AQUATHERM NORTH AMERICA

DESIGN & PLANNING GUIDE

April2024
 Aquatherm GmbH founder Gerhard
Rosenberg (middle right) and
his sons (from left), Managing
Directors Maik, Dirk and Christof.

1973
Aquatherm founded by Gerhard Rosenberg

1978
WELCOME TO AQUATHERM Transfer to the first factory in Attendorn,
Germany

WE MAKE THE BEST POLYPROPYLENE PRESSURE PIPING 1985

SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD. PERIOD. Factory 1 in Attendorn, Germany completed

As we have grown from one man working out of his home garage in Germany nearly 1996
50 years ago to the world’s largest and most advanced PP-R and PP-RCT pressure Founding of the metal processing company,
pipe manufacturer, Aquatherm has found success through constant improvement Aquatherm Metal, in Attendorn
and by adapting to customer needs.
1999
Aquatherm’s products were first introduced to the North American market in 2005 Main campus in Attendorn completed as one
complex (factories 1+2, storage, assembly,
and have been widely used in a variety of projects since.
laboratory and training center)

We stand by the philosophy that a better product is better for everyone, including
2002
our planet. Logistics center in Attendorn completed

For detailed product information please refer to the Aquatherm North America Parts 2005
Guide. For installation guidance, please see the Aquatherm North America Installer Aquatherm launched in Canada
Manual.
2007
Aquatherm launched in the United States
NOTE: In keeping with the constant innovation of Aquatherm products, this guide
is subject to periodic updates. The most current version of this guide can always 2012
be found at [Link] and the information in the digital version always Aquatherm North American logistics center
supersedes the print version. established in Lindon, Utah

Some of the revisions in the 2024 Design and Planning Guide include: 2015
Ground broken for new production facility in
• Removal of the green pipe product line Attendorn
for all applications;
• Deleted reference to potable water approvals/listings; 2017
• Reference to BRE for the updated Aquatherm New Extrusion Facility opens in Attendorn
Environmental Product Declarations (EPD’s); Aquatherm North America opens new HQ and
• Updated temperature/pressure ratings for True-Union Fabrication facility in Lindon, Utah
PP Ball Valves and Union fittings;
• Deleted requirements for submittal of pressure testing 2018
to activate the Aquatherm product warranty; New injection molding facility in Attendorn
• Clarified hangers and clamps information; Aquatherm hosts BIGGEXCHANGE, an
• Deleted copper stub-out products; international symposium and networking event

2019
Please contact us at support@[Link] or 801.805.6657 with any New prefabrication facility in Attendorn
questions or comments you have regarding our piping systems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FEATURES PLANNING
1.01 – Aquatherm PP-R and PP-RCT piping systems 3.01 – Planning and engineering with Aquatherm

1.02 – Standard dimension ratio 3.01 – Determining compatibility

1.02 – Nominal imperial sizing 3.02 – Special applications

1.03 – aquatherm blue pipe® 3.04 – Integration with other systems

1.06 – Multi-layer, faser-composite 3.05 – Flame spread / Smoke developed

1.07 – Weights and capacities 3.06 – System protection

1.08 – Fusiolen® PP-R and PP-RCT 3.06 – Recommended flow rates

1.09 – Ecological advantages 3.07 – Flow velocity and head friction loss

1.10 – System features 3.07 – Pipe sizing by head loss

1.11 – Installation advantages 3.07 – Recommended sizing and flow velocity

3.32 – Equivalent lengths of fittings (ft)

QUALITY ASSURANCE
3.38 – Maximum pull force
2.01 – Quality control
3.39 – Aquatherm Technical Bulletins by topic
2.02 – Fabrication services

2.02 – Customized support

2.02 – Shipping and on-site inspection

2.03 – Labeling

2.03 – Care and handling of pipe and fittings

2.04 – Standards, regulations and listings

INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
4.01 – Heat fusion connections

4.02 – Training and installation

4.03 – Socket fusion

4.03 – Mechanically assisted fusion

4.03 – Butt fusion

4.03 – Sidewall outlet fusion

4.03 – Hot tapping

4.03 – Electrofusion

4.04 – Supporting the pipe

4.06 – Linear expansion

4.10 – Expansion controls

4.13 – Fusion outlets

4.14 – Transition fittings

4.15 – Flushing the pipes

4.15 – UV protection

4.15 – Freeze protection

4.15 – Grounding

4.16 – Pressure test

Note: This version of the Aquatherm catalog has been modified for distribution in
Canada and the United States by Aquatherm LP and Aquatherm Corp. The text has
been translated and edited for greater clarity and the data has been converted from
metric to imperial units. Some content has been added to address issues specific
to North America. As such, Aquatherm GmbH assumes no responsibility for these
modifications, and assumes no liability for any problems that may arise from them. In
addition, Aquatherm LP and Aquatherm Corp. do not warranty the accuracy, reliability
or completeness of any information contained herein. In the case of discrepancies
between this document and any information published or produced by Aquatherm
GmbH, the material published by Aquatherm GmbH shall be considered the
authoritative source. This edition supersedes all previous editions of the Aquatherm
catalog, and will be replaced by the next edition.
1
FEATURES
Aquatherm piping systems

Standard dimension ratio

Nominal imperial sizing

aquatherm blue pipe®

Multi-layer, faser-composite

Weights and capacities

Fusiolen® PP-R and PP-RCT

Ecological advantages

System features

Installation advantages
AQUATHERM PP-R AND PP-RCT SYSTEM SPECIALIZATION
PIPING SYSTEMS Every piping system developed by Aquatherm shares the same
Aquatherm piping systems are ideal for many pressurized material benefits, but is also engineered for specific applications.
applications due to their durability and versatility. To accommodate
projects of nearly any size, Aquatherm pipe is available from ½” to aquatherm blue pipe RP (PP-RCT) is the best choice for
24” in diameter. high-performance pressure piping systems for a wide range of
mechanical (HVAC/hydronic) and industrial applications.
All of Aquatherm’s pipes and fittings are made from polypropylene
random PP-R and/or PP-RCT, thermoplastics that provide many
advantages in piping systems, including heat-fused connections
and naturally corrosion-resistant properties.

A wide range of transitions such as flanges, PEX adapters, brass

and steel threads make integration with other systems simple.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION FOR AQUATHERM PIPING SYSTEMS

System is ideal for this application: 
System is suitable for this application, but not ideal: l
aquatherm blue pipe®
Swimming pools 
Heating distribution 
Marine applications 
Chilled water distribution 
Direct-buried applications, geothermal 
Irrigation l
Industrial and chemical transport 
In-floor heating systems 

1.01
 FEATURES
STANDARD DIMENSION RATIO
Aquatherm’s pipes are manufactured using a standard dimension ratio (SDR), meaning the wall thickness is a ratio of the total diameter. This
is different from schedules, which are commonly used in North America, but is typical of fusible plastics. As a result, all pipe sizes in a given
SDR have the same pressure ratings. The ratings do not decrease with larger size SDR pipe as they do with schedule-based pipe.

Each SDR provides its own advantages. The SDR is one of the major factors used in engineering an Aquatherm piping system for a specific
application.

/11
1
/9
1
/17.6
1
of the of the
of the
total total
total
diameter diameter
diameter
SDR 11 SDR 9
SDR 17.6
A medium wall thickness to A heavy wall provides increased
A thinner wall provides maximum temperature and pressure
provide higher flow rates while
flow rate while minimizing capabilities for higher stress
maintaining high pressures.
material weight, cost and fusion applications such as mechanical
Suitable for most applications.
times. For chilled, cooling and hot water systems.
condenser water applications. (all ½” and ¾” pipes are SDR 7.4
unless otherwise indicated)

NOMINAL IMPERIAL SIZING Actual Nominal Actual Nominal

All Aquatherm piping systems are manufactured in metric sizes. metric OD diameter metric OD diameter
In order to make the systems more intuitive to the North American 20 mm ½” 160 mm 6”
market, Aquatherm has converted each of its standard pipe sizes
25 mm ¾” 200 mm 8”
into an imperial nominal diameter based on comparable size and
flow rate. 32 mm 1” 250 mm 10”
40 mm 1 ¼” 315 mm 12”
These tables give a standard nominal diameter for each metric
size of pipe. Use the flow rate tables given in chapter 3 to verify 50 mm 1 ½” 355 mm 14”
proper selection for an application based on SDR (inside diameter) 63 mm 2” 400 mm 16”
and flow rate. The metric outside diameter (OD) and the nominal 75 mm 2 ½” 450 mm 18”
diameter are printed on the pipe and fitting bags.
90 mm 3” 500 mm 20”
110 mm 3 ½” 630 mm 24”
125 mm 4”

1.02
FEATURES FEATURES

aquatherm blue pipe®

This signature PP-R and PP-RCT pipe offering is an
ideal alternative to metal, is
EXPANSION CONTROLLED,
CORROSION-FREE AND BETTER
than the piping material it replaces.

A BETTER CHOICE FOR HEATING AND COOLING AND ADVANTAGES

INDUSTRIAL PIPING APPLICATIONS • Resistant to most chemicals
• Excellent flow rate
aquatherm blue pipe is specifically engineered for applications • Fast, heat-fused connections
beyond potable water installations. It offers a tougher, longer lasting, • Light, impact-resistant material
more environmentally responsible solution to other non-potable • Corrosion-free pipe and fittings
pressure systems.
• Natural sound and heat insulation
• Long-lasting
In addition to the general advantages of the PP-R and PP-RCT pipe
system, aquatherm blue pipe offers higher volumetric flow rates • Fully recyclable
due to thinner walls and is high-heat stabilized for short exposures to • High-heat stabilized
temperatures beyond the intended design. PP-R and
PP-RCT piping are also extremely resistant to impact, corrosion, and PP-R and PP-RCT Steel
seismic stresses.

aquatherm blue pipe dimensions range from ½” to 24” ND. With

more than 400 fittings, transitions and valves, aquatherm blue pipe
easily fits into any design or space. aquatherm blue pipe is also
available with UV protection for outdoor installations and multi-layer,
faser-composite (MF) technology, which reduces linear expansion.

CORROSION AND SCALE RESISTANCE

Corrosion and scaling can reduce the inside of steel pipes by an
While other piping materials lose performance over time to scaling average of 3% per year, resulting in lost efficiency and up to 10%
and corrosion, Aquatherm’s PP-R and PP-RCT material resists any form increased pumping energy annually. This can add up to thousands of
of change to the material wall profile. Even after decades of use, the dollars in hidden energy costs over the life of the system.
Aquatherm pipe is engineered to retain its original flow characteristics.
This prevents the loss of efficiency that occurs when using a pipe that Aquatherm’s PP-R and PP-RCT pipes don’t corrode or scale, so they
can scale or corrode and will save energy over the life of the system. continue delivering efficiency and performance year after year.
No chemical treatments are needed to protect the aquatherm blue
pipe, saving maintenance costs and reducing waste. Sample specifications for aquatherm blue pipe can be found at
[Link]/specifications-submittals.

Fields of application

+F°

1.03
FEATURES FEATURES

HEATING DISTRIBUTION CONDENSER WATER SYSTEMS

For commercial, industrial and residential use, aquatherm blue aquatherm blue pipe is able to withstand the more corrosive
pipe with multi-layer, faser-composite (MF) is an ideal choice environment of open loop condenser water systems, where higher
due to its reduced linear expansion and resistance to corrosion, dissolved gas concentrations are found in the water, and more
which increase performance and extend service life. Non-faser aggressive treatment chemicals may be needed for prevention of
coils are also available for use in snow-melt applications in bacterial growth such as Legionella.
concrete or asphalt.
Drawings, CAD/Revit files can be found at
CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION [Link]/download-cad-files.

For residential, commercial and industrial use, aquatherm blue

pipe has a natural insulation value that helps reduce heat gain
and often eliminates problems with condensation, making it an
excellent choice for cooling towers and condenser water.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
For the processing and transport of aggressive mediums and
materials, aquatherm blue pipe resist many types of chemicals.

RADIANT HEATING SYSTEMS

Aquatherm’s fused connections, low pressure drops and
8-to-1 bending radius (non-MF only) make for a safe and efficient
installation. Aquatherm’s fusion outlets allow for an extended
manifold layout, which helps reduce costs and
improve performance.

GEOTHERMAL
While all Aquatherm pipe can be safely buried in soil, sand
or concrete, aquatherm blue pipe is available in larger
diameters and has heat stabilization, making it a perfect match
for geothermal applications. Aquatherm pipe is also suitable for
directional boring.

1.04
FEATURES FEATURES

COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS

aquatherm blue pipe MF RP SDR 9 can be safely used in light
industry, heavy industry, automotive mechanic shops and more.
Additionally, Aquatherm piping systems do not corrode, protecting
the attached equipment from rust and debris.

Warning - Failure of a compressed gas (air or inert gas) system

can be extremely violent and dangerous. In a compressed gaseous
media test or piping system, energy is applied to compress
the gaseous media in addition to pressurizing the system. If
failure occurs, both energies can be suddenly released and can
be extremely violent compared to failure during leak testing or
system operation with an incompressible liquid testing media.
Aquatherm piping MUST be protected from damage and rupture
when used with compressed gases.

For compressed air and gases, see also [Link]/

aquatherm-piping-for-compressed-gas-systems-air-and-
inert-gases-and-using-compressed-gas-for-pressure-
testing, and other Technical Bulletins applicable to the system
requirements.

MARINE APPLICATIONS
aquatherm blue pipe is made from a hydrophobic, low-friction
material that is unaffected by the dissolved minerals contained in
seawater, freshwater and brine.

1.05
FEATURES FEATURES
MULTI-LAYER, FASER-COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY
PP-R or PP-RCT Layer
PP-R Layer MF Layer

MF Layer PP-R or PP-RCT Layer

PP-R Layer

MULTI-LAYER, FASER-COMPOSITE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS

(MF) TECHNOLOGY In addition to reduced linear expansion, pipes made using the MF
To increase maximum operating temperatures and improve overall process also have the following advantages:
performance, Aquatherm has developed a multi-layer, faser-
• Higher flow rate due to increased inner diameter
composite (MF) extrusion process.
• Fewer supports needed
The result is a middle layer in the pipe that is a mixture of glass • Less weight
fibers and Aquatherm’s proprietary Fusiolen. This layer allows the
pipe to remain rigid at high temperatures and significantly reduce The low concentration of glass fibers in the pipe does not interfere
linear expansion. with the fusion process or the recycling process, so all other
aspects of installation and use remain the same as with non-MF
Along with the benefit of reduced expansion, Aquatherm MF Aquatherm pipes.
pipes are still flexible and require fewer and smaller expansion
controls. They can also be buried without any expansion controls
or thrust blocking, as the weight of the soil will restrict any
movement. Anchors may be required where the pipe penetrates
a wall or foundation.

The MF technology allows for improved systems without

sacrificing any of the other advantages of the pipe.

1.06
1.08
FEATURES FEATURES

WEIGHTS AND CAPACITIES

aquatherm blue pipe® SDR 11 MF RP / SDR 7.4 MF RP

Pipe Capacity Weight w/ water Pipe Capacity Weight w/ water

ND gal/ft lb/ft lb/ft ND gal/ft lb/ft lb/ft
½” 0.01 0.11 0.22 10” 2.65 10.93 32.97
¾” 0.02 0.16 0.36 12” 4.20 17.24 52.23
1” 0.04 0.19 0.55 14” 5.39 22.16 67.03
1 ¼” 0.07 0.29 0.85 16“ 6.79 27.77 84.31
1 ½” 0.11 0.45 1.32 18“ 8.57 35.15 106.56
2” 0.17 0.71 2.10 The following items are supplied in coils
2 ½” 0.24 1.00 2.97 ½” 0.02 0.07 0.21
3” 0.34 1.44 4.30 ¾” 0.03 0.11 0.33
3 ½” 0.51 2.13 6.39 1” 0.04 0.17 0.53
4” 0.66 2.76 8.27
6” 1.08 4.51 13.52
8” 1.69 7.03 21.12

aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm blue pipe®

SDR 17.6 MF RP SDR 9 MF RP
Pipe Capacity Weight w/ water Pipe Capacity Weight w/ water
ND gal/ft lb/ft lb/ft ND gal/ft lb/ft lb/ft
4” 0.78 1.80 8.30 1” 0.039 0.22 0.55
6” 1.27 2.92 13.52 1 ¼” 0.061 0.35 0.85
8” 1.99 4.56 21.10 1 ½” 0.095 0.54 1.33
10” 3.11 7.09 32.95 2” 0.151 0.85 2.11
12” 4.93 11.23 52.30 2 ½” 0.214 1.20 2.99
14” 6.27 14.23 66.43 3” 0.308 1.73 4.30
16“ 7.95 18.06 84.30 3 ½” 0.461 2.56 6.41
18“ 10.07 22.82 106.69 4” 0.595 3.31 8.27
20“ 12.42 28.22 131.70 6” 0.975 5.41 13.50
24“ 19.73 44.63 209.01 8” 1.522 8.45 21.20
10” 2.384 13.20 33.00
12” 3.782 20.90 52.50
14” 4.801 26.50 66.60

1.07
 FEATURES
ADVANTAGES OF FUSIOLEN
PP-R AND PP-RCT

• Optimized melt index for better

fusion connections
• Opaque coloring prevents
microbiological buildup
• Non-leaching
• Natural insulation properties
• PP Non-corroding
Raw fusiolen and PP-RCT granules.

Fusiolen® PP-R, PP-RCT SUPERIOR FUSION PROPERTIES

All Aquatherm pipes and fittings are made with a specialized Fusiolen is engineered to have an ideal melt index for socket fusion,
polypropylene-random PP-R or PP-RCT material, Fusiolen. butt fusion, and electrofusion resulting in connections that are
strong and homogeneous.
Fusiolen is both physically and chemically resistant to the abuse
that can damage other materials. It is also a low-friction material, Fusiolen does not burn or change during fusion, so the actual point
protecting it from abrasion and reducing pressure loss. of fusion is chemically indistinguishable from the rest. This prevents
weaknesses and cracking in the joints.
The superior fusion properties of Fusiolen result in a permanent,
homogeneous connection that is chemically indistinguishable from
the rest of the material.

MATERIAL BENEFITS
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer that is made up of chains
of carbon and hydrogen.

Fusiolen is a proprietary random copolymer, resulting in a material

that is both tough and flexible. This allows it to resist physical
impact and stress.

As a hydrophobic material, Fusiolen does not interact with water. It

does not corrode or erode and will not leach into the water supply.

Fusiolen has natural insulation properties that allow it to absorb the

force from pressure surges and dampen the noise created by water
flow and hydraulic shock.

1.08
FEATURES
ECOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES
• Directly contributes to LEED v4.1 credits
• Improved efficiency
• No toxic materials such as chlorine,
BPAs, dioxins, phthalates or VOCs
• Fully recyclable pipe and fittings
• Extended service life
• Free of heavy metals
• Chemically inert
• Emission-free installation

NOT NEW TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASSURANCE

AND SUSTAINABILITY AND LONGEVITY
Aquatherm was green before “green” was a topic in North To ensure its environmental compatibility, the base PP-R and
America. The company evolved out of a garage in 1973 when PP-RCT material and additives (color pigments and stabilizers)
Gerhard Rosenberg found a better piping system for in-floor radiant are extensively tested by Aquatherm’s own laboratory as well as
heating. Ever since that day, Aquatherm has operated with energy independent researchers to ensure that nothing harmful is ever put
efficiency and sustainability as guiding values. We believe that into our pipes.
ecological and economic interest should go hand in hand, both in
the production and installation of our products. Aquatherm pipe systems will last for more than 50 years within
the design, installation, and maintenance parameters provided
In fact, Aquatherm North America takes these values seriously in this guide, Aquatherm Technical Bulletins, and the Aquatherm
enough to have undertaken the extensive expense and effort of Installer Manual. This eliminates the environmental impact of
establishing and verifying its environmental benefits. We then repairs, mold, leaks and other problems caused by piping failure.
got our life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental product By using components that last longer, buildings can be made safer
declaration (EPD) studies certified by BRE GreenBook. Aquatherm and more sustainable.
polypropylene piping systems were the first in North America that From initial production all the way through installation, system
directly contribute to LEED v4.1 credits. decommissioning and recycling, Aquatherm is as green as piping
systems get.
LOW-IMPACT LIFE CYCLE
Visit [Link]/literature/aquatherm-and-leed-v4 to
Fusiolen PP-R and PP-RCT is fully recyclable and can be ground, download the Aquatherm LEED v4 White Paper,
melted and re-used in car parts, home products, food packaging,
medical equipment and other applications. There are no harmful and view our BRE Greenbook link:
waste products created by the processing or disposal of Fusiolen. [Link]/search/[Link]?id=411
The pipe and fittings made with Fusiolen have an estimated service
life of more than 50 years. As a result, Aquatherm’s pipe systems
rarely require maintenance
or costly repairs.

