Common Industry Jobs (CIJs)

Front End Loader

Tool Kit

IMIRP program coordinated by:

Council of Industrial
Advanced
Forest Wood & Allied
Ergonomics
Industries Workers of
Inc.
Canada

In cooperation with the Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia

1
 FRONT END LOADER OPERATOR TOOL KIT
Table of Contents
OVERVIEW 6

Job Summary 6

Physical Demands 6

Mental Demands 6

Major Variations 7

Minor Variations 7

PHYSICAL DEMANDS ANALYSIS 8

PDA General Instructions 8

PDA Table of Contents 9

Task List 10

Job Profile 14

Work Organisation 15

! Task Description 15

Workstation Characteristics 16

! Dimensions & Layout 16

! Flooring, Displays & Seating 17

Equipment & Machinery Controls 18

Physical Demands 19

! Whole Body Physical Demands 19

! Body Postures 20

Manual Material Handling 23

© 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Operator TOC 2

! Hand Tools 24

Environmental Conditions 25

! Work Environment 25

! Location of Workstation 26

! Temperature 26

Personal Protective Equipment 26

Appendix A – Regional Map 27

RISK FACTOR IDENTIFICATION CHECKLIST 28

Job History 30

Neck 31

Shoulder 32

Elbow 34

Wrist/Hand 36

Low Back or Hip/Thigh 39

Knee 41

Ankle/Foot 42

Characteristics of Objects Being Handled 43

Environmental Conditions 43

Work Organisation 44

© 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Operator TOC 3

WORK MANUAL 45

Work Manual Table of Contents 47

Injury Education 48

! Body Parts at Risk 49

! Major Risk Identification 50

Neck 51

Shoulder 53

Wrist 55

Low Back 57

Knee 59

! Summary of Body Parts at Risk 61

! Risk Factors by Body Part 63

Injury Prevention 64

! Suggested Solutions 65

! Risk Control Key 66

! Workstation Design 67

Working Reaches 67

Working Heights 70

Seating 72

Additional Workstation Design Options 76

! Additional Work Practices 80

! Characteristics of Objects Being Handled 83

Size and Shape 83

© 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Operator TOC 4

 Container, Tool and Equipment Handles 84

Environmental Conditions 85

Work Organisation 86

Summary of Solutions 87

MSI SAFETY GUIDE 90

Neck 90

Shoulder 91

Wrist 92

Low Back 93

Knee 95

© 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Operator TOC 5

 Overview
Front End Loader Operator

Job A Front End Loader is responsible for moving material

Summary around the yard. A Front End Loader Operator will load,
transport, and unload logs and chips, as well as removing
debris and snow. An Operator uses both hand and foot
controls to perform these tasks. Refer to the Physical
Demands Analysis for more detail.

Physical The physical demands of the Front End Loader may

Demands include:

a) Repetitive motions of the neck and repetitive exertions

of the shoulder and knee
b) Awkward postures of the neck, shoulder, wrist, and
knee
c) Static postures of the wrist, low back, and knee
d) Continuous sitting
e) Climbing onto and out of the front end loader

Mental A Front End Loader must continuously concentrate on

Demands what is happening in the yard while simultaneously
operating the front end loader.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Overview 6
 Major With different mills, the following major variations may
Variations be found:

1) The Front End Loader Operator may operate the

machine to:
a) Load, transport, unload logs
b) Load, transport, unload chips
c) Remove landfill
d) Remove snow

2) Different models of front end loaders may include:

a) Models with air-ride seats
b) Models with stiffer operational controls
c) Models with climate control

3) The Front End Loader Operator may also:

a) Perform maintenance duties
b) Buck logs
c) Mark logs with a spray paint can

Minor With different mills, the following minor variations may

Variations be found:

1) The pace the operator works at depends on the mill

2) The yard conditions may include:

a) Muddy, uneven terrain
b) Smooth, level, paved areas
c) Dusty, poor quality air conditions

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Overview 7
 Physical Demands Analysis
Front End Loader Operator
PDA General Instructions: Front End Loader
The purpose of this PDA is to familiarise healthcare professionals with the physical demands of
a Front End Loader Operator. This PDA can be used to gather information about an individual’s
job and to assist in developing a rehabilitation and return-to-work plan. It is not intended for use
in claims adjudication.

Where applicable, common industry job data (e.g., hand tools, tasks) have been included in the
tables of this document. The information reported was collected from a sample of Front End
Loader Operators in the BC Sawmill Industry. However, the PDA requires completion by the
healthcare professional, with input from the injured worker to highlight tasks that aggravate the
injury or prevent the worker from returning to their job. The worker’s supervisor may be
contacted for further information or verification of tasks.

A PDA should be filled out for each individual worker following an injury. Subsequent changes
in the work process may reduce the accuracy of any pre-existing physical demands assessments.
The IMIRP Society accepts no responsibility for the use or misuse of this Physical Demands
Analysis, or for the accuracy of the PDA as it applies to any specific workplace.

Disclaimer
The IMIRP Society accepts no responsibility for the use or misuse of the PDA,
or the accuracy of the PDA as it applies to any specific workplace.

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 8

 PDA Table of Contents
Task List.................................................................................................................. 10
Job Profile ............................................................................................................... 14
Work Organisation.................................................................................................. 15
Task Description .................................................................................................. 15
Workstation Characteristics .................................................................................... 16
Dimensions & Layout .......................................................................................... 16
Flooring, Displays & Seating............................................................................... 17
Equipment & Machinery Controls.......................................................................... 18
Physical Demands ................................................................................................... 19
Whole Body Physical Demands........................................................................... 19
Body Postures....................................................................................................... 20
Manual Material Handling...................................................................................... 23
Hand Tools ........................................................................................................... 24
Environmental Conditions ...................................................................................... 25
Work Environment............................................................................................... 25
Location of Workstation ...................................................................................... 25
Temperature ......................................................................................................... 26
Personal Protective Equipment ............................................................................... 26
Appendix A – Regional Map .................................................................................. 27

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 9

 Physical Demands Analysis
Front End Loader Operator
Task List

For each of the tasks listed below, please indicate whether it occurs at your mill.

Operate front end loader

A Front End Loader Operator will load,
transport, and unload logs, chips, and landfill.

Does this task occur at your mill?

! Yes ! No

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 10

Sub-tasks include:

1) Operate steering wheel and controls

2) Operate foot pedals

3) Observe in front of and around the front

end loader

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 11

Yard maintenance
A Front End Loader Operators may be
responsible for keeping the yard clear of debris
and removing snow in the wintertime.

Does this task occur at your mill?

! Yes ! No

Buck logs
A Front End Loader Operators may buck logs.

Does this task occur at your mill?

! Yes ! No

Mark logs
A Front End Loader Operators may use a paint
can to mark logs.

Does this task occur at your mill?

! Yes ! No

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 12

Maintenance duties
These duties may include fuelling, washing, and greasing the loader, changing motor oil, and
various mechanical tasks.

Does this task occur at your mill?

! Yes ! No

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 13

 Job Profile
Date: _______________________________

Company Name: _____________________ Division: _______________________

Employee Name: _____________________ Supervisor: ______________________

Phone: _____________________________ Fax: ___________________________

Is a Return-to-Work (RTW) strategy in place? ! Yes ! No

If yes, check all that apply: ! Modified Job ! Modified Worksite ! Graduated RTW

Describe:
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Length of shift ____________________ hours

Formal breaks ! Two 10 minute breaks

! One 30 minute lunch break
! Other: ___________________________________

Informal breaks ! Yes, length of break varies

! Yes, ______________minutes/shift

Work pace control ! Self-paced

! Time pressure (e.g., completing a task during the 30
minute lunch break)
! Other: ____________________________________

Job rotation Describe:

______________________________________________
! Yes ! No ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 14

 Work Organisation
Task Description

The table below contains a list of tasks performed by a Front End Loader Operator. Use the left
column to check off tasks that are present. Estimate the Percent of Shift each task is performed
and place a check mark in the appropriate column. The Comments section may be used to
include information related to duration, frequency, and cycle times. Further tasks can also be
included under Other.

Percent of Shift

Occasionally

67 to 100%
Constantly
Frequently
34 to 66%
6 to 33%
Task Comments

0 to 5%
Rarely
Operate Front End Loader • Amount of control operation
varies depending on the task
Sub-tasks may include:
• Operate steering wheel and
controls
• Operate foot pedals
• Observe in front of and around
truck
Yard maintenance • Amount of time varies between
sawmills; typically < 10% of work
time

Buck logs • Amount of time varies between

sawmills

Mark logs • Amount of time varies between

sawmills

Maintenance duties • Amount of maintenance for which

the operator is responsible varies
greatly between sawmills

Other:

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 15

 Workstation Characteristics
Dimensions & Layout

Sketch workstation(s) and indicate relevant measurements, such as working heights and reaches.

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 16

Flooring, Displays & Seating

The table below lists several components of a workstation. For Flooring and Displays there are
several options provided. Please indicate all of the options that apply to the workstation. For the
Seating section, describe and identify the features of the seat, if applicable. The Comments
section may be used to include additional information, especially any workstation characteristics
of concern.

Workstation Characteristics Comments

Flooring (Check all that apply)
! Cement
! Wood
! Rubber matting
! Metal
! Other ___________________________

Displays (Check all that apply)

! Lights on console
! Mirrors
! Video monitors
! Computer monitors
! Scrolling display
! Signal lights
! Other ___________________________
Seating (Check all that apply)
! Armrests
Height of seat: _____________cm

! Backrest Depth of seat: ______________cm

! Swivel seat Width of seat: ______________cm

! Slide track
Covering type: _____________________
! Lumbar support
! Foot rest
! Casters #_______

Indicate if adjustable:
! Height
! Armrests
! Backrest
! Forward tilt

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 17

 Equipment & Machinery Controls
The table below contains a list of the types of controls used by a Front End Loader Operator.
Use the left column to check off controls that are present at the work site. Highlight controls that
may aggravate the injury, or which the worker finds difficult to use. The Comments section may
be used to include any additional information. Further controls can be included under Other.

