ard and sidew alls,and forw indw ard and
3.1 to 1.1 asthevalueofA f isincreased from (0.1Bh)to (Bh).
leew ard roofs,K zt and K z shallbe based on m ean
ThevalueofG from Section26.9 ofA SCE 7shallnotbeused.
roofheighth.
A dditionally, a sim ultaneous uplift force shall be applied,
1609.6.4.3 D eterm ination ofnetpressurecoefficients, givenbyEquation29.5-1ofA SCE 7inw hichG C f= 1.5andA f
C [Link] oftheM W FRS and forcom ponents isreplaced by thehorizontalprojected area,A r,oftherooftop
and cladding,the sum ofthe internaland externalnet structureorequipm [Link] C fshallbeperm it-
pressure shallbe based on the netpressure coefficient, ted to be reduced linearly from 1.5 to 1.0 asthe value ofA r is
C net. increased from (0.1BL)to (BL).

16.20 2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G

 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1609.6.2(1)
W IN D STAG N ATIO N PR ESSU R E (qs)AT STA N DA R D H EIG H T O F 33 FEETa
B A SIC W IN D SPEED (m ph) 105 110 120 125 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
PR ESSU R E,qs (psf) 28.2 31.0 36.9 40.0 43.3 50.2 57.6 65.5 74.0 83.0 92.4 102.4
ForSI: 1 foot= 304.8 m m ,1 m ile perhour= 0.447 m /s,1 pound persquare foot= 47.88 Pa.
[Link] w ind speeds notshow n,useqs = 0.00256 V 2.

TA B LE 1609.6.2(2)
N ET PR ESSU R E C O EFFIC IEN TS,C neta,b
STRU C TU R E O R
PA RT TH ER EO F D ESC R IPTIO N C netFAC TO R
Enclosed Partially enclosed
+ Internal -Internal + Internal -Internal
W alls: pressure pressure pressure pressure

W indw ard w all 0.43 0.73 0.11 1.05

Leew ard w all -0.51 -0.21 -0.83 0.11
Sidew all -0.66 -0.35 -0.97 -0.04
W indw ard 1.28 1.28
Parapetw all
Leew ard -0.85 -0.85
R oofs: Enclosed Partially enclosed
+ Internal -Internal + Internal -Internal
W ind perpendicularto ridge pressure pressure pressure pressure

Leew ard rooforflatroof -0.66 -0.35 -0.97 -0.04

W indw ard roofslopes
Condition 1 -1.09 -0.79 -1.41 -0.47
Slope = 2:12 (10°)
Condition 2 -0.28 0.02 -0.60 0.34
Condition 1 -0.73 -0.42 -1.04 -0.11
Slope = 4:12 (18°)
Condition 2 -0.05 0.25 -0.37 0.57
Condition 1 -0.58 -0.28 -0.90 0.04
Slope = 5:12 (23°)
1. M ain w ind- Condition 2 0.03 0.34 -0.29 0.65
force-resisting Condition 1 -0.47 -0.16 -0.78 0.15
fram es and system s Slope = 6:12 (27°)
Condition 2 0.06 0.37 -0.25 0.68
Condition 1 -0.37 -0.06 -0.68 0.25
Slope = 7:12 (30°)
Condition 2 0.07 0.37 -0.25 0.69
Condition 1 -0.27 0.04 -0.58 0.35
Slope = 9:12 (37°)
Condition 2 0.14 0.44 -0.18 0.76
Slope = 12:12 (45°) 0.14 0.44 -0.18 0.76
W ind parallelto ridge and flatroofs -1.09 -0.79 -1.41 -0.47
N onbuilding Structures:C him neys,Tanks and Sim ilar Structures:
h/D
1 7 25

Square (W ind norm alto face) 0.99 1.07 1.53

Square (W ind on diagonal) 0.77 0.84 1.15
H exagonalorO ctagonal 0.81 0.97 1.13
Round 0.65 0.81 0.97
O pen signs and lattice fram ew orks Ratio ofsolid to gross area
< 0.1 0.1 to 0.29 0.3 to 0.7
Flat 1.45 1.30 1.16
Round 0.87 0.94 1.08
(continued)

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1609.6.2(2)— continued
N ET PR ESSU R E C O EFFIC IEN TS,C neta,b
STR U C TU R E O R
PA R T TH ER EO F D ESC R IPTIO N C net FA C TO R
R oofelem ents and slopes Enclosed Partially enclosed

G able ofhipped configurations (Zone 1)

Flat< Slope < 6:12 (27°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2B Zone 1
10 square feetorless 0.58 0.89
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.41 0.72
10 square feetorless -1.00 -1.32
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -0.92 -1.23
O verhang:Flat< Slope < 6:12 (27°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2A Zone 1
10 square feetorless -1.45
N egative 100 square feetorm ore -1.36
500 square feetorm ore -0.94
2. Com ponents and 6:12 (27°)< Slope < 12:12 (45°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2C Zone 1
cladding notin 10 square feetorless 0.92 1.23
areas ofdisconti- Positive
nuity— roofs and 100 square feetorm ore 0.83 1.15
overhangs 10 square feetorless -1.00 -1.32
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -0.83 -1.15
M onosloped configurations (Zone 1) Enclosed Partially enclosed

Flat< Slope < 7:12 (30°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-5A Zone 1

10 square feetorless 0.49 0.81
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.41 0.72
10 square feetorless -1.26 -1.57
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.09 -1.40
Tallflat-topped roofsh > 60 Enclosed Partially enclosed

Flat< Slope < 2:12 (10°)(Zone 1)See A SCE 7 Figure30.6-1 Zone 1

10 square feetorless -1.34 -1.66
N egative
500 square feetorm ore -0.92 -1.23
(continued)

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1609.6.2(2)— continued
N ET PR ESSU R E C O EFFIC IEN TS,C neta,b
STR U C TU R E O R
PA R T TH ER EO F D ESC R IPTIO N C net FA C TO R
R oofelem ents and slopes Enclosed Partially enclosed

G able orhipped configurations atridges,eaves and rakes (Zone 2)

Flat< Slope < 6:12 (27°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2B Zone 2
10 square feetorless 0.58 0.89
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.41 10.72
10 square feetorless -1.68 -2.00
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.17 -1.49
O verhang forSlope Flat< Slope < 6:12 (27°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2B Zone 2
10 square feetorless -1.87
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.87
6:12 (27°)< Slope < 12:12 (45°)Figure30.4-2C Enclosed Partially enclosed
10 square feetorless 0.92 1.23
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.83 1.15
10 square feetorless -1.17 -1.49
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.00 -1.32
O verhang for6:12 (27°)< Slope < 12:12 (45°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2C Zone 2
3. Com ponents and clad-
ding in areas ofdis- 10 square feetorless -1.70
N egative
continuities— roofs 500 square feetorm ore -1.53
and overhangs M onosloped configurations atridges,eaves and rakes (Zone 2)
Flat< Slope < 7:12 (30°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-5A Zone 2
10 square feetorless 0.49 0.81
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.41 0.72
10 square feetorless -1.51 -1.83
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.43 -1.74
Tallflattopped roofsh > 60 Enclosed Partially enclosed

Flat< Slope < 2:12 (10°)(Zone 2)See A SCE 7 Figure30.6-1 Zone 2

10 square feetorless -2.11 -2.42
N egative
500 square feetorm ore -1.51 -1.83
G able orhipped configurations atcorners (Zone 3)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2B Zone 3
Flat< Slope < 6:12 (27°) Enclosed Partially enclosed
10 square feetorless 0.58 0.89
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.41 0.72
10 square feetorless -2.53 -2.85
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.85 -2.17
(continued)

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1609.6.2(2)— continued
N ET PR ESSU R E C O EFFIC IEN TS,C neta,b
STR U C TU R E O R
PA R T TH ER EO F D ESC R IPTIO N C net FA C TO R

O verhang forSlope Flat< Slope < 6:12 (27°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2B Zone 3
10 square feetorless -3.15
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -2.13
6:12 (27°)< 12:12 (45°)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-2C Zone 3
10 square feetorless 0.92 1.23
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.83 1.15
10 square feetorless -1.17 -1.49
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.00 -1.32
O verhang for6:12 (27°)< Slope < 12:12 (45°) Enclosed Partially enclosed
3. Com ponents and cladding in 10 square feetorless -1.70
areas ofdiscontinuity— roofs N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.53
and overhangs
(continued) M onosloped Configurations atcorners (Zone 3)See A SCE 7 Figure30.4-5A Zone 3
Flat< Slope < 7:12 (30°)
10 square feetorless 0.49 0.81
Positive
100 square feetorm ore 0.41 0.72
10 square feetorless -2.62 -2.93
N egative
100 square feetorm ore -1.85 -2.17
Tallflattopped roofsh > 60 Enclosed Partially enclosed

Flat< Slope < 2:12 (10°)(Zone 3)See A SCE 7 Figure30.6-1 Zone 3

10 square feetorless -2.87 -3.19
N egative
500 square feetorm ore -2.11 -2.42
W allElem ents:h = 60 (Zone 4)Figure 6-11A Enclosed Partially enclosed
10 squarefeetorless 1.00 1.32
Positive
500 square feetorm ore 0.75 1.06
10 square feetorless -1.09 -1.40
N egative
500 square feetorm ore -0.83 -1.15
4. Com ponents and cladding not W allElem ents:h > 60 (Zone 4)See A SCE 7 Figure30.6-1 Zone 4
in areas ofdiscontinuity— w alls 20 square feetorless 0.92 1.23
and parapets Positive
500 square feetorm ore 0.66 0.98
20 square feetorless -0.92 -1.23
N egative
500 square feetorm ore -0.75 -1.06
ParapetW alls
Positive 2.87 3.19
N egative -1.68 -2.00
(continued)

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1609.6.2(2)— continued
N ET PR ESSU R E C O EFFIC IEN TS,C neta,b
STR U C TU R E O R
PA R T TH ER EO F D ESC R IPTIO N C net FA C TO R

W allelem ents:h 60 (Zone 5)Figure30.4-1 Enclosed Partially enclosed

10 square feetorless 1.00 1.32
Positive
500 square feetorm ore 0.75 1.06
10 square feetorless -1.34 -1.66
N egative
500 square feetorm ore -0.83 -1.15
5. Com ponents and cladding W allelem ents:h > 60 (Zone 5)See A SCE 7 Figure30.6-1 Zone 4
in areas ofdiscontinuity— 20 square feetorless 0.92 1.23
w alls and parapets Positive
500 square feetorm ore 0.66 0.98
20 square feetorless -1.68 -2.00
N egative
500 square feetorm ore -1.00 -1.32
Parapetw alls
Positive 3.64 3.95
N egative -2.45 -2.76
ForSI: 1 foot= 304.8 m m ,1 square foot= 0.0929 m 2,1 degree = 0.0175 rad.
[Link] betw een values in the table is perm itted.
[Link] eC net values have been grouped [Link] conservative results m ay be obtained by applying A SCE 7 provisions.