1.09
 FEATURES

SYSTEM FEATURES ADVANTAGES

• Chemically inert material
HEAT FUSION CONNECTIONS • Application-specific engineering
The connections in an Aquatherm piping system are made using • Corrosion and scale resistant
heat fusion, a simple process which actually turns the pipe and • Incidental freezing tolerance
fitting into a single piece of PP-R or PP-RCT. • 10-year manufacturer warranty
• Natural sound insulation
There are no solders, solvents or glues added to the connection, • Consistent quality
eliminating weak points and harmful chemicals from the system.
FULL SYSTEM RANGE
50-YEAR LIFE SPAN
Aquatherm piping systems can be used in nearly any pressure
Aquatherm piping systems resist the scaling and corrosion that
application and range in size from ½” to 24”. This allows installers
reduce the performance of other piping systems.
to use one type of pipe for an entire system rather than mixing
The walls of the PP-R and PP-RCT piping systems generate less multiple materials and joining methods.
friction than other systems, eliminating the abrasion that can cause
pinhole leaks and shorten the life cycle of other pipes. An entire project can be done using Aquatherm pipes, eliminating
the need for multiple tool sets and maintenance programs.
The heat fusion joints maintain the same properties as the pipe
itself, so physical stresses will not damage their integrity. Transitions to ANSI flanges, NPT threads and PEX tubing make
combining Aquatherm pipe with other systems and components
Aquatherm piping systems last longer with less maintenance than simple and easy.
other systems, adding greater value to each installation. With
proper design, installation, and maintenance, Aquatherm systems
can last for more than 50 years.

1.10
AN UNMATCHED GUARANTEE
As proof of Aquatherm’s demanding quality standards, all
properly installed and tested aquatherm blue pipe systems carry
a 10-year manufacturer warranty.

This warranty stays in effect even if ownership of the building

changes hands. The Aquatherm warranty provides coverage for
property damage caused solely by a defect in an Aquatherm
product, in accordance with the Terms and Conditions of the
warranty document.

Please refer to the warranty document at

[Link]/literature/aquatherm-gmbh-warranty for
additional details.

Following all the procedures in the Aquatherm Installer Manual

will minimize the risk of improper fusion and leaking joints, and
help ensure coverage in the event of a problem. The Aquatherm-
specific pressure testing is highly recommended to help ensure the
integrity of the installed system.

Warranty coverage for the Aquatherm Warranty is not a

performance guarantee for product as installed or for systems
as operated. As with any engineered piping product or system,
performance and lifespan of Aquatherm products and/or
systems inherently depend upon numerous factors entirely
outside of Aquatherm’s control. This includes the quality of
product installation, as well as the overall design and operation
of the system in which the product(s) are installed and proper
maintenance of the system. As a result, there are causes of
property damage and system failure that are not covered by
Aquatherm’s limited warranty.

1.11
 FEATURES
INSTALLATION ADVANTAGES
FAST CONNECTION TIMES LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIAL
Aquatherm pipes and fittings are assembled with heat fusion, a Aquatherm’s pipes and fittings weigh considerably less than an
fast and simple process that involves heating the materials and equivalent metal part, making it much easier to lift and carry— in
joining them together for a leak-free connection every time. Heat and around—the jobsite. Installing larger spools and carrying the
fusion can save on labor time compared to traditional welding materials in fewer trips will speed the overall installation process,
and soldering, and is comparable to the quickest labor-saving reduce worker fatigue and increase safety. Aquatherm’s light
connection methods. weight can also reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical lifting
assistance on a jobsite.
FUSION OUTLETS
FLEXIBLE LENGTHS AND CONNECTIONS
This innovation allows for branch lines to be added after the mains
are already in place, reducing labor times and giving the installer Heat fusion connections have the same properties as the pipes and
and facility manager/owner unparalleled flexibility. Fusion outlets fittings, so there is a certain level of flexibility in the assembled
replace standard reducing tees and offer many advantages such as pipe that makes it easy to fabricate offsite and move onsite. This
replacing two connections with one, having a lower pressure drop flexibility also allows for a wider range of applications and helps
and using less material. protect the pipe from seismic stresses.

USA-BASED FABRICATION CONSISTENT RESULTS

As part of ongoing efforts to provide superior service to match its One of the major advantages of using heat fusion is that the
superior products, Aquatherm offers prefabrication options for results are both reliable and consistent. The double bead of plastic
manifolds and other complicated or large assemblies. Aquatherm’s allows for accurate visual inspection.
Utah-based Fabrication Services team also builds all the
segmented fittings for increased accuracy and reduced lead times.
ADVANTAGES
For more information on Aquatherm Fabrication Services, please
see page 2.02 and/or visit [Link]/fabrication- • Lightweight pipe and fittings
services. • Durable material
• Full system compatibility
RIGID HANGING PIPE • Rigid hanging pipe
• Flexible lengths and connections
Aquatherm pipes are designed to remain rigid on hangers, giving
• Easily prefabricated
the pipe a clean, conventional layout with elbows and tees. This
• Consistent results
allows installers to create a craftsman’s appearance in the
final product. • Simple expansion control

1.12
2
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
Quality control

Fabrication Services

Customized support

Shipping and on-site inspection

Labeling

Care and handling

Standards, regulations and listings

QUALITY CONTROL
INSPECTION AND TESTING
All Aquatherm products are manufactured and tested at the The equipment used in our manufacturing process (e.g., ultrasonic
Aquatherm Worldwide headquarters in Attendorn, Germany. gauges) allows for constant observation and control of production.
Any substandard products are isolated and recycled.
To ensure consistency and quality in our products, Aquatherm has
established a thorough production process that includes: Pipe and fittings are only released to stock following the
completion of proper testing and inspection. This data is
• Testing and acceptance of incoming materials documented and recorded for future reference.
• In-process inspection and testing
• Process control at all stages EXTERNAL TESTING
• Final inspection and testing In addition to the extensive quality assurance testing conducted
on-site by Aquatherm, independent third-party auditing and testing
Aquatherm complies with all relevant regulations and standards for is carried out by several North American certification agencies,
the quality control of polypropylene piping systems established by: including NSF International, IAPMO and ICC.

• NSF • ICC These agencies perform unannounced plant inspections each

• CSA • IAPMO year to verify that the materials, processes, quality control and
• ASME • ISO piping system performance are in accordance with national and
• ASTM • DIN, DVS international consensus standards.

Our industry-leading manufacturing standards are backed by FINAL INSPECTION

decades of experience in the extrusion and injection molding The final inspection and associated tests cover the following:
industries.
• Dimensional control
RAW MATERIALS • Surface finish
The materials used to make Aquatherm products, such as the PP-R • Thermal stability
and PP-RCT granules used to produce fusiolen and the metal used • Impact and bending test
in transition fittings, are rigorously tested and uniformly sourced. • Heat reversion test
Preproduction samples are examined in the laboratory to verify • Homogeneity of the material
composition, material properties, dimensions and finishes. This • Internal pressure test
testing ensures that all incoming materials conform to our own
rigorous standards prior to production. Before they can be shipped from Aquatherm’s global campus in
Germany to our North American distribution centers, all pipe and
fittings must pass a strict final inspection.

2.01
 QUALITY ASSURANCE

FABRICATION SERVICES charge. No other polypropylene company in North America brings

this level of industry expertise and customer support to the table.
Aquatherm’s 82,000-sq-ft North American headquarters in Lindon,
We can take a simple hand drawing and turn it into an intricate
UT, exists solely to support customers. Home to Aquatherm’s
digital design document, showing you the best way of designing
skilled, experienced and dedicated staff, this facility houses our
your mechanical room and leveraging the numerous time- and
corporate offices, extensive warehouse space, a state-of-the-art
labor-saving benefits of Aquatherm.
Fabrication Services facility, an engineering and
quality-assurance laboratory, industry-leading training facility
and much more. CUSTOMIZED SUPPORT
From standard segmented fittings to elaborate custom spools and
The warehouse represents one of the largest concentrations of manifolds, the Aquatherm Fabrication team consistently delivers
PP-R and PP-RCT piping in North America and provides customers customized support. After the specifications are provided and the
access to a full inventory line of Aquatherm piping systems ranging parts built, the prefabricated assembly can be transported to the
from ½- to 24-in. jobsite and connected in place for a quick and easy installation.
Aquatherm Fabrication spools are built to exacting standards of
This concentration of inventory in a relatively central location accuracy. Please call 801.805.6657 or email
allows Aquatherm to reduce shipping times and costs fabrication@[Link] for more information.
throughout the U.S. and Canada. Additionally, this facility is
home to some of the industry’s most innovative training, featuring SHIPPING AND ON-SITE INSPECTION
tools and equipment from leading manufacturers and allowing
trainees to gain hands-on experience to tackle a vast range of To facilitate projects requiring large amounts of product, containers
installation procedures. of pipe can be shipped directly on site. While Aquatherm takes
all available precautions to ensure that pipe and fittings are
transported safely, the customer should inspect the pipe upon
THE COMPANY THAT TRAINED NORTH AMERICA receipt to ensure that it has not been damaged during shipping.
Aquatherm introduced polypropylene-random piping systems for Damaged pipe should be cataloged and returned for replacement,
PHVAC applications to North America more than 15 years ago, following all of the distributor’s procedures for returns.
bringing the expertise and pedigree of a company that introduced
this technology to the world in 1973. From that moment forward, Aquatherm only accepts responsibility for damage caused to the
the company has educated the market in all things heat fusion. pipe and fittings while they are still in Aquatherm’s possession.
Now, customers can receive world-class heat fusion training on a Once another party takes possession of the product (i.e., receiving
full range of the latest equipment at the Aquatherm North America a shipment), Aquatherm will not assume responsibility for
headquarters. Local training is also available via manufacturer’s incidental damages that happen to the pipe and fittings. Parts that
representatives and distributors, and even on-site. were not reported as damaged upon receipt will be assumed to
have been damaged after leaving Aquatherm’s possession.
A SKILLED TEAM USING BEST-IN-CLASS
MACHINERY For more information, please contact your local Aquatherm
manufacturer’s representative or distributor.
Aquatherm North America delivers unsurpassed fabrication
services, such as estimating and drafting, to customers free of

2.02
 1.8
QUALITY ASSURANCE

engineered for certain applications. Stripes and color

indicate the type of pipe.
WELCOME TO AQUATHERM

aquatherm blue® MF RP

Aquatherm
Aquatherm
green®
blue®faser-composite
MF-RP pipe
pipe 63x8.6mm
63x8.6mm
(2” N.D.)
(2” N.D.)
PP-R80PP-RCT
SDR 11SDRcNSF
11 cNSF
CSA b137.11
CSA b137.11
ASTMASTM
F2389
F2389
ICC ESR-1613
ICC PMG-1014
MadeMade
in Germany
in Germany

Expansion control (MF layer) Material Relevant standards and listings

(not present on non-faser pipes) (varies by pipe type)

Pipe name Metric OD, wall thickness, Additional

(only genuine Aquatherm pipe and Dimension ratio
nominal diameter information
fittings are backed by warranty) (including timestamp)

LABELING Pipe that is exposed to direct sunlight longer than six months
is no longer covered under the manufacturer warranty. The
All Aquatherm pipes are labeled every three feet to identify the
black-coated UV pipe may be stored outdoors indefinitely.
size and type of pipe, and the test standards they meet. Refer to
the diagram above for a thorough explanation. 5. Never place the forks of a forklift into the ends of the pipe.
This will damage the pipe and can cause it to crack. Handlers
Fittings are sorted according to the designated packing units and may use a padded rug ram inside the pipe. Otherwise, it is
are packaged in bags with coded labels to make storage and recommended to use a crane or lift to handle larger pipes.
identification easier.
6. In cold weather, take extra care when handling the pipe. Cold
Fittings also have their size and production run stamped on them temperatures reduce the pipe’s flexibility, making it more
for easy identification outside their packaging. susceptible to impact damage.

7. Keep the fittings in their original bags. Many of the fittings do

CARE AND HANDLING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS
not have detailed labels printed on them and can get mixed
AWAY FROM JOBSITE up if they are not stored in their bags. When storing loose
fittings in boxes or bins, attach a label from the packing bag
1. This topic is addressed extensively with photos and more to identify the fittings.
information in the Aquatherm Installer’s manual, which can be
accessed here and also at [Link]/literature/ 8. When shipping the pipe, always load it onto a flat surface or
installer-manual. one which is evenly supported. Only strap the pipe at a place
where it is supported to prevent bowing. Always follow all
2. Always handle the ends of the pipe carefully. If the pipe is applicable regulations and recommendations for the safe
exposed to impact or stress, inspect it for damage. transport of pipe and fittings.
Damaged ends or sections should be marked and removed
before installation. Surface scratches deeper than 10% of the 9. When covering the pipe, always use a light-colored tarp such
wall thickness are considered damage. as blue or white. Do not use a black tarp, as this may cause
heat damage to the pipe. Pipe may also be covered with a
3. Always store the pipe on a flat surface. When storing the pipe structure that provides UV protection.
on racks, always have at least 4 supports under 19-ft lengths
10. For jobsite-specific care and handling, please refer to the
It is best to place plywood or something similar on top of the Aquatherm Installer Manual.
supports to keep the pipe from warping.

4. When storing the pipe outdoors, ensure that it is protected

from UV exposure.

If the pipe is removed from its bag, or the bag has been
damaged do not store it uncovered for more than six months.

2.03
 QUALITY ASSURANCE
STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND LISTINGS
The following national and international standards, regulations and listings are applicable to Aquatherm piping systems.

• ASTM F2389
Standard specification for pressure rated polypropylene (PP) • ISO 50001
piping systems Energy management systems

• CSA B137.11 • ASME B31.3

Polypropylene (PP and PP-RCT) pipe and fittings for pressure Standard for process piping
applications
• ASME B31.9
• NSF Standard 14 Standard for building services piping
Meets piping performance requirements

• ICC AC 122
Polypropylene pipe and fittings meet or exceed North
American standards

• CCMC 14006-R
Canadian Construction Materials Centre

• PMG 1014

• IAPMO File M-6022 (UMC)

Mechanical

• CSA B214
Polypropylene (PP and PP-RCT) pipe and fittings for hydronic
applications

• ISO 15874
Plastic pipe system for hot and cold water installation:
polypropylene

• ASTM D4101
Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials

• FM 1635
For wet pipe automatic sprinkler systems in light-hazard
occupancies

• NFPA 13, 13D and 13R

Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems in one- /
two-family dwellings and manufactured homes

• ISO 9001
Quality management systems

• ISO 14001
Environmental management systems

2.04
 3
PLANNING

PLANNING
Planning and engineering with Aquatherm

Determining compatibility

Special applications

Integration with other systems

Flame spread – smoke developed

Using the I-Codes/Using the IAPMO codes

System protection
Recommended flow rate

Flow velocity and head friction loss

Pipe sizing by head loss

Recommended sizing and flow velocity

Equivalent lengths of fittings

Maximum pull force

Aquatherm tech bulletins by topic

PLANNING
PLANNING AND ENGINEERING Aquatherm also publishes Technical Bulletins that provide further
information on specific applications, product use, installation and
WITH AQUATHERM testing. A list of Technical Bulletins sorted by subject can be found
on page 3.40. Additional requirements for installation are given in
With unique advantages over both metal and other plastics, the Aquatherm Installer Manual, which can be found at:
Aquatherm piping systems offer flexible and innovative design [Link]/literature/installer-manual.
options.
DETERMINING COMPATIBILITY
By combining revolutionary strength and longevity with industry- The first step to designing with Aquatherm is to verify that PP-R
leading purity and neutrality, Aquatherm manufactures piping and/or PP-RCT is an acceptable material choice for a particular
systems that can provide the best solution for hydronic, chemical application.
and industrial applications.
Aquatherm pipes are suited to a wide variety of applications and
When designing with Aquatherm piping systems, it is important generally perform without the problems that plague other systems.
to be aware of their unique features such as multi-layer,
faser-composite (MF), which provides expansion control, the However, PP-R and PP-RCT still have some chemical, pressure and
fusion connections, the impact and chemical resistance and the temperature considerations that need to be addressed in order to
sound insulation. limit the risk of failure.
The natural R-value and reduced friction factors are especially Operating outside of the safety parameters provided by Aquatherm
important because they reduce the amount of energy needed for can shorten the life of the pipe. By bringing a system’s intended
the system to perform. With careful planning and engineering, it is load in line with the safety parameters given in this chapter, a
possible to exceed existing performance standards and maximize a designer can ensure that the pipes will last for their entire 50-year
system’s efficiency. life span or longer when Aquatherm is designed, installed, and
maintained correctly. The easiest way to find out if Aquatherm pipe
Be sure to verify all calculations before installing an Aquatherm is suitable for use with a certain chemical or under certain use
piping system. The sizing and insulation recommendations given in conditions is to email engineering@[Link].
this guide are intended for easy reference and are not a substitute
for engineering design.

AQUATHERM SYSTEM SELECTION

COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL

(Select SDR based on Temp and Pressure Requirements)

Temperature aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm blue pipe®
SDR 17.6 MF RP SDR 11 MF RP SDR 9 MF RP

Permissible working pressure (psi)

50 °F 185 305 385
80 °F 145 240 305
100 °F 120 205 255
120 °F 100 170 215
140 °F 85 140 180
160 °F - 115 150
180 °F - 95 125
200 °F - 80 100

Available 4” - 24” 1/2” - 18” 1” - 14”

Diameters: 125 - 630 mm 20 - 450 mm 32 - 355 mm

3.01
 PLANNING

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS pipe within these limits for most applications.

Due to their special material properties, Aquatherm pipe and
In cases where the pipe needs to be buried in soil, sand or concrete,
fittings are generally chemical-resistant. However, there are certain
PP-R and PP-RCT is safe, nonleaching and resistant to crushing
applications where PP-R and PP-RCT may not be acceptable.
or damage. Aquatherm PP-R and PP-RCT pipe is also suitable for
directional boring, if a properly sized pulling head is used. For
Steam systems, water systems operating at conditions outside
additional information on buried pipe and maximum pull force for
the published ratings of the products, or systems with high levels
directional boring, see page 3.39 and the Aquatherm Technical
of certain aggressive chemicals will likely not be suitable for
Bulletins, page 3.40.
use with PP-R and PP-RCT. If you are uncertain
about a specific application, Aquatherm can
Buried installations generally do not require additional consideration
perform on-demand testing to determine
for the expansion of MF pipes. Resistance to movement from the
suitability. To request a test for your project, fill
backfill will restrict the natural expansion or contraction of the
out and submit the special applications form
pipe. The expansive forces of PP-R and PP-RCT are much lower than
found online at
metal pipes. Aquatherm pipe is safe to use with insulating backfills.
[Link]/chemical-compatibility.
Because of the thermal resistance of PP-R and PP-RCT, dry sand may
be acceptable as a backfill for insulation purposes. Six inches of
The form can also be used to verify compatibility for chemical,
dry sand equates to roughly one inch of fiberglass insulation. When
high-heat, high-pressure or other non-standard applications.
penetrating through concrete a shield or protective layer must be
In some applications, Aquatherm pipe will not last for a full
used and should be installed per local codes. It is recommended to
10 years, but may still outlast other piping alternatives. These
anchor the pipe at that location. Please see the Maximum Pull Force
are considered “sub-10” applications and are not covered by
section and contact your local representative for more information on
the Aquatherm manufacturer warranty. However, they may still be
buried applications and directional boring.
installed at the end user’s discretion.

Transition fittings with brass inserts may not be compatible for all
media. Stainless steel inserts are available and may be used in some
applications in place of brass. However, some of the stainless steel
inserts are ISO/BSP threads. The 1/2 and 3/4 inch stainless steel
(SS) inserts are ISO/BSP threads. Larger SS sizes are NPT threads.
Specialty transtion fittings made entirely
of polypropylene are available for some limited applications.