Type of Control Function Comments

Steering wheel • Controls movement of vehicle • Constantly used when driving

Levers • Movement of bucket • Generally used on an occasional

• Gear shift basis, as needed

Foot pedal • Accelerator • Right foot always on accelerator or

• Brake brake pedal unless truck has cruise
• Clutch control
• Left foot operates clutch for manual
transmission

Other:

Other:

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 18

 Physical Demands
Whole Body Physical Demands

Identify each of the physical demands required by a Front End Loader Operator and list the
corresponding tasks in the second column. Check off (✔) the estimated Percent of Shift, and use
the Comments section to include information related to duration, frequency, and cycle times.

Percent of Shift

Occasionally

67 to 100%
Constantly
Frequently
34 to 66%
6 to 33%
Physical Demands Tasks or Activity Comments

0 to 5%
Rarely
Example: • Operate front end ✔ • Amount of time varies,
Siting loader but typically operators sit
continuously for 2 hours
Walking

Sitting

Standing

Climbing

Balancing

Kneeling/
Crouching

Other:

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 19

Body Postures

The table below outlines the body postures that may be adopted throughout the shift by a Front
End Loader Operator, related to tasks. Check off (✔) the estimated Percent of Shift, and use the
Comments section to include information describing posture duration, frequency, cycle times,
and hand used.

Percent of Shift

Occasionally

67 to 100%
Constantly
Frequently
34 to 66%
6 to 33%
Body Posture Task(s) Comments

0 to 5%
Rarely
Example: • Operate steering ✔ • Increased shoulder flexion
Shoulder Flexion wheel and controls for some operators, due to
position of steering wheel
Neck
Flexion

Extension

Twisting

Shoulder
Flexion

Abduction/adduction

Extension

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 20

 Percent of Shift

Occasionally

67 to 100%
Constantly
Frequently
34 to 66%
6 to 33%
Body Posture Task(s) Comments

0 to 5%
Rarely
Forearm
Rotation

Wrist
Wrist Movements

Hand/Fingers
*Handling

*Fingering

*Gripping

Legend for Hand/Fingers

Handling grasping, turning, holding, etc.

Fingering picking, pinching, etc.

Gripping Power Pinch Hook Precision

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 21

 Percent of Shift

Occasionally

67 to 100%
Constantly
Frequently
34 to 66%
6 to 33%
Body Posture Task(s) Comments

0 to 5%
Rarely
Back
Flexion

Lateral Flexion

Twisting

Extension

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 22

 Manual Material Handling
The table below contains a list of general manual material handling activities performed by a
Front End Loader Operator. Indicate tasks that require one or more of these activities, and fill in
the weight of the objects, or the force required, for each action. Check off (✔) the estimated
Percent of Shift, and use the Comments section to include information related to duration,
frequency, cycle times, and characteristics of objects handled.

Percent of Shift

Occasionally

67 to 100%
Constantly
Frequently
34 to 66%
Activity Task Description Weight Comments

6 to 33%
0 to 5%
(kg)

Rarely
Pushing

Pulling

Lifting

Lowering

Carrying

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 23

Hand Tools

Indicate the hand tools used by a Front End Loader Operator by placing a check mark (✔) in the
far left column. Determine the weight of the hand tool and enter it in the appropriate column.
Check off (✔) the estimated Percent of Shift, and use the Comments section to include
information related to duration, frequency, cycle times, and characteristics of objects handled.

Percent of Shift

Occasionally

67 to 100%
Constantly
Frequently
34 to 66%
6 to 33%
Type of Tool Task(s) Weight Comments

0 to 5%
Rarely
(kg)

Chainsaw • Buck logs 7.8 ✔ • Done when

necessary

Paint can • Mark logs ✔ • Done when

necessary

Grease gun • Maintenance duties 2.4 " • 5 to 10 minutes per

day

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 24

 Environmental Conditions
Work Environment

The table below contains a list of environmental conditions that may be of concern. If any of
these factors aggravate the injury, describe in the Comments section.

Factor Comments
Vibration (Indicate source)
! Seat
! Floor
! Tool

! Other: _________________

Noise level

Lighting level

Other:

Location of Workstation

The table below contains a list of potential work environments. Indicate with a check mark (✔)
in the left column which of the work environments apply to the specific workstation. For
example, the workstation may be inside a building with both a local fan and heater, exposed to
the outside by a doorway that is always open. In this situation, ‘Inside exposed’, ‘Heater
present’, and ‘Fan present’ would all be checked.

Work Environment

Outside uncovered
Outside covered
Inside enclosed
Inside exposed
Heater present
Fan present

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 25

Temperature

The table below contains a list of the geographical regions of British Columbia. Indicate the
appropriate region with a check mark (✔) in the left column. Refer to the regional map in
Appendix A of the PDA.

Region Avg. Max Avg. Min Extreme Max. Extreme Min.

July/Aug Dec/Jan
Vancouver Island 22.5 oC -0.6 oC 36.1 oC -18.8 oC
Southwestern BC 22.9 oC 0.4 oC 35.6 oC -18.3 oC
Cariboo Chilcotin Coast 22.2 oC -11.6 oC 36.4 oC -42.5 oC
High Country 26.3 oC -9.9 oC 39.6 oC -39.7 oC
Okanagan Similkameen 26.5 oC -8.4 oC 36.0 oC -36.3 oC
Kootenay Country 26.2 oC -6.7 oC 38.5 oC -32.0 oC
British Columbia Rockies 24.7 oC -12.3 oC 37.5 oC -42.2 oC
North by Northwest 19.5 oC -11.7 oC 32.9 oC -38.1 oC
Peace River Alaska Highway 20.0 oC -20.2 oC 34.6 oC -47.7 oC

Personal Protective Equipment

The table below contains a list of the personal protective equipment (PPE). For the Front End
Loader Operator job at your mill, indicate with a check mark (✔) which of the PPE items are
required.

Gloves Hard Hat Leather Apron

Type:

Glove Liners Steel-toed Boots Dust Mask

Eye Protection Hearing Protection Seat Belt

Face Shield/Helmet Life Jacket Harness

Knee Pads Other: Other:

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 26

 Appendix A – Regional Map

H I

D
B
G
A C
E F

A - Vancouver Island F - Kootenay Country

B - High Country G - British Columbia Rockies
C - Southwestern BC H - North by Northwest
D - Cariboo Chilcotin Coast I - Peace River Alaska Highway
E - Okanagan Similkameen

1999 © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader PDA 27

 Risk Factor Identification Checklist
Front End Loader Operator
Purpose

The Risk Factor Identification Checklist for a Front End Loader Operator is used to identify
potential ergonomic risk factors. Keep in mind that the purpose of this checklist is only to
identify potential ergonomic risk factors, not to assess them.

The checklist can be used as part of your ergonomic intervention process, when workers express
concerns about their work environment, during regular workplace inspections and observations,
or when conducting an accident or injury investigation. Ideally, management and worker
representatives who have completed the IMIRP Occupational Health & Safety Committee and
Supervisor Ergonomic Training Session should complete this checklist. Try to view different
workers in the same occupation when completing the checklist. Some specific examples are
given to help answer the questions.

Instructions

General
Except for the first two questions, all remaining questions will require an answer with an implied
frequency. For appropriate questions indicate with a check mark whether the answer to the
question is ‘No’ or ‘Yes’. This way you will have a record indicating that all risk factors have
been considered in the identification process.

If you indicate ‘No’, please continue to the next question. If the question refers to a situation
which does not exist (e.g., there is no seating available), please indicate ‘No’ in the appropriate
box and continue to the next question.

If your answer is ‘Yes’, please check the appropriate box and then circle the frequency (‘S’ for
‘Sometimes’ or ‘O’ for ‘Often’). If you answer ‘Yes – Sometimes’, then this risk factor may be
a potential area of concern. If you answer ‘Yes – Often’ then there is an increased likelihood
that this risk factor is an issue. Each mill will be responsible for defining what ‘Sometimes’ and
‘Often’ will mean to them. It is important that all people who complete the checklist are
consistent in how they determine if a risk factor occurs ‘Sometimes’ or ‘Often’. Use the
‘Comments’ section to indicate specific tasks, or to make other notes about the direct risk
factors.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 28
Since ergonomic risk factors frequently occur in combinations, you may find similar questions in
different sections. Answering all questions will ensure that the situations that involve
combinations of ergonomic risk factors are identified. It is very important to recognise all risk
factors that occur in the work area.

Please note that for some of the questions it will be beneficial to ask the worker for their input.
Please take the opportunity to include the operator in the risk factor identification process as
much as possible. Videotaping the job of interest and reviewing the checklist in a quiet area with
the worker may allow for more discussion.

Summary Tables
At the end of each body part section, summarise your findings in the table provided. If any of
the direct risk factor sections contain a ‘Yes’, indicate ‘Yes’ in the appropriate section of the
summary table. Answer the questions referring to injury statistics and discomfort survey
findings. If there are only ‘No’ answers in a direct risk factor section, indicate ‘No’ in the
summary table for that section. Use the summary information to determine how you will use the
Work Manual.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 29
 Risk Factor Identification Checklist – Front End Loader Operator

Management Representative _________________ Risk Identification completed:

Worker Representative _________________ ! Before implementation of solutions

Date _________________
! After implementation of solutions

Job History No Yes Comments

1 Are there records of musculoskeletal
injuries or accidents to indicate a risk of
musculoskeletal injury? (refer to
Worksheet 1 in Implementation Guide)
2 Are there worker comments to indicate a
risk of musculoskeletal injuries? (refer to
Worksheet 2 in Implementation Guide)

Definitions

Force: Force is the amount of physical effort required by the person to do a task and/or maintain control
of tools and equipment. The effort depends on the type of grip, object weight and dimensions, body
posture, type of activity, surface of the object, temperature, vibration, duration of the task, and number of
repetitions.