TA B LE 1609.7(1)
G A R AG E D O O R A N D RO LLIN G D O O R W IN D LO A D S FO R A B U ILD IN G W ITH
A M EA N R O O F H EIG H T O F 30 FEET LO C ATED IN EXPO SU R E B (psf)
EFFEC TIVE W IN D
A R EA V asd determ ined in accordance w ith Section 1609.3.1

W idth H eight
(ft) (ft) 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
R oofA ngle 0 -10 degrees
8 8 10.5 -11.9 11.7 -13.3 14.5 -16.4 17.5 -19.9 20.9 -23.6 24.5 -27.7 28.4 -32.2 32.6 -36.9
10 10 10.1 -11.4 11.4 -12.7 14.0 -15.7 17.0 -19.0 20.2 -22.7 23.7 -26.6 27.5 -30.8 31.6 -35.4
14 14 10.0 -10.7 10.8 -12.0 13.3 -14.8 16.1 -17.9 19.2 -21.4 22.5 -25.1 26.1 -29.1 30.0 -33.4
R oofA ngle > 10
9 7 11.4 -12.9 12.8 -14.5 15.8 -17.9 19.1 -21.6 22.8 -25.8 26.7 -30.2 31.0 -35.1 35.6 -40.2
16 7 10.9 -12.2 12.3 -13.7 15.2 -16.9 18.3 -20.4 21.8 -24.3 25.6 -28.5 29.7 -33.1 34.1 -38.0
ForSI:1 Square foot= 0.929 m 2,1 m ph = 0.447 m /s,1 psf= 47.88 N /m 2
[Link] areas orw ind speeds betw een those given above the load m ay be interpolated,otherw ise use the load associated w ith the low ereffective area.
[Link] values shallbe adjusted forheightand exposure by m ultiplying by adjustm entcoefficients in Table 1609.7(2).
[Link] and m inus signs signify pressures acting tow ard and aw ay from the building surfaces.
4.N egative pressures assum e doorhas 2 feetofw idth in building’s end zone.

TA B LE 1609.7(2)
A D JU STM EN T FAC TO R FO R BU ILD IN G H EIG H T A N D EXPO SU R E,( )
EXPO SU R E
M EA N R O O F H EIG H T
(feet) B C D
15 1.00 1.21 1.47
20 1.00 1.29 1.55
25 1.00 1.35 1.61
30 1.00 1.40 1.66
35 1.05 1.45 1.70
40 1.09 1.49 1.74
45 1.12 1.53 1.78
50 1.16 1.56 1.81
55 1.19 1.59 1.84
60 1.22 1.62 1.87
ForSI: 1 foot= 304.8 m m .
a.A lltable values shallbe adjusted forotherexposures and heights by m ultiplying by the above coefficients.

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

SEC TIO N 1610 SEC TIO N 1611

SO IL LATER A L LO A D S R A IN LO A D S
1610.1 G [Link] w allsand retainingw allsshallbe 1611.1 D esign rain [Link] portion of a roof shallbe
[Link] designed to sustain the load ofrainw aterthatw illaccum ulate
1610.1 shallbe used asthem inim um design lateralsoilloads on itiftheprim ary drainagesystem forthatportion isblocked
unlessdeterm inedotherw isebyageotechnicalinvestigationin plustheuniform loadcaused byw aterthatrisesabovetheinlet
accordance w ith Section [Link] w alls and other ofthesecondarydrainagesystem [Link]
w allsinw hichhorizontalm ovem entisrestrictedatthetopshall rainfallshallbebasedon the100-yearhourly rainfallrateindi-
be designed [Link] w allsfree to m ove cated in Figure 1611.1 oron otherrainfallrates determ ined
androtateatthetopshallbeperm ittedtobedesignedforactive from approved localw eatherdata.
pressure.D esignlateralpressurefrom surchargeloadsshallbe
addedtothelateralearthpressureload.D esignlateralpressure R = 5.2(ds+ dh) (Equation 16-35)
shallbeincreased [Link]
w allsshallbedesigned to supportthew eightofthefullhydro- ForSI:R = 0.0098(ds + dh)
staticpressureofundrainedbackfillunlessadrainagesystem is
installed in accordance w ith Sections 1805.4.2 and 1805.4.3. w here:
Exception: Foundation w alls extending notm ore than 8 dh = A dditional depth of w ater on the undeflected roof
feet(2438 m m )below grade and laterally supported atthe above the inletof secondary drainage system at its
topbyflexiblediaphragm sshallbeperm ittedtobedesigned design flow (i.e.,the hydraulic head),in inches (m m ).
foractive pressure. ds = D epthofw aterontheundeflectedroofuptotheinletof
secondary drainagesystem w hen theprim ary drainage
system isblocked(i.e.,thestatichead),ininches(m m ).
R = Rain load on the undeflected roof, in psf (kN /m 2).
W hen the phrase “undeflected roof” is used,deflec-
tions from loads (including dead loads) shallnotbe

TA B LE 1610.1
LATER A L SO IL LO A D
D ESIG N LA TER A L SO IL LO A D a
(pound per square footper footofdepth)
U N IFIED SO IL
D ESC R IPTIO N O F B A C K FILL M A TER IA Lc C LA SSIFIC A TIO N A ctive pressure A t-restpressure

W ell-graded,clean gravels;gravel-sand m ixes GW 30 60

Poorly graded clean gravels;gravel-sand m ixes GP 30 60
Silty gravels,poorly graded gravel-sand m ixes GM 40 60
Clayey gravels,poorly graded gravel-and-clay m ixes GC 45 60
W ell-graded,clean sands;gravelly sand m ixes SW 30 60
Poorly graded clean sands;sand-gravelm ixes SP 30 60
Silty sands,poorly graded sand-siltm ixes SM 45 60
Sand-siltclay m ix w ith plastic fines SM -SC 45 100
Clayey sands,poorly graded sand-clay m ixes SC 60 100
Inorganic silts and clayey silts ML 45 100
M ixture ofinorganic siltand clay M L-CL 60 100
Inorganic clays oflow to m edium plasticity CL 60 100
O rganic silts and siltclays,low plasticity OL N ote b N ote b
Inorganic clayey silts,elastic silts MH N ote b N ote b
Inorganic clays ofhigh plasticity CH N ote b N ote b
O rganic clays and silty clays OH N ote b N ote b
ForSI: 1 pound persquare footperfootofdepth = 0.157 kPa/m ,1 foot= 304.8 m m .
a.D esignlateralsoilloadsaregivenform oistconditionsforthespecifiedsoilsattheiroptim um densities.A [Link] ergedorsatu-
rated soilpressures shallinclude the w eightofthe buoyantsoilplus the hydrostatic loads.
b.U nsuitable as backfillm aterial.
[Link] definition and classification ofsoilm aterials shallbe in accordance w ith A STM D 2487.

16.26 2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G

 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

consideredw hendeterm iningtheam ountofrainonthe drainagesystem atahigherelevationthatlim itsaccum ulationof

roof. w ater on the roof above [Link] roofs shall be
1611.2 Ponding [Link] ith aslopelessthan 1/4 designedtosustaintheloadofrainw aterthatw illaccum ulateon
inchperfoot[1.19degrees(0.0208rad)],thedesigncalculations them to theelevation ofthesecondary drainagesystem plusthe
shallinclude verification ofadequate stiffnessto preclude pro- uniform loadcausedbyw aterthatrisesabovetheinletofthesec-
gressivedeflection in accordancew ith Section 8.4 ofA SCE 7. ondarydrainagesystem atitsdesignflow determ inedfrom Sec-
tion 1611.1. Such roofs shall also be checked for ponding
1611.3C ontrolled [Link] ithhardw areto instability in accordancew ith Section 1611.2.
controltherateofdrainageshallbeequipped w ith asecondary