BURIED APPLICATIONS
Unlike many other piping materials, PP-R and PP-RCT are able to
absorb the stress caused by expansion within certain limits.
The multi-layer, faser-composite (MF) construction helps keep the
3.02
PLANNING

SYSTEMS WITH CONSTANT OPERATING PARAMETERS (50-YEAR EXPECTED MINIMUM)

aquatherm blue
aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm green pipe® aquatherm green pipe®
pipe®
Temperature SDR 17.6 MF RP SDR 11 MF RP SDR 11 S SDR 7.4 MF
SDR 9 MF RP
Permissible working pressure (psi)
50 °F 185 305 385 195 380
80 °F 145 240 305 170 320
100 °F 120 205 255 135 255
120 °F 100 170 215 110 215
140 °F 85 140 180
160 °F - 115 150 Green pipe is not rated or intended for use in domestic
180 °F - 95 125 water systems above 120°F in North America.
200 °F - 80 100

TRUE UNION BALL VALVES AND PP TRUE UNION FITTINGS COMPRESSED AIR
Temperature Maximum Operating Pressure aquatherm blue pipe®
SDR 9 MF RP
°C °F bar psi
Permissible working pressure (psi)
10 50 10 145
100
20 68 10 145
30 86 8.5 123
40 104 6.8 99
50 122 5.5 80

SYSTEMS WITH SEASONAL PEAKS (50-YEAR EXPECTED MINIMUM)

60 days 90 days
Temperature
aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm blue pipe® aquatherm blue pipe®
Regular Seasonal SDR 11 MF RP SDR 9 MF RP SDR 11 MF RP SDR 9 MF RP
load load Permissible working pressure (psi)
160 °F 175 °F 90 145 85 140
160 °F 185 °F 80 120 75 115
160 °F 195 °F 70 105 65 100

Note: This chart is valid for temperatures from 50°F to 105°F (10°C to 40°C). For temperatures and conditions other than those noted in the
chart, submit a Special Applications Inquiry.
Aquatherm pipes are not intended for fluid temperatures colder than -5 °F, as the pipes begin to lose their resistance to impact.
Warning - Failure of a compressed gas (air or inert gas) system can be extremely violent and dangerous. In a compressed gaseous media test
or piping system, energy is applied to compress the gaseous media in addition to pressurizing the system. If failure occurs, both energies can
be suddenly released and can be extremely violent compared to failure during leak testing or system operation with an incompressible liquid
testing media.
Aquatherm recommends that thermoplastics piping intended for the transport of compressed air or other compressed gases should be
installed by burial, encasement in shatter-resistant material or other appropriate means, to prevent or minimize the possibility of mechanical
damage. The piping must also be protected from other sources of degradation such as ultraviolet light (UV) exposure, chemical effects,
temperature and oxidation. See Aquatherm Technical Bulletin: 201705A – AQTTB ([Link]/tech-bulletins/aquatherm-
piping-for-compressed-gas-systems-air-and-inert-gases-and-using-compressed-gas-for-pressure-testing) for more information
about testing with compressed air and compressed air piping.

3.03
 PLANNING

INTEGRATION OF OTHER SYSTEMS OR COMPONENTS WITH

AQUATHERM PIPING FOR PRESSURE PIPE APPLICATIONS
When integrating Aquatherm piping systems with other systems or According to some regulations and codes, flow rates in a DHWR
components not made of PP-R and PP-RCT (e.g. components not made system should not exceed 0.5 m/s (1.5 ft/sec) anywhere in the system,
of PP-R and PP-RCT, like valves, pumps, other piping, check valves, except in some special cases where velocities up to 1 m/s (3 ft/sec)
strainers, etc), care must be taken to ensure the operating parameters are needed to achieve proper flow temperature. The CDA Publication
for PP-R and PP-RCT won’t damage the other materials or vice versa. A4015-14/16 – The Copper Tube handbook – limits the velocity in
Be aware that even if the Aquatherm pipe is compatible with the fluid DHWR system to similar rates.
being transported, other materials in the system may not be. All parts When re-piping an existing DHWR-system originally installed in
of the system must be verified as compatible with the medium being copper tubing, ensure all possible copper is replaced. If some copper
carried before installing them. And, while Aquatherm pipe does not remains as part of the system, strictly follow the rules and guidelines
require treatment to protect it from corrosion, metals (ferrous and non- of the Copper Development Association (CDA Publication A4015-
ferrous) in the system may be susceptible to corrosion. 14/16: The Copper Tube Handbook) regarding flow rates and water
Do not mix Aquatherm pipe with other piping systems in conditions conditions. Small amounts of copper or brass in valves and other
that will cause the other system or components to fail. equipment will generally not cause an issue. If the copper fails, it may
degrade o-rings, gaskets, PP-R and PP-RCT and other components,
shortening their service life.
When adding PP-R and PP-RCT to an existing copper system in a
DOMESTIC HOT WATER RECIRCULATION (DHWR) DHWR-application, the level of copper in the water should be tested.
The Domestic Hot Water Recirculating System includes all portions These levels should not exceed 0.1 mg/L (ppm). Higher levels of total
of the DHW system where the water is being circulated, including copper indicate that the copper pipe is corroding/eroding due to
supply and return piping and any components other than end-of-the- system and/or water conditions.
line fixtures. When there is copper piping used in conjunction with To hydraulically balance a DHWR-system and ensure the required flow
PP-R and PP-RCT in a DHWR system, care should be taken to ensure rate for each area of the building, it is necessary to install hydraulic-
the operating conditions will not cause degradation or erosion/ balancing-valves in every circulating loop throughout the complete
corrosion of the copper. Aquatherm recommends following the Copper system. This also maintains the flow velocity in the smaller return
Development Association guidelines (CDA Publication A4015-14/16: piping at or below the manufacturer‘s or CDA‘s recommendations. In
The Copper Tube handbook – [Link]) for sizing, temperature addition to sizing the piping and pumps to the correct flow velocity,
and flow velocity in copper tubing. This will also help ensure that the care must also be taken to avoid water hammer and excessive surge
copper levels in the water do not approach the regulatory action levels pressures. Pump systems operating with on/off cycling, or pumps over-
recommended by independent institutions (e.g. U.S. Environmental sized for the piping, can create high pressure and fatigue the piping
Protection Agency (EPA), World Health Organization (WHO), Federal material. The pump total dynamic head (TDH) must also be matched to
Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection of Germany). Sustained the flow requirements, piping layout and operating conditions to avoid
high levels of copper in DHWR piping can damage components within cavitation for all components throughout the system. Cavitation can
the system, even PP-R and PP-RCT. Damage caused by copper lead to excessive system noise and more importantly, can result in the
in the water resulting from erosion/corrosion or other erosion and degradation of the pipe surface and other components.
degradation of copper components in the DHWR system will Properly sized variable-speed (VFD) constant pressure pumping
void the Aquatherm manufacturer warranty. systems and pressure-sustaining valves can alleviate these issues.
Accordingly, and as mandated by various regulations and codes in The pumps should be sized to operate at maximum efficiency with the
DHWR systems, it is considered good design and operational practice lowest energy usage for the required flow rate.
to ensure that the maximum HW-temperature within any part of the The issues described here are only of concern in DHWR-systems.
system/loop does not exceed 60°C (140°F). Some regulations and For domestic cold water (DCW) and mechanical (heating-cooling)
codes further restrict the temperature at any fixture to a maximum of systems no additional requirements or actions are necessary. In some
50°C (120°F). There are some exceptions to this, such as the process situations, the DHWR system is also used to provide hot water to the
of thermal disinfection in health care facilities where temperatures mechanical heating system. Additional consideration and care must be
of 70°C (160°F) or higher can be applied for short periods of time given for this type of combined system, as the mechanical components
throughout the pipe system. may not be compatible with the more aggressive water conditions and
Importantly, the maximum temperature used must not exceed the flow velocity limitations of DHWR systems, and these components
rating of the pipe for the operating pressure. The maximum operating may be not suitable for potable water contact.
temperature must not exceed the temperature corresponding to the
maximum operating pressure for the Aquatherm piping being used
(see Operating Parameters table on page 3.03).

3.04
PLANNING

FLAME SPREAD / SMOKE DEVELOPED FLAME- AND SMOKE-RATED OPTIONS

Aquatherm piping systems do not produce toxic by-products during For applications where the code requires the pipe to meet an FSI
combustion. In a fully developed fire, Fusiolen® PP-R and PP-RCT of 25 and SDI of 50, Aquatherm recommends one of the following
will only produce CO2 and H2O gas. In an under-developed fire, solutions:
trace amounts of CO can be produced, but this is common in all
combustible materials, including wood and paper.
1. Aquatherm Advanced is a listed solution for meeting the E84
Many building codes do not consider the toxicity of the smoke and S-102.2 ratings. Aquatherm Advanced is a combination
produced but focus only on the volume and opacity of the smoke. of Aquatherm pipe and a fire-rated insulation. Aquatherm
Therefore, it is important to install only pipe that meets local code Advanced may also provide sufficient insulation value for hot
requirements. These codes generally reference ASTM E84 in the and cold applications, but the thermal values are dependent
United States and CAN/ULC S-102.2 in Canada and require that on the manufacturer of the insulation. An Aquatherm
the installed pipe have a Flame Spread Index of 25 or less and Advanced system does not require the fittings to be insulated
Smoke Developed Index of 50 or less. for fire-rating purposes, but the fittings may still need to be
insulated to prevent condensation.
According to the IMC and UMC building codes, and the
2. Encasing the pipe inside of any insulation that meets the
Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC), materials that
25/50 flame spread and smoke development requirements
are completely enclosed in a fire-rated material, such as pipe
(see page 3.06). This solution requires that the fittings be
insulation, are considered fire rated as well, because they are not
insulated as well and is subject to adoption of the relevant
technically exposed in the plenum.
IMC and UMC codes as well as the local authority having
jurisdiction. Alternatively, the pipe can be enclosed in a fire-
rated chase.

3. Avoid using a ceiling return air plenum. Using ducted

or dedicated outdoor air eliminates the health and safety risks
introduced by a return air plenum. It also eliminates the need
for a large number of fire-retardant chemicals within
the building. Pipe that is not inside a return air plenum
generally does not need to meet flame spread and smoke
development requirements.

With these options, the engineer should be able to comply

with all local codes involving flame spread and smoke
development. However, it is important to confirm with local
officials that the measures being taken are acceptable before
beginning the installation.

3.05
PLANNING

SYSTEM PROTECTION RECOMMENDED FLOW RATES

Allowing a pump to operate for an extended period of time with The table below provides a quick reference for determining the
zero flow passing through it can result in the pump and adjoining highest recommended flow rate based on the diameter and SDR
piping system reaching temperatures and pressures far above of the pipe based on a velocity of 8 ft./sec. Higher fluid velocity,
those recommended by Aquatherm. up to 15 ft/sec, may be utilized provided the system is designed,
operated and maintained to avoid water hammer and pressure
While Aquatherm’s heat stabilization will protect the pipe from surges above the rating of the pipe.
brief exposure to extreme conditions, prolonged exposure can
weaken the pipe and fittings considerably, potentially causing Nominal GPM GPM GPM GPM
them and other components to fail. diameter SDR 17.6 SDR 11 SDR 9 SDR 7.4

It is recommended that the designer provide a sensor system that ½” - 8 - 6

will warn of temperatures over 180 °F, an automatic temperature ¾” - 13 - 10
and pressure relief valve at the pump discharge, or a similar 1" - 21 19 16
preventative measure.
1 ¼” - 33 29 25
To protect the pipe from exposure to unacceptably high 1 ½” - 51 46 40
temperatures and pressures that could occur due to prolonged 2" - 81 72 63
“dead heading” (pump operating at full speed with flow
substantially restricted), Aquatherm recommends temperature and 2 ½” - 115 103 90
pressure relief valves at the discharge of 3-hp-and-larger pumps. 3" - 165 148 129
3 ½” - 245 221 193
4" 374 317 286 250
6" 612 522 468 409
8" 1190 1022 914 801
10" 1870 1595 1433 1252
12" 3555 3057 2725 -
14" 4518 3819 3491 -
16" 5759 4890 - -
18" 7335 6178 - -
20" 10379 - - -
24" 16592 - - -

3.06
 PLANNING

FLOW VELOCITY AND HEAD (FRICTION) LOSS RECOMMENDED SIZING AND FLOW VELOCITY
The head loss (friction pressure loss) due to the flow of water The following table provides the maxmum recommended design
through the Aquatherm PP-R or PP-RCT piping is given in the velocity for the range of pipe sizes.
following tables. The water velocity is also provided. These values
are calculated from the equations below. The Hazen-Williams Max. recommended design
Pipe size
formula is widely used in water piping applications, but it does velocity
not account for differences in fluid viscosity (different fluids) and ½” (20mm) – 6” (160 mm) 8 ft/sec (2.44 m/sec)
fluid temperature. Consult your Aquatherm representative for
information on other applications such as chemical process piping 8” (200mm) – 10” (250 mm) 10 ft/sec (3.05 m/sec)
or compressed gases. 12” (315 mm) – 18” (450 mm) 12 ft/sec (3.66 m/sec)
20” (500 mm) – 24” (630 mm) 14 ft/sec (4.27 m/sec)
Hazen-Williams formula for pressure loss (psi/100 ft of
pipe): In certain cases velocities higher than the above recommended
values can be used. Some codes allow up to 10 ft/sec (3.05 m/sec)
for plumbing if the manufacturer recommends it.

Aquatherm has allowed engineers to design with velocities as

high as 15 – 20 ft/sec (4.57 – 6.10 m/sec) depending on the job
Where: PL = pressure loss, psi /100 ft of pipe and design. This allowance comes with a caveat to ensure that
Q = flow rate, gpm there will not be any quick-acting valves or other sources of
di = inside diameter of pipe, inches surge pressures in the system. So in some cases, it is permissible
C = flow coefficient = 150 for PP-R or PP-RCT piping to design to the higher velocities for the pipe material, but the
system may not be able to handle the higher velocities in terms of
Conversion to head loss (ft of head loss per 100 ft of pipe): pressure surges, water hammer or noise issues.

HL = 2.31(PL) One of the advantages to designing with higher velocities is

overcoming the decreased volumetric flow rates (gpm) that can
Where: HL = head loss, ft / 100 ft of pipe result from using a lower velocity with a smaller internal diameter
of some Aquatherm pipe dimensions compared to copper and
Calculation of flow velocity: steel.

Aquatherm recommends not exceeding the flow velocities shown

in the table above without first consulting Aquatherm.

The tables on the following pages give the head loss and flow
Where: v = flow velocity, ft/sec rates of the pipe based on the pipe size and the desired gpm.
Reducing head loss on the critical leg of the system can allow
for downsizing on other sections of pipe. Lower velocities may
PIPE SIZING BY HEAD LOSS be necessary depending on the aggressiveness of the fluid and
This section includes charts on the head loss of SDR 7.4, SDR operating conditions.
9, SDR 11, and SDR 17.6 systems as well as the estimated flow
speed based on the chosen flow rate. It is important to note the
differences between the standard dimensional ratios as the actual
IDs for each vary slightly.

Aquatherm pipes can safely run at higher flow speeds in certain

sizes. A complete breakdown of head loss by pipe size and velocity
can be found in the charts on the following pages.

3.07
 PLANNING
PIPE FRICTION FACTOR (R) IN FEET PER 100 FEET AND CALCULATED VELOCITY (V) IN FEET PER SECOND
BASED ON THE FLOW RATE (Q)

SDR 17.6 pipe

Q 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Dimension

125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

200 R 1.36 0.41 0.14

US gpm v 4.29 2.62 1.68

220 R 1.62 0.49 0.16

US gpm v 4.72 2.88 1.84

240 R 1.91 0.57 0.19

US gpm v 5.15 3.14 2.01

260 R 2.21 0.66 0.22

US gpm v 5.58 3.41 2.18

280 R 2.54 0.76 0.26 0.09

US gpm v 6.01 3.67 2.35 1.50

300 R 2.88 0.87 0.29 0.10

US gpm v 6.44 3.93 2.52 1.61

320 R 3.25 0.98 0.33 0.11

US gpm v 6.87 4.19 2.68 1.72

340 R 3.63 1.09 0.37 0.12

US gpm v 7.30 4.45 2.85 1.82

360 R 4.04 1.21 0.41 0.14

US gpm v 7.73 4.72 3.02 1.93

380 R 4.46 1.34 0.45 0.15

US gpm v 8.16 4.98 3.19 2.04

400 R 4.91 1.48 0.50 0.17

US gpm v 8.59 5.24 3.35 2.15

450 R 6.10 1.83 0.62 0.21

US gpm v 9.66 5.90 3.77 2.41

500 R 7.42 2.23 0.75 0.25 0.08

US gpm v 10.7 6.55 4.19 2.68 1.69

550 R 8.85 2.66 0.90 0.30 0.10

US gpm v 11.8 7.21 4.61 2.95 1.86

600 R 10.4 3.12 1.05 0.36 0.12

US gpm v 12.9 7.86 5.03 3.22 2.03

650 R 12.1 3.62 1.22 0.41 0.13

US gpm v 14.0 8.52 5.45 3.49 2.20

700 R 13.8 4.15 1.40 0.47 0.15 0.09

US gpm v 15.0 9.17 5.87 3.76 2.37 1.86

750 R 4.72 1.59 0.54 0.17 0.10

US gpm v 9.83 6.29 4.02 2.53 2.00

800 R 5.32 1.79 0.61 0.20 0.11

US gpm v 10.5 6.71 4.29 2.70 2.13

850 R 5.95 2.01 0.68 0.22 0.12

US gpm v 11.1 7.13 4.56 2.87 2.26

900 R 6.61 2.23 0.75 0.24 0.14

US gpm v 11.8 7.55 4.83 3.04 2.40

950 R 7.31 2.47 0.83 0.27 0.15

US gpm 12.4 7.97 5.10 3.21 2.53
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.08
 PLANNING
SDR 17.6 pipe
Q 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Dimension

160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

1000 R 8.04 2.71 0.91 0.30 0.17 0.09

US gpm v 13.1 8.38 5.37 3.38 2.66 2.10

1100 R 9.59 3.23 1.09 0.35 0.20 0.11

US gpm v 14.4 9.22 5.90 3.72 2.93 2.31

1200 R 11.3 3.80 1.28 0.42 0.23 0.13

US gpm v 15.7 10.1 6.44 4.06 3.19 2.52

1300 R 4.40 1.49 0.48 0.27 0.15 0.08

US gpm v 10.9 6.98 4.39 3.46 2.72 2.15

1400 R 5.05 1.70 0.55 0.31 0.17 0.10

US gpm v 11.7 7.51 4.73 3.73 2.93 2.32

1500 R 5.74 1.94 0.63 0.35 0.20 0.11

US gpm v 12.6 8.05 5.07 3.99 3.14 2.48

1600 R 6.47 2.18 0.71 0.40 0.22 0.12

US gpm v 13.4 8.59 5.41 4.26 3.35 2.65

1700 R 7.23 2.44 0.79 0.44 0.25 0.14

US gpm v 14.3 9.12 5.75 4.52 3.56 2.82

1800 R 8.04 2.71 0.88 0.49 0.27 0.15 0.09

US gpm v 15.1 9.66 6.08 4.79 3.77 2.98 2.41

1900 R 3.00 0.97 0.54 0.30 0.17 0.10

US gpm v 10.2 6.42 5.06 3.98 3.15 2.55

2000 R 3.30 1.07 0.60 0.33 0.19 0.11

US gpm v 10.7 6.76 5.32 4.19 3.31 2.68

2200 R 3.93 1.28 0.71 0.40 0.22 0.13

US gpm v 11.8 7.44 5.85 4.61 3.64 2.95

2400 R 4.62 1.50 0.84 0.47 0.26 0.16

US gpm v 12.9 8.11 6.39 5.03 3.97 3.22

2600 R 5.36 1.74 0.97 0.54 0.31 0.18

US gpm v 14.0 8.79 6.92 5.45 4.31 3.49

2800 R 6.14 1.99 1.11 0.62 0.35 0.21

US gpm v 15.0 9.46 7.45 5.87 4.64 3.76

3000 R 2.26 1.27 0.71 0.40 0.24

US gpm v 10.1 7.98 6.29 4.97 4.02

3200 R 2.55 1.43 0.80 0.45 0.27 0.09

US gpm v 10.8 8.52 6.71 5.30 4.29 2.70

3400 R 2.85 1.59 0.89 0.50 0.30 0.10

US gpm v 11.5 9.05 7.13 5.63 4.56 2.87

3600 R 3.17 1.77 0.99 0.56 0.33 0.11

US gpm v 12.2 9.58 7.55 5.96 4.83 3.04

3800 R 3.51 1.96 1.10 0.62 0.37 0.12

US gpm v 12.8 10.1 7.97 6.29 5.10 3.21

4000 R 3.86 2.15 1.20 0.68 0.41 0.13

US gpm v 13.5 10.6 8.38 6.62 5.37 3.38

4250 R 4.31 2.41 1.35 0.76 0.45 0.15

US gpm v 14.4 11.3 8.91 7.04 5.70 3.59

4500 R 4.79 2.68 1.50 0.84 0.51 0.16

US gpm v 15.2 12.0 9.43 7.45 6.04 3.80

4750 R 2.96 1.66 0.93 0.56 0.18

US gpm v 12.6 9.96 7.87 6.37 4.01
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.9 3.09
 PLANNING
SDR 17.6 pipe
Q 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”

