States of Matter
1 . 13 States of matter
Regular pattern, Randomly placed, Moves freely
Low energy , can't moves around on its own ,
out
more , only vibrates eachother
spreaded
solid Liquid Gas
12 Interconversions between 3 How achieved ?
.
matters are
they
Sublimation
Sublimation : Solid into
directly turning
Evaporation
Melting passing state
Solid 7 7 gas through liquid
Liquid < Gas
3
Condensation
Freezing Deposition : gas directly turning into
Deposition solid,
passing through liquid State
1 3 . Diffusion experiment
Cotton it has cotton
ammonia
The wool with hydrochloric will move slowly as a
larger particle ,
hydrochloric
Coo]
wool will move faster it has particle. This is the reason
with ammonia as a smaller why
60cm 40cm
slow in terms of diffusion.
the white
ring will form closer to
hydrochloric as they are
1 4 . Definitions of terms :
Solvent : Substance that dissolves
Solute : The liquid in which it dissolves
Solution : The liquid formed
Saturated Solution: Solution into which no more solute can be dissolved
Elements , Compounds and Mixture
1 8 .
classifying a substance
Element of (ex :
type Oxygen (0)(
:
One atom
compound : Two or more different atoms chemically bonded (ex: Water (H20)
Mixture : Two or more substance combined (ex: Air
physically
1 9
.
Understanding of Substance
Pure Substance : Fixed
melting and
boiling points
Mixture : Melting and
boiling over a
range of tempratures
1 10
.
Separation M ixtures
of
Simple Distillation Fractional Distillation
Crystallisation Paper Chromatography Filteration
*
Simple distillation is used
d
↑ for solution with large 00
&
· difference in
boiling points min
D ·
1 11 . how chromatogram provides information about the composition of a mixture
Different
- heightreacheset
dyes will travel different heights
· up the paper . The
resulting patterns of
+ dyes
originalposition chromatogra as
is called
1 12 .
calculation of Re Values
For each
dye , Ry value is caculated .
Distance of
dye from the baseline
Ry =
Distance of Solvent
front from baseline
* Re value is between O
always andI
Dyes which are more soluble will have higher
Re values than less soluble dyes . In other words ,
soluble
dyes will move further up the paper .
Atomic Structure
1 14. Term atom and molecule
Atom : Smallest unit of an element made of neutrons
,
up proton , electron and
Molecule : A
group of 2 or more together
1 15. structure of an atom
Protons Neutrons Electron
Relative
+ 1 D 1
Charge
-
1 16.
Definition of terms
Atomic number : Number of protons in the nucleus of atom
Mass number number of
Total
protons & neutrons nucleus of
: in the atom
Isotopes : Atom of the same element that has the same number of protons ,
but not neutrons
Relative atomic Mass :
of an element
1 17.
Caculating the relative atomic mass
.
1
Multiply the mass of each isotope by its relative abundance
Add those
2
.
together
.
3 Divide the Sun of relative abundance s (normally 100
The periodic Table
1 18 order of atomic number groups , periods
.
The
group number tells the number of atoms outside the
shell , the period number tells how many shells there are
1 19 . Deduce the electronic configuration
Find the atomic number of protons for the element
* Number of protons = number of electrons . Plus in the
number based off the information : 1st = 2 (d 8 =
38
1 20.
electrical conductivity
Metals · conduct electricity
have oxides which basic
are
reacting with acids to
give Salt & water
·
Non-Metals do not conduct (except for
graphite
electricity
·
have oxides which are acidic or neutral
metal &
1 21 .
identifying non metal
1 22 . electronic configuration >
-
position in Periodic table
Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell .
1 23. Similar chemical properties
This is elements from the have similar
why same group properties .
1 24 not
.
Why do groupO do
readily react
The noble gases (group O are unreactive because they have
a full outer shell of electrons