Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

1013 Chapter 1: Sets

1.1 Basic Set Theory
A fill in the b is any group or collection of well-defined objects. The objects that belong to a

set are called the fill in the blank , or fill in the blank , of the set.

One method of denoting a set is to simply list the elements inside braces and label the set with a
capital letter.

Each element of a set is listed only fill in the blank . The order of the elements is not
important.

We symbolize that an element belongs to a set using the symbol ________ and we use the

symbol ________ to indicate that element does not belong to the set.

Examples: Use the following set to answer the questions below.

a. State an element that is in set A using the correct notation.

b. State an element that is not in set A using the correct notation.

Notation

• ℕ = {1, 2, 3, …}. The set of natural numbers

• W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6…} the set of whole numbers
• ℤ = {…, −2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, …} the set of integers
𝑝
• ℚ = { 𝑞 , p and q are integers and q ≠0}. The set of rational numbers

• I = {The set of all irrational numbers} : examples π, √5 , √63

• R = {the set of all real numbers}
• ∅ = empty set or { }
• U (Universal Set) includes all the elements under consideration

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 Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

Cardinal Number and Empty Sets

The ________________ of a set S, denoted n(S), indicates the number of elements in the set.

The set that contains no elements is called the ______________ set, denoted by the symbol

________________

A set is _____________ if the cardinal number of the set is zero or a natural number. A set

that is not finite is ___________________ .

Example: Identify the cardinal number of the following sets.

𝐴 = { 1, 2, 3, 4, }

𝐵 = { … 1, 2, 3, 4, … }

𝐶={ }

𝐷 = { 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡}

Roster Method or Set Builder Method

Roster Method (or listing)

In this simplest form, elements are listed, and enclosed by curly braces and separated by commas.

Set-builder notation is a method of specifying a set of elements that satisfy a certain condition. It takes
the form {x | 4< x ≤ 12} which is read as, "The set of all x such that x is greater than 4 and less than or
equal to 12”

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

Example of Listing Method (Roster Method)

Example of Set-Builder Notation

Practice:

Express the set in set-builder notation.

Set A is the set of all natural numbers between 1 and 10, inclusive.

Set B is the set {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Set C is all the days of the weekend.

Express the set using the roster (listing) method

C= { x |𝑥 ∈ ℕ , and 12 < 𝑥 ≤ 16 }

D= {x | x is a state that borders Texas}

E= {x |x ∈ ℤ and − 5 < x < 8}

F= {𝑥 2 | x ∈ ℕ , x ≤ 5}

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

Equal and Equivalent Sets

Two sets are ___________ _ if and only if they contain exactly the same elements.

Two sets are __________________ if and only if they have the same cardinality.

Two equivalent sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are written as _____________

Two equal sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are written as ____________ Two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 that are not equal

can be written as _____________.

Example of Equal sets:

A = {a, b, c, d, e}

B = {d, c, e, a, b}

Example of Equivalent sets:

E= {w, x, y, z}

F= {Algebra, Geometry, Statistics, Calculus}

Practice:

Determine if the following pairs of sets are equal, equivalent, both or neither.

A = {7, 9, 10, 8, 6} B = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

D = { a, i, u, o,} 𝐸 = { x |x = n + 3, n = 3 ,0, 6}

F = {1, 4 ,7} G = {x |x is a prime number and 1 ≤ x < 10}

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

1.2 Subsets

For all sets, 𝐴 and 𝐵, 𝐵 is a _____________ of 𝐴, written _______________ , if, and only
if, every element of 𝐵 is an element of 𝐴.

For all sets, 𝐴 and 𝐵, 𝐵 is a ________________ of 𝐴, written ___________ if and only if

________________________________

The empty set is a subset of every set.

Graphically:

Example: Determine the relationship between the two sets by writing the relationship
symbolically.

𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}
𝐵 = { 𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑑} 𝐶 = {𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, a}

A= {1,2,3,4,5} C = {0,2,4,6,8}
B= {1,6} 𝐷 = {0,1,2, … ,9}

𝐸 ={}
𝐹 = {2,3}

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

1. If A is a subset of B, and 𝐵 = { 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 6 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠} then set A could be:

(select all that apply)

o {2, 3, 5,7, 11, 13}

o {5,13}
o { }
o {2 ,3, 5, 7}
o {2, 9, 11}

2. Which of the sets below are equal to {1,3, 5,7,9}

o {1,3, 5, 1,7,9}

o {1,7, 9, 5, 3}

o {1, 3, 1, 5, 7,1, 9}

o {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}

3. Determine the cardinality of the set:

𝑈 = {… 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 9, … }

4. Express the set using the roster notation.

B= { x | x ∈ ℤ and −5 < 𝑥 ≤ 0 }

5. 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, }. Indicate if the statement is true or false.

T or F 2 ∈ C

6. Use the following roster notation to write in set-builder notation, use x as the variable.

{0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, }.