Repetition: Repetition is defined as similar or the same motions performed repeatedly. The severity of
risk depends on the frequency of repetition, speed of the movement or action, the number of muscle
groups involved, and the required force. Repetition is influenced by machine or line pacing, incentive
programs, piecework, and deadlines.

Static Postures: Static loading (sustained exertions) is physical effort (body postures) that is held,
requiring muscle contraction for more than a short time.

Contact Stress: Contact stress is the contact of the body with a hard surface or edge. Contact stress can
also result when using a part of the body as a hammer or striking instrument.

Awkward Postures: Awkward postures occur when there is a deviation from a power working posture.
Some examples of awkward postures typically include reaching behind, twisting, working overhead, and
forward or backward bending.

Vibration: Vibration is oscillation of a tool or surface. Vibration can be transmitted through the arm or
through the whole body.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 30
NECK
Repetition N Y Comments:
Are identical or similar motions performed S
over and over again?
(e.g., frequently looking over the shoulder) O
Ask the worker: Do you spend a large S
percentage of the day performing one action
or task? (e.g., operating front end loader) O
Static Posture
Ask the worker: Do tasks require your neck
or shoulders to be maintained in a fixed or S
static posture?
(e.g., holding arms away to operate controls) O
Awkward Posture
Flexion
S

O
Extension
S

O
Lateral Bending
S

O
Rotation
S

Please indicate whether the following direct risk factors were

identified at the NECK.
Repetition !Yes !No
Factors
Direct

!Yes !No
Risk

Static Posture
Awkward Posture !Yes !No
In the Injury Statistics investigation, were !Yes !No
there injury reports for the Neck or Head/Eye
or Upper Back? (see Worksheet 1 in the
Implementation Guide)
In the Discomfort Survey investigation, !Yes !No
were there reports of discomfort for the Neck
or Head/Eye or Upper Back? (see Worksheet Body parts within the circled area will
2 in the Implementation Guide) be classified as NECK issues.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 31
SHOULDER
Force N Y Comments:
Is forceful physical handling performed? Such as:
Lifting S

O
Lowering
S

O
Pushing
S

O
Pulling
S

O
Carrying
S

O
Repetition
Are identical or similar motions performed over
and over again? (e.g., operating controls) S

Ask the worker: Do you spend a large percentage

of the day performing one action or task? S
(e.g., operating front end loader)
O

Static Posture
Ask the worker: Do tasks require your shoulders to
be maintained in a fixed or static posture? S
(e.g., holding arms away from the body when
operating controls) O

Ask the worker: Do you hold parts, tools, or

objects for long periods? (e.g., holding controls) S

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 32
 Awkward Posture N Y Comments:
Flexion
S

Extension
S

Abduction
S

Adduction
S

Please indicate whether the following direct risk factors were

identified at the SHOULDER.
Force !Yes !No
Direct Risk

!Yes !No
Factors

Repetition
Static Posture !Yes !No
Awkward Posture !Yes !No
In the Injury Statistics investigation, were !Yes !No
there injury reports for the Shoulder or Neck
or Upper Back? (see Worksheet 1 in the
Implementation Guide)
In the Discomfort Survey investigation, !Yes !No Body parts within the circled area will
were there reports of discomfort for the be classified as SHOULDER issues.
Shoulder or Neck or Upper Back? (see
Worksheet 2 in the Implementation Guide)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 33
ELBOW
Force N Y Comments:
Is forceful physical handling S
performed? Such as:
Lifting O
Lowering S

O
Pushing S

O
Pulling S

O
Carrying S

O
Turning materials S

O
Are objects handled in a S
power grip?
(e.g., steering wheel) O

Are objects handled in a S

pinch grip? (e.g., controls)
O
Are objects handled in a S
hook grip? (e.g., tire rims)
O
Ask the worker: Do you wear gloves * S
while performing your job?
If the answer is No, check the No box O
and go to next section.
*If the answer to the above question is S
Yes, ask the worker:
Are the gloves too large/small? O
S
Does the thickness of the gloves cause
problems with gripping? O
Repetition
Are identical or similar motions S
performed over and over again?
(e.g., operating controls) O
Ask the worker: Do you spend a large S
percentage of the day performing one
action or task? O
(e.g., operating front end loader)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 34
 Static Posture N Y Comments:
Ask the worker: Do tasks require
your hand and arm to be maintained S
in a fixed or static posture?
(e.g., holding controls) O
Ask the worker: Do you apply
constant pressure on controls/objects S
with your hand?
(e.g., holding steering wheel) O
Ask the worker: Do you hold parts, S
tools, or objects for long periods?
(e.g., holding steering wheel) O
Contact Stress
Ask the worker: Do any objects,
tools or parts of the workstation put
pressure on any parts of your hand or S
arm, such as the backs or sides of
fingers, palm or base of the hand, O
forearm, elbow?
(e.g., edges of consoles digging into
elbow)
Vibration
Ask the worker: Is vibration S
transmitted to your hand through a
tool or piece of equipment? O

Please indicate whether the following direct risk factors were

identified at the ELBOW.
Force !Yes !No
!Yes !No
Direct Risk

Repetition
Factors

Static Posture !Yes !No

Contact Stress !Yes !No
Vibration !Yes !No
In the Injury Statistics investigation, were !Yes !No
there injury reports for the Elbow or Forearm?
(see Worksheet 1 in the Implementation Guide)
Body parts within the circled area will
In the Discomfort Survey investigation, were !Yes !No be classified as ELBOW issues.
there reports of discomfort for the Elbow or
Forearm? (see Worksheet 2 in the
Implementation Guide)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 35
WRIST/HAND
Force N Y Comments:
Is forceful physical handling S
performed? Such as:
Lifting O
Lowering S

O
Pushing S

O
Pulling S

O
Carrying S

O
Turning materials S

O
Are objects handled in a S
power grip?
(e.g., holding steering wheel) O

Are objects handled in a S

pinch grip?
(e.g., holding controls) O
Are objects handled in a S
hook grip?
(e.g., tire rims) O
Ask the worker: Do you wear gloves * S
while performing your job?
If the answer is No, check the No box O
and go to next section.
*If the answer to the above question is S
Yes, ask the worker:
Are the gloves too large/small? O
S
Does the thickness of the gloves cause
problems with gripping? O
Repetition
Are identical or similar motions S
performed over and over again?
(e.g., operating controls) O
Ask the worker: Do you spend a large S
percentage of the day performing one
action or task? O
(e.g., operating front end loader)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 36
 Static Posture N Y Comments:
Ask the worker: Do tasks require any
part of your arm or hand to be S
maintained in a fixed or static
posture? O
(e.g., holding steering wheel)
Ask the worker: Do you apply
constant pressure on controls/objects S
with your hand?
(e.g., holding steering wheel) O
Ask the worker: Do you hold parts, S
tools, or objects for long periods?
(e.g., holding steering wheel) O
Contact Stress
Ask the worker: Do any objects,
tools or parts of the workstation put S
pressure on any parts of your hand or
arm, such as the backs or sides of O
fingers, palm or base of the hand,
forearm?
(e.g., pressure from controls on hands)
Ask the worker: Do you use your S
hand like a hammer for striking?
O
Awkward Posture
Flexion S

O
Extension S

O
Ulnar Deviation S

O
Radial S
Deviation
O
Vibration
Ask the worker: Is vibration S
transmitted to your hand through a
tool or piece of equipment? O

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 37
 Please indicate whether the following direct risk factors were
identified at the WRIST/HAND.
Force !Yes !No
Direct Risk Factors

Repetition !Yes !No

Static Posture !Yes !No
Contact Stress !Yes !No
Awkward Posture !Yes !No
Vibration !Yes !No
In the Injury Statistics investigation, were !Yes !No Body parts within the circled area will
there injury reports for the Wrist or
be classified as WRIST issues.
Hand/Finger or Forearm? (see Worksheet 1
in the Implementation Guide)
In the Discomfort Survey investigation, !Yes !No
were there reports of discomfort for the Wrist
or Hand/Finger or Forearm? (see Worksheet
2 in the Implementation Guide)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 38
LOW BACK OR HIP/THIGH
Force N Y Comments:
Is forceful physical handling S
performed? Such as:
Lifting O
Lowering S

O
Pushing S

O
Pulling S

O
Carrying S

O
Repetition
Are identical or similar motions S
performed over and over again?
O
Ask the worker: Do you spend a large S
percentage of the day performing one
action or task? O
(e.g., operating front end loader)
Static Posture
Ask the worker: Do tasks require S
your trunk and upper body to be
maintained in a fixed or static O
posture?
(e.g., sitting for long periods)
Are workers required to sit or stand in S
a stationary position for long periods
of time during the shift? O
Contact Stress
Ask the worker: Do any objects, S
tools or parts of the workstation put
pressure on any parts of your O
hip/thigh? (e.g., seat digging into the
back of the thigh)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 39
 Awkward Posture N Y Comments:
Flexion S

Extension S

Lateral S
Bending
O

Twisting S

O
Vibration
Ask the worker: Is your whole body S
exposed to vibration for significant
portions of the work shift? O
(e.g., sitting on vibrating chair)

Please indicate whether the following direct risk factors were

identified at the LOW BACK or HIP/THIGH.
Force !Yes !No
Repetition !Yes !No
Direct Risk

