Topic Matches: [#1 - 492] / 492

1. On the downside, pattern application at the moment is labor intensive

and needs interpretation. While the patterns can be applied
algorithmically by a computer program, during the time of conducting
this research we had to ap- ply them manually because of our
explorative research approach. Furthermore, each potential
knowledge problem needed to be investigated, verified and dis-
cussed with representatives of the organization in detail.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The area chosen for Schlobohm and Waterman's EPS system [

2.
Schlo 87] is the rapidly changing law to do with estate planning. The
knowledge is provided by an expert. However as tax law evolves
rapidly, this approach led to problems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The paper addresses the problem from the user’s individual

3.
perspective rather than from the technology perspective as
knowledge is said to be subjective (see following chapter). Providing
just-in-time relevant information (technology point of view)

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

4. A lot of theory exist about decision making an~ the way hu~an
thought accomplishes to perform probl~m solvmg. An extenSIve
discussion goes beyond the scope of. thls paper.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

5. Decision Explorer is manufactured by Banxia Software,www.

[Link]
20. Montibeller G., Ackermann, F., Belton, V., Ensslin, L. “ Reasoning
maps for decision aiding: An integrated approach for problem
structuring and multi-criteria evaluation”, the 46th Conference of the
British Operational Research Society, 7-9 Sep, York, UK (2004)
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

As is easy to imagine, this law is difficult for the non-expert to

6.
approach. The SIREDOJ pro gram therefore performs the function of
providing knowledge to the non-expert, thereby improving ju ridical
practice related to problems arising from building construction.
Furthermore, this know ledge is within any jurist's reach: the program
runs on a personal computer.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In the area of hole machining the specification, in the form of a

7.
drawing, often have missing details for various reasons, these details
can be considered as redundant information for some (highly skilled
engineers) but for most this rnissing information IS helpful and time
saving. Furthermore, the calculations that he performs on the basis
of the specification give results that are poorly optimized for a
specific problem. A~ we said in the beginning of this paper these
values are all standardized default values refemng to normal
conditions: A trained eye is able to fill in the blaflks in the drawing and
to differentiate (optimize) the results from the calculations which in
practise

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

8. 2.2 Knowledge Problem Patterns Based on an inductive (empirically

driven1) and deductive (hypothesis driven) approach, a set of 10
knowledge problem patterns emerged. The set consists of the
following patterns: 1. Implicit Knowledge 2.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

This again turned out to be a labor-intensive, yet effective, approach.

9.
As indicated in their name, the suggested knowledge problem
patterns are more problem-oriented rather than solution oriented.
They aid in identifying problems and deficits and hardly aid in
selecting/developing appropriate solutions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 While high precision would in- crease the ratio between identified
10.
relevant and potential knowledge problems, a high recall would
increase the set of relevant knowledge problems that can be
identified with a knowledge problem pattern approach at all.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

However, a discussion of its constituents shows that the JTB

11.
description is essentially compatible to the present approach but
leaves the issues discussed here open and abandons them to its
constituents. In section 4 we will turn to the impact of the present
conception of knowledge by discussing some consequences for KM,
placing emphasis on new perspectives to open problems. The final
section will give a short discussion of the results, e.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

12. 4 Experiences Interesting experiences could be gained from applying

the knowledge problem patterns in real world situations. First of all,
relevant knowledge problems could be identified by following the
outlined approach. In discussions with represen- tatives of the case
study partners, we received positive feedback concerning the
severeness of the identified problems.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

13. 1.2 Submissions and Review Process Although authors were

encouraged to submit their paper in English language, papers in
German language were accepted equally. This workshop solicited full
research papers that discuss innovative problems from one of the
areas sketched above. All submissions were subject to review by the
workshop program committee.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

14. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: First we

introduce PFE and some key problems related to knowledge
management. Then we describe Communities of Practice and
explain why we see it as an interesting approach to address the
problems. In Sections 4 and 5 we explain our proposed techniques;
 firstly the set of responsibilities (roles) that will benefit the
organization of the communities and subsequently a proposed
scheme for supporting change management of evolving assets.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The user's valuations were constantly used as the reference point for
15.
research, advice, prototy pes and finished programs. The action or
decision of a jurist is required at all times. In this sense, disputes or
problems and open terms are never sol ved by the application or by
the advisors, but are viewed as the sole responsibility of the jurist
user or of the members of the institutions being advised [9].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

4 Direct Exchange, Vanity and Feedback: Successful Knowledge

16.
Sharing in Practice The following example of successful knowledge
sharing in practice illustrates impor- tant motivating factors which
suggest a promising approach that can help to encour- age
knowledge sharing across borders of established communities, too:
The anthro- pologist Julian Orr has accompanied field service
technicians from Xerox, who repair photocopiers, at work [9]. In the
team investigated by Orr, lively exchange takes place. New solutions
to problems are communicated immediately.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

516 In the Information Retrieval approach ([20], [21], [22], [25]), if the
17.
user cannot suitably express what he/she is looking for, the system
cannot give adequate results. Therefore, the fundamental problem is
to identify the contents of what he/she is looking for, to formulate the
query and to begin a research per subject. In order to facilitate the
user's research, it's useful to explicitly build in knowledge of
synonyms, preference and hierarchical relationships among the
terms, that is to create a thesaurus ([16]).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

18. Nevertheless knowledge and skills are not sufficient for making a
good decision and a well-shaped problem solving.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2 The Organizational Closure The concept of technology has been

19.
changed during the time. The original notion was about the restricted
technical knowledge that was necessary to design, to build, to use
and to deal with technical instruments, i. e. man made artefacts in
order to solve prob- lems and to act purposefully.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