Dimension
160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

5000 R 3.26 1.82 1.03 0.61 0.20

US gpm v 13.3 10.5 8.28 6.71 4.22

5250 R 3.56 1.99 1.12 0.67 0.22

US gpm v 14.0 11.0 8.69 7.04 4.44

5500 R 3.88 2.17 1.22 0.73 0.24

US gpm v 14.6 11.5 9.11 7.38 4.65

5750 R 4.22 2.36 1.33 0.80 0.26

US gpm v 15.3 12.1 9.52 7.71 4.86

6000 R 2.55 1.44 0.86 0.28

US gpm v 12.6 9.94 8.05 5.07

6250 R 2.75 1.55 0.93 0.30

US gpm v 13.1 10.4 8.38 5.28

6500 R 2.96 1.67 1.00 0.32

US gpm v 13.6 10.8 8.72 5.49

6750 R 3.17 1.79 1.07 0.35

US gpm v 14.1 11.2 9.06 5.70

7000 R 3.39 1.91 1.14 0.37

US gpm v 14.7 11.6 9.39 5.91

7250 R 3.62 2.04 1.22 0.40

US gpm v 15.2 12.0 9.73 6.13

7500 R 2.17 1.30 0.42

US gpm v 12.4 10.1 6.34

7750 R 2.31 1.38 0.45

US gpm v 12.8 10.4 6.55

8000 R 2.45 1.46 0.48

US gpm v 13.2 10.7 6.76

8500 R 2.74 1.64 0.53

US gpm v 14.1 11.4 7.18

9000 R 3.04 1.82 0.59

US gpm v 14.9 12.1 7.60

9500 R 3.36 2.01 0.65

US gpm v 15.7 12.7 8.03

10000 R 2.21 0.72

US gpm v 13.4 8.45

10500 R 2.42 0.79

US gpm v 14.1 8.87

11000 R 2.64 0.86

US gpm v 14.8 9.29

11500 R 2.87 0.93

US gpm v 15.4 9.72

12000 R 1.01
US gpm v 10.1

12500 R 1.09
US gpm v 10.6

13000 R 1.17
US gpm v 11.0

13500 R 1.25
US gpm v 11.4
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.10
 PLANNING
SDR 17.6 pipe
Q 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Dimension
160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

14000 R 1.34
US gpm v 11.8

15000 R 1.52
US gpm v 12.7

16000 R 1.71
US gpm v 13.5

17000 R 1.92
US gpm v 14.4

18000 R 2.13
US gpm v 15.2
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.11
 PLANNING
PIPE FRICTION FACTOR (R) IN FEET PER 100 FEET AND CALCULATED VELOCITY (V) IN FEET PER SECOND
BASED ON THE FLOW RATE (Q)

SDR 11 pipe
Q ½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”
Dimension

20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm

0.1 R 0.01
US gpm v 0.10
0.2 R 0.04
US gpm v 0.20
0.3 R 0.09
US gpm v 0.30
0.4 R 0.15
US gpm v 0.39
0.5 R 0.23 0.08
US gpm v 0.49 0.31
0.6 R 0.33 0.11
US gpm v 0.59 0.38
0.7 R 0.43 0.15
US gpm v 0.69 0.44
0.8 R 0.55 0.19
US gpm v 0.79 0.50

0.9 R 0.69 0.23

US gpm v 0.89 0.57

1 R 0.84 0.28 0.08 0.03

US gpm v 0.98 0.63 0.38 0.25

2 R 3.01 1.02 0.31 0.10

US gpm v 1.97 1.26 0.77 0.49
3 R 6.38 2.15 0.65 0.22 0.07
US gpm v 2.95 1.89 1.15 0.74 0.47
4 R 10.9 3.67 1.10 0.37 0.13
US gpm v 3.94 2.52 1.54 0.98 0.63
5 R 16.4 5.54 1.66 0.56 0.19
US gpm v 4.92 3.15 1.92 1.23 0.79
6 R 23.0 7.76 2.33 0.79 0.27 0.09
US gpm v 5.90 3.78 2.31 1.48 0.94 0.60
7 R 30.6 10.3 3.10 1.05 0.35 0.11
US gpm v 6.89 4.41 2.69 1.72 1.10 0.69
8 R 39.2 13.2 3.97 1.34 0.45 0.15
US gpm v 7.87 5.04 3.07 1.97 1.26 0.79
9 R 48.7 16.4 4.94 1.67 0.56 0.18
US gpm v 8.86 5.67 3.46 2.21 1.42 0.89
10 R 59.2 20.0 6.00 2.02 0.68 0.22 0.09
US gpm v 9.84 6.30 3.84 2.46 1.57 0.99 0.70
11 R 70.6 23.8 7.16 2.42 0.81 0.26 0.11
US gpm v 10.8 6.93 4.23 2.71 1.73 1.09 0.77

12 R 83.0 28.0 8.41 2.84 0.96 0.31 0.13

US gpm v 11.8 7.56 4.61 2.95 1.89 1.19 0.84

13 R 96.2 32.4 9.75 3.29 1.11 0.36 0.15

US gpm v 12.8 8.19 5.00 3.20 2.05 1.29 0.91
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)
3.12
 PLANNING
SDR 11 pipe

Q ½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”

Dimension

20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm

14 R 110 37.2 11.2 3.77 1.27 0.41 0.18

US gpm v 13.8 8.82 5.38 3.44 2.20 1.39 0.98
15 R 125 42.3 12.7 4.29 1.45 0.47 0.20
US gpm v 14.8 9.45 5.77 3.69 2.36 1.49 1.05
16 R 141 47.6 14.3 4.83 1.63 0.53 0.23 0.09
US gpm v 15.7 10.1 6.15 3.94 2.52 1.59 1.12 0.78
17 R 53.3 16.0 5.40 1.82 0.59 0.25 0.10
US gpm v 10.7 6.53 4.18 2.68 1.69 1.19 0.83
18 R 59.2 17.8 6.01 2.03 0.66 0.28 0.12
US gpm v 11.3 6.92 4.43 2.83 1.79 1.26 0.87
19 R 65.5 19.7 6.64 2.24 0.73 0.31 0.13
US gpm v 12.0 7.30 4.67 2.99 1.88 1.33 0.92
20 R 72.0 21.6 7.30 2.46 0.80 0.34 0.14
US gpm v 12.6 7.69 4.92 3.15 1.98 1.40 0.97
22 R 85.9 25.8 8.71 2.94 0.95 0.41 0.17
US gpm v 13.9 8.46 5.41 3.46 2.18 1.54 1.07
24 R 101 30.3 10.2 3.45 1.12 0.48 0.20
US gpm v 15.1 9.22 5.90 3.78 2.38 1.68 1.17
26 R 35.2 11.9 4.00 1.30 0.56 0.23 0.09
US gpm v 9.99 6.40 4.09 2.58 1.82 1.26 0.85
28 R 40.3 13.6 4.59 1.49 0.64 0.26 0.10
US gpm v 10.8 6.89 4.41 2.78 1.96 1.36 0.91
30 R 45.8 15.5 5.21 1.69 0.72 0.30 0.11
US gpm v 11.5 7.38 4.72 2.98 2.10 1.46 0.98
32 R 51.6 17.4 5.87 1.91 0.82 0.34 0.13
US gpm v 12.3 7.87 5.04 3.17 2.24 1.55 1.04
34 R 57.7 19.5 6.57 2.13 0.91 0.38 0.14
US gpm v 13.1 8.36 5.35 3.37 2.38 1.65 1.11
36 R 64.2 21.7 7.30 2.37 1.01 0.42 0.16
US gpm v 13.8 8.86 5.67 3.57 2.52 1.75 1.17
38 R 70.9 23.9 8.07 2.62 1.12 0.46 0.17 0.09
US gpm v 14.6 9.35 5.98 3.77 2.66 1.85 1.24 0.96
40 R 78.0 26.3 8.88 2.88 1.23 0.51 0.19 0.10
US gpm v 15.4 9.84 6.30 3.97 2.80 1.94 1.30 1.01
45 R 97.0 32.7 11.0 3.58 1.53 0.63 0.24 0.13
US gpm v 17.3 11.1 7.08 4.46 3.15 2.19 1.46 1.13
50 R 39.8 13.4 4.35 1.86 0.77 0.29 0.15
US gpm v 12.3 7.87 4.96 3.50 2.43 1.63 1.26
55 R 47.4 16.0 5.19 2.22 0.91 0.34 0.18
US gpm v 13.5 8.66 5.45 3.85 2.67 1.79 1.39
60 R 55.7 18.8 6.10 2.61 1.07 0.40 0.22
US gpm v 14.8 9.45 5.95 4.20 2.92 1.95 1.51
65 R 64.6 21.8 7.07 3.02 1.24 0.47 0.25
US gpm v 16.0 10.2 6.45 4.55 3.16 2.11 1.64
70 R 74.1 25.0 8.11 3.47 1.43 0.54 0.29 0.09
US gpm v 17.2 11.0 6.94 4.90 3.40 2.28 1.76 1.08
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.13
 PLANNING
SDR 11 pipe
Q ½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”

Dimension
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm

75 R 84.2 28.4 9.21 3.94 1.62 0.61 0.33 0.10

US gpm v 18.4 11.8 7.44 5.25 3.64 2.44 1.89 1.15
80 R 32.0 10.4 4.44 1.83 0.69 0.37 0.11
US gpm v 12.6 7.93 5.60 3.89 2.60 2.02 1.23
85 R 35.8 11.6 4.97 2.04 0.77 0.41 0.12
US gpm v 13.4 8.43 5.95 4.13 2.76 2.14 1.31
90 R 39.8 12.9 5.52 2.27 0.86 0.46 0.14
US gpm v 14.2 8.93 6.30 4.37 2.93 2.27 1.38
95 R 44.0 14.3 6.10 2.51 0.95 0.51 0.15
US gpm v 15.0 9.42 6.65 4.62 3.09 2.39 1.46
100 R 48.3 15.7 6.71 2.76 1.04 0.56 0.17
US gpm v 15.7 9.92 7.00 4.86 3.25 2.52 1.54
110 R 57.7 18.7 8.01 3.29 1.24 0.67 0.20
US gpm v 17.3 10.9 7.70 5.35 3.58 2.77 1.69
120 R 22.0 9.40 3.87 1.46 0.78 0.23
US gpm v 11.9 8.40 5.83 3.90 3.02 1.84
130 R 25.5 10.9 4.49 1.69 0.91 0.27 0.09
US gpm v 12.9 9.10 6.32 4.23 3.27 2.00 1.28
140 R 29.2 12.5 5.15 1.94 1.04 0.31 0.11
US gpm v 13.9 9.80 6.80 4.55 3.53 2.15 1.38
150 R 33.2 14.2 5.85 2.20 1.18 0.35 0.12
US gpm v 14.9 10.5 7.29 4.88 3.78 2.31 1.48
160 R 16.0 6.59 2.48 1.33 0.40 0.13
US gpm v 11.2 7.77 5.20 4.03 2.46 1.57
170 R 17.9 7.37 2.77 1.49 0.45 0.15
US gpm v 11.9 8.26 5.53 4.28 2.61 1.67
180 R 19.9 8.19 3.08 1.65 0.50 0.17
US gpm v 12.6 8.75 5.86 4.53 2.77 1.77
190 R 22.0 9.06 3.41 1.83 0.55 0.19
US gpm v 13.3 9.23 6.18 4.79 2.92 1.87
200 R 24.2 9.96 3.75 2.01 0.60 0.20
US gpm v 14.0 9.72 6.51 5.04 3.07 1.97
220 R 28.9 11.9 4.47 2.40 0.72 0.24 0.08
US gpm v 15.4 10.7 7.16 5.54 3.38 2.16 1.39
240 R 14.0 5.25 2.82 0.85 0.29 0.10
US gpm v 11.7 7.81 6.05 3.69 2.36 1.51
260 R 16.2 6.09 3.27 0.98 0.33 0.11
US gpm v 12.6 8.46 6.55 4.00 2.56 1.64
280 R 18.6 6.98 3.75 1.13 0.38 0.13
US gpm v 13.6 9.11 7.05 4.30 2.76 1.76
300 R 7.93 4.26 1.28 0.43 0.15
US gpm v 9.76 7.56 4.61 2.95 1.89
320 R 8.94 4.80 1.44 0.49 0.16
US gpm v 10.4 8.06 4.92 3.15 2.02
340 R 10.0 5.37 1.61 0.54 0.18
US gpm v 11.1 8.56 5.23 3.35 2.14
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.14
 PLANNING
SDR 11 pipe
Q ½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”
Dimension

20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm

360 R 11.1 5.96 1.79 0.60 0.20

US gpm v 11.7 9.07 5.53 3.54 2.27
380 R 12.3 6.59 1.98 0.67 0.23
US gpm v 12.4 9.57 5.84 3.74 2.39
400 R 13.5 7.25 2.18 0.73 0.25 0.08
US gpm v 13.0 10.1 6.15 3.94 2.52 1.59
450 R 16.8 9.01 2.71 0.91 0.31 0.10
US gpm v 14.6 11.3 6.92 4.43 2.83 1.79
500 R 11.0 3.29 1.11 0.37 0.12
US gpm v 12.6 7.69 4.92 3.15 1.98
550 R 13.1 3.93 1.32 0.45 0.14 0.08
US gpm v 13.9 8.46 5.41 3.46 2.18 1.72
600 R 15.3 4.61 1.56 0.52 0.17 0.10
US gpm v 15.1 9.22 5.90 3.78 2.38 1.87
650 R 17.8 5.35 1.80 0.61 0.20 0.11
US gpm v 16.4 9.99 6.40 4.09 2.58 2.03
700 R 20.4 6.13 2.07 0.70 0.23 0.13
US gpm v 17.6 10.8 6.89 4.41 2.78 2.19
750 R 23.2 6.97 2.35 0.79 0.26 0.14
US gpm v 18.9 11.5 7.38 4.72 2.98 2.34
800 R 7.85 2.65 0.89 0.29 0.16 0.09
US gpm v 12.3 7.87 5.04 3.17 2.50 1.97
850 R 8.78 2.96 1.00 0.32 0.18 0.10
US gpm v 13.1 8.36 5.35 3.37 2.65 2.09
900 R 9.76 3.29 1.11 0.36 0.20 0.11
US gpm v 13.8 8.86 5.67 3.57 2.81 2.21
950 R 10.8 3.64 1.23 0.40 0.22 0.12
US gpm v 14.6 9.35 5.98 3.77 2.97 2.34
1000 R 11.9 4.00 1.35 0.44 0.24 0.14
US gpm v 15.4 9.84 6.30 3.97 3.12 2.46
1100 R 14.2 4.77 1.61 0.52 0.29 0.16 0.09
US gpm v 16.9 10.8 6.93 4.36 3.44 2.71 2.14
1200 R 16.6 5.61 1.89 0.61 0.34 0.19 0.11
US gpm v 18.4 11.8 7.56 4.76 3.75 2.95 2.33
1300 R 6.50 2.19 0.71 0.40 0.22 0.13
US gpm v 12.8 8.19 5.16 4.06 3.20 2.53
1400 R 7.46 2.52 0.82 0.46 0.26 0.14
US gpm v 13.8 8.82 5.55 4.37 3.44 2.72
1500 R 8.47 2.86 0.93 0.52 0.29 0.16
US gpm v 14.8 9.45 5.95 4.68 3.69 2.92
1600 R 9.55 3.22 1.05 0.58 0.33 0.18
US gpm v 15.7 10.1 6.35 5.00 3.94 3.11
1700 R 10.7 3.60 1.17 0.65 0.37 0.21
US gpm v 16.7 10.7 6.74 5.31 4.18 3.30
1800 R 11.9 4.01 1.30 0.73 0.41 0.23
US gpm v 17.7 11.3 7.14 5.62 4.43 3.50
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.15
 PLANNING
SDR 11 pipe
Q ½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”

Dimension
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm

1900 R 13.1 4.43 1.44 0.80 0.45 0.25

US gpm v 18.7 12.0 7.54 5.93 4.67 3.69
2000 R 4.87 1.58 0.88 0.49 0.28
US gpm v 12.6 7.93 6.25 4.92 3.89
2200 R 5.81 1.88 1.05 0.59 0.33
US gpm v 13.9 8.73 6.87 5.41 4.28
2400 R 6.82 2.21 1.24 0.69 0.39
US gpm v 15.1 9.52 7.50 5.90 4.66
2600 R 2.57 1.43 0.80 0.45
US gpm v 10.3 8.12 6.40 5.05
2800 R 2.94 1.64 0.92 0.52
US gpm v 11.1 8.74 6.89 5.44
3000 R 3.34 1.87 1.04 0.59
US gpm v 11.9 9.37 7.38 5.83
3200 R 3.77 2.11 1.18 0.66
US gpm v 12.7 9.99 7.87 6.22
3400 R 4.22 2.36 1.32 0.74
US gpm v 13.5 10.6 8.36 6.61
3600 R 4.69 2.62 1.46 0.82
US gpm v 14.3 11.2 8.86 7.00
3800 R 5.18 2.89 1.62 0.91
US gpm v 15.1 11.9 9.35 7.39
4000 R 3.18 1.78 1.00
US gpm v 12.5 9.84 7.77
4500 R 3.96 2.21 1.25
US gpm v 14.1 11.1 8.75
5000 R 4.81 2.69 1.51
US gpm v 15.6 12.3 9.72
5500 R 3.21 1.81
US gpm v 13.5 10.7
6000 R 3.77 2.12
US gpm v 14.8 11.7
6500 R 2.46
US gpm v 12.6

7000 R 2.82
US gpm v 13.6

7500 R 3.21
US gpm v 14.6

8000 R 3.61
US gpm v 15.5
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.16
 PLANNING
PIPE FRICTION FACTOR (R) IN FEET PER 100 FEET AND CALCULATED VELOCITY (V) IN FEET PER SECOND
BASED ON THE FLOW RATE (Q)