!Yes !No
Factors

Static Posture
Contact Stress !Yes !No
Awkward Posture !Yes !No
Vibration !Yes !No
In the Injury Statistics investigation, were !Yes !No
there injury reports for the Low Back or Body parts within the circled area will
Hip/Thigh? (see Worksheet 1 in the be classified as LOW BACK issues.
Implementation Guide)
In the Discomfort Survey investigation, !Yes !No
were there reports of discomfort for the Low
Back or Hip/Thigh? (see Worksheet 2 in the
Implementation Guide)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 40
KNEE
Repetition N Y Comments:
Are identical or similar motions S
performed over and over again?
(e.g., climbing ladder) O
Static Posture
Ask the worker: Do tasks require you S
to maintain your knee(s) in a fixed or
static posture? O
(e.g., operating foot pedals with bent
knees)
Are workers required to sit or stand in S
a stationary position for long periods of
time during the shift? O
Do workers kneel (with one or both S
knees)?
O
Contact Stress
Ask the worker: Do any objects or S
parts of the workstation put pressure on
your knee(s)? O
Awkward Posture
Extreme Flexion S

Please indicate whether the following direct risk factors were

identified at the KNEE.
Repetition !Yes !No
Direct Risk
Factors

Static Posture !Yes !No

Contact Stress !Yes !No
Awkward Posture !Yes !No
In the Injury Statistics investigation, were !Yes !No
there injury reports for the Knee or
Hip/Thigh? (see Worksheet 1 in the
Implementation Guide)
In the Discomfort Survey investigation, !Yes !No Body parts within the circled area will
be classified as KNEE issues.
were there reports of discomfort for the Knee
or Hip/Thigh? (see Worksheet 2 in the
Implementation Guide)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 41
ANKLE/FOOT
Repetition N Y Comments:
Are identical or similar motions S
performed over and over again?
(e.g., activating foot pedals) O
Static Posture
Are workers required to stand in a S
stationary position for long periods of
time during the shift? O
(e.g., holding foot pedal down)
Awkward Posture
Flexion S

O
Extension S

O
Vibration
Ask the worker: Is your whole body S
exposed to vibration for significant
portions of the work shift? O

Please indicate whether the following direct risk factors were

identified at the ANKLE/FOOT.
Repetition !Yes !No
Direct Risk
Factors

Static Posture !Yes !No

Awkward Posture !Yes !No
Vibration !Yes !No
In the Injury Statistics investigation, were !Yes !No
there injury reports for the Ankle or Foot?
(see Worksheet 1 in the Implementation
Guide)
In the Discomfort Survey investigation, !Yes !No Body parts within the circled area will
were there reports of discomfort for the be classified as ANKLE/FOOT issues.
Ankle or Foot? (see Worksheet 2 in the
Implementation Guide)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 42
CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTS BEING HANDLED
N Y Comments:
Are there problems handling a load S
due to its size or shape?
(e.g., tires) O
Are there problems handling a load S
due to its fragile, unbalanced, or non-
rigid conditions? O
Ask the worker: Do you experience S
situations where mechanical aids or
equipment are not readily available to O
assist with manipulating an object?
(e.g., hoists)
Are handles for tools and equipment S
inappropriate in terms of size or shape?
(e.g., controls) O
Ask the worker: Do any objects that S
you work with (other than tools or
equipment) have handles? If the O
answer is No, check the No box and go
to the next section.
If the answer to the above question is S
Yes, ask the worker: Are the handles
an inappropriate size or shape for the O
characteristics of the object?

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Temperature
Ask the worker: Are your hands or S
arms exposed to cold from exhaust air,
cold liquids or solids? O
Ask the worker: Are you exposed S
directly to temperature extremes that
may cause you to use more force or O
cause you to fatigue quicker than
normal? (e.g., hot or cold, either by
equipment or natural environment)
Lighting
Ask the worker: Do you assume S
awkward postures to overcome
problems associated with glare, O
inadequate lighting, or poor visibility?
(e.g., working at night)

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 43
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS [CONTINUED]
Noise N Y Comments:
Have there been complaints on the S
level of noise in the work area?
O
Ask the worker: Are there any S
distracting or annoying noises at the
workstation? O
(e.g., air cylinders)

WORK ORGANISATION
N Y Comments:
Is the work externally-paced or S
controlled by a machine or the
process? O
Do peak workloads or sudden S
increases in pace occur with the tasks?
O
Ask the worker: Are there indications S
of excessive fatigue or pain, or
symptoms of adverse health effects O
due to extended work days or
overtime?
(e.g., extended weekend maintenance)
Ask the worker: Are there indications S
of excessive fatigue or adverse health
effects due to shiftwork? O
(e.g., working on graveyards)
Ask the worker: Are rest periods or S
task variety insufficient to prevent the
build-up of fatigue or the risk of O
adverse health effects?
Ask the worker: Are tasks in a job S
rotation program similar to one
another, and therefore not providing a O
variation in movements?

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Checklist 44
Injury Education Injury Prevention

Industrial
Work Musculoskeletal
Injury
Manual Reduction
Program

Front End Loader

Operator
 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 45
This Work Manual contains information about the body parts found to be at risk of
musculoskeletal injury (MSI) for the Front End Loader Operator (Injury
Education), and how to reduce the risk of MSIs using various control measures
(Injury Prevention). Each Work Manual is intended to help Occupational Health
and Safety Committee members establish effective solutions to reduce MSIs, and
as a resource for workers to understand the MSI risks that they may encounter on
the job.

The Body Manual, referenced throughout the Work Manual, is a separate

document that contains information on how to prevent common MSIs through
exercise. Please note exercises described in the Body Manual should only be used
after consulting a healthcare practitioner.

The General Risk Factor Solutions Manual, referenced throughout the Work
Manual, is a separate document that contains general, preventative information on
Environmental Conditions and Work Organisation issues.

Work Manual
Front End Loader Operator

Disclaimer
The BC sawmill IMIRP documents were developed by Advanced Ergonomics Inc. (AEI) based on analyses
conducted in a number of voluntary, participating sawmills in British Columbia and should be considered
applicable only to the BC sawmill industry. Modification to these documents may reduce their usefulness and/or
lead to hazardous situations. Individuals or committees wishing to make Physical Demands Analyses (PDAs) site-
specific, or wishing to implement options from the Work Manuals, are advised to first complete the two-day OHSC
and Supervisors Ergonomics Training Session. Modifications to a PDA must be within the scope of competence of
those individuals making the changes and must be reported to any rehabilitation professional using the PDA.
Neither AEI nor the IMIRP Society accepts any responsibility for the use or misuse of these documents.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 46

 WM Table of Contents

INJURY EDUCATION ........................................................................................ 48

Body Parts at Risk ............................................................................................ 49

Major Risk Identification ................................................................................. 50

Neck.............................................................................................................51
Shoulder.......................................................................................................53
Wrist ............................................................................................................55
Low Back.....................................................................................................57
Knee.............................................................................................................59
Summary of Body Parts at Risk ....................................................................... 61

Risk Factors by Body Part ................................................................................ 63

INJURY PREVENTION...................................................................................... 64
Suggested Solutions.......................................................................................... 65

Risk Control Key .............................................................................................. 66

Workstation Design .......................................................................................... 67

Characteristics of Objects Being Handled........................................................ 83

Environmental Conditions................................................................................ 85

Work Organisation ........................................................................................... 86

Summary of Solutions ...................................................................................... 87

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 47

 Injury Education
Injuries occur when …
Loads exceed tissue tolerances
This type of injury occurs from a single event,
where the loads or forces are so great they exceed
Tolerance Injury
tissue tolerances and cause an immediate injury.
Load

This type of injury is more common with trips and

No Injury
falls.

Example – a worker going over on their ankle

Time and spraining it.
Excessive Force

Tolerance
This type of injury occurs from repeated loading
weakening tissue to the point of failure. It
progresses slowly to the point where a subfailure
Load

Injury
No Injury load can cause an injury. This type of injury is
more common with repetitive tasks.

Example – a worker pulling lumber off a chain

Time
developing a herniated disc.
Excessive Repetition

Tolerance This type of injury occurs from constant loading

weakening tissue to the point of failure. This
Load

type of injury is more common with tasks that

Injury
No Injury require workers to adopt static or awkward
postures for extended periods.

Example – a Grader developing neck tension.

Time

Excessive Duration
 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 48
Body Parts at Risk
The previous page on injury education explains how injuries can occur. The Injury
Education section of this Work Manual expands on these principles, relating them
to the specific body parts at risk of being injured.

After all of the appropriate information is collected during the investigation of the
Front End Loader Operator job (i.e., injury statistics, discomfort surveys, results
from the Identification Checklist), the next steps are to:

1. Match the body parts of concern from your investigation to those described in
this section of the Work Manual.

2. Note the direct risk factors associated with each body part of concern.

3. Read the information on the page and try to understand why a body part, in
combination with each of the direct risk factors, is of concern.

4. Discover which indirect risk factors are associated with a particular body part
problem and the headings under which they are found in the Injury Prevention
section of the Work Manual.

5. Note the consequences of the direct risk factor relative to a body part.

6. Note where the potential solutions can be found within the Injury Prevention
section of the Work Manual. In addition, for many of the body parts, a
reference may be provided to refer to specific sections of the Body Manual.

At the end of the Body Parts at Risk Section, there is a summary page of all the
body parts of concern for the Front End Loader Operator. In addition, a reference
table, with a summary of the direct and indirect risk factors by body part, is
provided.

In the last section on Injury Prevention, the Work Manual discusses specific
solution options for each of the body parts at risk.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 49

Major Risk Identification
IMIRP ergonomists have assessed the Front End Loader Operator position and
found that the neck and low back are the body parts of major concern while
performing the duties. Focussing on solutions that target the areas of major
concern will likely reduce the greatest risks associated with this job.