ForSI: 1 i
Source:N at

2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G 16.27

STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

F
S

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

SEC TIO N 1612 2. Theunusualandrapid accum ulationorrunoffofsurface

FLO O D LO A D S w aters from any source.
1612.1 G eneral.W ithin flood hazard areas as established in FLO O D DA M AG E-R ESISTA N T M ATER IA LS.A ny con-
Section1612.3,allnew constructionofbuildings,structuresand struction m aterial capable of w ithstanding direct and pro-
portions of buildings and structures, including substantial longed contact w ith floodw aters w ithout sustaining any
im provem entandrestorationofsubstantialdam agetobuildings dam age thatrequires m ore than cosm etic repair.
and structures,shallbe designed and constructed to resistthe
effectsofflood hazardsand flood [Link] FLO O D H A ZA R D A R EA .Thegreaterofthefollow ing tw o
locatedinm orethanonefloodhazardarea,theprovisionsasso- areas:
ciated w ith them ostrestrictiveflood hazard area shallapply. 1. The area w ithin a flood plain subjectto a 1-percentor
greaterchance offlooding in any year.
1612.2 D [Link] follow ing w ordsand term sshall,for
thepurposesofthissection,havethem eaningsshow nherein. 2. Theareadesignatedasaflood hazard area on acom m u-
nity’sfloodhazardm ap,orotherw iselegallydesignated.
BA SE FLO O D .Theflood having a1-percentchanceofbeing
equaled orexceeded in any given year. FLO O D H A ZA R D A R EA SU BJEC T TO H IG H -V ELO C -
ITY W AV E AC TIO N .A reaw ithin theflood hazard area that
BA SE FLO O D ELEVATIO N . The elevation of the base
issubjectto high-velocity w aveaction,and show n on aFlood
flood,including w aveheight,relativeto theN ationalG eodetic
InsuranceRateM ap(FIRM )orotherfloodhazardm apasZone
Vertical D atum (N G V D ), N orth A m erican Vertical D atum
V,VO ,V E orV 1-30.
(NAV D )orotherdatum specified on theFlood InsuranceRate
M ap (FIRM ). FLO O D IN SU R A N C E R ATE M A P (FIR M ).A n official
m apofacom m unityonw hichtheFederalEm ergencyM anage-
BA SEM EN T. The portion of a building having its floor
m entA gency(FEM A )hasdelineatedboththespecialfloodhaz-
subgrade (below ground level)on allsides.
ard areas and the risk prem ium zones applicable to the
Thisdefinitionof“Basem ent”islim itedinapplicationtothe com m unity.
provisionsofSection1612(see“Basem ent”inSection502.1).
FLO O D IN SU R A N C E STU [Link]
D ESIG N FLO O D .The flood associated w ith the greaterof bytheFederalEm ergencyM anagem entA gencycontainingthe
the follow ing tw o areas: Flood Insurance Rate M ap (FIRM ),the Flood Boundary and
1. A reaw ith aflood plain subjectto a1-percentorgreater Floodw ay M ap (FBFM ),the w ater surface elevation of the
chance offlooding in any year;or base flood and supporting technicaldata.
2. A rea designated as a flood hazard area on a com m u- FLO O DW [Link] channelofthe river,creek orotherw ater-
nity’sfloodhazardm ap,orotherw iselegallydesignated. course and the adjacentland areas thatm ustbe reserved in
ordertodischargethebasefloodw ithoutcum ulativelyincreas-
ingthew atersurfaceelevationm orethanadesignatedheight.
D ESIG N FLO O D ELEVATIO N . The elevation of the
“design flood,” including w ave height,relative to the datum LO C A L FLO O D PLA IN M A N AG EM EN T O R D IN A N C E.
specified on the com m unity’slegally designated flood hazard A n ordinance orregulation adopted pursuantto the authority
m [Link] areasdesignated asZone AO ,the design flood eleva- grantedtolocalgovernm entsbyTitle44CodeofFederalRegu-
tion shallbe the elevation ofthe highestexisting grade ofthe lations,Sections 59 and 60 for participation in the N ational
building’sperim eterplusthedepth num ber(in feet)specified Flood InsuranceProgram .
onthefloodhazardm [Link] w here LO W EST FLO O R .The floor of the low estenclosed area,
adepth num berisnotspecified on them ap,thedepth num ber including basem ent, but excluding any unfinished or
shallbe taken as being equalto 2 feet(610 m m ). flood-resistant enclosure, usable solely for vehicle parking,
D RY FLO O D PRO O FIN G .A com bination ofdesign m odifi- building accessorlim ited storageprovided thatsuch enclosure
cationsthatresultsinabuildingorstructure,includingtheatten- isnotbuiltso asto renderthestructurein violation ofthissec-
dantutility and sanitary facilities,being w atertightw ith w alls tion.
substantially im perm eable to the passage of w ater and w ith SPEC IA L FLO O D H A ZA R D A R EA .Theland areasubject
structuralcom ponentshavingthecapacitytoresistloadsasiden- to flood hazardsand show n on aFlood InsuranceRateM ap or
tified in A SCE 7. otherflood hazard m ap asZoneA ,A E,A 1-30,A 99,A R,AO ,
EX ISTIN G C O N STRU C TIO N .A nybuildingsandstructures A H ,V,VO ,V E orV 1-30.
for w hich the “startof construction” com m enced before the STA RT O F C O N STR U C TIO N .Thedateofissuancefornew
effectivedateofthecom m unity’sfirstflood plain m anagem ent construction and substantialim provem ents to existing struc-
code,ordinance or standard.“Existing construction” is also tures,provided the actualstartofconstruction,repair,recon-
referred to as“existing structures.” struction, rehabilitation, addition, placem ent or other
EX ISTIN G STRU C TU R [Link] “Existing construction.” im provem entisw ithin 180 [Link]
actualstartofconstructionm eansthefirstplacem entofperm a-
FLO O D orFLO O D IN G .A generaland tem porary condition nent construction of a building (including a m anufactured
ofpartialorcom plete inundation ofnorm ally dry land from : hom e)onasite,suchasthepouringofaslaborfootings,instal-
1. The overflow ofinland ortidalw aters. lation ofpilings orconstruction ofcolum ns.

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

Perm anentconstruction does notinclude land preparation shall docum ent that the technical m ethods used
(such asclearing,excavation,grading orfilling),the installa- reflectcurrently accepted engineering practice.
tion ofstreetsorw alkw ays,excavation fora basem ent,foot-
ings,piersorfoundations,the erection oftem porary form sor 1612.3.2 D eterm ination ofim [Link] riverineflood haz-
theinstallationofaccessorybuildingssuchasgaragesorsheds ard areas w here design flood elevations are specified but
notoccupied asdwellingunitsornotpartofthem ainbuilding. floodw ayshavenotbeendesignated,theapplicantshallpro-
Fora substantialim provem ent,the actual“startofconstruc- vide a floodw ay analysis thatdem onstrates thatthe pro-
tion” m eans the firstalteration ofany w all,ceiling,flooror posed w ork w illnotincrease the design flood elevation
otherstructuralpartofabuilding,w hetherornotthatalteration m orethan 1 foot(305 m m )atany pointw ithin thejurisdic-
affects the externaldim ensions ofthe building. tion ofthe applicable governing authority.
SU BSTA N TIA L DA M AG E.D am ageofany origin sustained
1612.4 D esign and [Link]
by a structure w hereby the costofrestoring the structure to its
ofbuildingsandstructureslocatedinfloodhazardareas,includ-
before-dam aged condition w ould equalorexceed 50 percentof
ingfloodhazardareassubjecttohigh-velocityw aveaction,shall
them arketvalueofthestructurebeforethedam ageoccurred.
beinaccordancew ithChapter5ofA SCE 7andw ithA SCE 24.
SU BSTA N TIA L IM PRO V EM EN T.A ny repair,reconstruc-
tion,rehabilitation,addition orim provem entofa building or 1612.5 Flood hazard docum [Link] follow ing docu-
structure,thecostofw hich equalsorexceeds50 percentofthe m entation shallbe prepared and sealed by a registered design
m arketvalueofthestructurebeforetheim provem entorrepairis professionaland shallbe subm itted to the building official:
[Link] structure has sustained substantialdam age,any
repairsareconsideredsubstantialim provem entregardlessofthe [Link] construction in flood hazard areas notsubjectto
actual repair w ork perform [Link] term does not,how ever, high-velocity w ave action:
includeeither:
1.1 The elevation ofthe low estfloor,including base-
1. A ny projectforim provem entofa building required to m ent,asrequired by the foundation inspection and
correctexistinghealth,sanitaryorsafetycodeviolations the finalinspection in Section 110.3.
identified by the building officialand thatare the m ini-
[Link] enclosed areasbelow thedesign flood ele-
m um necessary to assure safe living conditions.
vation w here provisions to allow forthe autom atic
2. A ny alteration ofa historic structure provided thatthe entry and exitoffloodw atersdo notm eetthe m ini-
alteration w ill not preclude the structure’s continued m um requirem entsinSection2.6.2.1,A SCE 24,con-
designation as a historic structure. structiondocum entsshallincludeastatem entthatthe
design w illprovide for equalization of hydrostatic
1612.3 Establishm ent of flood hazard [Link] establish flood forces in accordance w ith Section [Link] of
flood hazard areas,theapplicablegoverning authority shall,by
A SCE 24.
localfloodplain m anagem entordinance,adopta flood hazard
m [Link] apshallinclude,at [Link] floodproofed nonresidentialbuildings,con-
a m inim um ,areasofspecialflood hazard as identified by the structiondocum entsshallincludeastatem entthatthe
Federal Em ergency M anagem ent A gency in an engineering dry floodproofing is designed in accordance w ith
reportentitled“TheFloodInsuranceStudyfor[IN SERT NA M E A SCE 24.
O F JU RISD ICTIO N ],” dated [IN SERT DATE O F ISSU-
A N CE],asam ended orrevised w ith the accom panying Flood 2. For construction in flood hazard areas subject to
InsuranceRateM ap(FIRM )andFloodBoundaryandFloodw ay high-velocity w ave action:
M ap (FBFM )and related supporting data along w ith any revi-
2.1 Theelevation ofthebottom ofthelow esthorizontal
[Link] apandsupportingdata
structural m em ber as required by the foundation
arehereby adopted by referenceand declared to bepartofthis
inspection and thefinalinspection in Section 110.3.
Section.
2.2 Construction docum ents shall include a statem ent
1612.3.1 D esign flood elevations.W heredesign flood ele- that the building is designed in accordance w ith
vations are notincluded in the flood hazard areas estab- A SCE 24,including thatthepileorcolum n founda-
lished in Section 1612.3, or w here floodw ays are not tionandbuildingorstructuretobeattachedtheretois
designated,thebuilding officialisauthorized to requirethe designed to be anchored to resistflotation,collapse
applicantto: and lateralm ovem entdueto theeffectsofw ind and
1. O btain andreasonably utilizeany design flood eleva- flood loads acting sim ultaneously on all building
tion and floodw ay dataavailablefrom afederal,state com ponents,and otherload requirem entsofChapter
orothersource;or 16.
2. D eterm ine the design flood elevation and/or 2.3 For breakaw ay w alls designed to resista nom inal
floodw ay in accordance w ith accepted hydrologic loadoflessthan10psf(0.48kN /m 2)orm orethan20
and hydraulic engineering practices used to define psf (0.96 kN /m 2), construction docum ents shall
specialflood hazard areas.D eterm inations shallbe include a statem ent that the breakaw ay w all is
undertaken by a registered design professionalw ho designed in accordancew ith A SCE 24.

2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G 16.33

STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1612.1
C R O SS R EFER EN C ES D EFIN IN G FLO O D R ESISTA N T PR O VISIO N S O F TH E FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E
Florida B uilding C ode – B uilding
Section Section
Chapter1 A dm inistration Chapter14 ExteriorW alls
102 A pplicability 1403 Perform ance Requirem ents
107 Construction D ocum ents
110 Inspections Chapter16 StructuralD esign
Certificates ofO ccupancy and
111 1601 G eneral
Com pletion
1603 Construction D ocum ents
Chapter2 D efinitions 1605 Load Com binations
202 D efinitions 1612 Flood Loads

SpecialD etailed Requirem ents Based

Chapter4 Chapter18 Soils and Foundations
on U se and O ccupancy
419 H ospitals 1801 G eneral
420 N ursing H om es 1804 Excavation,G rading and Fill
Sw im m ing Pools and Bathing Places
424 1807 D am pproofing and W aterproofing
(Public A nd Private)

Chapter8 InteriorFinishes Chapter30 Elevators and Conveying System s

801 G eneral 3001 G eneral

Chapter12 InteriorEnvironm ent Chapter31 SpecialConstruction

1203 V entilation 3102 M em brane Structures

Florida B uilding C ode – R esidential

Section Section
Chapter2 D efinitions Chapter22 SpecialPiping and Storage System s
202 D efinitions M 2201 O ilTanks

Chapter3 Building Planning Chapter24 FuelG as

R301 D esign Criteria G 2404 (301) G eneral
R309 G arages and Carports
R322 Flood ResistantConstruction Chapter26 G eneralPlum bing Requirem ents
P2601 G eneral
Chapter4 Foundations
R401 G eneral Chapter27 Plum bing Fixtures
R408 U nder-FloorSpace P2705 Installation

G eneralM echanicalSystem
Chapter13 Chapter30 Sanitary D rainage
Requirem ents
M 1301 G eneral P3001 G eneral

Chapter14 H eating and Cooling Equipm ent Chapter31 V ents

M 1401 G eneral P3101 V entSystem s
(continued)

