데이터통신과 네트워크
Ch. 2 Network Models
2024 Fall
Protocol layering
Protocol
Defines the rules that both the sender and receiver and all intermediate
devices need to follow to be able to communicate effectively
• When communication is simple, we may need only one simple protocol;
• When the communication is complex, we may need to divide the task between
different layers, in which case we need a protocol at each layer, or protocol
layering
A single-layer protocol
• Occur in only one layer
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Protocol layering
Protocol
A three-layer protocol
• Assume that Ann and Maria each have three machines (or robots) that can
perform the task at each layer
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Protocol layering
Principles of Protocol Layering
First Principle
• Make each layer so that it can perform two opposite tasks, one in each direction
– The third layer task is to listen (in one direction) and talk (in the other direction)
– The second layer needs to be able to encrypt and decrypt
– The first layer needs to send and receive mail
Second Principle
• The two objects under each layer at both sites should be identical
– The object under layer 3 at both sites should be a plaintext letter
– The object under layer 2 at both sites should be a ciphertext letter
– The object under layer 1 at both sites should be a piece of mail
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Protocol layering
Principles of Protocol Layering
Logical Connections
• Maria and Ann can think that there is a logical (imaginary) connection at each
layer through which they can send the object created from that layer
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TCP/IP protocol suite
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in different layers)
used in the Internet today
A hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which
provides a specific functionality
• Hierarchical means that each upper-level protocol is supported by the services
provided by one or more lower-level protocols
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TCP/IP protocol suite
Communication through an internet
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TCP/IP protocol suite
Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Logical connections between layers
• The duty of the application, transport, and network layers is end-to-end
• The duty of the data-link and physical layers is hop-to-hop, in which a hop is a
host or router
• The domain of duty of the top three layers is the internet, and the domain of duty
of the two lower layers is the link
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TCP/IP protocol suite
Identical objects in the TCP/IP protocol suite
In the top three layers, the data unit (packets) should not be changed by any
router or link-layer switch
In the bottom two layers, the packet created by the host is changed only by
the routers, not by the link-layer switches
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TCP/IP protocol suite
Encapsulation and Decapsulation
Encapsulation/Decapsulation in the small internet
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TCP/IP protocol suite
Addressing
Any communication that involves two parties needs two addresses: source
address and destination address
• Physical layer does not need addresses; the unit of data exchange at the physical
layer is a bit
• Application layer, we normally use names to define the site that provides services,
such as [Link]
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OSI Model
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
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Thank You