Neck: Major risks include repetitive and awkward posture of the neck (twisting)
while backing up the vehicle.

The following solutions are targeted at reducing the risk of injury to the neck:

1. Windshield wipers (page 79)

2. Window cleaning (page 79)
3. Hourly stretch breaks (page 80)
4. Alternate looking over both shoulders (page 82)
5. Flood lighting (page 85)
6. Task variability (page 86)

Low Back: Major risks include constant sitting in the cab of the Front End Loader
while manipulating controls to move objects. The seated posture places the spine
in a static position. Whole-body vibration is also transmitted to the tissues of the
back through the seat.

The following solutions are targeted at reducing the risk of injury to the low back:

1. Control distance (page 68)

2. Lumbar support (page 72)
3. Vary body posture (page 72)
4. Adjustable seating (page 73)
5. Seat maintenance (page 74)
6. Adjust seat spring (page 75)
7. Yard, Equipment and Tire maintenance (page 29)
8. Hourly stretch breaks (page 80)
9. Task variability (page 86)

For additional stretching and strengthening exercises that would benefit a Front
End Loader Operator, refer to the Neck and Low Back sections of the Body
Manual.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 50

NECK Direct Risk Factors:
Awkward Posture
Repetition

Front End Loader Operators must

repeatedly turn their head to the side
when driving backwards.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• A number of smaller muscles around the neck produce the forces necessary to
support and move the head. These muscles remain relatively relaxed when the
head is balanced over the spine (neutral posture). The neutral posture occurs
when the head is upright, and the ears and shoulders are aligned.

DIRECT RISK FACTORS

Awkward Posture
• Neck muscles are required to turn the head to the side. The further the head is
turned to the side, the greater the load on the muscles and tendons.

Repetition
• When the head is repeatedly turned to the side, the muscles of the neck are
subjected to repeated stress with little time for recovery. If the repetitive stress
is excessive, and recovery is not adequate, the tissues can fatigue to the point of
injury.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 51

INDIRECT RISK FACTORS
Environmental Conditions
Lighting
• With poor visibility at night, workers may turn their heads and hold this posture
for longer duration.

CONSEQUENCES
• When the head is repeatedly twisted, muscles and soft tissues of the neck may
fatigue. Fatigue leads to an accumulation of waste products and/or a decrease
in the ability to tolerate additional stress.
• Signs and symptoms include pain, tenderness, muscle spasm in the neck area,
and headaches.

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
• For specific solutions that may prevent injuries to the Neck, please see the
column labelled “Neck” in the Summary of Solutions on pages 87 to 89.
• For exercises that can help to prevent neck injuries, see the Neck section of the
Body Manual.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 52

SHOULDER Direct Risk Factors:
Awkward Posture
Repetition

A Front End Loader Operator may

repeatedly use controls with the arm
away from the body.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• The shoulder joint is designed for mobility. The joint is held together by
muscles and soft tissues. The larger muscle groups around the shoulder are
responsible for producing movement (e.g., deltoids). The deeper muscles
stabilise the shoulder joint as well as produce movement. These deeper muscles
and their tendons are referred to as the rotator cuff.

DIRECT RISK FACTORS

Awkward Posture
• Muscles in the shoulder joint support the weight of arms when they are held
away from the body. The farther away the arms are from the body, the greater
the load on the rotator cuff.

Repetition
• If the repetitive stress is excessive, and recovery is not adequate, the shoulder
muscles may fatigue to the point of injury.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 53

INDIRECT RISK FACTORS
Workstation Design
Working Reaches
• Loading on the shoulder joint is increased when the controls for the Front End
Loader require excessive reaching.

CONSEQUENCES
• When using the arms to manipulate controls, shoulder muscles may fatigue.
Fatigue leads to an accumulation of waste products and/or a decrease in the
ability to tolerate additional stress.
• Stressing a fatigued shoulder may lead to degeneration or injury.
• Signs and symptoms include pain, tenderness, and decreased range of motion
and strength in the shoulder joint.

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
• For specific solutions that may prevent injuries to the Shoulder, please see the
column labelled “Shoulder” in the Summary of Solutions on pages 87 to 89.
• For exercises that can help to prevent shoulder injuries, see the Shoulder
section of the Body Manual.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 54

WRIST Direct Risk Factors:
Awkward Posture
Static Posture
Vibration

A Front End Loader Operator

continuously grips controls when
manoeuvring the machine.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• Most of the muscles involved in gripping and manoeuvring the hands are found
in the forearms. These muscles attach at the elbow and their tendons
(surrounded by a protective sheath) run down the forearm into the hand. At the
wrist, the tendons and a nerve run under a thick band (see pictures below),
which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel.

The Carpal Tunnel

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 55

DIRECT RISK FACTORS
Awkward Posture
• As the wrist is bent, the tendon sheaths will rub up against the walls of the
carpal tunnel. The further the wrist is bent, the more friction experienced in the
tendon sheaths.

Static Posture
• When the wrist is held in a bent position, the tendon sheaths are under constant
stress. If the duration of constant stress is excessive, and recovery is not
adequate, the tissues may fatigue to the point of injury.

Vibration
• Exposure to vibration, through contact with other vibrating objects, places a
unique form of mechanical stress on the tissues of the hand and wrist. Factors
like vibration level and vibration frequency influence the amount of mechanical
stress.

INDIRECT RISK FACTORS

Workstation Design
Working Heights
• The height of controls will determine if the wrist has to adopt an awkward
posture.
• Wrist postures may become more awkward when levers have too much play.

CONSEQUENCES
• Holding the wrist in a bent position may lead to irritation and damage in the
tendon sheaths.
• Signs and symptoms include pain, tenderness, and inflammation in the wrist
area.

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
• For specific solutions that may prevent injuries to the wrist, please see the
column labelled “Wrist” in the Summary of Solutions on pages 87 to 89.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 56

LOW BACK Direct Risk Factors:
Awkward Posture
Static Posture
Vibration

A Front End Loader Operator must

sit for long periods, driving over
rough terrain.

Neutral Spine

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• The spine is made up of 33 bones called vertebrae. Each of
these vertebrae is specially designed to protect the spinal cord
and provide support for the back. Between each of the
Back
vertebrae are discs. Discs have tough elastic walls that are Front
filled with a watery gel-like substance. These discs are like
jelly donuts; when they are pressed down on one side, the other
side bulges and puts increased pressure on the wall of the disc.
To maintain an even distribution of pressure across the discs, Low Back
the spine has to be kept in the neutral posture. Sitting will cause (lumbar spine)
the pelvis to rotate out of a neutral posture, as the lumbar spine
will flatten.

DIRECT RISK FACTORS

Awkward and Static Posture
• Sitting increases the loading on the walls of the discs. If the duration of sitting
is excessive, and the recovery is not adequate (e.g., spine not returned to neutral
posture), the tissues may deform to the point of injury.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 57

Vibration
• Whole body vibration is usually transmitted through the seat into the low back.
Exposure to whole body vibration introduces a unique mechanical stress to the
structures of the spine that can significantly increase the loading on the low
back. Prolonged sitting on a vibrating surface may contribute to the gradual
weakening of the lumbar discs.

INDIRECT RISK FACTORS

Workstation Design
Working Reaches
• Loading on the back is increased when operators have to lean forward to reach
controls.

Seating
• Loading on the back is increased when seating is poor, or is not properly
adjusted and maintained.

Environmental Conditions
Vibration
• Vibration and loading on the back is increased when the driving surface is
rough. Yards with poor drainage tend to develop more ruts, increasing loading
on the back.

CONSEQUENCES
• Continually sitting on a vibrating surface may lead to deformation in the disc
walls and accelerated degeneration of the tissues.
• Signs and symptoms include muscle spasm and sharp or radiating pain in the
back and/or lower extremities.

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
• For specific solutions that may prevent injuries to the Back, please see the
column labelled “Back” in the Summary of Solutions on pages 87 to 89.
• For exercises that can help to prevent back injuries, see the Back section of the
Body Manual.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 58

KNEE Direct Risk Factors:
Awkward Posture
Static Posture
Repetition

A Front End Loader Operator must

continuously activate foot pedals with
the knees bent.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• Muscles in the front of the thigh that attach near the knee (quadriceps) contract
when activating foot pedals. At the knee joint, the kneecap (patella) is held in
place over the thighbone (femur) by these muscles which are attached to
connective tissue. When the leg is straight, there is little or no contact between
these two bones. However, as the knee bends, the muscles will contract more,
and contact stress will increase between the kneecap and the thighbone.

DIRECT RISK FACTORS

Awkward and Static Posture
• Activating foot pedals with a bent knee increases the contact stress between the
kneecap and the thighbone. Contact stress increases significantly when the
knee is bent over 90 degrees.

Repetition
• Repeated activation of foot pedals with bent knee may gradually irritate the
knee.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 59

INDIRECT RISK FACTORS
Workstation Design
Seating
• Loading on the knee is increased if the cab has a fixed seat location, and/or the
design of the cab causes excessive bending of the knee.

Additional Workstation Design Options

• Loading on the knee is increased if the force required to activate foot pedals is
high.

CONSEQUENCES
• Repeated or continuous activation of foot pedals could cause inflammation
under the knee cap, which may cause pain and may change the mechanics of
knee cap tracking. Changes in knee cap tracking may lead to premature wear of
the knee cap and/or the thigh bone.
• Signs and symptoms include muscle wasting around the inner knee, creaking in
the knee, and chronic pain if left unchecked.