20. While there are apparent differences of opinion, the problem that we
need to address for new projects is how to build a consensus that
can form the basis for future co-ordinated action. Some of the
problems are caused by ambiguity in terminology and some through
differences in the granularity of defining concepts. This paper has
reported some of our research which is concerned with seeking ways
of building consensus, by making explicit through CM techniques the
assumptions that people base their opinions on.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

To summarize, the utilization of knowledge problem patterns in the

21.
process of analyzing knowledge processes represents a feasible
approach for the identification of knowledge problems and -deficits in
organizations that, however, needs further elaboration.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

22. They are all related to ontological 180 and software engineering, but
relate to different aspects of modelling, and so only studies contained
181 in specific clusters are mutually compared. The following aspects
were taken into account in their 182 examination: the type of solved
problem, approach used for problem solving, applied technologies
183 and results. 184
2.5. Number and Type of Studies Included 185 Of 89 potentially
relevant unique studies, 27 were eligible for inclusion into the
systematic 186 review (see PRISMA guidelines in Figure 1).

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

 It was not possible to compare all the relevant and interesting studies
23.
against each other. They are all related to ontological and software
engineering, but relate to different aspects of modelling, and so only
studies contained in specific clusters are mutually compared. The
following aspects were taken into account in their examination: the
type of solved problem, approach used for problem solving, applied
technologies and results.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

If we consider the functions of SIREDOJ as described above, it is

24.
easy to see that its final aim is not to assist in activities which are the
field of ju rists, but to provide expert knowledge to jurists who are not
experts in the field, for a problem which is not sufficiently covered by
legislation.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The impossibility for laymen to shape their knowledge into a formal

25.
framework has its place here. The same holds for the problem to use
a complex user interface with a too high require- ment of abstraction.
32 On the other hand we have the incapability of expert, to explain
and make explicit their long experienced and accumulated implicit
knowledge to laymen who had not the opportunity to experience such
a long time.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1 Introduction Small software consultancy companies have to

26.
leverage their position in the market to stay ahead of their
competitors. One way to achieve this is by providing their customers
with tailored solutions to their problems. They can do this by drawing
upon the collective knowledge of their consultants.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Both para- digms suffer from drawbacks. The first paradigm suffers
27.
from the problem that it is impossible, even for an expert knowledge
engineer, to predict what strategy of aligning entities is most
successful for a given pair of ontologies. This is especially the case
 with increasing complexity of ontology languages or increasing
amounts of domain specific conventions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

28. HOPE system runs operationally, it presents better solutions the more
problems that have been solved and stored in the RDS. With enough
cases stored, IHOPE might be capable of emulating expert
knowledge [4] in the area of hole machining. Thus the system will
seldom generate completely new sequences from beginning.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

This task occupied abbeys, monasteries, universities, academies,

29.
authorities and en- terprises as well. A better generation of
knowledge, its conservation, transfer and handing on to future
generations or to the neighboured research department within the
same company were and are not only a technical problem for
libraries and computers, when copying, distributing or storing. If one
looks on specific network architecture, it is also an organizational
problem.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Knowledge Creation

30.
Framework – Enabling Just-in-Time Information Delivery Mark
Siebert Siemens Business Services GmbH und Co OHG, Munich,
Germany {[Link]@[Link]} Abstract. Capturing
and applying context-information is still a problem for just-in-time
information delivery. This paper understands just-in-time informa- tion
delivery as knowledge creation process and derives a framework.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Section two of this paper looks at the development of an E.S and DB

31.
system. An example of a sample session will be gIVen as well as an
explanation of the hardware and software used to. implement the
package. This is followed by a conclUSIOn and an outlIne of possible
future research problems and possible solutions.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Cardelli and Wegner [ CaWe 85] introduced quantifiers 3 and V to

32.
solve those problems. Even though IQL adopted the semantics of
Cardelli [ Card 88], it seems only data inheritance is achieved It is not
clear from [ AbKa 89] what is the method and ho~ methods are being
inherited among classes and their sub classes. In this paper, we take
a different approach to attack t~s problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

3 Actor Model and Its Applicability to Distributed Systems In this

33.
section we discuss some of the aspects of the actor model of
computation. The actor model describes an approach to modeling
intelligence in terms of a “society of communicating knowledge-
based problem experts” [6], where each expert may in turn be viewed
as a society of primitive actors. The actor model of computation pro-
vides a framework for effective problem solving, by investigating the
nature of the communication mechanisms by a society of experts.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

34. How to Do Philosophy Informationally Gian Maria Greco, Gianluca

Paronitti, Matteo Turilli, and Luciano Floridi Information Ethics Group,
Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
Abstract. In this paper we introduce three methods to approach philo-
sophical problems informationally: Minimalism, the Method of
Abstrac- tion and Constructionism. Minimalism considers the
specifications of the starting problems and systems that are tractable
for a philosophical anal- ysis.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

While realism is the dominant ontology, it has also been contradicted

35.
frequently and it is not without alternatives. In this paper we will
concentrate on that ontological system which we believe is most
widely spread and offers most promise to alleviate the problem of
realism, namely constructivism. Constructivism holds that reality is
not objectively give and subject to impartial observation but rather a
(individual or social) construction dependent on the observer [5-7].
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

}; The problem with this approach is that it becomes necessary to syn

36.
chronize updates and additions to the sheratonBrussels and
johnSheratonBrussl! 1s object (and similarly for every hotel object in
the knowledge base). Besides being time consuming and error-
prone, this will also increase memory usage, without adding any
information.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Since sophisticated expert systems usually contain very large