16.34 2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G

 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1612.1— continued
C R O SS R EFER EN C ES D EFIN IN G FLO O D R ESISTA N T PR O VISIO N S O F TH E FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E
Florida B uilding C ode – R esidential
Section Section
Chapter16 D uctSystem s Chapter41 Sw im m ing Pools
M 1601 D uctConstruction R4101 Private Sw im m ing Pools

Chapter17 Com bustion A ir Chapter44 H igh-V elocity H urricane Zones

H igh-V elocity H urricane Zones –
M 1701 G eneral R4403
G eneral

Chapter20 Boilers and W aterH eaters

M 2001 Boilers

Florida B uilding C ode – Existing

Section Section
Chapter1 A dm inistration Chapter10 A dditions
101 G eneral 1003 Structural

Chapter2 D efinitions
202 D efinitions

Chapter3 Prescriptive Com pliance M ethod Chapter11 H istoric Buildings

302 A dditions,A lterations orRepairs 1101 G eneral
303 A lterations
304 Repairs

Chapter5 Repairs Chapter12 Relocated orM oved Buildings

501 G eneral 1202 Requirem ents
506 Structural
Chapter13 Perform ance Com pliance M ethods
Chapter6 A lterations – LevelI 1301 G eneral
601 G eneral

Florida B uilding C ode – M echanical

Section Section
Chapter3 G eneralRegulations Chapter6 D uctSystem s
M 301 G eneral M 602 Plenum s
M 603 D uctConstruction and Installation
Chapter4 V entilation
M 401 G eneral Chapter12 H ydronic Piping
M 1206 Piping Installation
Chapter5 ExhaustSystem s
M 501 G eneral Chapter13 FuelO ilPiping and Storage
M 1305 FuelO ilSystem Installation

Florida B uilding C ode – Plum bing

Section
Chapter3 G eneralRegulations
P309 Flood H azard Resistance

Florida B uilding C ode – FuelG as

Section
Chapter3 G eneralRegulations

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

SEC TIO N 1613 design dead and live load tributary to the colum n
EA R TH Q UA K E LO A D S betw een the splice and the splice orbase im m ediately
R ESERVED below.
1614.3.2.2 Beam [Link] connections of allbeam s and
SEC TIO N 1614 girders shall have a m inim um nom inal axial tensile
STR U C TU R A L IN TEG R ITY strength equalto therequired verticalshearstrength for
allowable stress design (A SD ) or tw o-thirds of the
1614.1 G [Link] ashigh-risebuildingsin required shear strength for load and resistance factor
accordancew ithSection403 and assignedtoRiskCategoryIII design (LRFD )butnotlessthan 10 kips(45 kN ).Forthe
orIV shallcom plyw iththerequirem [Link] e purposeofthissection,theshearforceand theaxialten-
structures shall com ply w ith the requirem ents of Section sileforceneednotbeconsideredtoactsim ultaneously.
[Link] w allstructuresshallcom ply w ith therequire-
m ents ofSection 1614.4. Exception:W herebeam s,girders,openw ebjoistand
joistgirderssupporta concrete slab orconcrete slab
1614.2 D [Link] follow ing w ordsand term sshall,for
on m etaldeck thatisattached to the beam orgirder
thepurposesofSection1614,havethem eaningsshow nherein.
w ith notlessthan 3/8-inch-diam eter(9.5 m m )headed
BEA R IN G W A LL STRU C TU R E.A building orotherstruc- shearstuds,ata spacing ofnotm ore than 12 inches
tureinw hich verticalloadsfrom floorsand roofsareprim arily (305 m m )on center,averaged overthe length ofthe
supported by w alls. m em ber,orotherattachm enthaving equivalentshear
FR A M E STRU C TU R E. A building or other structure in strength,and theslab containscontinuousdistributed
w hich verticalloadsfrom floorsand roofsare prim arily sup- reinforcem entin each oftw o orthogonaldirections
ported by colum ns. w ith an area notlessthan 0.0015 tim esthe concrete
area,the nom inalaxialtension strength of the end
1614.3 Fram [Link] estructuresshallcom plyw ith connection shallbe perm itted to be taken ashalfthe
the requirem ents ofthis section. required verticalshearstrength forA SD orone-third
1614.3.1 C oncrete fram e structures. Fram e structures oftherequired shearstrength forLRFD ,butnotless
constructed prim arilyofreinforced orprestressed concrete, than 10 kips (45 kN ).
eithercast-in-place orprecast,ora com bination ofthese, 1614.4 Bearing w [Link] w allstructuresshall
shallconform totherequirem entsofACI318Sections7.13, haveverticaltiesinallload-bearingw allsandlongitudinalties,
[Link],[Link],16.5,18.12.6,18.12.7 and 18.12.8 as transverse tiesand perim etertiesateach floorlevelin accor-
applicable.W here ACI 318 requires thatnonprestressed dance w ith this section and as show n in Figure 1614.4.
reinforcing or prestressing steelpass through the region
bounded by the longitudinalcolum n reinforcem ent,that 1614.4.1 C oncrete w [Link] w all
reinforcingorprestressingsteelshallhaveam inim um nom - structures constructed solely of reinforced or prestressed
inal tensile strength equal to tw o-thirds of the required concrete,or com binations of these shallconform to the
one-w ay verticalstrength ofthe connection ofthe flooror requirem ents of Sections 7.13,[Link] and 16.5 of ACI
roofsystem to thecolum n in each direction ofbeam orslab 318.
reinforcem entpassing through the colum n.
1614.4.2 O ther bearing w [Link] in bearing
Exception:W hereconcreteslabsw ith continuousrein- w allstructuresotherthanthosecoveredinSection1614.4.1
forcinghavinganareanotlessthan0.0015tim esthecon- shallconform to this section.
crete area in each of tw o orthogonal directions are
presentand are eitherm onolithic w ith orequivalently 1614.4.2.1 Longitudinal [Link] ties shall
bonded to beam s,girders orcolum ns,the longitudinal consistofcontinuousreinforcem entinslabs;continuous
reinforcing orprestressing steelpassing through thecol- or spliced decks or sheathing; continuous or spliced
um n reinforcem entshallhaveanom inaltensilestrength m em bersfram ing to,w ithin oracrossw alls;orconnec-
ofone-third oftherequired one-w ay verticalstrength of tionsofcontinuousfram ing m em bersto w [Link]-
theconnection ofthefloororroofsystem to thecolum n dinaltiesshallextend acrossinteriorload-bearing w alls
in each direction ofbeam orslab reinforcem entpassing andshallconnecttoexteriorload-bearingw allsandshall
through the colum n. bespaced atnotgreaterthan 10 feet(3038 m m )on cen-
[Link] inim um nom inaltensilestrength,
1614.3.2 Structuralsteel,open w eb steeljoist or joist TT,given by Equation [Link] A SD the m inim um
girder,orcom positesteeland concretefram estructures. nom inaltensilestrengthshallbeperm ittedtobetakenas
Fram estructuresconstructedw ithastructuralsteelfram eor 1.5tim estheallow abletensilestresstim estheareaofthe
afram ecom posedofopenw ebsteeljoists,joistgirdersw ith tie.
orw ithoutotherstructuralsteelelem entsora fram e com -
posed ofcom positesteelorcom positesteeljoistsand rein- TT = wLS TS (Equation 16-46)
forced concreteelem entsshallconform totherequirem ents
ofthis section. w here:
1614.3.2.1 C olum [Link] colum n spliceshallhavethe L = The span ofthe horizontalelem entin the direc-
m inim um design strength in tension to transfer the tion ofthe tie,betw een bearing w alls,feet(m ).

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FIG U R E 1614.4
LO N G ITU D IN A L,PER IM ETER ,TR A N SVER SE A N D VER TIC A L TIES

w = Thew eightperunitareaofthefloororroofinthe 1614.4.2.3 Perim [Link] etertiesshallconsistof

spanbeingtiedtooracrossthew all,psf(N /m 2). continuousreinforcem entin slabs;continuousorspliced
S = The spacing betw een ties,feet(m ). decksorsheathing;continuousorspliced m em bersfram -
ing to,w ithin oracrossw alls;orconnectionsofcontinu-
T = A coefficientw ith a value of1,500 pounds per ousfram ing m em bersto w [Link] theperim eter
foot(2.25 kN /m )form asonry bearing w allstruc- ofeach floorand roofshallbelocated w ithin 4 feet(1219
tures and a value of 375 pounds per foot(0.6 m m )ofthe edge and shallprovide a nom inalstrength in
kN /m ) for structures w ith bearing w alls of tension notless than Tp,given by Equation [Link]
cold-form ed steellight-fram e construction. A SD the m inim um nom inaltensilestrength shallbe per-
1614.4.2.2 [Link] m itted to betaken as1.5 tim estheallow abletensilestress
of continuous reinforcem ent in slabs; continuous or tim es the area ofthe tie.
spliced decksorsheathing;continuousorspliced m em -
bersfram ing to,w ithinoracrossw alls;orconnectionsof Tp = 200w T (Equation 16-47)
continuous fram ing m em bers to w [Link] ties ForSI:
shallbeplaced no fartherapartthan thespacing ofload-
bearingw [Link] inim um nom i- Tp = 90.7w T
naltensilestrengthTT,[Link] SD w here:
them inim um nom inaltensilestrength shallbeperm itted
to betaken as1.5 tim estheallow abletensilestresstim es w = A s defined in Section 1614.4.2.1.
the area ofthe tie. T = A coefficientw ithavalueof16,000pounds(7200
kN )forstructuresw ithm asonry bearingw allsand

