Step One: Identifying the "Natural" UCS-UCR Pairing Step Two: Identifying the Neutral Stimulus Step Three:

Pairing the CS and UCS Step Four: The CS Alone Causes the CR

(1) acquisition: is the learning of the new response the conditioned response (CR) is acquired gradually -the time relationship between the CS and the UCS delay conditioning simultaneous conditioning trace conditioning backward conditioning which works best? delay, trace, simultaneous and backward is generally unsuccessful (2) generalization: once conditioned other stimuli similar to the CS will produce the same CR (3) discrimination: the organism learns to differentiate between similar stimuli (4) extinction: (5) spontaneous recovery: is an increased response to the CS after a rest from extinction trials Applications Phobias Little Albert and Watson Counter-conditioning Systematic Desensitization Operant condition behaviorists argue that differences in experience are responsible for virtually all differences in behavior Antecedents, Consequences, Behavior

antecedents: environmental stimuli (e.g., light) discriminative stimuli: antecedents that signal a likely consequence of a behavior behavior: something that the organism does (e.g., peck the lever) consequence: an event that follows the behavior (e.g., pigeon receives corn) ABC of contingencies: IF light on AND pigeon pecks lever, THEN the pigeon will receive corn. Increasing decreasing frequency response Reinforcement and Punishment Reinforcement there are two kinds of reinforcement: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both kinds of reinforcement increase the responses they are paired with reinsforcement Reinforcement always strengthens a response The term positive refers to something that has been presented The term negative refers to something that has been removed The terms positive and negative have nothing to do with "good" or "bad" positive reinforcement: is the presentation of a favorable event negative reinforcement: is the escape from an unfavorable event escape conditioning: is a form of learning that results from negative reinforcement avoidance conditioning: using a discriminative stimulus, like a light, to precede the shock is very resistant to extinction PUNISHMENT? punishment: is the opposite of reinforcement. It is an event that decreases the probability that the preceding response will be repeated negative punishment: is the weakening of a response by the omission of a favorable stimulus positive punishment: is the weakening of a response by the presentation of a unfavorable stimulus punishment temporarily suppresses a behavior but does not permanently weaken it to exert a lasting influence on behavior punishment: should be delivered promptly and consistently after the response is made so long as some other alternative response is available EXTINCTION, GENERALIZATION AND DISCRMINATION extinction occurs when the reinforcement is omitted after the subject makes the response generalization: subject makes the same response in the presence of similar stimuli. the subject can learn to discriminate between similar stimuli TRAINING COMPLEX BEHAVIOURS Shaping establishes a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it Chaining Behavior chaining is used to produce more complex sequences of events SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENTS

continuous reinforcement: reinforcement after every correct response partial reinforcement: only some responses are reinforced more realistic to real life based on schedules RATIO SCALES Fixed-Ratio Scale: provides reinforcement only after a certain number of reinforcements have been made (e.g., piece work) Variable-Ratio Scale reinforcement is given on average every nth response but the number of responses necessary for reinforcement varies from time to time (e.g., VLTs, Slots etc) INTRVAL SCALES Fixed-Interval Scale provides reinforcement at the end of a fixed interval of time, regardless of how many presses it made during the interim Variable-Interval schedule reinforcement is given on average every nth response but the actual times vary APLICATION OF OPERANT CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES animal training animal acts - circus, Sea World etc. search and destroy search and rescue behavior modification the conscious use of Operant conditioning principles to change human behavior best with children ??? Vicarious reinforcement Observational learning