37.
knowledge bases, the acquisition process is of great im portance,
and the problem of acquiring knowledge quickly and efficiently has
led to the term "knowledge acquisition bottleneck" [5, 6].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Although most published work on legal expert systems pays lip

38.
service to the idea that they must be designed to cope with change, a
review of the literature provided little practical guidance. The present
paper is therefore an attempt to pose the problem more concretely.
We first outline rapidly the kind of changes in the law that may be
encountered, and indicate their effects on both the expert system and
the hypertext components.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 From MASK Knowledge Management Methodology to Learning
39.
Activities 175 reflections to reinforce the assets of such a passage
and to answer the difficulties and/or lacks recorded at the time of the
passage. For that, we propose for future developments: − The expert
can be called, during the interviews, to indicate some elements which
it consider essential so that one learning can comparable its mode of
reasoning and/or its way of resolution of problems − To exploit the
book of knowledge rather than the simple MASK models. The book of
knowledge is, in fact, the "real" production of the method MASK and
which includes the models.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Another paper by Eikemeier ( University of Bremen, Germany)

40.
explored the role of implicit knowledge in JIT-KM, and stressed the
importance of the source of knowl- edge. Then, he proposed a Peer-
to-Peer (P2P) system that supports the search for the optimal human
partners to solve requester’s problems in real time. The paper by
Siebert ( Siemens Business Services, Germany) viewed just-in-time
information deliv- ery as a key component for the “knowledge
creation process,” and described the need for a new approach to
solve the context problem in just-in-time information delivery.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Due to the knowledge we already have about medical deci sion

41.
making, the organization of medical knowledge can be prede fined to
a certain extent: Diagnostics requires several entrypoints to
previously accumulated, and thus, case-independent medical
knowledge: diseases, symptoms, factors like etiology, morphol ogy,
etc. Moreover, medical decision making requires not only the static
coverage of the problem domain but also the represen tation of
diagnostic procedures to support its dynamic aspects.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

OWNER MANAGER supertJ1:ses ~ ~ is-a 125 EMPLOYEE owns 2s-a

42.
works for ENTERPRISE ~ PERSON FACILITY has CUSTOMER
_________ ~sells makes ~ PRODUCT Figure 1: Generic Business
Model not closely related to ours. We are concentrating on a small
subset of general knowledge; namely, that related to business
 applications. We also wish to explore the possibilities of a much more
parsimonious approach to the problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

43. 502 1.3 The Facility Management System The German Processing
and Archiving Facility( D-PAF) performs ground segment operations
for ES~s first remote sensing satellite, ERS-l. This includes
production and long term archiving and retrieval of digital and image
products derived from ERS-l's Synthetic Aperture Radar( SAR) and
Radar Altimeter and ’ftacking( RPJ) data, and product deliv ery to the
customers. The " Facility Management System"( FMS) is a knowledge
based production planning and,controlling tool currently be ing
integrated into the D-PAF.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

44. 59 essential for companies. The problem is that hundreds of

application vendors praise the merits and miracles of their CRM
software (see Figure 28 for IT use in customer relations).
Consequently, CEO's and CIO's sometimes tend to reduce managing
customer relationships to a problem that can be resolved by
technology.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

45. Application of Knowledge Problem Patterns in Process Oriented

Organizations Markus Strohmaier and Stefanie N. Lindstaedt Know-
Center Graz, Austria {mstrohm, slind}@[Link]
[Link] Abstract. This contribution
introduces a method for the identification of knowledge problems in
process-oriented organizations. On an opera- tive level, knowledge
problems occur when the generation, storage, trans- fer or
application of knowledge is not in accordance with an organiza- tion’s
business goals.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

46. DATA MODELLING FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS August-

Wilhelm Scheer Stefan Spang Institut fUr Wirtschaftsinformatik
 Universitat des Saarlandes 1m Stadtwald, Bau 14.1 D-6600
Saarbriicken ( F.R.G.) Abstract There is a growing need in
international organizations for sound solutions to the problems
encountered when trying to design organization-wide information
models. In the presented paper, the focus will be on the data side of
the modelling effort as the key prerequisite for any integration
approach. In the paper, first a short outline of the data modelling
technique and approach will be given.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

47. Preparing Medical Knowledge for Diagnostic Expert Systems

Christian Stary Florida International University School of Computer
Science University Park Miami, FL 33199 e-mail:
stary@[Link] ABSTRACT The task of supporting medical
diagnosis by computer appli cations is twofold: first, we have to
accumulate and integrate med ical knowledge into some kind of
information system; secondly, we can apply these findings to actual
patient data by generating and evaluating patient-specific hypotheses
for diagnostics. This pa per is focused on the initial task for computer-
supported medical diagnosis. We present an approach to organize
and later on, to represent medical knowledge in an information
system, regardless to the original diagnostic problem domain.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

48. The problem with paper piles is that, firstly, knowledge workers often
spend an unduly amount of time searching for a piece of information
hidden in doc- uments that are hidden in piles; secondly, awareness
of existing, relevant paper documents is not ensured, i. e. even
though the situation finally arises when reading the printout of an
article would be useful, its piled existence escapes the knowledge
worker’s attention during the task at hand.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The ability to visualise cause and effect risk networks and the
49.
capability for interactive network building and modification have the
potential for individual and group risk identification, justification and
prediction. In this paper we introduce Causal Mapping as a method
of accomplishing this, and describe two experiments: one carried out
 with a group of masters-level students and a second with
practitioners from a government organization who had experienced
an IS/IT project failure. These two exploratory experiments have
demonstrated the potential (and also some of the problems) of the
approach in identifying problem areas in past projects, through the
collaborative construction of cause and effect maps that allow project
participants to visualise their perceptions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Some of the presented approaches are more flexible because they