2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G 16.37

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

a value of 4,000 pounds (1300 kN) for structures such units, the units and their attachments shall be capable
with bearing walls of cold-formed steel of resisting applied loads normal to the surface, in and out..
light-frame construction.
1615.2 Gener al design for specific occupancies and str uc-
1614.4.2.4 Ver tical ties. Vertical ties shall consist of tures.
continuous or spliced reinforcing, continuous or spliced
members, wall sheathing or other engineered systems. 1615.2.1 Fences. Fences not exceeding 6 feet (1829 mm) in
Vertical tension ties shall be provided in bearing walls height from grade may be designed for 75 mph (33 m/s)
and shall be continuous over the height of the building. fastest mile wind speed or 115 mph (40 m/s) 3-second gust.
The minimum nominal tensile strength for vertical ties 1615.2.1.1 Wood fences. Wood fence design shall be as
within a bearing wall shall be equal to the weight of the specified by Section 2328.
wall within that story plus the weight of the diaphragm
tributary to the wall in the story below. No fewer than two 1615.2.2 Sway forces in stadiums.
ties shall be provided for each wall. The strength of each 1. The sway force applied to seats in stadiums, grand-
tie need not exceed 3,000 pounds per foot (450 kN/m) of stands, bleachers and reviewing stands shall be not
wall tributary to the tie for walls of masonry construction less than 24 pounds per lineal foot (350 N/m), applied
or 750 pounds per foot (140 kN/m) of wall tributary to perpendicularly and along the seats.
the tie for walls of cold-formed steel light-frame con-
2. Sway forces shall be applied simultaneously with
struction.
gravity loads.
3. Sway forces need not be applied simultaneously with
SECTION 1615 other lateral forces.
HIGH-VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES 1615.3 Deflection.
DEFLECTION, VOLUME CHANGES AND MINIMUM
LOADS 1615.3.1 Allowable deflections. The deflection of any
structural member or component when subjected to live,
1615.1 Gener al design r equirements. wind and other superimposed loads set forth herein shall not
1615.1.1 Any system, method of design or method of con- exceed the following:
struction shall admit of a rational analysis in accordance 1. Roof and ceiling or components supporting
with well-established principles of mechanics and sound plast................................................................L/360
engineering practices.
2. Roof members or components not supporting plas-
1615.1.2 Buildings, structures and all parts thereof shall be ter under.........................................................L/240
designed and constructed to be of sufficient strength to sup-
port the estimated or actual imposed dead, live, wind, and 3. Floor members or components.......................L/360
any other loads, both during construction and after comple- 4. Vertical members and wall members or components
tion of the structure, without exceeding the allowable mate- consisting of or supporting material that hardens in
rials stresses specified by this code. place, is brittle or lacks resistance to cracking caused
1615.1.3 No building structure or part thereof shall be by bending strains..........................................L/360
designed for live loads less than those specified in this 5. Vertical members and wall members or components
Chapter or ASCE 7 with commentary, except as otherwise not required to meet the conditions of Section
noted in this code. 1615.3.1, Item 4.............................................L/180
1615.1.4 The live loads set forth herein shall be assumed to 6. Roof and vertical members, wall members and pan-
include the ordinary impact but where loading involves els of carports, canopies, marquees, patio covers,
unusual impact, provision shall be made by increasing the utility sheds and similar minor structures not to be
assumed live load. considered living areas, where the roof projection is
1615.1.5 In the design of floors, not less than the actual live greater than 12 feet (3.7 m) in the direction of the
load to be imposed shall be used. Special provisions shall be span, for free-standing roofs and roofs supported by
made for machine or apparatus loads where applicable. existing structures. Existing structures supporting
such roofs shall be capable of supporting the addi-
1615.1.6 Floor and roof systems shall be designed and con- tional loading.................................................L/180
structed to transfer horizontal forces to such parts of the
structural frame as are designed to carry these forces to the 7. For Group R-3 occupancies only, roof and vertical
foundation. Where roofs or floors are constructed of indi- members, wall members and panels of carports,
vidual prefabricated units and the transfer of forces to the canopies, marquees, patio covers, utility sheds and
building frame and foundation is totally or partially depend- similar minor structures not to be considered living
ent on such units, the units and their attachments shall be areas, where the roof projection is 12 feet (3.7 m) or
capable of resisting applied loads in both vertical and both less in the direction of the span and for free standing
horizontal directions. Where roofs or floors are constructed roofs and roofs supported by existing struc-
of individual prefabricated units and the transfer of forces to tures.................................................................L/80
the building frame and foundation is wholly independent of 8. Members supporting screens only...................L/80

16.38 2010 FLORIDA BUILDING CODE BUILDING

 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

9. Storm shuttersandfold-dow naw nings,w hichinthe TA B LE 1615

closedpositionshallprovideam inim um clearsepa- M IN IM U M U N IFO R M LY D ISTR IB U TED LIVE LO A D S
See Tables 4-1 ofA SC E 7 w ith com m entary,
ration from the glassof1 inch (25 m m )butnotto exceptas otherw ise noted below
exceed2inches(51m m )w hentheshutteroraw ning
LIVE LO A D
is at its m axim um point of perm issible deflec- PO U N D S PER SQ U A R E
tion...................................................................L/30 O C C U PA N C Y O R U SE FO O T

10. Roofs and exterior w alls of utility sheds having A ssem bly projection room 100
m axim um dim ensions of10 feet(3 m )length,10 Balconies,Exterior(see also assem bly)
feet(3m )w idth,and7feet(2.1m )height.........L/80 Serving private units ofG roup R 60
11. Roofsand exteriorw allsofstoragebuildingslarger occupancies and notforassem bly use
thanutilitysheds.............................................L/180 Balconies serving occupancies 80 psfor 80
1615.4 Volum e [Link] the design ofany building,struc- less
tureorportionthereof,considerationshallbegiventotherelief A llotherbalconies 100
ofstressescaused by expansion,contraction and othervolum e Cabanas and bath house 50
changes.
Path ofegress servicing occupancies 80 80
1615.5 Liveloads.M inim um uniform ly distributed liveloads psforless
shallnotbe lessthan assetforth in and Table 4-1 ofA SCE 7
w ith com m entary,exceptas otherw ise noted in this code. Path ofegress servicing occupancies over 100
80 psf
1615.6 C oncentrated loads. M inim um concentrated loads
Recreationalfacilities
shallnotbelessthan assetforth in Table4-1 ofA SCE 7 w ith
Including bow ling centers,poolroom s and 75
com m entary,exceptas otherw ise noted. sim ilaruses
1615.6.1C oncentrated loadson trusses.A nysinglepanel Storage:
pointofthelow erchord ofrooftrussesoranypointofother Light 75
prim ary structuralm em bers supporting roofs overm anu- M edium 125
facturing,com m ercialstorage and w arehousing,and com - H eavy 2501,2
m ercialgarage floorsshallbe capable ofsafely carrying a ForSI:1 pound persquare foot= 47.88 Pa.
suspended,concentrated load ofnotlessthan 2,000 pounds 1.U se actualequipm entw eightw hen greater.
(8896N )[Link], [Link] w hen occupancy exceeds this am ount.
a m inim um load of200 pounds (890 N )shallbe used.

2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G 16.39

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SECTION 1616
HIGH-VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
ROOF LIVE LOADS
1616.1 Minimum roof live loads. Roofs shall be designed for
a live load of not less than 30 psf (1436 Pa), except as set forth
herein.
Exceptions:
1. Glass areas of greenhouse roofs shall be designed for
a live load of not less than 15 psf (718 Pa).
2. Ordinary pitched and curved roofs, with a slope of
11/2:12, or greater, where water is not directed to the
interior of the roof, without parapet or other edge of
roof drainage obstructions, may be designed for an
allowable live load of not less than 20 psf (958 Pa).
3. Utility sheds shall be designed for a live load of not
less than 15 psf (718 Pa).
1616.2 Special purpose roofs. Roofs used for assembly, roof
gardens, promenade or walkway purposes shall be designed for
a minimum live load of 100 psf (4788 Pa). Other special pur-
pose roofs shall be designed for appropriate loads as directed or
approved by the building official.
FIGURE 1617.3
1616.3 Roof decking. Roof decking shall be designed to sup- REQUIRED AREA OF OVERFLOW SCUPPERS
port the live load set forth in Section 1616.1 or a load of 100
pounds per foot (445 N) applied as a 1 foot (305 mm) wide strip
perpendicular to, and at the center of, the span of the decking 1617.4 All roofs shall be designed with sufficient slope or cam-
between supports, whichever is more critical. ber to assure adequate drainage after the long term deflection
from dead load, or shall be designed to support maximum loads
including possible ponding of water caused by deflection.
SECTION 1617 1617.5 Ponding loads. Roofs shall be designed to preclude
HIGH-VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES instability from ponding loads.
ROOF DRAINAGE
1617.6 Each portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the
1617.1 Roof dr ainage. Where parapets or curbs are con-
loads of all rainwater that could accumulate on it if the primary
structed above the level of the roof, provision shall be made to
drainage system for that portion is obstructed. Ponding insta-
prevent rain water from accumulating on the roof in excess of
bility shall be considered in this situation. If the overflow drain-
that considered in the design, in the event the rain water drains,
age provisions contain drain lines, such lines shall be
conductors or leaders become clogged.
independent of any primary drain lines.
1617.2 Where roofs are not designed in accordance with Sec-
tion 1617.1, overflow drains or scuppers shall be placed to pre-
vent an accumulation of more than 5 inches (927 mm) of water SECTION 1618
on any portion of the roof. In determining the load that could HIGH-VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
result should the primary drainage system be blocked, the loads SPECIAL LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
caused by the depth of water (i.e., head) needed to cause the
water to flow out the scuppers or secondary drainage system 1618.1 Floor s. In the design of floors, consideration shall be
shall be included. given to the effect of known or probable concentration of loads,
partial concentrations of loads, partial load, vibratory, transi-
1617.3 Drains or scuppers installed to provide overflow drain- tory, impact and machine loads. Design shall be based on the
age shall be not less in aggregate area than as shown in Figure load or combination of loads that produces the higher stresses.
1617.3, but not less than 4 inches (102 mm) dimension in any
direction and shall be placed in parapets not less than 2 inches 1618.2 Below gr ade str uctur es.
(51 mm) nor more than 4 inches (102 mm) above the low point 1618.2.1 In the design of basements, tanks, swimming
of the finished roofing surface and shall be located as close as pools and similar below grade structures, provisions shall be
practical to required vertical leaders, conductors or down- made for the forces resulting from hydrostatic pressure and
spouts. The roof area to be taken in the sizing of the scuppers is lateral pressure of adjacent soil.
the horizontal projection, except that, where a building wall
extends above the roof in such a manner as to drain into the area 1618.2.2 For the lateral loads of soil on below grade struc-
considered, the one-half of the area of the vertical wall shall be tures, unless substantiated by more specific information, the
added to the horizontal projection. angle of repose of fragmental rock and natural confined