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

1.3 Understanding Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are the graphical tools or pictures that we use to visualize and understand
relationships between sets.

When we use a Venn diagram to visualize the relationships between sets, the entire set of
data under consideration is drawn as a rectangle, and subsets of this set are drawn as
circles completely contained within the rectangle.

The entire set of data under consideration is known as the universal set.

The set of terriers is a subset of the universal set of dogs.

In other words, the Venn diagram depicts the relationships
that all terriers are dogs.

This is expressed symbolically as T ⊂ U.

Two sets A and B are disjoint sets if they do not share any elements in common. That is, if a is a
member of set A then a is not a member of set B. If b is a member of set B then b is not a
member of set A.

The set of triangles and the set of squares are two disjoint
subsets of the universal set of two-dimensional figures.

The set of triangles does not share any elements in common

with the set of squares. (no overlap)

T ⊂ U and S ⊂ U.

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

Reading a Venn Diagram

We often draw pictures of events using Venn diagrams. These pictures represent sets as circles
enclosed in a rectangle. The rectangle represents the universal set U, and each circle represents a
set.

All the elements in B are also in A

The sets A and B do contain any of the same elements.

Sets A and B share some elements.

All the elements in A are also in B

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

The element is in set B but not A

The element in in A but not B

The element is in both sets

the element is not in set A or set B

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

Complement

The fillank with the correct word set, denoted by fill nk , is the set that contains all the
elements being considered in a given discussion.

The fill in the blank correctly of a set 𝐴, written fill in t is the set of all elements in a given
universal set that are not in set A.

Venn Diagram

In set builder notation this is written symbolically as:

𝐴𝑐 = {𝑥 ∈ U|x ∉ A}

Example: Let 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}. Find the complements for the following sets.

a. 𝐴 = {1,4, 7}

b. 𝐵 = {}

c. 𝐶 = {𝑥|𝑥 = 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 = 1,4,6,7}

d. 𝐷 = 𝑈

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

Intersection and Union of Sets

The fill in the blank with the of two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, written fill in the blank is the set
of all elements common to both A and B.
Sets A and B are fill in the blank if, and only if,

The fill in the blank with the of two sets A and B, written fill in the blank , is the set of
all elements in both A and B.

Venn Diagrams

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

1.4 Set Operations with Two Sets

The Intersection of Sets

The intersection of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, written 𝐴∩𝐵, is the set of elements common to both set 𝐴 and 𝐵.

An intersection B is written in set builder notation as: A ∩ B = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ A and 𝑥 ∈ B}

A= {1,3,5,7,9} B= {2,3,5,7} Find A ∩ B

A= {1, 6, 8, 9} B= {2, 3, 5, 7} Find A ∩ B

Union of Sets

The union of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, written 𝐴∪𝐵, is the set of elements that are members of set 𝐴 or of set 𝐵 or of
both sets.

Symbolically, A union A is written as: A ∪ B.

A union B is written in set builder notation as: A ∪ B = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ A or 𝑥 ∈ B}.

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

U= {1,2,3,4,5,6} A={1,2,3} B={4,5}

Find A ∪ B

Find (C ∩ D)

Find (C ∪ D)

What is the universal set?

Find (C ∪ D)’

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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

Practice:
A={0, 3, 6, 9, 12}
B={0, 4, 8, 12, 16}
C = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13}
Find the set containing the elements in:
1. (A ∩ B) 5. A ∩ ( B ∪ C)

2. (A ∪ B) 6. (A ∪ B) ∩ C

3. (A ∪ C) 7. (A ∩ B) ∪ ( A∩C)

4. (B ∩ C) ∪ A

Determining the Cardinality of Two Sets

The cardinality of the union of two sets A and B is the total number of elements in the union of sets A and
B. Symbolically the cardinality of A union B is written, n (A ∪ B).

The cardinality of A union B is found by adding the number of elements in set A to the number of elements
in set B, then subtracting the number of elements in the intersection of set A and set B.

o n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n (A ∩ B)

o If A and B are disjoint, the n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B).

Examples:
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Math 1013 Unit 1 Sets

If n(A)= 23 , n(B) = 17, and n(A ∩ B)= 7, then find n(A ∪ B)

A and B are disjoint sets, n(A) = 35, and n(B)= 78, then find n (A ∪ B).

Application:
Don Woods is serving cake and ice cream at his Juneteenth celebration. The party has a total of 54 guests.
Suppose 30 guests requested cake, 20 guests asked for ice cream, and 12 guests do not have either cake or
ice cream.
1. How many guests had cake or ice cream?

2. How many guests had cake and ice cream?

A survey asks, "What beverage do you drink in the morning” and offers choices:
- Tea only
- Coffee only
- Both coffee and tea
- Neither coffee nor tea

The results are presented in the following Venn Diagram.

The values shown are the number of people in each subset.

How many people drink only coffee?

How many people drink coffee?
How many people do not drink coffee?
How many people do not drink tea?
How many people were surveyed?
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