Computer Networks-II Question Bank
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Powered by AIIPv6 addresses several limitations of IPv4 by providing a vastly larger address space, improved routing efficiency, and better security features through built-in IPsec support . It also enables simplified packet processing with a streamlined header format, eliminates the need for network address translation (NAT) due to abundant addresses, and enhances multicast routing, which are significant improvements over IPv4 deficiencies .
BGP uses TCP instead of UDP for communication due to TCP's reliable, connection-oriented service which ensures the ordered delivery of routing information essential for maintaining accurate and stable inter-domain routing tables . TCP's flow control and congestion avoidance features also contribute to the reliable delivery of large-scale routing updates in BGP .
ICMPv6 extends ICMPv4 by restructuring its function to include neighbor discovery, address resolution, and multicast listener discovery, essential for IPv6 operations . ICMPv6 messages are also varied and include more detailed error reporting and diagnostics functionalities, addressing scale and security issues present in ICMPv4 .
Packet switching, unlike circuit switching, sends data in packets with each packet potentially taking a different route to the destination. This increases network efficiency and reliability, especially in data-heavy environments like the internet, by maximizing the use of available bandwidth and reducing latency during peak times, whereas circuit switching requires a dedicated channel, which can be inefficient .
The principle of optimality is fundamental in routing protocols as it states that an optimal route from node X to node Y must include optimal routes from intermediate nodes between X and Y . This principle enables efficient path-finding algorithms like Dijkstra's by ensuring that sub-routes within a path are also optimal, thus reducing computational complexity and ensuring consistent routing decisions .
Classful addressing divides the IP address space into fixed categories (Class A, B, C, etc.), which leads to inefficiencies as each class has a fixed block size, potentially wasting IP addresses . Classless addressing, through CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing), allows more flexible allocation of IP addresses by removing the fixed size constraint, using variable-length subnet masks for more efficient utilization of the address space . These differences impact network efficiency and scalability by enabling better resource allocation and reducing issues like IP exhaustion .
QoS mechanisms are designed to manage and prioritize network resources to meet performance requirements of data flows, such as latency, bandwidth, and error rates. They address challenges like congestion, packet loss, and delay, by using traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control to ensure critical services maintain their performance levels in diverse network conditions .
The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 affects network protocols and architecture by necessitating compatibility mechanisms like dual-stacking and tunneling, causing gradual changes in routing infrastructure and addressing methods . IPv6 introduces new protocols, such as ICMPv6, and modifies aspects of existing protocols to support the increased address size and new features, impacting devices, software, and operational practices .
The leaky bucket algorithm manages congestion by controlling the rate at which packets are sent into the network, smoothing bursts of traffic into a steady flow, analogous to water dripping from a leaky bucket. However, it can lead to increased latency and packet delay if the incoming burst significantly exceeds capacity, and does not differentiate critical from non-critical traffic which could still lead to congestion .
Socket system calls provide a programming interface for network communication by enabling processes to send and receive data over a network. They establish and manage connections, translate domain names to IP addresses, and handle data transmission, which are crucial in client-server architectures for facilitating service requests and ensuring data integrity across different network layers .