SDR 9 pipe
Q 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”
Dimension

32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm

1 R 0.11 0.04
US gpm v 0.43 0.27

2 R 0.39 0.13
US gpm v 0.85 0.54

3 R 0.83 0.28 0.09

US gpm v 1.28 0.82 0.52

4 R 1.41 0.48 0.16

US gpm v 1.70 1.09 0.70

5 R 2.13 0.72 0.24 0.08

US gpm v 2.13 1.36 0.87 0.55

6 R 2.99 1.01 0.34 0.11

US gpm v 2.55 1.63 1.05 0.66

7 R 3.97 1.34 0.45 0.15

US gpm v 2.98 1.91 1.22 0.77

8 R 5.08 1.71 0.58 0.19 0.08

US gpm v 3.40 2.18 1.39 0.88 0.62

9 R 6.32 2.13 0.72 0.23 0.10

US gpm v 3.83 2.45 1.57 0.99 0.70

10 R 7.68 2.59 0.87 0.28 0.12

US gpm v 4.25 2.72 1.74 1.10 0.77

11 R 9.16 3.09 1.04 0.34 0.14

US gpm v 4.68 2.99 1.92 1.21 0.85

12 R 10.8 3.63 1.22 0.40 0.17

US gpm v 5.10 3.27 2.09 1.32 0.93

13 R 12.5 4.21 1.42 0.46 0.20

US gpm v 5.53 3.54 2.26 1.43 1.01

14 R 14.3 4.83 1.63 0.53 0.23 0.09

US gpm v 5.95 3.81 2.44 1.54 1.08 0.75

15 R 16.3 5.49 1.85 0.60 0.26 0.11

US gpm v 6.38 4.08 2.61 1.65 1.16 0.81

16 R 18.3 6.18 2.09 0.68 0.29 0.12

US gpm v 6.81 4.36 2.79 1.76 1.24 0.86

17 R 20.5 6.91 2.33 0.76 0.32 0.13

US gpm v 7.23 4.63 2.96 1.87 1.32 0.91

18 R 22.8 7.69 2.59 0.84 0.36 0.15

US gpm v 7.66 4.90 3.14 1.98 1.39 0.97

19 R 25.2 8.49 2.87 0.93 0.40 0.16

US gpm v 8.08 5.17 3.31 2.09 1.47 1.02

20 R 27.7 9.34 3.15 1.02 0.44 0.18

US gpm v 8.51 5.44 3.48 2.19 1.55 1.08
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.17
 PLANNING
SDR 9 pipe
Q 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

Dimension
32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm

22 R 33.0 11.1 3.76 1.22 0.52 0.21

US gpm v 9.36 5.99 3.83 2.41 1.70 1.18

24 R 38.8 13.1 4.41 1.43 0.61 0.25 0.09

US gpm v 10.2 6.53 4.18 2.63 1.86 1.29 0.86

26 R 45.0 15.2 5.12 1.66 0.71 0.29 0.11

US gpm v 11.1 7.08 4.53 2.85 2.01 1.40 0.94

28 R 51.6 17.4 5.87 1.91 0.82 0.34 0.13

US gpm v 11.9 7.62 4.88 3.07 2.17 1.51 1.01

30 R 58.6 19.8 6.67 2.16 0.93 0.38 0.14

US gpm v 12.8 8.17 5.23 3.29 2.32 1.61 1.08

32 R 66.1 22.3 7.52 2.44 1.04 0.43 0.16 0.09

US gpm v 13.6 8.71 5.58 3.51 2.48 1.72 1.15 0.89

34 R 73.9 24.9 8.41 2.73 1.17 0.48 0.18 0.10

US gpm v 14.5 9.26 5.92 3.73 2.63 1.83 1.22 0.95

36 R 82.1 27.7 9.35 3.03 1.30 0.53 0.20 0.11

US gpm v 15.3 9.80 6.27 3.95 2.79 1.94 1.30 1.00

38 R 30.6 10.3 3.35 1.43 0.59 0.22 0.12

US gpm v 10.3 6.62 4.17 2.94 2.04 1.37 1.06

40 R 33.7 11.4 3.69 1.58 0.65 0.24 0.13

US gpm v 10.9 6.97 4.39 3.10 2.15 1.44 1.12

45 R 41.9 14.1 4.58 1.96 0.81 0.30 0.16

US gpm v 12.2 7.84 4.94 3.48 2.42 1.62 1.25

50 R 50.9 17.2 5.57 2.38 0.98 0.37 0.20

US gpm v 13.6 8.71 5.49 3.87 2.69 1.80 1.39

55 R 60.7 20.5 6.64 2.84 1.17 0.44 0.24

US gpm v 15.0 9.58 6.04 4.26 2.96 1.98 1.53

60 R 24.0 7.80 3.34 1.37 0.52 0.28 0.08

US gpm v 10.5 6.58 4.65 3.23 2.16 1.67 1.02

65 R 27.9 9.05 3.87 1.59 0.60 0.32 0.10

US gpm v 11.3 7.13 5.03 3.50 2.34 1.81 1.11

70 R 32.0 10.4 4.44 1.83 0.69 0.37 0.11

US gpm v 12.2 7.68 5.42 3.76 2.52 1.95 1.19

75 R 36.3 11.8 5.04 2.08 0.78 0.42 0.13

US gpm v 13.1 8.23 5.81 4.03 2.70 2.09 1.28

80 R 40.9 13.3 5.68 2.34 0.88 0.47 0.14

US gpm v 13.9 8.78 6.19 4.30 2.88 2.23 1.36

85 R 45.8 14.9 6.36 2.62 0.98 0.53 0.16

US gpm v 14.8 9.33 6.58 4.57 3.06 2.37 1.45

90 R 50.9 16.5 7.07 2.91 1.09 0.59 0.18

US gpm v 15.7 9.88 6.97 4.84 3.24 2.51 1.53

95 R 18.3 7.81 3.21 1.21 0.65 0.20

US gpm v 10.4 7.36 5.11 3.42 2.65 1.62
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.18
 PLANNING
SDR 9 pipe
Q 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”
Dimension

32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm

100 R 20.1 8.59 3.53 1.33 0.71 0.21

US gpm v 11.0 7.74 5.38 3.60 2.79 1.70

110 R 23.9 10.2 4.22 1.59 0.85 0.26 0.09

US gpm v 12.1 8.52 5.91 3.96 3.07 1.87 1.20

120 R 28.1 12.0 4.95 1.86 1.00 0.30 0.10

US gpm v 13.2 9.29 6.45 4.32 3.35 2.04 1.31

130 R 32.6 14.0 5.74 2.16 1.16 0.35 0.12

US gpm v 14.3 10.1 6.99 4.68 3.62 2.21 1.42

140 R 37.4 16.0 6.59 2.48 1.33 0.40 0.13

US gpm v 15.4 10.8 7.53 5.04 3.90 2.38 1.52

150 R 18.2 7.48 2.82 1.51 0.45 0.15

US gpm v 11.6 8.07 5.40 4.18 2.55 1.63

160 R 20.5 8.43 3.17 1.70 0.51 0.17

US gpm v 12.4 8.60 5.76 4.46 2.72 1.74

170 R 22.9 9.43 3.55 1.90 0.57 0.19

US gpm v 13.2 9.14 6.12 4.74 2.89 1.85

180 R 25.5 10.5 3.95 2.12 0.64 0.21

US gpm v 13.9 9.68 6.48 5.02 3.06 1.96

190 R 28.2 11.6 4.36 2.34 0.70 0.24

US gpm v 14.7 10.2 6.84 5.30 3.23 2.07

200 R 31.0 12.7 4.80 2.57 0.77 0.26 0.09

US gpm v 15.5 10.8 7.20 5.58 3.40 2.18 1.39

220 R 15.2 5.72 3.07 0.92 0.31 0.10

US gpm v 11.8 7.92 6.13 3.74 2.40 1.53

240 R 17.9 6.72 3.61 1.08 0.37 0.12

US gpm v 12.9 8.64 6.69 4.08 2.61 1.67

260 R 20.7 7.79 4.18 1.26 0.42 0.14

US gpm v 14.0 9.36 7.25 4.42 2.83 1.81

280 R 23.7 8.94 4.79 1.44 0.49 0.16

US gpm v 15.1 10.1 7.81 4.76 3.05 1.95

300 R 10.2 5.45 1.64 0.55 0.19

US gpm v 10.8 8.36 5.10 3.27 2.09

320 R 11.4 6.14 1.84 0.62 0.21

US gpm v 11.5 8.92 5.44 3.48 2.23

340 R 12.8 6.87 2.06 0.70 0.23

US gpm v 12.2 9.48 5.78 3.70 2.37

360 R 14.2 7.63 2.29 0.77 0.26

US gpm v 13.0 10.0 6.12 3.92 2.51

380 R 15.7 8.44 2.54 0.86 0.29 0.09

US gpm v 13.7 10.6 6.47 4.14 2.65 1.67

400 R 17.3 9.28 2.79 0.94 0.32 0.10

US gpm v 14.4 11.2 6.81 4.36 2.79 1.76
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.19
 PLANNING
SDR 9 pipe
Q 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

Dimension
32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm

450 R 11.5 3.47 1.17 0.39 0.13

US gpm v 12.5 7.66 4.90 3.14 1.98

500 R 14.0 4.21 1.42 0.48 0.16 0.09

US gpm v 13.9 8.51 5.44 3.48 2.19 1.73

550 R 16.7 5.02 1.69 0.57 0.19 0.10

US gpm v 15.3 9.36 5.99 3.83 2.41 1.90

600 R 5.90 1.99 0.67 0.22 0.12

US gpm v 10.2 6.53 4.18 2.63 2.07

650 R 6.84 2.31 0.78 0.25 0.14

US gpm v 11.1 7.08 4.53 2.85 2.25

700 R 7.85 2.65 0.89 0.29 0.16

US gpm v 11.9 7.62 4.88 3.07 2.42

750 R 8.92 3.01 1.01 0.33 0.18

US gpm v 12.8 8.17 5.23 3.29 2.59

800 R 10.0 3.39 1.14 0.37 0.21

US gpm v 13.6 8.71 5.58 3.51 2.76

850 R 11.2 3.79 1.28 0.42 0.23

US gpm v 14.5 9.26 5.92 3.73 2.94

900 R 12.5 4.22 1.42 0.46 0.26

US gpm v 15.3 9.80 6.27 3.95 3.11

950 R 4.66 1.57 0.51 0.28

US gpm v 10.3 6.62 4.17 3.28

1000 R 5.12 1.73 0.56 0.31

US gpm v 10.9 6.97 4.39 3.46

1100 R 6.11 2.06 0.67 0.37

US gpm v 12.0 7.67 4.83 3.80

1200 R 7.18 2.42 0.79 0.44

US gpm v 13.1 8.36 5.27 4.15

1300 R 8.32 2.81 0.91 0.51

US gpm v 14.2 9.06 5.71 4.49

1400 R 9.55 3.22 1.04 0.58

US gpm v 15.2 9.76 6.15 4.84

1500 R 3.66 1.19 0.66

US gpm v 10.5 6.58 5.18

1600 R 4.12 1.34 0.75

US gpm v 11.2 7.02 5.53

1700 R 4.61 1.50 0.84

US gpm v 11.8 7.46 5.88

1800 R 5.13 1.66 0.93

US gpm v 12.5 7.90 6.22

1900 R 5.67 1.84 1.03

US gpm v 13.2 8.34 6.57
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.20
 PLANNING
SDR 9 pipe
Q 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”
Dimension

32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm

2000 R 6.23 2.02 1.13

US gpm v 13.9 8.78 6.91

2200 R 7.43 2.41 1.35

US gpm v 15.3 9.66 7.60

2400 R 2.83 1.58

US gpm v 10.5 8.29

2600 R 3.28 1.83

US gpm v 11.4 8.99

2800 R 3.77 2.10

US gpm v 12.3 9.68

3000 R 4.28 2.39

US gpm v 13.2 10.4

3200 R 4.82 2.69

US gpm v 14.0 11.1

3400 R 5.39 3.01

US gpm v 14.9 11.8

3600 R 6.00 3.35

US gpm v 15.8 12.4

3800 R 3.70
US gpm v 13.1

4000 R 4.07
US gpm v 13.8

4500 R 5.06
US gpm v 15.6
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.21
 PLANNING
PIPE FRICTION FACTOR (R) IN FEET PER 100 FEET AND CALCULATED VELOCITY (V) IN FEET PER SECOND
BASED ON THE FLOW RATE (Q)

SDR 7.4 pipe

Q
Dimension

½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10”
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm

0.1 R 0.02
US gpm v 0.12
0.2 R 0.07
US gpm v 0.25
0.3 R 0.16
US gpm v 0.37
0.4 R 0.27 0.09
US gpm v 0.49 0.32
0.5 R 0.40 0.14
US gpm v 0.62 0.40
0.6 R 0.57 0.19
US gpm v 0.74 0.48
0.7 R 0.75 0.25 0.08
US gpm v 0.87 0.55 0.34
0.8 R 0.97 0.33 0.10
US gpm v 0.99 0.63 0.39
0.9 R 1.20 0.41 0.12
US gpm v 1.11 0.71 0.43
1 R 1.46 0.49 0.15 0.05
US gpm v 1.24 0.79 0.48 0.31
2 R 5.26 1.78 0.53 0.18 0.06
US gpm v 2.47 1.58 0.97 0.62 0.40
3 R 11.1 3.76 1.13 0.38 0.13
US gpm v 3.71 2.38 1.45 0.93 0.59
4 R 19.0 6.40 1.92 0.65 0.22 0.07
US gpm v 4.95 3.17 1.93 1.24 0.79 0.50
5 R 28.7 9.67 2.91 0.98 0.33 0.11
US gpm v 6.18 3.96 2.42 1.55 0.99 0.62
6 R 40.2 13.6 4.07 1.37 0.46 0.15
US gpm v 7.42 4.75 2.90 1.86 1.19 0.75
7 R 53.4 18.0 5.42 1.83 0.62 0.20 0.09
US gpm v 8.66 5.54 3.38 2.16 1.39 0.87 0.62
8 R 68.4 23.1 6.93 2.34 0.79 0.26 0.11
US gpm v 9.90 6.33 3.87 2.47 1.58 1.00 0.70
9 R 85.1 28.7 8.62 2.91 0.98 0.32 0.14
US gpm v 11.1 7.13 4.35 2.78 1.78 1.12 0.79
10 R 103 34.9 10.5 3.53 1.19 0.39 0.17
US gpm v 12.4 7.92 4.83 3.09 1.98 1.25 0.88
11 R 123 41.6 12.5 4.22 1.42 0.46 0.20 0.08
US gpm v 13.6 8.71 5.32 3.40 2.18 1.37 0.97 0.67
12 R 145 48.9 14.7 4.95 1.67 0.54 0.23 0.10
US gpm v 14.8 9.50 5.80 3.71 2.38 1.50 1.06 0.73
13 R 56.6 17.0 5.74 1.94 0.63 0.27 0.11
US gpm v 10.3 6.28 4.02 2.57 1.62 1.14 0.79
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.22
 PLANNING
SDR 7.4 pipe
Q
Dimension
½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10”
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm

14 R 65.0 19.5 6.59 2.22 0.72 0.31 0.13

US gpm v 11.1 6.76 4.33 2.77 1.75 1.23 0.86
15 R 73.8 22.2 7.48 2.52 0.82 0.35 0.14
US gpm v 11.9 7.25 4.64 2.97 1.87 1.32 0.92
16 R 83.2 25.0 8.43 2.84 0.92 0.39 0.16
US gpm v 12.7 7.73 4.95 3.17 1.99 1.41 0.98
17 R 93.1 28.0 9.43 3.18 1.03 0.44 0.18
US gpm v 13.5 8.21 5.26 3.36 2.12 1.50 1.04
18 R 103 31.1 10.5 3.54 1.15 0.49 0.20
US gpm v 14.3 8.70 5.57 3.56 2.24 1.58 1.10
19 R 114 34.4 11.6 3.91 1.27 0.54 0.22
US gpm v 15.0 9.18 5.88 3.76 2.37 1.67 1.16
20 R 37.8 12.7 4.30 1.39 0.60 0.25 0.09
US gpm v 9.66 6.18 3.96 2.49 1.76 1.22 0.82
22 R 45.1 15.2 5.13 1.66 0.71 0.29 0.11
US gpm v 10.6 6.80 4.35 2.74 1.94 1.34 0.90
24 R 52.9 17.9 6.02 1.95 0.84 0.34 0.13
US gpm v 11.6 7.42 4.75 2.99 2.11 1.47 0.98
26 R 61.4 20.7 6.98 2.27 0.97 0.40 0.15
US gpm v 12.6 8.04 5.15 3.24 2.29 1.59 1.06
28 R 70.4 23.7 8.01 2.60 1.11 0.46 0.17 0.09
US gpm v 13.5 8.66 5.54 3.49 2.46 1.71 1.14 0.89
30 R 80.0 27.0 9.10 2.95 1.26 0.52 0.20 0.10
US gpm v 14.5 9.28 5.94 3.74 2.64 1.83 1.23 0.95
"32 R 90.1 30.4 10.3 3.33 1.42 0.59 0.22 0.12
US gpm" v 15.5 9.90 6.33 3.99 2.81 1.95 1.31 1.01
"34 R 34.0 11.5 3.72 1.59 0.66 0.25 0.13
US gpm" v 10.5 6.73 4.24 2.99 2.08 1.39 1.08
"36 R 37.8 12.8 4.14 1.77 0.73 0.27 0.15
US gpm" v 11.1 7.13 4.49 3.17 2.20 1.47 1.14
38 R 41.8 14.1 4.57 1.96 0.81 0.30 0.16
US gpm v 11.8 7.52 4.74 3.34 2.32 1.55 1.20
40 R 45.9 15.5 5.03 2.15 0.89 0.33 0.18
US gpm v 12.4 7.92 4.99 3.52 2.44 1.64 1.27
45 R 57.1 19.3 6.25 2.67 1.10 0.41 0.22
US gpm v 13.9 8.91 5.61 3.96 2.75 1.84 1.43
50 R 69.4 23.4 7.60 3.25 1.34 0.50 0.27 0.08
US gpm v 15.5 9.90 6.23 4.40 3.05 2.04 1.58 0.97
55 R 27.9 9.06 3.88 1.60 0.60 0.32 0.10
US gpm v 10.9 6.86 4.84 3.36 2.25 1.74 1.06
60 R 32.8 10.6 4.55 1.87 0.71 0.38 0.11
US gpm v 11.9 7.48 5.28 3.67 2.45 1.90 1.16
65 R 38.0 12.3 5.28 2.17 0.82 0.44 0.13
US gpm v 12.9 8.10 5.72 3.97 2.66 2.06 1.26
70 R 43.6 14.2 6.06 2.49 0.94 0.50 0.15
US gpm v 13.9 8.73 6.16 4.28 2.86 2.22 1.35
75 R 49.6 16.1 6.88 2.83 1.07 0.57 0.17
US gpm v 14.8 9.35 6.60 4.58 3.07 2.38 1.45
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.23
 PLANNING
SDR 7.4 pipe
Q
Dimension
½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10”
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm

80 R 55.9 18.1 7.75 3.19 1.20 0.64 0.19

US gpm v 15.8 9.97 7.04 4.89 3.27 2.53 1.55

85 R 20.3 8.67 3.57 1.34 0.72 0.22

US gpm v 10.6 7.48 5.19 3.48 2.69 1.64

90 R 22.5 9.64 3.97 1.49 0.80 0.24

US gpm v 11.2 7.92 5.50 3.68 2.85 1.74

95 R 24.9 10.7 4.39 1.65 0.89 0.27 0.09

US gpm v 11.8 8.36 5.80 3.88 3.01 1.84 1.18

100 R 27.4 11.7 4.82 1.81 0.97 0.29 0.10

US gpm v 12.5 8.80 6.11 4.09 3.17 1.93 1.24

110 R 32.7 14.0 5.75 2.16 1.16 0.35 0.12

US gpm v 13.7 9.68 6.72 4.50 3.48 2.13 1.36

120 R 38.4 16.4 6.76 2.54 1.36 0.41 0.14

US gpm v 15.0 10.6 7.33 4.91 3.80 2.32 1.48

130 R 19.0 7.83 2.95 1.58 0.48 0.16

US gpm v 11.4 7.94 5.32 4.12 2.51 1.61

140 R 21.8 8.99 3.38 1.81 0.55 0.18

US gpm v 12.3 8.55 5.72 4.43 2.71 1.73

150 R 24.8 10.2 3.84 2.06 0.62 0.21

US gpm v 13.2 9.16 6.13 4.75 2.90 1.86

160 R 28.0 11.5 4.33 2.32 0.70 0.24

US gpm v 14.1 9.77 6.54 5.07 3.09 1.98

170 R 31.3 12.9 4.84 2.60 0.78 0.26 0.09

US gpm v 15.0 10.4 6.95 5.38 3.29 2.10 1.35

180 R 14.3 5.38 2.89 0.87 0.29 0.10

US gpm v 11.0 7.36 5.70 3.48 2.23 1.43

190 R 15.8 5.95 3.19 0.96 0.32 0.11

US gpm v 11.6 7.77 6.02 3.67 2.35 1.50

200 R 17.4 6.54 3.51 1.05 0.36 0.12

US gpm v 12.2 8.18 6.33 3.87 2.47 1.58

220 R 20.7 7.80 4.19 1.26 0.42 0.14

US gpm v 13.4 9.00 6.97 4.25 2.72 1.74

240 R 24.4 9.17 4.92 1.48 0.50 0.17

US gpm v 14.7 9.81 7.60 4.64 2.97 1.90

260 R 28.2 10.6 5.70 1.71 0.58 0.20

US gpm v 15.9 10.6 8.23 5.03 3.22 2.06

280 R 12.2 6.54 1.97 0.66 0.22

US gpm v 11.4 8.87 5.41 3.46 2.22

300 R 13.9 7.43 2.23 0.75 0.25

US gpm v 12.3 9.50 5.80 3.71 2.38

320 R 15.6 8.37 2.52 0.85 0.29

US gpm v 13.1 10.1 6.18 3.96 2.53

340 R 17.5 9.37 2.82 0.95 0.32

US gpm v 13.9 10.8 6.57 4.21 2.69

360 R 19.4 10.4 3.13 1.06 0.36

US gpm v 14.7 11.4 6.96 4.45 2.85
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.24
 PLANNING
SDR 7.4 pipe
Q
Dimension
½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10”
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm

380 R 21.4 11.5 3.46 1.17 0.39

US gpm v 15.5 12.0 7.34 4.70 3.01

400 R 12.7 3.80 1.28 0.43

US gpm v 12.7 7.73 4.95 3.17

450 R 15.7 4.73 1.60 0.54

US gpm v 14.3 8.70 5.57 3.56

500 R 19.1 5.75 1.94 0.65

US gpm v 15.8 9.66 6.18 3.96

550 R 6.85 2.31 0.78

US gpm v 10.6 6.80 4.35

600 R 8.05 2.72 0.92

US gpm v 11.6 7.42 4.75

650 R 9.34 3.15 1.06

US gpm v 12.6 8.04 5.15

700 R 10.7 3.61 1.22

US gpm v 13.5 8.66 5.54

750 R 12.2 4.10 1.38

US gpm v 14.5 9.28 5.94

800 R 13.7 4.62 1.56

US gpm v 15.5 9.90 6.33

850 R 5.17 1.75

US gpm v 10.5 6.73

900 R 5.75 1.94

US gpm v 11.1 7.13

950 R 6.36 2.14

US gpm v 11.8 7.52

1000 R 6.99 2.36

US gpm v 12.4 7.92

1100 R 8.34 2.81

US gpm v 13.6 8.71

1200 R 9.79 3.30

US gpm v 14.8 9.50

1300 R 3.83
US gpm v 10.3

1400 R 4.39
US gpm v 11.1

1500 R 4.99
US gpm v 11.9

1600 R 5.62
US gpm v 12.7

1700 R 6.29
US gpm v 13.5

1800 R 6.99
US gpm v 14.3

1900 R 7.73
US gpm v 15.0
Q = flow rate (US gpm) R = ft per 100 ft v = velocity (ft/sec)

3.25
 PLANNING

Pressure Loss vs Flow Rate

4" thru 12", SDR 17.6
20
4” 6” 8”
10” 12”
(125 mm) (160 mm) (200 mm)
(250 mm) (315 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft.

10

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Flow rate, gpm

Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate

14" thru 24", SDR 17.6
20
14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
(355 mm) (400 mm) (450 mm) (500 mm) (630 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft

10

0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Flow rate, gpm
3.26
 PLANNING

Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate

12" thru 18", SDR 11
20
12” 14” 16” 18”
(315 mm) (355 mm) (400 mm) (450 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft

10

0
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
Flow rate, gpm

Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate

2" thru 3-1/2", SDR 11
20
2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½”
(63 mm) (75 mm) (90 mm) (110 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft

10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Flow rate, gpm

3.27
 Pressure Loss vs Flow Rate
4" thru 10", SDR 11
20
4” 6” 8”
(125 mm) (160 mm) (200 mm)
10”
(250 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft.

10

0
0 800 1600 2400 3200 4000
Flow rate, gpm

Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate

12" thru 18", SDR 11
20
12” 14” 16” 18”
(315 mm) (355 mm) (400 mm) (450 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft

10

0
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
Flow rate, gpm

3.28
 Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate
1" thru 2-1/2", SDR 9
20
1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2”
(63 mm) 2 ½”
(32 mm) (40 mm) (50 mm)
(75 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft.

10

0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Flow rate, gpm

Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate

3" thru 6", SDR 9
20
3” 3 ½” 4” 6”
(90 mm) (110 mm) (125 mm) (160 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow rate, gpm

3.29
 Pressure Loss vs Flow Rate
8" thru 14", SDR 9
20
8” 10” 12” 14”
(200 mm) (250 mm) (315 mm) (355 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft.

10

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Flow rate, gpm

Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate

12" thru 18", SDR 11
20
12” 14” 16” 18”
(315 mm) (355 mm) (400 mm) (450 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft

10

0
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
Flow rate, gpm

3.30
 Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate
1/2" thru 1-1/2", SDR 7.4
20
½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½”
(20 mm) (25 mm) (32 mm) (40 mm) (50 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft.

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Flow rate, gpm
Pressure Loss vs. Flow Rate
2" thru 3-1/2", SDR 7.4
20
2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½”
(63 mm) (75 mm) (90 mm) (110 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Flow rate, gpm

Pressure Loss vs Flow Rate

4" thru 10", SDR 7.4
20
4” 6” 8”
(125 mm) (160 mm) (200 mm) 10”
(250 mm)

15
Head loss, ft / 100 ft.

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Flow rate, gpm

3.31
 PLANNING

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS (FT)

Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
Socket
fusion 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 4.2

Butt fusion Butt fusion 4”

125 mm
6”
160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm

bead SDR 17.6 3.0 1.9 2.3 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.2 5.8 7.3
SDR 11 2.2 1.7 2.1 2.7 3.4 3.8 4.3 4.8 - -
SDR 9 2.1 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.2 3.6 - - - -
SDR 7.4 - 1.5 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.4 - - - -

Note: The friction loss for straight pipe includes the joint between pipe sections every 19 feet. The fabricated fittings also include the losses due to the butt fusion joints between
segments and attaching the fitting to the pipe. The butt fusion bead in this table should only be included when additional shorter pipe sections are butt fused together such that
there is more than one joint per standard length of pipe.

Electrofusion ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm

coupling Socket
fusion 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Electrofusion Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
coupling
SDR 17.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - - - -

SDR 11 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - - - -

SDR 7.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - - - -

Bushing ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(by 1 dimension)
Socket
fusion 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.8 6.7

Bushing Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(by 1 dimension)
SDR 17.6 9.3 11.6 14.5 18.3 20.7 23.3 26.2 29.1 36.7
SDR 11 8.6 10.7 13.4 16.9 19.1 21.5 24.2 - -
SDR 9 8.1 10.2 12.7 16.0 18.1 - - - -
SDR 7.4 7.6 9.5 11.9 15.0 16.9 - - - -

Bushing ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(by 2 dimensions)
Socket
fusion - 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.9 6.0 8.4

3.32
 PLANNING

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS (FT)

Bushing Butt fusion 6”
160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(by 2 dimensions)
SDR 17.6 11.6 14.5 18.2 22.9 25.8 29.1 32.7 36.4 45.8
SDR 11 10.7 13.4 16.8 21.1 23.8 26.9 30.2 - -
SDR 9 10.2 12.7 15.9 20.1 22.6 - - - -
SDR 7.4 9.5 11.9 14.9 18.8 21.1 - - - -

Bushing ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(by 3 dimensions)
Socket
fusion - - 2.1 2.6 3.3 4.1 4.9 5.9 7.2 10.1

Bushing Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(by 3 dimensions)
SDR 17.6 14.0 17.4 21.8 27.5 31.0 34.9 39.3 43.6 55.0
SDR 11 12.9 16.1 20.1 25.4 28.6 32.2 36.2 - -
SDR 9 12.2 15.3 19.1 24.1 27.1 - - - -
SDR 7.4 11.4 14.3 17.9 22.5 25.4 - - - -

Bushing ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(by 4 dimensions)
Socket
fusion - - - 3.1 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.9 8.4 11.7

Bushing Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(by 4 dimensions)
SDR 17.6 16.3 20.3 25.4 32.1 36.1 40.7 45.8 50.9 64.1
SDR 11 15.0 18.8 23.5 29.6 33.4 37.6 42.3 - -
SDR 9 14.3 17.8 22.3 28.1 31.6 - - - -
SDR 7.4 13.3 16.7 20.8 26.3 29.6 - - - -

Bushing ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(by 5 dimensions)
Socket
fusion - - - - 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.9 9.6 13.4

Bushing Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(by 5 dimensions)
SDR 17.6 18.6 23.3 29.1 36.6 41.3 46.5 52.4 58.2 73.3
SDR 11 17.2 21.5 26.8 33.8 38.1 43.0 48.3 - -
SDR 9 16.3 20.4 25.5 32.1 36.2 - - - -
SDR 7.4 15.2 19.1 23.8 30.0 33.8 - - - -
( = flow direction)

3.33
 PLANNING

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS (FT)

Bushing ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(by 6 dimensions)
Socket
fusion - - - - - 6.2 7.4 8.9 10.8 15.1

Bushing Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(by 6 dimensions)
SDR 17.6 20.9 26.2 32.7 41.2 46.5 52.4 58.9 65.4 82.5
SDR 11 19.3 24.2 30.2 38.1 42.9 48.4 54.4 - -
SDR 9 18.3 22.9 28.7 36.1 40.7 - - - -
SDR 7.4 17.2 21.4 26.8 33.8 38.1 - - - -

Elbow 90° ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
Socket
fusion 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.3 4.1 5.2 6.2 7.4 9.0 12.6

Elbow 90° SR Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
(Short-radius,molded)
SDR 17.6 11.2 14.0 17.4
SDR 11 10.3 12.9 16.1
SDR 9 9.8 12.2 15.3
SDR 7.4 14.3 17.9 22.3

Elbow 90° SD Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(Std. Dimension, segmented)
SDR 17.6 12.7 17.7 20.2 25.2 28.9 32.9 37.8 42.7 55.5
SDR 11 11.8 15.4 19.2 23.9 26.9 31.0 35.5 - -
SDR 9 11.3 15.0 19.0 23.0 26.3 - - - -
SDR 7.4 11.0 13.7 17.7 - - - - - -

Elbow 90° ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(male / female)
Socket
fusion 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.3 - - - - - -

Elbow 45° ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
Socket
fusion 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.8 6.7

Elbow 45° Butt fusion 6”

160 mm
8”
200 mm
10”
250 mm
12”
315 mm
14”
355 mm
16”
400 mm
18”
450 mm
20”
500 mm
24”
630 mm
(segmented and molded)*
SDR 17.6 8.8 11.6 15.6 15.6 17.9 20.4 23.3 26.2 33.9
SDR 11 8.6 11.0 13.9 15.1 17.3 19.7 22.4 - -
SDR 9 8.9 11.4 14.4 14.6 16.7 - - - -
SDR 7.4 8.4 9.1 11.7 - - - - - -

*The difference in equivalent lengths between segmented and molded 45’s is negligible. All values will be presented in a single table.
3.34
 PLANNING

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS (FT)

Elbow 45° ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(male / female)
Socket
fusion 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 - - - - - -

Tee Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(thru-flow)
fusion 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 4.2
6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Butt fusion 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

SDR 17.6 5.8 7.3 9.1 11.5 12.9 14.5 16.4 18.2 22.9
SDR 11 5.4 6.7 8.4 10.6 11.9 13.4 15.1 - -
SDR 9 5.1 6.4 8.0 10.0 11.3 - - - -
SDR 7.4 4.8 6.0 7.4 9.4 10.6 - - - -

Tee Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(separation of flow)
fusion 2.6 3.3 4.2 5.2 6.6 8.3 9.8 11.8 14.4 20.1
6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 22” 24”
Butt fusion 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 560 mm 630 mm

SDR 17.6 27.9 34.9 43.6 55.0 62.0 69.8 78.5 87.2 97.8 110.0
SDR 11 25.8 32.2 40.3 50.7 57.2 64.5 72.5 - - -
SDR 9 24.4 30.6 38.2 48.1 54.3 - - - - -
SDR 7.4 22.9 28.6 35.7 45.0 50.7 - - - - -

Tee Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(conjunction of flow)
fusion 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.5 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.9 9.6 13.4
6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Butt fusion 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

SDR 17.6 18.6 23.3 29.1 36.6 41.3 46.5 52.4 58.2 73.3
SDR 11 17.2 21.5 26.8 33.8 38.1 43.0 48.3 - -
SDR 9 16.3 20.4 25.5 32.1 36.2 - - - -
SDR 7.4 15.2 19.1 23.8 30.0 33.8 - - - -

Tee Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(counter current in case of
fusion 3.9 4.9 6.3 7.9 9.9 12.4 14.8 17.7 21.7 30.2
separation of flow)
6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Butt fusion 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

SDR 17.6 27.9 34.9 43.6 55.0 62.0 69.8 78.5 87.2 110.0
SDR 11 25.8 32.2 40.3 50.7 57.2 64.5 72.5 - -
SDR 9 24.4 30.6 38.2 48.1 54.3 - - - -
SDR 7.4 22.9 28.6 35.7 45.0 50.7 - - - -

Tee Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(counter current in case of
fusion 5.2 6.5 8.2 10.4 13.1 16.4 24.6 29.5 36.1 50.3
conjunction of flow)
6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Butt fusion 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

SDR 17.6 69.8 87.2 109.1 137.4 154.9 174.5 196.4 218.1 274.9
SDR 11 64.4 80.5 100.7 126.9 143.0 161.2 181.2 - -
SDR 9 61.1 76.4 95.6 120.4 135.6 - - - -
SDR 7.4 57.2 71.5 89.3 112.5 126.8 - - - -
( = flow direction)
3.35
 PLANNING

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS (FT)

Cross Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(separation of flow)
fusion 4.5 5.7 7.3 9.2 - - - - - -
6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Butt fusion 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

SDR 17.6 48.8 61.0 76.3 - - - - - -

SDR 11 45.1 56.4 70.5 - - - - - -
SDR 9 42.8 53.5 66.9 84.3 94.9 - - - -
SDR 7.4 40.0 50.0 62.5 - - - - - -

Cross Socket ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(conjunction of flow)
fusion 8.0 10.1 12.9 16.1 - - - - - -
6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
Butt fusion 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm

SDR 17.6 86.1 107.6 134.5 - - - - - -

SDR 11 79.5 99.3 124.1 - - - - - -
SDR 9 75.4 94.2 117.9 148.5 167.3 - - - -
SDR 7.4 70.5 88.1 110.2 - - - - - -

Fusion outlet ½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8”
(separation of flow) a Side-wall 20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm

fusion
(based on 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.6 5.0 5.8 6.5
branch size)

Transition ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(female thread)
Socket
fusion 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.4 4.1 - - -

Transition ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(male thread)
Socket
fusion 1.5 1.9 2.4 3.1 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.9 8.4 -

Elbow ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(female thread)
Socket
fusion 1.9 2.4 3.0 - - - - - - -

( = flow direction)

a
Note: For reducing tees, add the “thru-flow” value in the main line to the configuration value in the branch size. For example, a 4” x 4” x ¾”
reducing tee with flow separation would be 4.2 ft + 3.3 ft = 7.5 ft, while a conjunction of flow would be 4.2 ft + 2.2 ft = 6.4 ft.

3.36
 PLANNING

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS (FT)

Elbow ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(male thread)
Socket
fusion 2.2 2.7 3.5 - - - - - - -

Tee ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(female thread)
Socket
fusion 3.5 4.4 5.6 - - - - - - -

Tee ½”
20 mm
¾”
25 mm
1”
32 mm
1 ¼”
40 mm
1 ½”
50 mm
2”
63 mm
2 ½”
75 mm
3”
90 mm
3 ½”
110 mm
4”
125 mm
(male thread)
Socket
fusion 3.9 - - - - - - - - -

3.37
 PLANNING

MAXIMUM PULL FORCE

A major advantage of using PP-R and PP-RCT is that the pipes have a very high tensile strength. And because Aquatherm uses heat-fused
connections, that tensile strength is consistent through the connections. The result is a system that can be assembled in large sections and
moved without the risk of damaging the pipe or the connections.

The following tables give the maximum pull force that can be exerted on the pipe before stretching it (and thus weakening it). Vertically, the
pull force is based on the weight of the attached pipe and fittings. Horizontally, the friction of the ground must also be considered. Wetting
the ground before dragging the pipe can help reduce the friction.

Their physical strength makes Aquatherm pipes exceptionally well suited for directional boring. However, it is important to use pull heads that
are compatible with metric pipe and correct SDR. When selecting a pull head, use the metric size of the pipe, not the nominal imperial size.

Max pull force (lb)

Pipe diameter
SDR 17.6 SDR 11 SDR 9 SDR 7.4

½” — 20 mm - 200 - 300
¾” — 25 mm - 300 - 400
1” — 32 mm - 500 500 600
1 ¼” — 40 mm - 700 900 1,000
1 ½” — 50 mm - 1,100 1,300 1,600
2” — 63 mm - 1,800 2,100 2,500
2 ½” — 75 mm - 2,500 3,000 3,500
3” — 90 mm - 3,600 4,300 5,100
3 ½” — 110 mm - 5,400 6,400 7,600
4“ — 125 mm 4,500 6,900 8,300 9,800
6” — 160 mm 7,400 11,400 13,600 16,100
8” — 200 mm 11,500 17,700 21,200 25,100
10” — 250 mm 18,000 27,700 33,100 39,200
12” — 315 mm 28,500 44,000 52,600 -
14” — 355 mm 36,200 55,900 66,800 -
16” — 400 mm 46,000 71,000 - -
18” — 450 mm 58,200 89,800 - -
20” — 500 mm 71,900 - - -
24” — 630 mm 114,100 - - -

3.38
 PLANNING

AQUATHERM TECHNICAL BULLETINS BY TOPIC

Bending and Deflecting 201406C – Allowable Loading of Buried Aquatherm Pipe
201406A – Aquatherm Bending and Deflecting 201406B – Aquatherm Brass Valves
201406A – Aquatherm Bending and Deflecting
Butt Fusion 201405B – Flanges and Butterfly Valve Installation Guidelines
202008A - Butt Fusion Heating and Cooling Times DVS 2207-11 201405A – 4 in. Butt Fusion
201405A – 4 in. Butt Fusion 201404A – Aquatherm and High-Rise Construction
201312A – Butt Fusion of Dissimilar SDRs 201402A – New Aquatherm Flow Switch Well
201401A – Flow Velocities
Disinfection 201311A – UV Protection
201301A – Disinfecting Aquatherm Piping Systems 201308E – Temperature Spikes & Boiler Malfunctions
201308D – Aquatherm and Solar
Chemical Compatibility Inquiries 201308B – Oxygen Permeation
201701A – Chemical Compatibility Inquiries 201306A – Pressure Testing with Compressed Air
201304A – Aquatherm Valve Applications
Clamps 201303A – Butterfly Compatible Flange Adapters
201207E – Lining on Hot Water Pipe Clamps 201301A – Disinfecting Aquatherm Piping Systems
201212A – Insulation Alternatives
Compressed Air/Gases 201211B – Internal Alignment
201705A – Aquatherm piping for Compressed Gases 201211A – Underground Thermal Expansion
Obsolete 201210C – Sand as Insulation
201509A – Cleaning and Flushing of Compressed Air Lines 201210B – Pipe I­nsulation
201209A – Hanger Spacing
Condensation, Piping 201208B – Water Hammer
201208A – Piping Condensation and Aquatherm 201208A – Piping Condensation and Aquatherm
201207F – Aquatherm in Concrete
Concrete 201207E – Lining on Hot Water Pipe Clamps
201207F – Aquatherm in Concrete 201207D – Joining Copper Piping and Aquatherm Piping at a Boiler
201207C – Integration of Other Systems or Components with
Design of Aquatherm Piping Systems Aquatherm Piping

202008A - Butt Fusion Heating and Cooling Times DVS 2207-11 201207B – Aquatherm and Fire Stopping