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
• For specific solutions that may prevent injuries to the Knee, please see the
column labelled “Knee” in the Summary of Solutions on pages 87 to 89.
• For exercises that could help to prevent knee injuries, see the Knee section of
the Body Manual.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 60

Summary of Body Parts at Risk

NECK
• Front End Loader Operators must
repeatedly turn their head to the side
when driving backwards.

SHOULDER
• A Front End Loader Operator may
repeatedly use controls with the arm
away from the body.

WRIST
• A Front End Loader Operator
continuously grips controls when
manoeuvring the machine.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 61

LOW BACK
• A Front End Loader Operator must
sit for long periods, driving over
rough terrain.

KNEE
• A Front End Loader Operator must
continuously activate foot pedals
with the knees bent.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 62

Risk Factors by Body Part

Low Back
Shoulder
Shoulder
Direct Risk Factors

Elbow/

Finger

Ankle/
Hand/
Neck/

Wrist
Wrist

Knee
Neck

Foot
Foot
Hip
Force
Repetition ! ! !
Awkward Posture ! ! ! ! !
Static Posture ! ! !
Contact Stress
Vibration – Whole body* !
Vibration – Hand Transmitted* !

Low Back
Shoulder
Shoulder
Indirect Risk Factors

Elbow/

Finger

Ankle/
Hand/
Neck/

Wrist
Wrist

Knee
Neck

Foot
Foot
Hip
Duration* Duration ! ! ! !
Workstation Working Reaches ! !
Design Working Heights !
Seating ! !
Floor Surfaces
Characteristics Size and Shape
of Objects Load Condition and
Being Handled Weight Distribution
Container, Tool and
Equipment Handles
Environmental Heat Exposure ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Conditions Cold Exposure ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ! ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Lighting !♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Noise ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Vibration** ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ !♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Work Work-Recovery Cycles ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Organisation Task Variability ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Work Rate ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
* Extended exposure to any risk factor can increase the likelihood of injury. For solutions designed to decrease the duration of
exposure to any risk factor please refer to the Work Organisation section of the General Risk Factor Solutions Manual
** Vibration is categorised under both direct and indirect risk factors. Vibration can directly increase the likelihood of injury to
the back and wrist as well as indirectly (environmental conditions) promote injuries in other parts of the body.

= Indicates that the risk factor was assessed and was not found to be a contributor to the body part
problem.
" = Indicates that the risk factor assessed is commonly found in sawmills, and may need to be
addressed at your mill. See the appropriate section of the General Risk Factor Solutions
Manual for more information.
! = Indicates that the risk factor was assessed as a contributor to the body part problem. Please see
the Summary of Solutions Table on pages 87 to 89 for specific problem/solution information.
Additional information on some risk factors can be found in the General Risk Factor Solutions
Manual.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 63

 Injury Prevention
Injuries are prevented by …
Decreasing loads and increasing tissue tolerances

Injury No Injury
Injuries may be avoided
by decreasing the size
Tolerance Tolerance
of the loads on the
Load

Load

tissue.

Example – using a
Time Time torque multiplier
wrench to loosen bolts.

Injury No Injury Injuries may be

avoided by
Tolerance Tolerance increasing tissue
tolerances, and
Load

Load

allowing the body to

endure more loading.

Example – using
Time Time
maintenance
exercises to
strengthen tissues.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 64

Suggested Solutions
The previous page explains how injuries may be prevented by decreasing the load
on a tissue or by increasing the tissue tolerances. The Injury Prevention section of
the Work Manual provides possible solutions that can be implemented to decrease
the size of the loads on the tissues.

Each of the solutions described in the Work Manual has a risk control icon. The
Risk Control Key provides guidelines on how to distinguish between different
types of risk controls. Generally, engineering, administrative, and work practice
controls are considered more effective than the use of personal protective
equipment to decrease the risk of musculoskeletal injuries.

The focus of the Injury Prevention section is on solutions developed following the
ergonomic investigation of the Front End Loader Operator job. The solutions are
presented under the headings of Workstation Design, Characteristics of Objects
Being Handled, Environmental Conditions, and Work Organisation.

The Summary of Solutions table provides a quick reference guide to solutions for
specific body part problems.

Please note that the information provided in the Body Manual addresses the issue
of injury prevention in terms of increasing tissue tolerances through exercise. This
information is not provided in the Work Manual.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 65

Risk Control Key
Risk control measures (solutions) are commonly grouped into four categories:

E ENGINEERING CONTROLS
These include physical changes to workstations, equipment, materials,
production facilities, or any other relevant aspect of the work environment,
that reduce or prevent exposure to risk factors.

A ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
These include any change in procedure that significantly limits daily
exposure to risk factors, by control or manipulation of the work schedule or
manner in which work is performed. Administrative controls include, but
are not limited to, job rotation, rest breaks, alternative tasks, job
enlargement, redesign of work methods, and adjustment of work pace or
output. Some models of risk control include work practice controls within
this category.

WP WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS

These include techniques used to perform the tasks of a job, such as
reaching, gripping, using tools and equipment, or discarding objects, etc.
Education and training are an integral part of work practice controls.

PPE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

These are devices worn by a worker to reduce the risk of injury, including
gloves, kneepads, hearing protection, and leather aprons.

On the following pages, the icons next to the solution options indicate the type
of risk control.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 66

Workstation Design
WORKING REACHES
A working reach that is too far for the worker will require stressful shoulder,
elbow, wrist, and back postures. Reaching to the side, behind, or too far in front of
the body can put stress on the smaller muscles. Ideally, working reaches should be
within a normal reach envelope, as laid out below, with the controls and materials
that are handled most often closest to the body. It is also ideal to have controls that
perform similar or combined functions grouped together to decrease awkward
postures that may otherwise occur.

1 = Controls/items most frequently used

2 = Controls/items less frequently used
3 = Controls/items least frequently used

Generally, the most frequently used items should be placed within a forearm’s
reach, with less frequently used items placed within a comfortable arm’s reach, and
infrequently used items placed within a fully extended arm’s reach. For more
specific recommendations on working reaches, please consult anthropometric
tables or an ergonomist.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 67

Control distance
E In order to reduce loading on the neck and shoulder, keep controls close to
WP the body by moving the seat forward on slide tracks and/or extending
controls into safe reach envelopes. This adjustability is important to
accommodate operators of different sizes. The following pictures illustrate
how the adjustable seat mechanism can allow an operator to move closer to
any controls.

Extended reach to steering wheel. Steering wheel within safer reach envelope.

Tilt steering
WP In order to reduce loading on the shoulder for Front End Loaders with tilt
steering, move the steering wheel closer to the body. This tilting brings the
full circumference of the steering wheel closer to the operator.

Shoulder flexion to operate steering wheel. Safer shoulder posture with tilt steering.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 68

Good driving posture
WP In order to reduce loading on the neck and back, encourage workers to
adopt good driving postures. Place back against the backrest, and avoid a
static head forward posture where the head and eyes are continually
pointed down at ground level work.

Slouching while driving. Good driving posture.

Research mobile equipment with operators

A Operators can effectively identify potential challenges with awkward and
static postures through an equipment trial period prior to purchasing. Most
equipment dealers support such a trial period. Investigating mobile
equipment with Front End Loader Operators will minimise the need to
retrofit equipment.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 69

WORKING HEIGHTS
A working height that is too high for the worker will require stressful shoulder and
arm postures, while a height that is too low will require stressful bending of the
neck and trunk. The height of a work surface should allow room to change
position and move the legs and feet (WCB Draft Ergonomic Regulations, 1994).

The ideal workstation is height adjustable, allowing a large percentage of the

population to adjust the work surface height to suit their dimensions

To determine the appropriate work height specific for the Front End Loader
Operator, identify the body part of most concern. If the main concern is the:

Neck - minimise forward bending of the neck by increasing working height.

Shoulders - minimise elevation of the arms by lowering working height.
Low Back - minimise forward bending of the back by increasing working height.

For more specific guidelines on matching the working heights with the tasks
performed please consult anthropometric tables or an ergonomist.

Arm supports
E In order to reduce awkward postures of the shoulders and wrists when
operating controls, consider the height of the controls and arm supports. An
operator’s elbows and forearms should sit comfortably on the arm supports
with the shoulders relaxed and the wrists free for using controls. Arm
supports that are well-padded and height-adjustable, independent of the
height of the seat, are preferred. The support provided by these arm
supports awkward postures of the wrist.

WP Front End Loader Operators should be encouraged to use the arm supports
to reduce awkward postures of the wrist region when there is a break in the
workload. Placing the elbows, forearms, and wrists on the arm supports
while taking these microbreaks will allow working muscles to recover and
repair.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 70

Stepping down
WP To significantly reduce loading on the back, avoid jumping down from
equipment. After prolonged exposure to vibration in a static posture, the
spine is more susceptible to an acute injury resulting from the impact of
jumping down.

Ensure that you have secure foot and hand placement as you lower yourself
off the machinery. Safe locations for hand and foot placement should be
well-marked.

Climbing into cab

E Handholds should be low enough so that operators do not have to jerk
WP themselves upward, which can place large loads on the shoulders when
they are in a flexed position.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 71

SEATING
Front End Loader Operators are required to sit when operating the equipment.
Sitting for long periods of time increases the load on the spine, which stresses the
ligaments and discs of the low back. The load is increased when the operator does
not maintain a neutral spine (see Injury Education for the Low Back on page 57).

Lumbar support
E To improve the posture of the low back, install seats with good lumbar
support. Seats that wrap around the low back and encourage proper posture,
helping to maintain the curve of the lower back, have good lumbar support.

Vary body posture

WP In order to reduce awkward and static postures in the low back encourage the
Front End Loader Operator to get up from the seated posture throughout the
day. This alleviates the load on the spine, allows the discs to equalise, and
allows ligaments to regain their stiffness after being stretched out from sitting.