50.
are based on heuristics instead of descriptive frameworks.
Adaptation of instruction during run-time seems to be a promising
approach; the concept of Automated interactivity is an idea that
would create interactive instruction out of static knowledge
components. The problem of structuring and annotating content
available in a KM system to suit the needs of e-Learning could be
solved by matching existing standards for KM and e-Learning.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Expert Systems Development and Management, A Case Study Per

51.
A. Zaring Department of Computer Science Chalmers University of
Technology S-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden ABSTRACT To describe
the development of an expert system formally we cannot completely
rely upon traditional software engineering conceptions. The quesuon
is that to what extent it is reasonable to borrow from already
established disciplines to develop a new. To understand the problem
situation we describe a computer supported method to choose tools
and operational sequences for hole-machining, an activity which is
representative when trying do define an understand the concept of
tacit knowledge.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

52. For the following sessions of the workshop we accepted seven

submissions for oral presentation and subsequent discussions; four
of them addressed the utilization of EM techniques like Case-Based
Reasoning ( CBR) to various application areas. Virginia Dignum
considered Communities of Practice ( CoP) as a basis for experience
management and presented an approach facilitating their creation
 and maintenance. Rosina Weber, Ilya Waldstein, Amit Deshpande,
and Jason M. Proctor addressed the problem of detecting
inconspicuous content in text documents by combining notions from
information extraction, case-based reasoning, and computational
linguistics.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

53. The transaction modification approach. This paper pro poses a

technique for integrity constraint handling that deals with the
problems mentioned above; the technique is called transaction
modification, and is designed to meet full transaction semantics. In
this approach, transactions are modified such, that they can be
executed in the regular way, but cannot violate the integrity of the
database.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Local and small software organizations would benefit much from

54.
increased awareness of the problems and risks brought by the
globalization of industries. They would also benefit much from
knowledge and experiences on how small organizations could
network and complement each other in the pressures of globalization
and heavy international competition. Our project in this field has just
begun and there is certainly much to do.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Al D EX The experience used by the expert is not badly organised S

55.
A2 D TA It has a practical value 6 A3 D TA It is more practical than
strategic 7 A4 E TA It Will serve needs in the long term 7 6 AS D TA
The task, which IS not particulary easy, requires 5 intensive
knowledge both with respect to personal knowledge and to the
manipulation of information A6 D TA It is of manageable size andlor a
gradual 6 approach IS possible andlor a breakdown into
Independent. sub-tasks is possible A7 E EX The transfer of
experience between individuals is possible 7 7 A8 D TA It was
identified as a problem within the area 6 and the effects of the
introduction of an expert system can be planned for A9 E TA It does
not require answers in immediate real time 7 9 Al0 E TA The task
does not require basic investigation 7 9 and it involves little, if any,
 generation and understanding of natural language All D TA The
expert basically uses symbolic. reasoning which Implies subjective
factors A12 D TA It is basically of an heuristic type 5 12 L W3j
Valuation: VD3 II ( V3K IITK) j=l 6,91 12 k essentia.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Nevertheless, the setting-up of a system of this type is too ambitious,

56.
including as it does many aspects of basic research, such as the
understanding of natural language and the integration of separate
database systems with expert systems. Therefore, as a first step, a
prototype has been developed which adopts a partial approach to the
global problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

738 Author Index Klugmann, Marcel 386 Knackstedt, Ralf 635

57.
Kornwachs, Klaus 32 Kreymann, Georg 339 Kuhlmann, Jan 384
Lago, Patricia 96 Lehmann, Peter 469 Lehner, Theresa 60
Lemahieu, Wilfried 127 Ley, Tobias 189 Lindstaedt, Stefanie N. 189,
259 Lunzer, Aran 176 Mafra, Sômulo 111 Maier, Edith 496 Mainzer,
Klaus 586 Maus, Heiko 50, 398 Maximini, Kerstin 316 Maximini,
Rainer 293, 420 Memmel, Martin 155 Mendling, Jan 570 Minor,
Mirjam 284 Montoni, Mariano 111 Morikawa, Riki Y. 688 Motta, Enrico
518 Mues, Christophe 483 Müller, Claudia 243 Muscholl, Marita 316,
349 Muthig, Dirk 48, 60, 96 Nick, Markus 121 Niehaves, Björn 635
Niwa, Yoshiki 710 Nomura, Naoyuki 48, 398 North, Klaus 719
Ovaska, Päivi 134 Paret, Benito Diaz 111 Paronitti, Gianluca 623
Pawlowsky, Peter 719 Pechenizkiy, Mykola 360 Pedersen, Susanne
557 Pérez de Laborda, Cristian 570 Perjons, Erik 542 Piattini, Mario
455 Pinto, H. Sofia 431 Povalej, Roman 729 Proctor, Jason M. 304
Puppe, Frank 319 Puuronen, Seppo 360 Ras, Eric 155 Reimer,
Ulrich 496 Rieger, Bodo 466 Riss, Uwe V. 598 Rocha, Ana Regina
111 Rostanin, Oleg 50 Roth-Berghofer, Thomas R. 580 Rousseaux,
Francis 647 Salo, Outi 106 Santos, Gleison 111 Sauer, Thomas 420
Sax, Ulrich 330 Schaaf, Martin 269, 293, 398 Schenk, Simon 234
Scherf, Alexander 530, 721 Schmidt, Andreas 203 Schneider, Kurt
134 Schnurr, Hans-Peter 496 Schulz, Martin 386 Setiono, Rudy 483
Shifrin, Michael 360 Siebert, Mark 699 Sin, Thant 19 Smolander, Kari
134 Snoeck, Monique 127 Staab, Steffen 222, 508 St̊ alhane, Tor 86
Stahl, Armin 269 Stahl, Bernd Carsten 657 Strohmaier, Markus 259
Stucky, Wolffried. 729 Sure, York 496, 508, 560 Tartakovski,
 Alexander 293 Tchounikine, Pierre 165 Traphöner, Ralph 269
Travassos, Guilherme H. 111 Tribolet, José 431 Tsymbal, Alexey 360
Turilli, Matteo 623 Uren, Victoria 518 van Elst, Ludger 222
Vanthienen, Jan 483 van Vliet, Hans 96