201412A – High Purity Water Systems 201207A – Gaskets

201408B – Static Electricity 201205C – Aquatherm – Plenums – IMC-UMC

201411A – Buoyancy
DI/Ro Systems
201701A – Chemical Compatibility Inquiries
201412A – High Purity Water Systems
201609A – Aquatherm Polypropylene Valve Installation Notes
201606B – Freeze Protection of Aquatherm Pipe Direct Burial of Aquatherm Pipe
201504A – Aquatherm Threaded Adapter Fittings 201408D – Direct Burial of Aquatherm Pipe
201503B – Equivalent Length of Fittings 201406C – Allowable Loading of Buried Aquatherm Pipe
201503A – Heat Tracing Aquatherm Pipe 201211A – Underground Thermal Expansion
201408D – Direct Bury of Aquatherm Piping 201210C – Sand as Insulation
201407A – Four-inch Flange Adapters

3.39
 PLANNING

AQUATHERM TECHNICAL BULLETINS BY TOPIC

Electro-Fusion Couplings Installation of Aquatherm Pipe
201603A – Electro Fusion Couplings 202112A - Tight Clearance Wrenches and Aquatherm Fittings
202008A - Butt Fusion Heating and Cooling Times DVS 2207-11
Fire Stopping 201912A - Aquatherm Threaded Adapter Fitting Installation Guide-
201207B – Aquatherm and Fire Stopping lines
201603B - Cold Ring Socket Fusion
Fittings 201603A – Electro Fusion Couplings
202112A - Tight Clearance Wrenches and Aquatherm Fittings 201501A – Fusion of Aquatherm Pipe in Weather Extremes
201912A - Aquatherm Threaded Adapter Fitting Installation Guidelines 201702A – Flushing Aquatherm Pipe Systems
201504A – Aquatherm Threaded Adapter Fittings 201804A - Vibration Isolation
201407A – Four-inch Flange Adapters 201606B – Freeze Protection of Aquatherm Pipe
201402A – New Aquatherm Flow Switch Well 201701A – Chemical Compatibility Inquiries
201303A – Butterfly Compatible Flange Adapters 201609A – Aquatherm Polypropylene Valve Installation Notes
201302B – Identifying Lead-Free vs Zero Lead Brass Fittings 201603C – Fusing UV Pipe
201503A – Heat Tracing Aquatherm Pipe
Flanges 201501A – Fusion of Aquatherm Pipe in Weather Extremes
201405B – Flanges and Butterfly Valve Installation Guidelines
201412A – High Purity Water Systems
201303A – Butterfly Compatible Flange Adapters
201411A – Buoyancy
201408D – Direct Bury of Aquatherm Piping
Flushing Aquatherm Piping
201408B – Static Electricity
201702A – Flushing Aquatherm pipe systems
201407A – Four-inch Flange Adapters
201509A – Cleaning and Flushing of Compressed Air Lines
201406D – Large Ball Valve Bolts
Freeze Protection of PP-R 201406C – Allowable Loading of Buried Aquatherm Pipe
201606B – Freeze Protection of Aquatherm Pipe 201406B – Aquatherm Brass Valves
201503A – Heat Tracing Aquatherm Pipe 201406A – Aquatherm Bending and Deflecting
201405B – Flanges and Butterfly Valve Installation Guidelines
Gaskets 201405A – 4 in. Butt Fusion
201207A - Gaskets 201404A – Aquatherm and High-Rise Construction
201403A – Large Ball Valve Clarifications
Hanger Spacing 201402A – New Aquatherm Flow Switch Well
201209A – Hanger Spacing 201401A – Flow Velocities
201312A – Butt Fusion of Dissimilar SDRs
High-Rise Building 201311A – UV Protection
201404A – Aquatherm and High-Rise Construction 201308E – Temperature Spikes & Boiler Malfunctions
201308D – Aquatherm and Solar
Insulation 201308C – Ovality in Machine Assisted Fusions
201212A – Insulation Alternatives 201308B – Oxygen Permeation
201210C – Sand as Insulation 201306A – Pressure Testing with Compressed Air
201210B – Pipe Insulation 201304A – Aquatherm Valve Applications
201208A – Piping Condensation and Aquatherm 201303A – Butterfly Compatible Flange Adapter Obsolete
201301A – Disinfecting Aquatherm Piping Systems
201212A – Insulation Alternatives
201211A – Underground Thermal Expansion

3.40
 PLANNING

AQUATHERM TECHNICAL BULLETINS BY TOPIC

201210C – Sand as Insulation 201606A – Aquatherm Red Pipe and NFPA 24-2013
201210B – Pipe Insulation 201310A – Aquatherm Red Pipe Sprinkler Piping
201209A – Hanger Spacing Solar
201208B – Water Hammer 201308D – Aquatherm and Solar
201208A – Piping Condensation and Aquatherm
201207F – Aquatherm in Concrete Static Electricity
201207E – Lining on Hot Water Pipe Clamps 201408B – Static Electricity
201207D – Joining Copper Piping and Aquatherm Piping at a Boiler
201207C – Integration of Other Systems or Components with Thermal Expansion
Aquatherm Piping 201211A – Underground Thermal Expansion
201207B – Aquatherm and Fire Stopping
201207A – Gaskets UV
201205C – Aquatherm – Plenums – IMC-UMC 201603C – Fusing UV Pipe
201311A – UV Protection
Maintenance
202004A - Aquatherm Maintenance Plan Valve Installation
201609A – Aquatherm Polypropylene Valve Installation Notes
Mixed Systems 201406D – Large Ball Valve Bolts
201207C – Integration of Other Systems or Components with 201406B – Aquatherm Brass Valves
Aquatherm Piping
201403A – Large Ball Valve Clarifications
201905A - Aquatherm Water Testing
201304A – Aquatherm Valve Applications

Oxygen Permeation
Vibration
201308B – Oxygen Permeation
201804A - Vibration Isolation

Painting
Warranty
201311A – UV Protection
201302B – Warranty Claims

Plenums
Water Hammer
201205C – Aquatherm – Plenums – IMC-UMC
201208B – Water Hammer

Red Pipe

3.41
4
INSTALLATION
PRINCIPLES
Heat fusion connections

Training and installation

Fusion techniques

Supporting the pipe

Linear expansion

Expansion controls

Fusion outlets

Transition fittings

Other considerations

Pressure test
INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
HEAT FUSION CONNECTIONS

All Aquatherm piping products are made from the same

reliable polypropylene material and are engineered to be heat
fused together.

Since pipes and fittings come in sizes ranging from ½” to 24” in

diameter, the fusion process, equipment required and installation
time will vary, but the principles of heat fusion remain the same.

For a proper heat fusion connection, the two surfaces being

fused are heated to a melting temperature, pressed together and
allowed to cool under pressure. This process allows the
same reliable polypropylene material chains to re-form as one,
joining the pieces together without the need for glues, solders,
gaskets or other foreign materials.

By eliminating the foreign materials in the connection, heat fusion

removes the most likely source of leaks and failures. The fused
portion of the pipe also retains its flexibility and resistance to
impact, making the connection easier and safer to prefabricate
and transport. In short, a properly fused joint behaves as if it were
manufactured that way.

There are several methods of fusion used in joining Aquatherm

pipes. Each of these methods, if properly executed, will provide a
connection that is stronger than the pipe itself.

Completion of the Aquatherm pressure test will help verify the

integrity of the connections and drastically reduce the risk of
failure due to improper installation. Aquatherm’s heat fusion
training courses are designed to help installers know when to
employ each of these different methods and to become skilled in
using them.

4.01
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
TRAINING AND INSTALLATION
Aquatherm offers training courses to help installers for using
Aquatherm polypropylene products. These courses are intended to
help supplement the skills of pipe fitters and licensed plumbers.
They are designed to minimize the learning curve associated with
installing a new piping system, and prevent potentially costly on-
the-job mistakes.

The available fusion courses are as follows:

• Aquatherm Installer Course: a comprehensive course

that covers the PP-R or PP-RCT material, the heat fusion
process and how to fuse pipe from ½” to 4” OD (those
wishing to butt fuse 4“ pipe will also need to take the
Aquatherm Butt Fusion Course). The course focuses heavily
on socket fusion with hand irons, including fusion outlets,
and includes some practice with mechanical assist fusion
machines. This course is required before taking other
Aquatherm fusion courses.
• Aquatherm Butt Fusion Course: this course focuses
on fusing pipe sizes 6” OD and larger. It gives a generic
explanation of butt fusion, which can be applied to a variety
of machine styles. Specific training from the manufacturer
for the machines being used is recommended.
• Aquatherm Electrofusion Course: a course designed
for an alternative socket fusion method using electrical
resistance heat rather than contact heat. Electrofusion can
be used in tough-to-reach applications or places where
pipe movement is not possible during the fusion process.
• Aquatherm Hot-Tap Course: Hot-tapping is a method
used to install a new branch line on an existing main pipe
while the main pipe is fully operational and under pressure.
This course covers the tools and methods necessary to
accomplish this specialized fusion process and avoid
disruption to the existing system.

Training is available through local wholesalers and manufacturer’s

representatives.

The information provided in this guide regarding proper fusion and

installation procedures has been summarized and is for general
reference only. It is not intended for use as the installation instructions.

Full installation instructions can be found in the Aquatherm Installer

Manual. The information in the Installer Manual is supplemented by
Technical Bulletins, which can be found online at
[Link]/technical-bulletins.

The Aquatherm Installer Manual is distributed with training and

is available upon request. Visit [Link]/literature-
library for the most up-to-date version.

4.02
INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
SOCKET FUSION
Socket fusion is used for pipe and fittings from sizes ½” to 4”. To
perform a proper fusion, the pipe is cut, marked for insertion depth
and heated along with the fitting socket for a specified time. The
pipe and fitting are then pushed together and allowed to cool
while held in place. The pressure for these connections comes
from the OD of the pipe being slightly larger than the ID of the
fitting. Marking the pipe to the proper insertion depth helps bring
the connection to its maximum strength without flow restriction.

MECHANICALLY ASSISTED FUSIONS

For socket fusions in sizes larger than 2”, it is difficult for one
installer to make a proper connection by hand. Fusion machines
can act as a second pair of hands to hold the pipe, speed up the
connection process and assist with alignment and insertion depth.

Fusion machines come in a variety of designs. Bench-style

machines offer greater support and alignment control. Jig-style
machines are lighter and offer more workspace flexibility. Some
installers use a variety of machines, depending on the application.

BUTT FUSION
Butt fusion (or butt welding) is used for pipe and fittings from 6” to
24” in diameter. Butt fusion can also be used in conjunction with
socket fusion on 4” pipe (SDR 9, 11 and 17.6 only).

Butt fusion involves planing the ends of the pipe smooth, pressing
them against a heating plate and then pressing them together to
cool.

This allows larger sizes of pipe to be assembled without the need

for additional couplings. Butt fusion fittings are either made from
the pipe itself, or to the same OD as the pipe, so they can be fused
directly to the face of the pipe.

SIDEWALL OUTLET FUSION

As an easy and reliable alternative to reducing tees, Aquatherm
offers fusion outlets that can be installed directly onto the
outside of the pipe. This allows for increased design flexibility
and simplified installation. Fusion outlets are socket fused using
welding heads and heating irons.

HOT TAPPING
Hot tapping of pressurized systems is available. For more
information please email support@[Link] or
call 801-805-6657.

ELECTROFUSION
This alternative to socket and butt fusion may be used when
space is very limited or the pipe cannot be moved laterally in order
to perform a fusion. Heat is generated by a current run through
electrical coils embedded in the fittings.

4.03
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
SUPPORTING THE PIPE
There are two types of Aquatherm pipes: multi-layer, faser-
composite (MF) pipes and single-layer pipes. The faser layer reduces
expansion in the pipe and provides linear support. As a result, the ANCHORS/CLAMPS (FIXED POINTS)
support spacing for MF pipe is wider than other plastics in most Anchors are used to divide the pipe into sections, restricting any
cases and is dependent on the temperature of the fluid it is carrying. uncontrolled movement of the pipe. Anchors must be measured
The hanger spacing for cold water pipes is generally uniform. and installed to accommodate the forces of axial expansion
in the pipe in addition to static loads, but must also allow for
The installer should base hanger spacing on the intended circumferential expansion of the pipe.
temperature of the pipe/fluid.
When using threaded rods or threaded screws, the drop from the
ceiling should be as short as possible. Swinging clamps should not
HANGERS AND CLAMPS be used as fixed points. When the pipe section between anchor
points is heated above the installation temperature, it may bow
outward slightly between anchors. This normally will not affect the
pipe, but should be considered if the pipe is exposed or installed
close to other utilities.

Vertical risers should be installed using only fixed points following

the same requirements as other anchor points. MF risers do not
require expansion loops, provided that fixed points are located
immediately before or after a branch. Pipe clamp distances of
vertically installed pipes are at each floor, or before and after each
branch, whichever is more frequent. Mid-story guides can be used
to avoid outward deflection of hot water piping.

HANGERS/GUIDES (SLIDING POINTS)

Guides must allow axial pipe movement without damaging the
When installing Aquatherm pipes, use only rubber-lined (EPDM
pipe. When positioning a guide, make sure that movement of the
or equal) clamps. The lining material must be at least 0.125 in.
pipe is not blocked by walls, fittings or mechanical equipment
thickness. Pipe wrap tape may be used to protect the pipe from
installed next to the clamp or hanger. Guides must allow expansion
damage in non-clamping hangers such as clevis hangers.
to pass through without twisting or binding on the pipe.
Metal clamps (even plastic-safe clamps) that restrict radial/
circumferential expansion can damage hot water pipes, and HANGER AND INSULATION SIZING
water vapor can condense on the bare metal clamp when used Many metric-sized options exist. However, if IPS or CTS size
on cold water pipe. When installing chilled water lines in high- products are used, the sizing must be adjusted to allow for the
humidity areas, use a non-crushable pipe shield. Metal that is true metric OD of the pipe. Please contact your local Aquatherm
in direct contact with the Aquatherm pipe may sweat in certain Distributor or visit [Link]/ancillary-products
chilled applications, even if the pipe itself shows no signs of for more information.
condensation.

When securing the pipe in place, it is important to distinguish

between anchors/clamps (fixed points) and hangers/guides (sliding
points). Fixed points secure the pipe in place and prevent axial
expansion or movement through that point. Do NOT over-tighten
the clamp. Follow the clamp manufacturer’s instructions for bolt
torque/tightening for use with plastic pipe. A fixed point clamp
should still allow for circumferential expansion with hot water, and
should not deform the pipe. Sliding points are clamped loosely or
simply hung and do not restrict movement.

SUPPORTS FOR EQUIPMENT

Aquatherm piping should NOT be used to support equipment such as pumps, strainers, backflow preventers and any other
system component, device or mounted equipment not provided by Aquatherm. Equipment and components must have their own
support separate from the Aquatherm piping and associated supports used for the Aquatherm piping.

4.04
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
SUPPORT INTERVALS
With PP-R and PP-RCT, the hanger spacing varies with the expansion in the pipe. For cold water pipes, there is a negligible amount of
expansion, or even some contraction, so only one spacing is given for non-MF installations. For heated or chilled applications, use MF
pipe. The limited expansion helps increase hanger spacing. The maximum temperature is the highest temperature the pipe will be
subject to, either from the internal fluid or the ambient conditions. Note that a pipe with no flow will eventually reach the same
temperature as the ambient conditions, which can be much warmer than the pipe is during normal operation.

Note: These support intervals are based on the pipes carrying water. If the pipes are carrying a material that is denser than water, additional support may be required.
Alternative spacing should be confirmed with a chemical compatibility report.

aquatherm blue pipe SDR 17.6 MF RP pipe support intervals

Pipe diameter
Maximum 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
temperature 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm 500 mm 630 mm
Support intervals (ft)
68 °F 8.4 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.8
(20 °C)
104 °F 6.1 6.2 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.5 7.9 8.4 9.2
(40 °C)
122 °F 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.7 7.2 7.5 8.0 9.0
(50 °C)
140 °F 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.9 7.4 7.7 8.7
(60 °C)

aquatherm blue pipe® SDR 9 MF RP pipe

Maximum 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm
temperature

68 °F 5.2 5.9 6.7 7.5 8 8.5 9.5 9.9 10.2 10.3 10.7 11.0 11.2
(20 °C)
104 °F 4.0 4.4 5.1 5.7 6.1 6.4 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.9 8 8.2 8.4
(40 °C)
122 °F 4.0 4.4 5.1 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.0
(50 °C)
140 °F 4.0 4.1 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.6
(60 °C)
158 °F 4.0 4.1 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.2
(70 °C)
176 °F 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.9
(80 °C)
200 °F 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.7 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.6
(93 °C)

Solid wall (non MF) pipe support intervals

(Cold water applications, and ambient temperature below 85 °F)
Pipe diameter
½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”
20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm
Support intervals (ft)
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.9 6.6 7.2 7.5 7.9 8.4 9.5 10.5 11.2

aquatherm blue pipe® SDR 11 & 7.4 MF RP pipe

Pipe diameter
Maximum ½” ¾” 1” 1 ¼” 1 ½” 2” 2 ½” 3” 3 ½” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”
temperature 20 mm 25 mm 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 90 mm 110 mm 125 mm 160 mm 200 mm 250 mm 315 mm 355 mm 400 mm 450 mm
Support intervals (ft)
68 °F 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.9 6.7 7.5 8 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.2 11.3 11.5 12.5 13.5 15.0 16.0
(20 °C)
104 °F 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.1 5.7 6.1 6.4 7.1 7.9 8.9 9.0 9.2 10.1 11.0 14.0 15.0
(40 °C)
122 °F 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.1 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.9 7.4 8.0 8.2 8.4 9.2 10.0 12.0 13.0
(50 °C)
140 °F 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.7 7.9 8.0 8.7 9.5 11.0 12.0
(60 °C)
158 °F 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.8 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.8 8.5 10.0 11.0
(70 °C)
176 °F 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.6 7.0 7.4 8.8 9.6
(80 °C)

4.05
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
LINEAR EXPANSION CONCEALED INSTALLATION
The linear expansion of pipe depends on the difference between Unlike most piping materials, PP-R and PP-RCT are able
the installation temperature and the operating temperature: to absorb the stress caused by expansion within certain limits.
The MF layer helps keep the pipe within these limits for
most applications.
∆ T = Toperating temperature - Tinstallation temperature
Embedding the pipe in concrete or plaster will negate most of
Therefore, cold water pipes have practically no linear expansion.
the linear expansion. The compressive strain and tensile stress
They can experience some contraction, but this is not a concern.
arising from this are no longer critical, as the extra forces are
The heat-fused connections cannot be pulled apart, and expansion
absorbed by the pipe itself. This is also true of pipe that is buried
itself will not harm the pipe.
in soil or sand. Note that this only applies to fully embedded pipe.
Pipe passing through concrete must be protected from localized
Hot water installations can expand visibly and may require
compressive stresses using sleeves or similar protection.
expansion loops, elbows (directional change) or offsets to prevent
bowing or curving. Aquatherm has significantly reduced the issues
related to heat expansion with the introduction of patented MF OPEN INSTALLATION
pipes. In the case of exposed installations, it is important to maintain
the visual trueness of the pipe as well as compensate for
Expansion joints may also be used, but must be rated for use any expansive forces. Aquatherm’s MF pipes make this an
with plastic pipe and have sufficiently low application force easy process.
requirements so that the joint will expand and contract when the
pipe expands or contracts. It is important to calculate the expansion of the system and allow
the piping to expand. Expansion can be compensated for using
MULTI-LAYER, FASER-COMPOSITE (MF) PIPES offsets, elbows and expansion loops. The flexible heat fusion
joints will not crack or leak from the tension of expanding and
The faser layer is a unique feature of Aquatherm piping systems.
contracting if the bending side is long enough.
Made from a blend of the fusiolen PP-RCT material and e-glass
fibers, this layer is perfectly integrated into the center of the
Aquatherm pipes. By extruding this special layer into the center of
the pipe, the exterior and interior layers
remain unaltered.

The e-glass fibers in the MF layer expand significantly less than

the PP-RCT material when heated, which prevents the material
they are bonded to from expanding. Aquatherm’s proprietary
coextrusion process ensures that the inner and outer layers are
completely fused with the MF layer, reducing the overall expansion
and contraction of the pipe by 75% when compared to non-MF
plastic pipes.

The MF layer uses a low concentration of glass fibers, so the

fusion properties of the pipe remain the same.