16.40 2010 FLORIDA BUILDING CODE BUILDING

 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

sandshallbe30degreesandtheangleofreposeoffilledsoil have individualopenings notexceeding 64 square inches

and m uck shallbe 15 degrees to a horizontalline. (.04 m 2)in area.
1618.2.3 Forthehydrostaticpressure on any floorbelow a 1618.4.5 W here a balustrade is used to com ply w ith the
ground w ater level, calculations shall be based on full requirem ents of this paragraph,the m axim um clearance
hydrostatic pressure,and such floorsshallbe designed for betw een the bottom railofthe balustrade and the adjacent
live load w ithouthydrostatic uplift,and hydrostatic uplift surface shallnotexceed 2 inches(51 m m ).Forsafeguards
w ithoutlive load. on stairs,the 2-inch (51 m m )clearance shallbe m easured
1618.2.4 Privatesw im m ing poolsm ay bedesigned w ith an from the bottom railof the balustrade to a line passing
approved hydrostaticreliefvalveorotherdevicecapableof through the tread nosings.
preventing the poolw ater from being pum ped to a level 1618.4.6 R ailing.
low erthan the surrounding ground w aterbutsuch device
1618.4.6.1 Railings,stair-railingsandothersim ilarsafe-
shallnotbe credited form ore than 2 feet(610 m m )ofthe
guardsshallbedesignedtoresistaloadof50poundsper
difference ofhead betw een the poolbottom and the flood
lineal foot (74 kg/m ) or a concentrated load of 200
criteria.
pounds(690N )appliedinanydirectionatthetopofsuch
1618.3 H elistops/heliports. In addition to other design barriersatanylocationonthesafeguard,w hichevercon-
requirem entsofthischapter,heliportand helistop loading or dition produces the m axim um [Link] reactions
touchdow n areas shallbe designed for the m axim um stress andstressescausedbytheabovereferenceduniform and
induced by the follow ing: concentrated loadsshallbe considered to notbe acting
1. D ead load plus actualw eightofthe helicopter. sim ultaneously.
2. D ead load plus tw o single concentrated im pactloads 1618.4.6.2 Interm ediaterails,balustersand panelfillers
approxim ately 8 feet (2.4 m ) apart anyw here on the shallbedesignedforauniform horizontalloadofnotless
touchdow n pad (representing each of the helicopter’s than 25 psf(1197 Pa)overthe grossarea ofthe guard,
tw o m ain landing gear,w hether skid type or w heeled includingtheareaofanyopeningsintheguard,ofw hich
type),w ith each concentrated load covering 1 square they are a partw ithoutrestriction by [Link]-
foot(0.09 m 2)andhaving am inim um m agnitudeof0.75 tionsresultingfrom thisloadingneednotbeaddedtothe
tim esthegrossw [Link] loadsact- loading specified in Section 1618.4.6.1 in designing the
ing together total a m inim um of 1.5 tim es the gross m ain supporting m em bers ofguards.
w eightofthe helicopter. 1618.4.6.3 Lam inated glazing w illbe perm itted as an
3. Thedeadloadplusauniform liveloadof60psf(2873Pa). equalalternatetopickets,iftestedbyanaccreditedlabo-
ratory to satisfy theresistancerequirem entsofthiscode
1618.4 Safeguards. Safeguards shall be required in and forw ind,live and kinetic energy im pactloading condi-
around buildings and structures such as covers, railings, [Link] kinetic energy im pactloading shallcom ply
stair-railings,handrails orothersafeguards as defined in the w ithA N SIZ97.1usinga400foot-pound(542N )energy
regulationsoftheO ccupationalSafetyandH ealthA dm inistra- im [Link] requirem entsoftheim pacttestshall
tion (O SH A )29 CFR Part1910 asapplied to perm anentstruc- be judged to have been satisfactorily m etif breakage
tures and as specified herein. doesnotoccurornum erouscracksandfissuresoccurbut
1618.4.1 O pen or glazed w allopenings;open or glazed no shearoropening through w hich a 3-inch (76 m m )
sides of balconies,landings and other w alking surfaces; diam etersphere m ay freely [Link] glasspanelshall
unenclosed floorand roofopenings;roofs used forother rem ain w ithin the supporting fram e.
than services for the building or structure and any other
1618.4.6.4Ifthepoststhatsupportthetoprailofexterior
abruptdifferencesin levelexceeding 30 inches(762 m m ),
railingsaresubstituted w ith glass,theassem bly shallbe
including yard areas,shallbeprovided w ith safeguardsnot
testedtoTA S 201,w heretheim pactedglasscontinuesto
less than 42 inches (1067 m m )in height.
supportthetoprailandallapplicableloadsafterim pact.
1618.4.2Safeguardsm aybeom ittedatloadingdocks,truck
1618.4.7 A reasin alloccupanciesfrom w hich thepublicis
w ellsandsim ilarlocationsw hereitisapparentthattheedge
excluded requiring such protection m ay be provided w ith
ofthehigherlevelisforloading,andondocks,seaw allsand
verticalbarriershaving asinglerailm idw ay betw een atop
decorativefountainsw herethelow erlevelisthew atersur-
railand the w alking surface.
face.
1618.5 Vehicle safeguard [Link] safeguard barri-
1618.4.3 Safeguardsin and around buildingsofotherthan
ersarerequired in parking garagesw heneverthereisadiffer-
G roup R occupancies shall be provided w ith additional
ence in levelexceeding 1 foot(305 m m ).
rails,verticalpicketsorornam entalfillerbelow thetop rail
thatw illrejecta 6-inch (152 m m )diam eterobject. 1618.5.1 U nless separate pedestrian safeguards are pro-
vided vehicle safeguard barriers shall,in addition to the
1618.4.4 Safeguards in and around buildings ofG roup R
requirem entsofthissection,m eetallotherrequirem entsof
occupanciesshallprovideprotectionforchildrenbyprovid-
Section 1618.4.
ing additionalrails,verticalpicketsoran ornam entalfiller
below thetoprailw hichw illrejecta4-inch(102m m )diam - 1618.5.2 Therequirem entofSection1618.4.3 fortherejec-
eterobject;perm itting,how ever,such ornam entalfillersto tionofa6-inch(152m m )diam eterobjectshallbem etw hen

2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G 16.41

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

the barrier is subjected to a horizontal load of 25 psf (1197 Exception: Increases in allowable stress shall be permitted
Pa), applied as specified in Section 1618.4.6.2. in accordance with ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 provided
1618.5.3 Vehicle safeguard barriers shall be capable of the load reduction factor of 0.75 of combinations 4 and 6 of
resisting a minimum horizontal ultimate load of 10,000 ASCE 7 Section 2.4.1 shall not be applied.
pounds (44.5 kN) applied 18 inches (457 mm) above the
floor at any point in the barrier system. This load need not be
applied in combination with loads specified in Section SECTION 1619
1618.4.6.1 and Section 1618.4.6.2. Vehicle safeguard bar- HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
rier systems of metal framing, concrete or masonry may be LIVE LOAD REDUCTIONS
designed by allowable stress design for a concentrated hori- 1619.1 Application. No reduction in assumed live loads set
zontal load of 7,500 pounds (33 361 N) in lieu of the 10,000 forth in this section shall be allowed in the design of columns,
pounds (44.5 kN) ultimate load specified above. walls, beams, girders and foundations, except as permitted by
1618.6 Special r equirements for cable safeguar d bar r ier s. the provisions of Section 4.7 ASCE 7 with commentary.
1618.6.1 Horizontal deflection under design load shall not Exceptions:
exceed 18 inches (457 mm). 1. No reduction of the assumed live loads shall be
1618.6.2 The design load shall be assumed to be resisted by allowed in the design of any slabs, joists or other sec-
not more than two cables. ondary members, except as set forth herein.
1618.6.3 The cable system including anchors shall be pro- 2. No reduction in roof live loads shall be permitted
tected against corrosion. except as set forth by Section 1616.1.
1618.6.4 Cable tension under design load shall not exceed 1619.2 Allowable live load reductions.
90 percent of the yield strength of the cable. 1619.2.1 Permissible reduction in live loads shall be as pro-
1618.6.5 The uppermost cable shall be at least 42 inches vided in Section 4.7 of ASCE 7 with commentary.
(1067 mm) above the adjacent surface. Cables shall not be 1619.2.2 Limitations on live load reduction shall be as noted
spaced more than 6 inches (152 mm) apart. in Section 4.7 of ASCE 7 with commentary.
1618.6.6 An installation plan prepared by the structural 1619.2.3 No reduction in live loads shall be permitted for
engineer of record shall be submitted to the building official buildings or structures of Group A assembly occupancy.
for his or her approval.
1618.6.7 Installation shall be witnessed by the structural
engineer of record who shall certify the following: SECTION 1620
1. That the installation has been in accordance with the HIGH-VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
approved installation plan. WIND LOADS
2. That the initial tension designated by the structural 1620.1 Buildings and structures, and every portion thereof,
engineer of record has been provided in all cables. shall be designed and constructed to meet the requirements of
Chapters 26 through 31 of ASCE 7.
3. That all anchors have been seated at a total load,
including initial tension, equal to 85 percent of the 1620.2 Wind velocity (3-second gust) used in structural calcu-
yield strength of the cable, unless a positive locking lations shall be as follows:
device is provided that does not require a tension jack Miami-Dade County
for the tensioning of the barrier strand.
Risk Category I Buildings and Structures: 165 mph
1618.6.8 Drawings shall indicate the initial tension, the
expected increase in tension under vehicular impact and the Risk Category II Buildings and Structures: 175 mph
required maximum capacity of the strand barrier system. Risk Category III and IV Buildings and Structures: 186 mph
1618.7 Ornamental projections. Ornamental cantilevered Browar d County
projections on the exterior of buildings shall be designed for
not less than 60 psf live load (2873 Pa) or 200 pounds per lineal Risk Category I Buildings and Structures: 156 mph
foot (2919 N/m) applied at the outer edge, whichever is more Risk Category II Buildings and Structures: 170 mph
critical. Risk Category III and IV Buildings and Structures: 180 mph
1618.8 Inter ior wall and par titions. Permanent, full-height
1620.3 All buildings and structures shall be considered to be in
interior walls and partitions shall be designed to resist a lateral
Exposure Category C, unless Exposure Category D applies, as
live load not less than 5 psf (239 Pa) and if sheathed with lath
defined in Section 26.7 of ASCE 7.
and plaster, deflection at this load shall not exceed L/360.
1620.4 For wind force calculations, roof live loads shall not be
1618.9 Load combination. The safety of structures shall be
considered to act simultaneously with the wind load.
checked using the provisions of 2.3 and 2.4 of ASCE 7 with
commentary. Flood Load Fa mentioned in these load combina- 1620.5 Utility sheds shall be designed for a wind load of not
tions shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 of ASCE 7. less than 15 psf (718 Pa).