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Expert evaluation problem The proposed expert system aims at

58.
judging the degree of "suitability" of every particular software feature.
There is a broad spectrum of " Suitability" of a particular software
module from very . good to very bad.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

59. For texts, the representation may range from a sequence of strings
(as in most of today's commercial IR systems) up to a knowledge
bMed formalism like a semantic network. In the case of multi media
documents, the representation of the semantics of this kind of objects
will be a ml!. jor problem for fut ure research.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

We analyze the problem of constructing minimal, i. e., non-

60.
redundant, knowledge bases using machine learning methods. Here,
knowledge is represented as a decision tree.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

We believe that qualitative research methods are particularly suitable

61.
in this kind of research settings, where hypotheses are not ready to
be tested and even the research problem evolves through empirical
observations. We have already found strong evidence about the
difficulties of small software organizations to cope with globalization
of industries. Current research in software engineering is not
particularly useful for resolving problems of small organizations
because it is mostly focused on large-scale software production and
its problems.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 This paper reports the second part of the survey on ontology
62.
research and development. The first part introduced the subject of
ontology and focused on the state-of-the-art techniques and work
done on semi- automatic and automatic ontology generation, as well
as the problems facing this research [3]. This second part focuses on
the current status of research into ontology mapping and ontology
evolving.

document [Link]

3 The Process of Schema Analysis Past research conducted on

63.
schema integration mainly empha sized the issues of addressing and
solving structural problems, such as incompatibilities regarding
identical (or similar) concepts, and the policy for global schema
structuring. And has given con siderable attention to a very focussed
area of semantic problems, such as naming conflicts and constraint
conflicts. In contrast, in this paper, we will mainly concentrate on
semantic problems and relationships.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

This paper presented a brief account of past research activities in

64.
schema integration, their current lim itations and the unsolved
problems. For such problems we pro posed the use of a new
framework integrating AI techniques and the object-oriented
paradigm, which is more suitable not only for structural problem
solving but also for dealing with semantic problems during the
schema integration phase.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Translated to this dissertation, design science means designing a

65.
business model framework that helps managers and IS specialist
express the business logic of a firm in a new way, abandoning the
former informal business logic descriptions. This is in line with
Nunamaker, Chen et al. (1990) who classify design science in IS as
applied research that applies knowledge to solve practical problems.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 The problems of process understanding, the problem how to come
66.
from information to knowledge, the time pressure in decision process
and the knowledge acquiring time, that cannot be compressed by
technical means – all this problems are situated primarily on the side
of the user.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

67. The problem with the adopted approach is that our results will be
difficult to generalize due to our single case. Rather they will
contribute to the understanding of the concepts of Experience
Repositories. If the results from our study should coincide with the
research literature some generalization might be possible.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The problem was that during the first decade o f knowledge-based

68.
systems research, the discussion was almost entirely in terms of the
sym- bol level: in the rule-based para- digm all the problems were
posed as issues at the rule architecture level. Very little discussion
took place at the level of the relation be- tween the task for which the
system was being designed and the kinds of knowledge needed. For
exam- ple, a major research issue for rule- based systems was the
development of an appropriate domain- and task-independent
conflict resolution strategy that would let the system choose which
production rule to COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM/September 1992/
Vol.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

Having collected enough information to make a computer

69.
implementation, a running version very often becomes an important
communication channel between the knowledge engineer and the
domain expert because it yields a visible and easily understandable
interpretation of the problem. As the knowledge in the program
accumulates and the problem becomes clearer we often find better
ways to represent and process the knowledge. To express some
chunk of knowledge as a rule in a rule set one must be sure that this
knowledge is suited for that kind of representation.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The ExperienceBook II is an EM application that provides a

70.
discussion forum and a shared repository for experiential knowledge.
The repository is a case base consisting of textual cases with
descriptions of the students’ daily problems and their solutions. This
includes computer science related problems like hints how to use a
certain software but also very general issues like a list of the best
pubs on the campus.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

interactive query language interface for expert users server-

71.
Database client Server protocol graphical interface for casual users
clients server Figure 2 A still open research problem is the support of
the evaluation of similarity based queries by the database server. A
brute force approach would be the computation of all the similarity
values by means of a highly parallel machine [18]. This approach
causes an enonnous overhead compared to inverted files.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

72. Moreover, considering office environments, further problems can be

identi- fied: Whereas for a company’s inbox processing solutions are
on the market and research has shown how to bridge the gap
between paper-based business letters and workflows with
knowledge-based document analysis systems [10], we still can find a
media gap in the knowledge worker’s office between paper
documents and her electronic information archives. As long as this
material is in electronic format, there is an increasing number of
search and indexing tools which pro- vide access to this material.
But, due to the working style in offices, ideas and material are
widespread in the office.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

As early as the iilrties, attempts were made to develop a

73.
comprehensive knowledge-processing system based on the concept
of semantic networks ( Bush 1945). Interestingly, the idea then
evolved in different dired. lOns, and, today, we find hypertext systems
 and expert systems at opposite ends of the semantic networks
spectrum: Klaus Winkelmann Siemens AG, ZFE IS INF31 Otto-Hahn-
Ring 6, D-8000 Munchen 83 Expert systems place the emphasis on
the complete operationaiization of knowledge: an interpreter works
on formal knowledge structures, infers new knowledge and solves
problems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The problem still remain and the effect of this rather new technology
74.
has not yet given what people were hoping for. This may due to lack
of methods for managing expert system software in a proper manner,
an issue to which we will return in a later section. 3.2 System
Development 3.2.1 What models are available?