Occasional breaks from the seated

posture can help restore tissue
properties.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 72

Adjustable seating
E In order to minimise awkward and static postures of the low back, seating
WP should have several adjustable features to accommodate various operators,
and allow for continual postural adjustments.

# Seating should have adjustable lumbar support

# Seats should be adjustable forward/backward and up/down
# Seats should have seat pans which tilt forward and backward
# Seats should be air-ride, or have vibration damping cushions
# Seats should be covered with a breathable, non-slip material

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 73

Seat maintenance
E Vehicle seats and supports are the only layer of protection between an
A operator and the whole-body vibration transmitted from mobile equipment.
WP In many cases, the seat also provides the only suspension between the user
and the vibration and impact from rough terrain. For these reasons, seats
need to be properly maintained to help prevent injuries.

Seat maintenance should begin when a new piece of mobile equipment is

being ordered. Many equipment manufacturers offer a selection of seats.
Use the information on the previous page to select a seat that satisfies your
ergonomic criteria. Where possible, have the intended operators try several
different seat styles before deciding on a seat design. If the manufacturer
does not offer seats of suitable quality, it might be necessary to order a
custom seat. Remember: heavy equipment manufacturers do not specialise
in ergonomic seat design. Good quality seats may require separate ordering
and installation.

Any new seat should come with a clear set of instructions for adjustment
and use. Photocopy a set of these instructions for each operator, and
laminate another copy for prominent storage in the vehicle cab. Make sure
all operators are familiar with the purpose and use of all seat features.

Regular seat maintenance

Regular vehicle seat maintenance should follow a schedule based on
duration of use, similar to engine maintenance. At the prescribed time, all
components of the seat should be inspected for wear, and damaged parts
should be replaced. This inspection should include seat suspension, seat
cushioning, seat covering, and arm supports. Seats should be replaced when
they are too worn, or when they can no longer be repaired to safe working
levels. Seats, like work boots, have a lifespan limited by their daily
exposure to vibration, shock impact, and continuous load bearing.

Daily inspection of seat

Seat users should also be responsible for ongoing maintenance. A short
daily inspection of the vehicle seat could identify wear or damage before it
becomes a major problem. Keeping the seat and cab as clean as possible
and regularly using all adjustments on the chair can also help to minimise
uneven wear and prevent damage.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 74

Adjust seat spring
WP In order to reduce vibration transmitted to the low back, operators should
adjust seat spring to an appropriate level.
Many Front End Loaders have air ride seats. If
the seats are too stiff more vibration may be
transmitted from the seat to the back. If the
seats are not stiff enough, bottoming out will
increase impact loading to the spine.

Seat belts
WP In order to improve the posture of the low back, encourage the operator to
use a seat belt.
Safety regulations state that vehicle operators
have to wear a seat belt. These seat belts can
also be useful in helping to maintain lumbar
curve by holding the low back against the seat
and avoiding slouching.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 75

ADDITIONAL WORKSTATION DESIGN OPTIONS
Yard maintenance
A In order to reduce loading on the back from whole body vibration, maintain
the yard and repair potholes.

Equipment maintenance
A In order to reduce loading on the back from whole body vibration from jerky
movements, maintain the machine properly and allow the machine to warm-
up first.

Tire maintenance
E In order to reduce loading on the back from whole body vibration:
A
• Ensure tires are inflated properly

• Look at the type of tread on the tires - knobby tires may increase
vibration when Front End Loaders are driving on harder surfaces

• Install radial instead of ply tires for better control and less vibration

Smooth tires are preferred on hard surfaces to Knobby tires are suitable for softer terrain
decrease vibration. where traction is required.

Control Front End Loader speed in yard

WP In order to reduce loading on the back from whole body vibration caused by
excessive bouncing, control the speed of the Front End Loader when driving
through the yard.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 76

Force to activate foot pedals
E To reduce loading on the knee, decrease the force required to activate foot
pedals. It is important to ensure pedals are kept clean of debris and are
well-maintained.

Foot pedals and floor areas should be free of obstruction.

Foot pedal maintenance

A To reduce loading on the knee from activating foot pedals, remove debris
E under the pedals, and lubricate the rockers on the pedals to ensure they move
freely.

To reduce the force required to maintain foot contact and activate foot
pedals, maintain the rubber covering on the pedal.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 77

Knee angle
WP To reduce the loading on the knee, move the seat back or increase the seat
height. This change will straighten the leg and make it easier for the
muscles above the knee to perform work.

Knee in flexed position while operating foot Safer knee position for operating foot pedals.
pedals.

The position of any vehicle seat needs to be a compromise of close reaches to

minimise shoulder fatigue and adequate separation distance to minimise knee
angle. Alternating between positions will more evenly distribute loading between
the tissues.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 78

Windshield wipers
E To improve visibility and reduce awkward neck postures, install and
maintain windshield wipers on both the front and back windows. This
should be a clearly outlined job duty for either the Front End Loader
Operator or the Heavy Duty Mechanic.

Window cleaning
A To improve visibility and reduce awkward neck postures, clean windows
regularly. Hinged window caging can be opened to make cleaning more
convenient.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 79

Additional Work Practices
Hourly stretch breaks
WP In order to improve the body’s tolerance for work, encourage Front End
Loader Operators to take stretch breaks every hour. Stretches should be
done with the vehicle off and safely parked. Make sure that the ground is
flat and dry for personal safety. Suggested stretches are listed below.

To help relax back muscles, stretch the low back by

hanging off the equipment. Place feet at 45 degrees
and bend the knees, keeping the low back straight.
This will stretch one side of the back. Alternate sides.

To improve the posture of the low back when driving,

stretch the back of the legs by putting one foot on the
bucket. Keep the back straight and bend at the hips.
Stretch each leg for 30 seconds after each hour of
work.

To help relax neck muscles, stretch the neck for 30

seconds each side after every hour of driving. Reach
for the ground or hold onto equipment and turn head
slightly to the side. Stretch by lowering the head.
Avoid over-stretching.

To reduce loading on the neck from poor posture,

perform the wall exercise 4 times for 15 seconds after
every hour of driving. Re-align the spine by placing
the feet out from the wall, and flattening the low back
against the wall. Bend the elbows to 90 degrees, with
the hands and wrists above shoulder height. Press the
forearms back against the wall. Keep chin tucked in.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 80

When time permits these stretches would complement the suggested hourly stretches.

Chin Tuck
With your head upright, tuck chin in.
You should feel a gentle stretch, in
the back of the neck. Hold for 20
seconds and then relax. Repeat 3
times.
Shoulder Stretch
Gently pull elbow towards opposite
shoulder, keeping both shoulders
relaxed. You should feel a mild
stretch in the back of the shoulder.
Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat with the
other arm.

Wrist Flexor and Extensor Stretch

With your arm extended and fingers
pointing up, gently pull hand towards
your body until you feel a mild stretch
in the forearm. (Note: do not stretch
to the point where you feel pain or
tingling). Hold for 15 – 30 seconds.
Repeat with fingers pointing down.
Repeat with the other arm.

Back Extension
Start by standing in an upright
position (the back is in neutral
posture). Lean backwards slightly,
pushing the hips gently forward.
Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat 3 times.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 81

Alternate looking over both shoulders
WP To avoid muscle imbalance in the neck, try to alternate looking over both
shoulders when driving backwards.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 82

Characteristics of Objects Being Handled

SIZE AND SHAPE

Lever controls
E In order to minimise contact stress in the hands, controls should have
cylindrical rather than ball shaped handles. This would allow for a more
even distribution of contact with the lever. Grips should be made of a
material that allows for good contact and is not slippery (e.g., bike handle
foam coverings). Regardless of the shape of the lever control, the wrist
should remain in a neutral position as often as possible.

Contoured lever grips are preferred to Hard lever handles can lead to contact
reduce contact stress and promote stress.
neutral wrist postures.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 83

CONTAINER, TOOL AND EQUIPMENT HANDLES
Maintain neutral postures
WP In order to reduce awkward postures
of the wrist maintain a neutral
posture (straight wrist) whenever
possible while operating lever
controls.

Padding for levers

F To minimise vibration transmission and contact stress in the wrist/hand,
provide some padding to the area to be gripped by the operator.

Gloves
PPE In order to reduce grip forces required by the Front End Loader Operator,
the operator should wear thin, close fitting gloves with a “sticky” palm
surface to increase the friction between the gloves and control levers.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 84

Environmental Conditions
Flood lighting
E To improve visibility at night, install high-power floodlights on the front
and back of the Front End Loader to ensure adequate lighting. External
floodlights on frequent work areas (e.g., log yard, gravel depot) can also
improve visibility.

Winter clothing
PPE In order to reduce loading on the wrists from over-gripping, Front End
Loader Operators should be encouraged to wear proper winter clothing,
including well-insulated gloves, when working in cold temperatures.

Reduce glare
PPE To minimise awkward neck postures due to glare, operators may wear
sunglasses, or windows can be treated to filter sunlight.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 85

Work Organisation
Task variability
A In order to reduce exposure to risk factors associated with Front End
WP Loader Operators, workers should vary tasks throughout their shift. Taking
short breaks just to get out of the cab and stand will help to re-align the
spine.

Please refer to the General Risk Factor Solutions Manual for solutions regarding
Environmental and Work Organisation risk factors.

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 86

Summary of Solutions
Refer to the table below to help determine which solution alternatives will aid in
addressing risk factors in the particular body parts of concern.