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

1620.6R ooftop structuresand equipm [Link] SEC TIO N 1623

on rooftop structuresand equipm entw ith A flessthan (0.1Bh) H IG H -VELO C ITY H U R R IC A N E ZO N ES—
located on buildings ofallheights shallbe determ ined from LIVE LO A D S PO STED A N D O C C U PA N C Y PER M ITS
Equation 29.5-1 ofA SCE 7 in w hich thevalueofG C f shallbe 1623.1 Live loads [Link] live loads in every building,
takenas3.1.G C fshallbeperm ittedtobereducedlinearlyfrom structureorpartthereofofG roup F,M orS Storageoccupancy
3.1 to 1.1 asthevalueofA f isincreased from (0.1Bh)to (Bh). approved by thebuilding officialshallbeshow n on platessup-
ThevalueofG from Section26.9 ofA SCE 7shallnotbeused. plied by theow nerorhisauthorized agent,in thatpartofeach
A dditionally, a sim ultaneous uplift force shall be applied, space to w hich such loads apply.
givenbyEquation29.5-1ofA SCE 7inw hichG C f= 1.5andA f
isreplaced by thehorizontalprojected area,A r,oftherooftop 1623.1.1 Suchplatesshallbeofapproveddurablem aterials
structureorequipm [Link] C fshallbeperm it- displaying lettersand figuresnotlessthan 3/8 inch (9.5 m m )
ted to be reduced linearly from 1.5 to 1.0 asthevalue ofA r is in height,and shallbe securely affixed to the structure in
increased from (0.1BL)to (BL). conspicuous places.
1623.1.2 Such noticesshallnotberem oved ordefaced and
w heredefaced,rem ovedorlost,itshallbetheresponsibility
ofthe ow nerto cause replacem entas soon as possible.
SEC TIO N 1621
H IG H -VELO C ITY H U R R IC A N E ZO N ES— 1623.2O [Link]-
O VER TU R N IN G M O M EN T A N D U PLIFT turesofG roup F,M orS storageoccupancy areasin buildings
ofany occupancy shallshow the allow able loading foreach
1621.1 Com putationsforoverturning m om entand upliftshall portion ofthe floorand roofareasand certificatesofuse and
be based on A SCE 7. occupancy,asdefined in Section 110 ofthiscode,shallnotbe
issueduntilsuchloadsarepostedassetforthinSection1623.1.
1621.2 O verturning and upliftstability ofany building,struc-
ture orpartthereoftaken as a w hole shallbe provided,and 1623.2.1C hangein occupantload.N ochangeintheoccu-
shall be satisfied by conform ing to the load com bination pancy ofany building shallbe m ade untila certificate of
requirem ents ofA SCE 7. occupancy hasbeen issued certifying thatthebuilding offi-
cialhasapprovedthebuildingassuitablefortheloadschar-
acteristic ofthe proposed occupancy.
1623.2.2 M axim um floor and roof loads [Link]
SEC TIO N 1622 shallbeunlaw fulatanytim etoplace,orperm ittobeplaced,
H IG H -VELO C ITY H U R R IC A N E ZO N ES— on any floororroofofabuilding orstructure,aloadgreater
SC R EEN EN C LO SU R ES thanthatforw hichthefloororroofisapprovedbythebuild-
1622.1 Screen enclosures. ing official.

1622.1.1 The w ind loads on screen surfaces shallbe per

A SCE 7 based on the ratio ofsolid to gross area. SEC TIO N 1624
H IG H -VELO C ITY H U R R IC A N E ZO N ES—
1622.1.2 D esign shallbebased on such loadsapplied hori- FO U N DATIO N D ESIG N
zontallyinw ardandoutw ardtothew allsw ithashapefactor
of1.3 and applied vertically upw ard and dow nw ard on the 1624.1 D esign [Link] inim um areaofafooting or
roofw ith a shape factorof0.7. num berofpilesunderafoundation shallbedeterm ined in the
follow ing m anner:
Exception:Screen enclosures shallbe perm itted to be 1624.1.1 The totalload ofthe colum n thathasthe largest
designed in accordance w ith the AAF G uide to Alum i- percentageoftheliveload to thetotalload shallbedivided
num Construction in H igh W ind [Link] by the allow able soilpressure orpile capacity.
docum entsbased on the AAF G uide to Alum inum Con-
struction in H igh W ind Areas shall be prepared and 1624.1.2 Thebalancesoilpressureorpilecapacity shallbe
signed and sealed by an Florida registered architector determ inedbydividingthetotaldeadloadbytheareaofthe
engineer. footing orthe num berofpiles.

1622.2 W indbreakers. 1624.1.3 Them inim um areaofotherfootingsornum berof

pilesshallbedesigned on thebasisoftheirrespectivedead
1622.2.1 Vinyland acrylic glazed panels shallbe rem ov- loads only.
[Link] ovablepanelsshallbeidentified asrem ovableby 1624.1.4 In no case shallthe totalload of the com bined
a decal. The identification decal shall essentially state dead,live,w ind and any otherloadsexceed the allow able
“Rem ovablepanelSH A LL berem oved w hen w ind speeds bearing pressure ofthe soilforcapacity ofany pile upon
exceed 75 m ph (34 m /s).” D ecalsshallbe placed such that w hich the foundation is supported.
the decalis visible w hen the panelis installed.
1624.1.5 The live load used in the above calculationsm ay
1622.2.2 Perm anentfram e shallbe designed per Section be the totalreduced live load in the m em berim m ediately
1620 and 1622.1.2. above the foundation.

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STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

1624.1.6 The building official m ay require subm ittal of [Link] cycleshallhavem inim um durationof1secondand am axim um dura-
tion of3 seconds and m ustbe perform ed in a continuous m anner.
design com putations em ployed in foundation design.
[Link] ax = 0.6 × ultim ate design load in accordance w ith A SCE 7.
1624.2 W ind [Link].
1624.2.1 Reserved.
SEC TIO N 1626
H IG H -VELO C ITY H U R R IC A N E ZO N ES—
SEC TIO N 1625 IM PAC T TESTS FO R W IN D -B O R N E D EB R IS
H IG H -VELO C ITY H U R R IC A N E ZO N ES—
1626.1 A llpartsorsystem sofabuilding orstructureenvelope
LO A D TESTS
such as,butnotlim ited to,exteriorw alls,roof,outside doors,
1625.1 Application.W heneverthere isinsufficientevidence skylights,glazingandglassblockshallm eetim pacttestcriteria
ofcom pliancew iththeprovisionsofthiscodeorevidencethat orbe protected w ith an externalprotection device thatm eets
any m aterial or any construction does not conform to the theim [Link] ineresistance
requirem entsofthiscode,orinordertosubstantiateclaim sfor tow ind-bornedebrisofw allcladding,outsidedoors,skylights,
alternate m aterials or m ethods of construction,the building glazing,glassblock,shuttersand any otherexternalprotection
official m ay require testing by an approved agency,at the devices shallbe perform ed in accordance w ith this section.
expenseoftheow nerorhisagent,asproofofcom [Link]-
ing m ethodsshallbe asspecified by thiscode forthe specific Exception: The follow ing structures or portion of struc-
m aterial. turesshallnotberequiredtom eettheprovisionsofthissec-
tion:
1625.2 Testing m [Link] testing shallfollow anationally
recognized standard test,orw hen thereisno standard testpro- a. Roofassem bliesforscreenroom s,porches,canopies,
cedure forthe m aterialorassem bly in question,the building etc;attached to abuilding thatdo notbreach theexte-
officialshallrequirethem aterialorassem bly underdead plus riorw allorbuilding envelope and have no enclosed
live load shalldeflectnotm ore than as setforth in Section sides otherthan screen.
1615.3,and thatthe m aterialorassem bly shallsustain dead b. Soffits,soffitventsand [Link] location
load plustw ice the live load fora period of24 hours,w ith a ofsuch vents shallbe detailed by the designerand
recovery ofatleast80 percentora100 percentrecovery after shallnotcom prom ise the integrity ofthe diaphragm
one-halftestload. boundary.
1625.3 A lternate testm ethods.W hen elem ents,assem blies c. V ents in a garage w ith fourorfew [Link] and
ordetailsofstructuralm em bersaresuch thattheirload-carry- locationofsuchventsshallbedetailedbythedesigner
ing capacity,deform ation underload,ordeflection cannotbe and shallnotexceed the m inim um required area by
calculated by rationalanalysis,their structuralperform ance m ore than 25 percent.
shallbeestablished by testin accordancew ith testprocedures
asapproved by thebuilding officialbased on consideration of d. Exterior w all or roof openings for w all- or
allprobable conditions ofloading. roof-m ounted H V A C equipm ent.
1625.4 Fatigue load testing. W here cladding assem blies e. O penings for roof-m ounted personnel access roof
(including cladding and connections) or roofing fram ing hatches.
assem blies (including portions ofroofstructure and connec- f. Storageshedsthatarenotdesignedforhum anhabita-
tions)aresuchthattheirload-carryingcapacityordeform ation tion and thathaveafloorareaof720 square feet(67
underloadcannotbecalculatedbyrationalanalysis,theassem - m 2)orlessarenotrequiredtocom plyw iththem anda-
bliesm ay betestedtoresistthefatigueloading sequencegiven toryw indbornedebrisim pactstandardsofthiscode.
by Table 1625.4.
g. Louversaslong asthey properly considered A SCE 7
A ssem bliesshallbe tested w ith no resultantfailure ordis- in the design ofthe building.
tressandshallhavearecoveryofatleast90percentoverm axi-
m um deflection. h. Buildingsand structuresform arinas,cabanas,sw im -
m ing pools and greenhouses.
A ny cladding assem bly notincorporated into the Florida
Building Code, Building after successfully com pleting the i. Exteriorbalconiesorporchesunderexisting roofsor
im pacttestoutlined in Section1626,shallbesubjecttofatigue decks enclosed w ith screen orrem ovable vinyland
loading testing and shallobtain productapprovalby thebuild- acrylicpanelscom plying w ith Section 1622.1orSec-
ing official. tion 1622.2 shallnotbe required to be protected and
openingsin thew allseparating theunitfrom thebal-
TA B LE 1625.4
FATIG U E LO A D IN G SEQ U EN C E
cony orporch shallnotbe required to be protected
unless required by otherprovisions ofthis code.
R A N G E O F TEST N U M B ER O F C YC LES 1
0 to 0.5pm ax2 600
1626.2 Large m issile im pacttests.
0 to 0.6pm ax 70 1626.2.1 This testshallbe conducted on three testspeci-
0 to 1.3pm ax 1 m [Link] units,
assem bliesand m aterialsto beused up to and including 30
feet(9.1 m )in heightin any and allstructures.

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

TA B LE 1626
C YC LIC W IN D PR ESSU R E LO A D IN G
IN W A R D A C TIN G PR ESSU R E O U TW A R D A C TIN G PR ESSU R E

N U M B ER O F
RANG E N U M B ER O F C YC LES 1 RANG E C YC LES 1
2
0.2 PM A X to 0.5 PM A X 3,500 0.3 PM A X to 1.0 PM A X 50
0.0 PM A X to 0.6 PM A X 300 0.5 PM A X to 0.8 PM A X 1,050
0.5 PM A X to 0.8 PM A X 600 0.0 PM A X to 0.6 PM A X 50
0.3 PM A X to 1.0 PM A X 100 0.2 PM A X to 0.5 PM A X 3,350
N O TES:
[Link] cycle shallhave m inim um duration of1 second and a m axim um duration of3 seconds and m ustbe perform ed in a continuous m anner
.
[Link] A X = 0.6× ultim atedesignloadinaccordancew ithA SCE [Link] shallbeappliedtoeachtestspecim enbeginningw ithinw ardactingpressures
follow ed by the outward acting pressures in the orderfrom the top ofeach colum n to the bottom ofeach colum n.