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

75. At the University of Liverpool, Bench-Capon's group also insist that

the knowledge representation must be closely aligned to the sources
of knowledge. In a recent paper [ Bench-C. 91], they explicitly
acknowledge the problem of coping with change, stating that "the
greatest barrier to the routine use of knowledge based systems
techniques for practical legal applications lies [ ...

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

76. But knowledge is not enough as we know, and information is not

sufficient if we have to solve a problem, e. g. to design a better
product or to shape a better production technology or service. Even
the teaching of skills and abilities is a problem that has not yet been
solved satisfactorily by the distinction between explicit and implicit
knowledge.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

77. Besides the checkitem itself, the respective problem-solution

experience from the error/failure management experience base (1)
illustrates the problem to be check for and its consequences (e. g.,
as online help to an inspector during defect detection) and (2)
provides a solution to the problem in the correction phase. From the
measurement perspective, the later phases also provide measurable
 feedback about the effect- tiveness of the inspections viewed from
the perspective of the complete software lifecycle.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

78. 5 Conclusion In this paper, we have introduced three methods and

shown how they can be imported, with some adaptations, from
computer science into philosophy, in or- der to model and analyse
conceptual problems. We have outlined their main features and
advantages. The methods clarify implicit assumptions, facilitate
comparisons, enhance rigour and promote the resolution of possible
conceptual confusions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Hence the approach used was „qualitative dominant mixed methods‟.

79.
“ Qualitative dominant mixed methods research is the type of mixed
research in which one relies on a qualitative… While concurrently
recognizing that the addition of quantitative data and approaches” (
Johnson et al 2007:124). With qualitative method the explanation of a
given situation, anxiety, feelings and opinions about the extent of the
problems of unemployment were captured.

Unemployment Experience of Youth in .pdf

Fig. 7. Pattern-based Knowledge Problem Identification After

80.
applying knowledge problem patterns to this knowledge process, pat-
tern 5 indicates a potential knowledge problem by highlighting a lack
of knowl- edge transfer. After investigating this potential knowledge
problem in greater detail with representatives of organization P, a
relevant knowledge problem could be identified: The reason for the
lack of transfer in this knowledge process was the technical
separation between the engineering data system, used by engi-
neers to store knowledge about part lists, and the logistics software,
used by logisticians, controllers and suppliers.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

81. This problem has been addressed by several research groups but
DBOM's approach is more concerned with the following issues : data
storage redundancy and inference efficiency. The consideration of
 these issues is done at the price of a non-automatic ontology design.
For example, in [9] and [4], the goal is to (fully) automate data

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

82. Abstract: Computational ontologies are machine-processable

structures which represent particular domains of interest. They
integrate knowledge which can be used by humans or machines for
decision making and problem solving. The main aim of this
systematic review is to investigate the role of formal ontologies in
information systems development, i.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

83. Research in CSD is focused on how to effectively connect these

heterogeneous teams in order to produce the desired software
product. Happel, Maalej, and Seedorf [35] advocate the usefulness of
ontologies in CSD, especially in coordination activities, knowledge
sharing and development. The semantic annotations of test-cases or
emails can solve problems with finding the right balance between
information overload and the efficiency of awareness measures in
software projects.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

In this approach most of the knowledge concerning object structure

84.
and behavior is stored in the database. The information is
encapsulated in the sense of pure object-oriented concepts. For the
problem of representing the same object in different target VUls it
means that dedicated methods are necessary for all different
environments.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Generally speaking, decision making and problem solving is an

85.
inherent part of the methodologies used for the systematic
development of software products, including IS. These activities are
often related to categorisation and conceptualisation [2]. The
categorisation of “things” into groups reflects recognition of the most
 important features of these “things” and the methods used to deal
with them [3].

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

86. How much attention is given to these attributes, especially the first
three ones, by expert system developers? Here we will present some
crisis-related issues that seem to be rather common but not well
understood in our area. We find scarcely no evidence of commitment
and action in the industry that successfully solve the problem of
integrating knowledge based system applications in large scale with
common software systems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In knowledge management research, there have been some

87.
approaches to exploit context for improving the solution (e. g.
process context in [1] or [2]). An approach to the problem from the e-
learning point of view was taken by the project “ Learning in Process”
the results of which are briefly summarized in the following section.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

88. JACK W. SMITH is associate professor of pathology and computer

and infor- mation science and director of the Divi- sion of Medical
Informatics at The Ohio State University. Current research in- terests
include task-specific and cogni- tive architectures in knowledge inten-
sive domains, abductive problem- solving, and decision support
systems in medicine. Authors ’ Present Address : Laboratory for
Knowledge-Based Medi- cal Systems, 376 W. 10th Room 571,
Columbus, Oh. 43210; email: tj@ [Link];
smith.30@[Link] Permission to copy without fee all or part of
this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or
distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice
and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given
that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing
Machinery.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

 KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION STRUCTURES FOR THE
89.
EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION PlANNING AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS I.P. Tatsiopoulos and N.D. Mekras National Technical
University of Athens, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Sector of
Industrial Management & O.R., 28is Octovriou 42 - 10682 Athens -
Greece Abstract This paper describes the knowledge representation
of an expert system which helps solving the problem of evaluating
software packages for production planning and control ( pPC). It
addresses this problem on the basis of the package's function ali ties
and features as compared with the production management theory
for the various types of production systems. A frame-based
knowledge representation model is proposed whose objects and
relations describe a typology of production systems and a generic
PPC software package.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

90. This possibility facilitates the problem of visualizing abstract courses

of events. 3.4 A Crisis within Expert System Development? Through
our work we have reached the conclusion that expert system
development as well as traditional software system development
requires professionals, skilled in software engineeringt.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The introduced method represents an instrument for pointing

91.
organizations to such shortcomings and thereby opens up solution
spaces for overcoming them. This contribution introduces a set of
knowledge problem patterns and an accompanying process of
applying them in organizations - both supported by empirical data
generated in three conducted case studies. In doing that, this
contribution provides new stimuli and insights for current research in
the domain of business process oriented knowledge modeling and -
audits.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Explicit knowledge can be formalized in many kinds of documents

92.
and rules, and consequently transferred in a number of manners. On
the contrary, tacit knowledge cannot be formalized, because it is
mainly retained in personal cognitive models and consists of
 individual capabilities of dealing with problems. The design of
software systems requires a consistent deployment of tacit
knowledge, and pair programming has shown great promises for
helping to share knowledge between programmers.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The basic approach for this study is based on the ACET policy
93.
engagement model ( APEM). The model uses research and policy
dialogue to identify common problems and challenges being faced in
a particular area of issue. Figure 1.1 provides the analytical
framework that underpins the study.

[Link]

The basic approach for this study is based on the ACET policy
94.
engagement model ( APEM) as mentioned in the ACET inception
report. The model uses research and policy dialogue to identify
common problems and challenges being faced in a particular issue
area. Figure 1.1 provides the analytical framework that underpins the
study.

[Link]

Conclusion Requirements-based re-engineering is not for solving

95.
minor information technology problems or providing minor
improvements to legacy information systems. Re- engineering is a
non-trivial task best directed toward formulating long-term solutions
for the business enterprise. A requirements-based approach to dam
modeling and re- engineering requires cooperation and resources
from the 653

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

96. Search-control knowledge guides the search through the problem

space. For example, in hierarchical classification the agent might
apply a heuristic that it is bet ter to evalu- ate hypotheses with h igher
likeli- hoods than those with low likeli- hoods, or it might decide that
the decision about which evaluate oper- ator to apply is not important
, hence ei ther opera tor can be se- lected. In the task structure, we
 specify the min imum amount of search knowledge needed for each
method.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

97. However, current hypertext systems have several well-recognized

problems[2], especially user disorientation in a hypertext network and
the cognitive overhead for creating, managing and choosing links[l].
Much research has been devoted to solve these problems but ouly a
small part of this has been concerned with using database
technology. DBMSs have powerful abilities for managing structural
data[3].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

M. Grotschel, Augsburg H. Hagen, Kaiserslautern R. JanSen,

98.
Heidelberg K.- H. Keil, Munich A. Louis, Saarbriicken P. Markowich,
Berlin H. Martens, Trondheim H. eunzert, Kaiserslautem P. Rentrop,
Munich A. A. Samarskii, Moscow K. Schwaha, Linz A. Tayle~ ()xford
Representatives of Societes: DMV: W. Tomig, Darmstadt ECMI: A.
Fasano, Florence GAMM: R. Mennicken, Regensburg JSIAM: M.
Yamaguti, ()htsu OMG: I. Troch, Vienna SIMAT: A Tesei, Rome
Editorial Assistants: A. eubauer, Linz M. Kiesenhofer, Linz The main
goal of this journal is to bridge the gap between university and ·
industry by - the presentation of mathematical methods relevant for
industry - the exposition of industrial problems which are of interest to
mathematicians.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

However, the clinical relevance and utility of these findings await the
99.
results of prospective studies. We see our main contribution in this
paper in introducing and applying a many-sided analysis approach to
real-world data. The application of diversified DM techniques, which
are not necessarily accurate and do not best suit to the present
problem in the usual sense, still offers a possibility to analyze and
understand the problem from different perspectives.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 McDermott and associates started investigating the roles of
100.
knowledge in various methods for several tasks [24]. Their goal was
to develop programs that could auto- matically acquire knowledge
from a domain expert. To do this they de- veloped role-limiting
methods for solving general tasks, such as the cover-and-
differentiate method for diagnosis and the propose-and- revise
method for design.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

The type of research method adopted for a given research problem

101.
could mainly depend on the kinds of „knowledge‟ and „theories‟
researchers aim to produce ( George and Bennett 2004). Given the
central research question of this study is to examine how young
people in urban Ethiopia experience and deal with unemployment, a
qualitative research approach was primarily used. To give the general
picture of urban youth unemployment as background for the study
quantitative date from secondary sources were widely used.

Unemployment Experience of Youth in .pdf

Conceptual modeling is a commonly accepted approach to overcome

102.
the communicational problem between information system designers
and business personnel [51]. Sharing the (modeling) language will
lead to shared domain knowledge because interdisciplinary
organizational members have the means to communicate. A shared
domain knowledge between business personnel and information
system designers, positively influences the alignment of business
and IT objectives and therefore enhances the quality of IT design
artefacts [37].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In an effort to address some of these problems, a knowledge-based

103.
system, called the Commonsense Business Reasoner, has been
developed. This system was built as a prototype of tools that could
be incorporated into business expert systems to give them some
general knowledge of the business world and the ability to both
acquire more knowledge and use their knowledge to reason about
business problems. This should make it possible to develop expert
 systems that are easier to use and display a higher degree of "intelli
gence".