Injury Prevention Potential

Low Back
Shoulder

Shoulder

Elbow/

Finger
Hand/

Ankle
Neck/

Wrist
Wrist
Neck

Knee

Foot
Hip
Page
SOLUTIONS
Control distance 68 A A A A
S S
Tilt steering 68 A A A

Good driving posture 69 A S

Research mobile 69 A A A A A
equipment with S S S
operators

Arm supports 70 A A

Stepping down 71 V

Climbing into cab 71 F

Lumbar support 72 A

Vary body posture 72 A

S
Adjustable seating 73 A
S
Seat maintenance 74 S
V
Adjust seat spring 75 V

Direct Risk Factors

F = Force R = Repetition A = Awkward Posture
S = Static Posture C = Contact Stress V = Vibration

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 87

Summary of Solutions
Refer to the table below to help determine which solution alternatives will aid in
addressing risk factors in the particular body parts of concern.

Injury Prevention Potential

Low Back
Shoulder

Shoulder

Elbow/

Finger
Hand/

Ankle
Neck/

Wrist
Wrist
Neck

Knee

Foot
Hip
Page
SOLUTIONS
Seat belts 75 A

Yard maintenance 76 V

Equipment 76 V
maintenance

Tire maintenance 76 V

Control Front End 76 V

Loader speed in yard

Force to activate foot 77 A

pedals S

Foot pedal 77 A
maintenance S

Knee angle 78 A
S
Windshield wipers 79 A

Window cleaning 79 A

Hourly stretch breaks 80 A A A A A

R R S S S
V V R
Alternate looking 82 A
over both shoulders R

Direct Risk Factors

F = Force R = Repetition A = Awkward Posture
S = Static Posture C = Contact Stress V = Vibration

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 88

Summary of Solutions
Refer to the table below to help determine which solution alternatives will aid in
addressing risk factors in the particular body parts of concern.

Injury Prevention Potential

Low Back
Shoulder

Shoulder

Fingers
Elbow/

Hand/

Ankle
Neck/

Wrist
Wrist
Neck

Knee

Foot
Hip
SOLUTIONS Page
Lever controls 83 A

Maintain neutral 84 A
postures

Padding for levers 84 A

V
Gloves 84 A
V
Flood lighting 85 A A
R S
Winter clothing 85 A A

Reduce glare 85 A A
S
Task variability 86 A A A A A
R R S S S
V V R
Heat Exposure " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Cold Exposure " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Lighting " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Noise " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Vibration " directly reduces risk of injury to the back and wrist
Rest breaks " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Job Rotation " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Task Rotation " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Work Pace " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body
Scheduling " indirectly reduces risk of injury to the body

Direct Risk Factors

F = Force R = Repetition A = Awkward Posture
S = Static Posture C = Contact Stress V = Vibration
" = See General Risk Factor Solutions Manual

 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader Work Manual 89

 FRONT END LOADER OPERATOR MSI SAFETY GUIDE

OBJECTIVE:
To identify ergonomic risks involved for Front End Loader Operator and to reduce the potential for musculoskeletal injuries.
More detailed information about risk reducing recommendations can be found in the Work Manual for the Front End Loader Operator.

CHECK ACTIVITY OF RISK DIRECT POTENTIAL HAZARDS SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS

IF THIS
RISK
APPLIES
FACTOR(S)
Neck Awkward • Neck muscles are required to turn the • Alternate looking over both shoulders
Posture head to the side. The further the head is when driving backwards.
A Front End turned to the side, the greater the load on
• Clean windows regularly.
Loader Operator the muscles and tendons.
must repeatedly • Stretch neck to relax neck muscles after
Repetition • When the head is repeatedly turned to the
turn their head to extended periods of driving. Reach for the
side, the muscles of the neck are
the side when ground or hold onto equipment and turn
subjected to repeated stress with little
driving head slightly to the side. Lower the head
time for recovery. If the repetitive stress
backwards.. to stretch. Avoid overstretching.
is excessive, and recovery is not
adequate, the tissues can fatigue to the • Re-align the spine by placing the feet out
point of injury. from the wall, and flattening the low back
against the wall. Place the arms at 90
degrees and press the forearms back
against the wall. Keep chin tucked in.
Perform the wall exercise for 15 seconds
four times after every hour of driving.
• For exercises that can help prevent Neck
injuries, see the Neck section of the Body
Manual.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader MSI Safety Guide 90
CHECK ACTIVITY OF RISK DIRECT POTENTIAL HAZARDS SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
IF THIS
RISK
APPLIES
FACTOR(S)
Shoulder Awkward • Muscles in the shoulder joint support the • Avoid “resting" the hand on controls or
Posture weight of arms when they are held away gearshift. Use armrests - when properly
A Front End from the body. The farther away the adjusted they keep the shoulder in a more
Loader Operator arms are from the body, the greater the neutral position
may repeatedly use load on the rotator cuff.
• Adjust the distances between the seat and
controls with the
• If the repetitive stress is excessive, and driving controls. Position yourself to allow
arm away from the Repetition
recovery is not adequate, the shoulder for neutral or near neutral postures of the
body.
muscles may fatigue to the point of shoulders. The shoulders should be
injury. relaxed and the elbows close to the body.
• Use tilt steering features, where available,
to move the steering wheel closer to the
body.
• To stretch the shoulder, hang onto the
machine and turn the body until a gentle
stretch is experienced in the back part of
the shoulder.
• For more exercises that can help prevent
Neck and Shoulder injuries, see the Neck
and Shoulder sections of the Body
Manual.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader MSI Safety Guide 91
CHECK ACTIVITY OF RISK DIRECT POTENTIAL HAZARDS SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
IF THIS
RISK
APPLIES
FACTOR(S)
Wrist Awkward • As the wrist is bent, the tendon sheaths will rub • Maintain neutral wrist postures
Posture up against the walls of the carpal tunnel. The when operating controls.
A Front End further the wrist is bent, the more friction
• Release the hand from the controls
Loader Operator experienced in the tendon sheaths.
whenever it is possible.
may continuously • When the wrist is held in a bent position, the
grip controls when Static • Sit back and use armrests when there
tendon sheaths are under constant stress. If the
manoeuvring the Posture is a break in the workflow.
duration of constant stress is excessive, and
machine. recovery is not adequate, the tissues may • Protect the base of the hand - try to
fatigue to the point of injury. keep minimise contact stress in this
area.
Vibration • Exposure to vibration, through contact with
other vibrating objects, places a unique form of • Operators should be encouraged to
mechanical stress on the tissues of the hand and wear proper winter clothing,
wrist. Factors like vibration level and vibration including well-insulated gloves, to
frequency influence the amount of mechanical reduce over-gripping.
stress.
• For exercises that can help prevent
Wrist injuries, see the Wrist section
of the Body Manual.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader MSI Safety Guide 92
CHECK ACTIVITY OF RISK DIRECT POTENTIAL HAZARDS SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
IF THIS
RISK
APPLIES
FACTOR(S)
Low Back Static • Sitting increases the loading on the walls of the • Remember to wear your seatbelt,
Posture discs. If the duration of sitting is excessive, and both for safety and as a reminder to
A Front End the recovery is not adequate (e.g., spine not improve posture.
Loader Operator returned to neutral posture), the tissues may
• Control Front End Loader speed to
must sit for long deform to the point of injury.
reduce bouncing, and exposure to
periods, and drive • Whole body vibration is usually transmitted whole body vibration.
Vibration
over bumpy through the seat into the low back. Exposure to
terrain. • In order to reduce loading on the
whole body vibration introduces a unique
back from whole body vibration,
mechanical stress to the structures of the spine
ensure tires are properly inflated and
that can significantly increase the loading on
maintained.
the low back. Prolonged sitting on a vibrating
surface may contribute to the gradual • Know how to adjust your seat,
weakening of the lumbar discs. including the suspension.
• Identify wear and damage of your
seat before it becomes a major
problem.
• When getting out of the cab, climb
down instead of jumping down.
Jumping down from the cab,
particularly after a long period of
driving, can cause injury because the
prolonged seated posture has already
stressed the tissues of the low back.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader MSI Safety Guide 93
CHECK ACTIVITY OF RISK DIRECT POTENTIAL HAZARDS SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
IF THIS
RISK
APPLIES
FACTOR(S)
Low Back • Get up from the seated posture
throughout the day, and stretch when
(continued) possible. This alleviates the load on
the spine, allows the discs to
equalise, and allows ligaments to
regain their stiffness after being
stretched out from sitting.
• To help relax back muscles, stretch
the low back while hanging onto the
equipment. Place feet at 45 degrees
and bend the knees, keeping the low
back straight. This will stretch one
side of the back. Alternate sides.
• To improve driving posture, stretch
the back of the legs. Put one foot on
a raised surface. Keep the back
straight and bend at the hips. Stretch
each leg for 30 seconds.
• For more exercises that can help
prevent Back injuries, see the Back
section of the Body Manual.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader MSI Safety Guide 94
CHECK ACTIVITY OF RISK DIRECT POTENTIAL HAZARDS SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
IF THIS
RISK
APPLIES
FACTOR(S)
Knee Awkward • Bending the knee increases the contact stress • To reduce loading on the knee, place
Posture between the knee cap and the thigh bone. the foot properly on the pedal.
A Front End Contact stress increases significantly when the Pushing lower on the pedal increases
Loader Operator Static knee is bent over 90 degrees. the force required to activate the
must constantly Posture pedal.
activate foot • To reduce the loading on the knee,
pedals with the Repetition • Repeated activation of foot pedals may
gradually irritate the knee. move the seat back or increase seat
knees bent.. height. This change will straighten
the leg and make it easier for the
muscles above the knee to work.
• Remove debris from under foot
pedals, and lubricate the rockers on
pedals to ensure they move freely,
reducing loading on the knee.
• Avoid jumping down from the
vehicle.
• For exercises that can help prevent
knee injuries, see the Knee section
of the Body Manual.

See Disclaimer in PDA & Work Manual © 1999 IMIRP Society Front End Loader MSI Safety Guide 95