1626.2.2 The test specim ens shall consist of the entire assem bly thatisnotglassshallbe im pacted tw ice in
assem bled unit,including fram eand anchorageassupplied accordance w ith Section 1626.2.5.
bythem anufacturerforinstallationinthebuilding,orasset 1626.2.6 In the case ofglazing,ifthe three testspecim ens
forth in a referenced specification,[Link] that com prise a test successfully reject the tw o m issile
usedinm ounting thetestspecim enshallbeidenticalinsize im pacts,they shallthen besubjected to the cyclicpressure
and spacing to w hatis used in field installations. loading defined in Table 1626.
1626.2.3 Thelargem issileshallbecom prised ofapieceof
1626.2.6.1Ifexternalprotectiondevicesareem ployedto
tim berhaving nom inaldim ensionsof2 inchesby 4 inches
protect w indow s,fixed doors or skylights,they m ust
(51 m m by 102 m )w eighing 9 pounds (4.1 kg).
resist the large m issile im pacts specified in Sections
1626.2.4 Thelargem issileshallim pactthesurfaceofeach 1626.2.3 and 1626.2.4 w ithout deform ations w hich
testspecim en ata speed of50 feetpersecond (15.2 m /s). resultin contactw ith the w indow s,fixed glass,glass
block,anddoorsorskylightstheyareintendedtoprotect.
1626.2.5 Each test specim en shall receive tw o im pacts
exceptasnoted in Sections1626.2.5.1 and 1626.2.5.2,the 1626.2.6.2 If external protection devices are not
firstw ithina5-inch(127m m )radiuscirclehavingitscenter designed to be air tight, follow ing the large m issile
onthem idpointofthetestspecim enandthesecondw ithina im pacttest,theym ustresistanapplicationofforcecorre-
5-inch(127m m )radiuscircleinacornerhavingitscenterin sponding to those listed in Table 1625.4 (fatigue load
a location 6 inches (152 m m )aw ay from any supporting testing) w ithoutdetaching from their m [Link]
m em bers. acting pressure cycles shall be sim ulated w ith loads
1626.2.5.1 Forw indow,glassblock,fixedglassandsky- applied through a m echanical system attached to the
lightassem blies,both im pactsshallbe to glassorother shutterspecim en to apply uniform ly around the shutter
perim etera force equalto the productof the required
glazing [Link] testspecim ens w ith m ore than one
lightofglass,a single lightclosestto the centerofthe pressure and the area ofthe shutterspecim en.
assem bly shallbeselected and im pacted tw icein accor- 1626.2.7 Ifairleakage through the testspecim en isexces-
dance w ith Section [Link] lightofglassissuffi- sive, tape m ay be used to cover any cracks and joints
ciently sm allto causethe5-inch (127 m m )radiuscircle through w hich [Link]
tooverlap,tw oseparatelightsshallbeim pactedonetim e w hen thereisaprobability thatitm ay significantly restrict
each. differentialm ovem entbetw een adjoining m em [Link]
also perm issible to coverboth sidesofthe entirespecim en
1626.[Link] For w indow,fixed glass and skylight
and m ounting panelw ithasinglethicknessofpolyethylene
assem blies com prised of different glass thickness,
film no thickerthan 0.050 m m (2 m ils).The technique of
typesofglassordifferenttypesofglazing infill,each
application isim portantin orderthatthe fullload istrans-
separatethicknessortypeshallbeim pacted tw icein
ferred to thespecim en and thatthem em branedoesnotpre-
accordance w ith Section 1626.2.5.
ventm ovem entorfailure ofthe specim en.A pply the film
1626.2.5.2 Fordoors,w allcladding and externalprotec- loosely w ith extrafoldsofm aterialateach cornerand atall
tiondevices,bothim pactsshallbetothethinnestsection offsetsandrecesses.W hentheloadisapplied,thereshallbe
through the assem bly. For doors, w all cladding and no filletcaused by tightness ofplastic film .
externalprotection devicesw ith horizontaland/orverti-
1626.2.8 A particular system of construction shall be
calbracing,both im pacts shallbe w ithin a single area
deem ed to com ply w ith thisrecom m ended practiceifthree
thatisnotreinforcedandshallbeinaccordancew ithSec-
testspecim ensrejectthetw o m issileim pactsw ithoutpene-
tion 1626.2.5.
tration and resistthe cyclic pressure loading w ith no crack
1626.[Link] Fordoorsw ith glass,the glassshallbe form ing longerthan 5 inches (127 m m )and 1/16 inch (1.6
im pacted tw ice and the thinnestsection through the m m )w ide through w hich aircan pass.

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1626.2.9 If only one of the three test specimens in a test fails 1626.3.6 In the case of glazing, after completion of the
to meet the above listed criteria, one retest of this system of small missile impacts, each test specimen shall then be sub-
construction (another test sequence with three specimens) jected to the cyclic pressure loading defined in Table 1626.
shall be permitted. 1626.3.6.1 If external protection devices are employed to
1626.3 Small missile impact test. protect windows, doors or skylights, they must resist the
small missile impacts specified in Sections 1626.3.3 and
1626.3.1 This test shall be conducted on three test speci-
1626.3.4 without deformations that result in contact with
mens. This test shall be applicable to the construction units,
the windows, glass, doors or skylights they are intended
assemblies, and materials to be used above 30 feet (9.1 m) in
to protect.
height in any and all structures.
1626.3.6.2 If external protection devices are not
1626.3.2 Each test specimen shall consist of the entire
designed to be air tight, following the small missile
assembled unit, including frame and anchorage as supplied
impact test, they must resist an application of force corre-
by the manufacturer for installation in the building, or as set
sponding to those listed in Table 1625.4 (fatigue load
forth in a referenced specification, if applicable. The fasten-
testing) without detaching from their mountings. The
ers used in mounting the test specimen shall be identical in
acting pressure cycles shall be simulated with loads
size and spacing to those to be used in field installations.
applied through a mechanical system attached to the
1626.3.3 The missiles shall consist of solid steel balls each shutter specimen to apply uniformly around the shutter
having a mass of 2 grams (0.07 oz) (+/-5 percent) with a perimeter a force equal to the product of the required
5/ -in. (7.9 mm) nominal diameter.
16 pressure and the area of the shutter specimen.
1626.3.4 Each missile shall impact the surface of each test 1626.3.7 If air leakage through the test specimen is exces-
specimen at a speed of 130 feet per second (40 m/s). sive, tape may be used to cover any cracks and joints
through which leakage is occurring. Tape shall not be used
1626.3.5 Each test specimen shall receive 30 small missile
when there is a probability that it may significantly restrict
impacts, except as noted in Sections 1626.3.5.1 and
differential movement between adjoining members. It is
1626.3.5.2, delivered in groups of 10 at a time: the first 10
also permissible to cover both sides of the entire specimen
distributed uniformly over a 2 square foot (0.19 m2) area
and mounting panel with a single thickness of polyethylene
located at the center of the test specimen, the second 10 dis-
film no thicker than 0.050 mm (2 mils). The technique of
tributed uniformly over a 2 square foot area (0.19 m2)
application is important for the full load to be transferred to
located at the center of the long dimension of the specimen
the specimen and to insure the membrane does not prevent
near the edge, and the third 10 distributed uniformly over a 2
movement or failure of the specimen. Apply the film loosely
square foot (0.19 m2) area located at a corner of the speci-
with extra folds of material at each corner and at all offsets
men.
and recesses. When the load is applied, there shall be no fil-
1626.3.5.1 For window and skylight assemblies, all let caused by tightness of plastic film.
impacts shall be to glass or other glazing infill. For test
1626.3.8 A particular system of construction shall be
specimens with more than one light of glass, a single
deemed to comply with this test if three test specimens reject
light closest to the center of the assembly shall be the small missile impacts without penetration and resist the
selected and impacted in accordance with Section cyclic pressure loading with no crack forming longer than 5
1626.3.5. If a light of glass is sufficiently small to cause inches (127 mm) and 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) in width through
the 5-inch (127 mm) radius circles to overlap, separate which air can pass.
lights may be impacted; however, there must be a total of
30 impacts within the assembly. 1626.3.9 If only one of the three test specimens in a test fails
to meet the above listed criteria, one retest of the system
1626.[Link] For window, fixed glass and skylight (another test sequence with three specimens) of construc-
assemblies comprised of glass with different thick- tion shall be permitted.
ness, types of glass or different types of glazing infill,
each separate thickness or type shall be impacted in 1626.4 Constr uction assemblies deemed to comply with
accordance with Section 1626.3.5. Section 1626.
1626.3.5.2 For doors, wall cladding and external protec- 1. Exterior concrete masonry walls of minimum nominal
tion devices, all impacts shall be to the thinnest section 8-inch (203 mm) thickness, constructed in accordance
through the assembly. For doors, wall cladding and with Chapter 21 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones) of
external protection devices with horizontal and/or verti- this code.
cal bracing, all impacts shall be within a single area that 2. Exterior frame walls or gable ends constructed in accor-
is not reinforced and shall be impacted in accordance dance with Chapter 22 and Chapter 23 (High-Velocity
with Section 1626.3.5. Hurricane Zones) of this code, sheathed with a minimum
19/ -inch (15 mm) CD exposure 1 plywood and clad with
1626.[Link] For doors with glass, the glass shall be 32

impacted in accordance with Section 1626.3.5 and the wire lath and stucco installed in accordance with Chapter
thinnest section through the assembly that is not glass 25 of this code.
shall be impacted in accordance with Section 3. Exterior frame walls and roofs constructed in accordance
1626.3.5. with Chapter 22 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones) of

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 STR U C TU R A L D ESIG N

this code sheathed w ith a m inim um 24-gage rib deck

type m aterialand clad w ith an approved w allfinish.
4. Exterior reinforced concrete elem ents constructed of
solid norm alw eightconcrete (no voids),designed in
accordance w ith Chapter19 (H igh-V elocity H urricane
Zones)ofthiscodeandhavingam inim um 2-in.(51m m )
thickness.
5. Roofsystem sconstructedinaccordancew ithChapter22
orChapter23 (H igh-V elocity H urricane Zones)ofthis
code,sheathed w ith a m inim um 19/32-inch (15 m m )CD
exposure 1 plyw ood or m inim um nom inal1-inch (25
m m )w ood decking and surfaced w ith an approved roof
system installed in accordance w ith Chapter15 ofthis
code.
A llconnectorsshallbespecifiedby thebuilding designerof
record forallloads exceptim pact.

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16.48 2010 FLO R ID A B U ILD IN G C O D E — B U ILD IN G