4.06
INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
CALCULATION OF LINEAR EXPANSION CALCULATION OF LINEAR EXPANSION
Refer to: [Link]/linear-thermal-expansion- Calculation example: Linear expansion
calculator
Given and required values
The coefficient (α) of linear expansion of Aquatherm MF pipes is Symbol Meaning Value Measuring unit
comparable to the linear expansion of metal pipes and is only: in
⁄ft °F
∆L Linear expansion ?
α MF = 0.035 mm/mK = 2.333 • 10-4 in/ft°F = 1.944 • 10-5 in/in°F
mm
⁄m °K
Coefficient of linear expansion 2.333•10 -4 in
⁄ft °F
The coefficient of linear expansion of non-MF Aquatherm piping α1
Aquatherm MF pipe 0.035 mm
⁄m °K
systems is comparable to other plastic pipes:
Coefficient of linear expansion 1.000•10 -3 in
⁄ft °F
α2
α non-MF Aquatherm non-MF pipe 0.15 mm
⁄m °K
= 0.150 mm/mK = 1.000•10-3 in/ft°F = 8.333 • 10-5 in/in°F 100 ft
L Pipe length
30.5 m
While Aquatherm MF pipes can absorb most of their own
expansion stresses, this can cause the pipe to bow or bend. Fixed 160 °F
TW Working temperature
points should be installed at least every 120 feet, with some form 71.0 °C
of expansion control between each fixed point. The expansion 60 °F
TM Installation temperature
control must be able to absorb the stress of all the expansion 15.6 °C
between the two fixed points. Temperature difference between 100 °F
∆T working and installation temperature
Non-MF pipes used for hot applications should have expansion (∆T = TW – TM) 38.0 °K
controls at every 30 feet for straight runs. ∆T [°F] • ⁄9 = ∆T [°K]
5

Risers of MF pipes may be installed rigidly without expansion The linear expansion ∆L is calculated according to the following
compensation. The risers will need to be anchored at each floor. formula:
It is recommended to anchor near any branch lines to minimize ∆L = α • L • ∆T
vertical movement.
Material: Aquatherm MF pipe
The following formula, calculation examples, data tables and (α1 = 2.333 • 10-4 in/ft°F)
diagrams help to determine the linear expansion. The difference
between working temperature and maximum or minimum ∆L = 2.333 • 10-4 • 100 ft • 100 °F
installation temperature is essential for the calculation of
linear expansion. ∆L = 2.3 in

Faser-composite
MF pipe pipe Standard PP pipe
Linear expansion comparison: 100
Aquatherm MF versus standard PP pipe 90
Temperature difference ∆T °F

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Expansion ∆L in/ft

4.07
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
LINEAR EXPANSION FOR AQUATHERM NON-MF PIPES
The linear expansion described on the preceding pages can be taken from the following tables and graphs.

Linear expansion ∆L (in):

aquatherm non-MF pipe - α2= 0.150 mm⁄mK = 1.000•10-3 in/ft°F = 8.333 •10-5 in/in°F

Difference in temperature ∆T = Toperating temperature - Tinstallation temperature

Pipe
10 °F 20 °F 30 °F 40 °F 50 °F 60 °F 80 °F 100 °F 120 °F
length
Linear expansion ∆L (in)
10 ft 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

20 ft 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

30 ft 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6

40 ft 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8

50 ft 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

60 ft 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.8 6.0 7.2

70 ft 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.6 7.0 8.4

80 ft 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 6.4 8.0 9.6

90 ft 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6 4.5 5.4 7.2 9.0 10.8

100 ft 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

150 ft 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0

200 ft 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0

Aquatherm solid wall pipe (non-MF)

linear expansion (in)

pipe length, L (ft)

Difference in temperature ∆T (°F)

4.08
INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES

LINEAR EXPANSION FOR AQUATHERM PIPES

Due to the integration and positive bond of the different materials, the aquatherm blue pipe® MF RP pipes offer much higher stability. The linear
expansion is reduced to almost 1/5th the value of the standard PP-R or PP-RCT pipe.

Linear expansion ∆L (in):

aquatherm MF RP pipe - α1= 0.035 mm⁄mK = 2.333 • 10-4 in/ft°F = 1.944 • 10-5 in/in°F

Difference in temperature ∆T = Toperating temperature - Tinstallation temperature

Pipe
10 °F 20 °F 30 °F 40 °F 50 °F 60 °F 80 °F 100 °F 120 °F
length
Linear expansion ∆L (in)
10 ft 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

20 ft 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

30 ft 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8

40 ft 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1

50 ft 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.4

60 ft 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.7

70 ft 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0

80 ft 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.2

90 ft 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5

100 ft 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8

150 ft 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2

200 ft 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.7 4.7 5.6

aquatherm blue pipe MF RP pipe

3.0
300

2.5 270

240
pipe length, L (ft)

2.0 210
linear expansion (in)

180
1.5
150

120
1.0
90

0.5 60

30

0.0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Difference in temperature ∆T (°F)

4.09
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES

EXPANSION CONTROLS EXPANSION LOOP

Linear expansion from the temperature difference between If the linear expansion cannot be compensated for by a change in
operating temperature and installation temperature can be direction, it may be necessary to install an expansion loop.
addressed with the controls shown here.
In addition to the length of the bending side LBS, the width of the
Aquatherm also provides a simplified tool to calculate expansion pipe bend Amin must be considered.
controls online at
[Link]/linear-thermal-expansion-calculator
Symbol Meaning

BENDING SIDE Amin Width of the expansion loop (in)

In most cases, directional changes can be used to compensate for SD Safety distance 6 in

linear expansion in pipes. The values of the bending side can be

determined using the following tables and diagrams.
The pipe bend Amin is calculated according to the following formula:
Symbol Meaning
Amin = 2 • ∆L + SD
LBS Length of the bending side (in) (mm)
For example, with
K Material-specific constant 2.98* 15
∆L = 1.4 in
d Outside diameter (mm) (mm) the width of the expansion loop should be at least
(2 • 1.4) + 6 = 8.8 in
∆L Linear expansion (in) (mm)
L Pipe Length (ft) (m)
FP Fixed point
SP Sliding point
*Includes metric to imperial conversion factor

Calculation of the bending side length:

LBS = K • √ d • ∆L

4.10
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES

PRE-EXPANSION WITH MF PIPE

In applications where the system will be continuously running In general, it is possible to install risers rigidly without expansion
hot, the installer can fill the pipes and begin operation to expand joints. Expansion in risers can be accommodated with fixed points
the system before tightening down the clamps. This eliminates at each floor. This exerts the expansion onto the space between
concerns about fixed and sliding points. If the system is turned off the fixed points, where it becomes negligible.
and the pipes contract, the fittings will not pull apart.
WITH NON-MF PIPE
BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINT The installation of risers using non-MF Aquatherm pipes requires
All corrugated metal bellows expansion joints are unsuitable for that branch lines be installed in such a manner as to accommodate
use with Aquatherm piping systems. Joints made from elastomeric linear expansion of the vertical riser. Adequate expansion controls
materials are acceptable, if specifically recommended for use will need to be added according to the guidelines given earlier in
with plastic piping. When using axial expansion joints, observe this chapter.
the manufacturer’s instructions. When in doubt, consult with
Aquatherm Engineering to determine if the expansion joint is This can be done by installing a fixed point directly before or after
compatible with the pipe for the intended use conditions. each branch line, which prevents the line from moving. Using a
large pipe sleeve on the branch line at the wall penetration that
VERTICAL INSTALLATION can accommodate the movement will also work. A swing joint may
also be used to absorb vertical stresses.
Due to the different linear expansion coefficients of the MF and
non-MF pipes, the installation of pipe branches in risers has to be
For both MF and non-MF pipe it is important to maintain at least 10
made according to the type of pipe.
feet of vertical distance between fixed points to allow for flexing
of the pipe. Mid-story guides or pipe reinforcement sleeves may
be necessary for sizes 2” and smaller. This is especially true if the
pipe is exposed, as it will help maintain the straight appearance of
the pipe.

Positioning of the fixed point clamp.

4.11 4.11
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES

LENGTH OF BENDING SIDE FOR AQUATHERM PIPING SYSTEMS

The length of the bending side LBS can be taken from the following tables and diagrams with consideration of the applied pipe dimensions and
determined linear expansion.

Pipe Linear expansion

dimension in 1” 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 7” 8” 9” 10” 11” 12”
inches (mm) Length of bending side (in)
½” (20) 13 19 23 27 30 33 35 38 40 42 44 46

¾” (25) 15 21 26 30 34 37 40 42 45 47 50 52

1” (32) 17 24 29 34 38 42 45 48 51 54 56 59

1¼” (40) 19 27 33 38 42 46 50 54 57 60 63 66

1 ½” (50) 21 30 37 42 47 52 56 60 64 67 70 73

2” (63) 24 34 41 48 53 58 63 67 71 75 79 82

2 ½” (75) 26 37 45 52 58 64 69 73 78 82 86 90

3” (90) 28 40 49 57 64 70 75 80 85 90 94 99

3 ½” (110) 31 44 54 63 70 77 83 89 94 99 104 109

4” (125) 34 47 58 67 70 82 89 95 101 106 111 116

6” (160) 38 54 66 76 85 93 100 107 114 120 126 131

8” (200) 42 60 73 85 95 104 112 120 127 134 141 147

10” (250) 47 67 82 95 106 116 125 134 142 150 157 164

12” (315) 53 75 92 106 119 130 141 151 160 168 177 184

14” (355) 56 79 97 112 126 138 149 159 168 178 186 194

16” (400) 60 84 103 119 133 146 158 169 179 188 198 206

18” (450) 63 89 109 126 141 155 167 178 190 200 210 219

20” (500) 67 94 115 133 149 163 176 188 200 211 221 231

24” (630) 75 106 130 150 167 183 198 212 224 237 248 259

4.12
INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
FUSION OUTLETS

For installations with branch lines, fusion outlets offer many The table below can help determine if a fusion outlet and a
advantages over traditional reducing tees. Fusion outlets are threaded outlet is available for a particular branch size.
installed directly onto the side of the pipe and can be added after
the main lines are already in place. Fusion outlets also generate Please refer to the Aquatherm installer manual and technical
less friction than a reducing tee, lowering the pressure loss of the bulletin 201912A when making a threaded connection using an
entire system. Aquatherm threaded adapter fitting (FPT) and metal threaded pipe
or other component.
Fusion outlets are installed by drilling out a properly sized hole
and then fusing the fitting in place using socket fusion tools. The
drilling bores offered by Aquatherm will produce properly sized
holes, but the bits larger than 2” require a drill press to operate.

BRANCHING OPTIONS
Pipe size Outlets available
1 ¼” (40 mm) ½” (20 mm) — ¾” (25 mm)

1 ½” (50 mm) ½” (20 mm) — ¾” (25 mm) FUSION OUTLETS WITH

2” (63 mm) ½” (20 mm) — 1” (32 mm) THREADED TRANSITIONS
2 ½” (75 mm) ½” (20 mm) — 1 ¼” (40 mm) Thread size
½” (20 mm) — 1 ¼” (40 mm) Pipe size
3” (90 mm)
½” ¾” 1”
3 ½” (110 mm) ½” (20 mm) — 1 ½” (50 mm)
1 ¼” (40 mm) M/F M/F
4” (125 mm) ½” (20 mm) — 2” (63 mm)
1 ½” (50 mm) M/F M/F
6” (160 mm) ½” (20 mm) — 3” (90 mm)

8” (200 mm) ½” (20 mm) — 4” (125 mm) 2” (63 mm) M/F M/F

10” (250 mm) ½” (20 mm) — 4” (125 mm) 2 ½” (75 mm) M/F M/F F

12” (315 mm) 2” (63 mm) — 6” (160 mm) 3” (90 mm) M/F M/F F
14” (355 mm) 2” (63 mm) — 8” (200 mm)
3 ½” (110 mm) M/F M/F F
16” (400 mm) 2” (63 mm) — 10” (250 mm)
4” (125 mm) M/F M/F F
18” (450 mm) 2 ½” (75 mm) — 12” (315 mm)
6” (160 mm) M/F M/F F
20” (500 mm) 2 ½” (75 mm) — 12” (315 mm)

24” (630 mm) 2 ½” (75 mm) — 12” (315 mm) 8” (200 mm) F F F

10” (250 mm) F F F

M = male thread available, F = female thread available

4.13
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES
TRANSITION FITTINGS
BRASS AND STAINLESS TRANSITIONS PEX TRANSITIONS
For connection to threaded valves, equipment and other
components easier, Aquatherm offers a wide range of NPT
threaded transitions. These transitions consist of a PP-R/PP-RCT
base that has been overmolded with a machined brass or stainless
steel NPT insert for maximum strength.

These fittings are available in male and female thread types.

They can include a hex head for ease of installation. Installation Featuring a PP-R/PP-RCT fitting on one end and a barbed brass
instructions can be found in the Aquatherm Installer Manual. end for PEX tubing, these transitions offer a simple solution for
installing a system with both PP-R/PP-RCT and PEX for ½”, ¾” and
The zero-lead fittings are compliant with the Safe in Drinking 1” sizes.
Water Act and are recommended for areas specifically requiring
0.25% lead content or less. The socket x barb (above left) is made for transitioning to PEX
using a crimped connection per ASTM F1807. The spigot x barb
Stainless steel fittings are made from Type 316L stainless steel, (above right) transitions to an expansion connection per ASTM
and are recommended where corrosion of brass/copper is a F1960. The PEX transitions inserts are zero-lead (<0.25%) brass.
concern. Note that some of stainless steel outlets, adapters and
transitions, have ISO threadform and may require an ISO x NPT Aquatherm does not currently offer a PEX or PE-RT tubing line to
adpater fitting when connecting to NPT threadform. Please see the use with these fittings in North America. The Aquatherm warranty
Aquatherm Parts Guide for ordering information and thread types. covers the PP-R and brass portions of this fitting. Any tubing that
is attached to this fitting is considered to be covered under its own
Please refer to the Aquatherm installer manual and technical manufacturer’s warranty, as is the crimp ring. The brass portion
bulletin 201912A when making a threaded connection using an may not be acceptable for chemically aggressive applications.
Aquatherm threaded adapter fitting (FPT).

FLANGES

Stainless steel Zero-lead brass

For transitioning between larger sizes of pipe, attaching pre-
fabricated sections, or connecting to pumps, valves and other
mechanical equipment, Aquatherm produces fusible flange
adapters with steel flange rings. The rings are designed to match
up metric pipes with ASME/ANSI bolt patterns.

Aquatherm recommends using a full face rubber (black EPDM or

red SBR), 1/8 inch minimum thickness gasket with its flanges.
Viton® gaskets may also be used if needed for chemical resistance.
Ring gaskets, may cause blow-outs during pressure testing. Ring
gaskets are also more susceptible to leaking if the flanges and
connected piping are not aligned properly during installation.

Refer to the Aquatherm Installer Manual and Technical Bulletin

201405B for flange bolt-up requirements, including torque, quantity
size, tighteing sequence and procedures.

4.14
INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES

FLUSHING THE PIPES

Painting the pipe is considered an aftermarket modification to the
All piping systems, regardless of their intended medium, should be
Aquatherm pipe, so Aquatherm does not assume any responsibility
flushed thoroughly after installation. The following concerns should
for the performance of the paint. Always use a paint that is safe
be addressed before the installation can be put into service:
with PP-R and PP-RCT. Damage caused by painting is not covered
under the Aquatherm manufacturer warranty.
• Protection of the water quality
• Avoidance of corrosion damage
• Avoidance of malfunctions of pumps and equipment
• Cleanliness of the inner surface of the pipe FREEZE PROTECTION
Aquatherm piping systems may be installed in applications where
These requirements can be met by: temperatures may get below freezing (32°F).
• Flushing the system with water The Aquatherm piping is considered “freeze-tolerant,” meaning
• Flushing the system with a mixture of air and water that freezing the piping with water in it will not normally cause
the pipe to rupture, provided the pipe can expand with the water.
The flushing medium may be determined by local codes, However, if the pipe is not allowed to expand with the water,
engineering specifications or the needs of the mechanical rupture of the pipe and surrounding materials may occur. The
equipment used. piping is not intended to be installed where freeze/thaw will occur,
as this can damage the pipe or other components in the system.
If a flushing fluid other than water, or mixed with water, is used,
ensure that the fluid is compatible with the Aquatherm piping or To avoid this, antifreeze (glycerin or glycol solutions at any
contact engineering@[Link] for evaluation. concentration allowed by local codes) or heating cables (heat
tracing) applied externally or inside the pipe may be used to ensure
Where no requirements are established by the local authority that the system does not freeze. Alternatively, providing a means
having jurisdiction, potable water is sufficient for flushing for a minimum constant flow even during power outages can help
Aquatherm piping materials. prevent freezing.

If disinfection is required, please refer to the technical bulletin Regardless of the method chosen, all products must be used in
201301A – AQTTB – Disinfecting Aquatherm Piping Systems. accordance with the freeze protection system manufacturer’s
If it is desired to use a chemical flush, please consult with your recommendations, the product listings, and in compliance with all
regional Aquatherm representative or submit a chemical inquiry applicable local codes.
form to engineering@[Link]
When using any type of external heat source applied to the piping,
UV PROTECTION such as heat tape or heating cables, the product must be suitable
for use with plastic piping. Additionally, the heat system must
In applications where the installed pipe will be exposed to UV
be self-regulating and ensure the surface temperature of the
radiation (such as outdoor applications), it is recommended that
Aquatherm pipe and fittings will not exceed 160 °F (71 °C).
Aquatherm UV pipe be used. This pipe is engineered with an
outer coating of black polyethylene that protects the pipe from the
aging and discoloration that can occur from prolonged exposure GROUNDING
to UV radiation. This coating must be removed at the points of Most building codes require that grounding be provided for all
connection prior to heat fusion. Detailed instructions can be found conductive components inside the structure. It is important to note
in the Installer Manual. that Aquatherm pipes do not carry electrical currents and cannot
be used to provide grounding. Where metal pipes are replaced
Aquatherm pipe comes from the factory packed in UV-resistant by PP-R and PP-RCT pipes, the ground cannot be created by the
bags for storage which protects the pipe until the bags are piping system. An alternative ground system must be installed in
removed or damaged. All Aquatherm pipe and fittings have UV accordance with all local codes and requirements..
stabilizers to bridge transport and installation times. Maximum
recommended storage time exposed to UV radiation is six months.

Plastic-safe paint can be used to protect the pipe from UV damage,

but most paints will not adhere well to PP-R and PP-RCT. Painted
pipe may need to be re-coated or maintained, and this is the
responsibility of the installer or owner. Aquatherm recommends
using an elastomeric paint, which will expand and contract with
the pipes. The pipe may also be painted for reasons unrelated to
UV protection, if needed.

4.15
 INSTALLATION PRINCIPLES

PRESSURE TEST
The Aquatherm pressure test is recommended for all Aquatherm
piping installations. A properly administered test will pressurize
the system via several cycles in order to identify any improper
fusions that could disrupt system operation in the future.

The pressure test must be conducted while all piping being

subjected to test is still accessible and can be inspected for leaks.
The pressure test consists of a preliminary,
principal and final test. For more information,
the pressure test procedure and test record are
provided at:
[Link]/pressure-test-submission.

Note: The online instructions are kept up-to-date and take

precedence over any information provided in this guide concerning
the pressure test.

The Aquatherm product warranty does not cover

TEST RECORD damage caused by improper installation, operation
It is recommended that a record of the pressure test be prepared outside of the recommended parameters, leaks at
and signed by the client and contractor stating location, contractor components such as seals, gaskets and o-rings or damage
responsible for the test and date. A system can be tested in from mishandling after the product has left possession of
phases, provided that all pipe, fittings and joints are eventually the manufacturer. Completing the pressure test does not
tested and that the tests are properly documented guarantee coverage in the event of a failure.
upon completion.
Terms and conditions of the Aquatherm limited warranty
This test is designed to identify damaged pipe, manufacturer’s can be found at: [Link]
defects and poor workmanship. This does not supersede or replace aquatherm-gmbh-warranty
regulations placed by the local code authority having jurisdiction.

4.16
NOTES

© 2024 aquatherm GmbH, aquatherm LP, and aquatherm Corp. All rights reserved.