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

104. The syntactic approach will identify all knowledge modules where a
certain rule is defined, regardless of that fact that the module makes
no sense in the context of the target knowledge base. To circumvent
some of these problems a meta knowledge-base ap proach was
taken. By using a knowledge-base containing some of the semantics
of the mini-KBs and appropriate merging and integrating rules an
improved mechanism is available to guide the integration process.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

So can a problem-solution finding approach as applied in this

105.
business model research qualify as a scientific method, specifically in
IS? If we consider science in the light of Kuhn’s scientific paradigms (
Kuhn 1970) this depends on the scientific context of the moment.
Paradigms are a collection of beliefs shared by scientists, a set of
agreements about how problems are to be understood.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The Deductive DB approach and Enhanced ES are examples of tight

106.
integration. When developing a link between these two systems a
degree of inflexibility is created. The problem is the Deductive
approach uses an ES as a slave front end to the DB.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

93 BUILDING AN INTEGRATED EXPERT SYSTEM In recent years the

107.
term ’ Artifi~i~ Intellig. ence’ has oft~n been used as the magic word,
prormsmg solutIOns for ~I kind~ of problems. Though this new
approach to ~roblem solvmg pr?

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In human thought problems are not reduced to a mathematical form.

108.
Keywords are judgment, intuition, insight, and heuristic approach.
 Elements of a problem are connected to each other on symbolic
bases in some kind of a neurologic netwo!

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

109. However, for performance consideration there is a need to reduce

exchanges between the Abstraction part and the Presentation part.
This could be done by coding one part of a form semantics at the
Presentation level. This approach confronts the designer with the
problem of how to divide the semantics of an application in its
abstracts objects ( FAs) and its interface objects ( Forms).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

110. The attempts of coupling the rela tional approach with other
paradigms have proven to be rather restricti ve. also because the
different natures of the paradigms give rise to the impedance
mismatch problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

111. This approach is discussed in [9]. The problems here are twofold: on
the one hand, searching the type hierarchy and modifying the type
hierarchy (when a new created type is put into the type hierarchy)
could be very costly; On the other hand, with creating new types for
results of queries the type hierarchy may expand very quickly <lnd
could be hardly to be managed.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

112. This approach is satisfactory from atomicity point of view, but creates
problems for concurrency control, since this has more than one g-
local tmnsaction per site and hence violates the condition Cl.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

113. At this moment, we do not want to solve the whole problem, but just
to show the feasibility of the approach. Because of the extensibility of
our approach, it will not be very difficult to add further constructs later.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Although the growing complexity of mod ern applications requires

114.
powerful integrity maintenance facilities, there is little agreement on
full-fledged techniques in this area. Many proposals have never left
the theoretical status, others have been implemented, but offer only a
partial solution to the problem. Interesting proposals in the context of
this paper are the following.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In the next section we propose a new approach to abduction which

115.
tries to overcome part of the outlined problems. Like Bry, we exploit
Logic Programming and we don't need to extend it for dealing with
abduction: while other logic-based approaches rely on resolution, our
approach is model-based.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

116. Next, the specific requirements on international organizations will be

analyzed, and the effects on the data modelling effort will be
examined. In this context, a methodological approach for modelling
international organizations will be presented, along with tentative
solutions for specific problems encountered when modelling
particular aspects of the organization.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

117. Next, the specific requirements on international organizations will be

analyzed, and the effects on the data modelling effort will be
examined. In this context, a methodological approach for modelling
international organizations will be presented, along with tentative
solutions for specific problems encountered when modelling
particular aspects of the organization.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

118. We will start in this paper with a short introduction to the notion
scheduling and constraint satisfaction problems. Fol lowing up is a
brief description of the " Facility Management System"( FMS). An
 additional requirement was to embed the network into a common
CIM factory reference model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

119. Figure 43: Value Chain Value shop (five primary activities, cf. Figure
44) { Problem-finding and acquisition}. Activities associated with the
recording, reviewing, and formulating of the problem to be solved and
choosing the overall approach to solving the problem.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

One approach to this problem is to allow keywords only from agreed

120.
on- tologies, although this limits application to specific communities
where such

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

121. Following the structural CBR approach, each case is described by a

finite set of attribute-value pairs that characterize the problem and
the solution. In contrast to a traditional case, a generalized case
doesn’t cover only a point of the case space CS but a whole
subspace of it [3] (cp. figure 3).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we consider the

122.
phenomenon of nosocomial infection and the problem of AR, in
Section 3 data collection and

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Their approach does not use HTML parse trees. Kushmerick also
123.
contributed to the wrapper verification problem [17]. The RoadRunner
[18] approach does not need labelled examples, but derives rules
from a number of given pages by distinguishing the structure and the
content.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 Hasselbring, W.; Pedersen, S.: Metamodelling of Domain-Specific
124.
Standards for Semantic Interoperability To achieve effective
communication, not only technical interfaces are required, but also
common semantics for exchanged data. This paper focuses on
problems of

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

125. What we are proposing is not a panacea. Constructivism as an

ontological theory has to contend with theoretical problems that we
did not discuss in this paper. However, it gives us a different
perspective and it just may allow us to avoid some of the mistakes
that are frequently made.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The challenges faced in supporting the up skilling or incubation of

126.
young boys and girls are lack of financial, lack of adequate number of
incubation, network problems and no comprehensive approach.

[Link]

The aim of the system is that the inexperienced jurist, aided by the
127.
system, be capable of finding legal solutions and documentation at
the same speed and with the same skill as that shown by an expert,
At the same time the system will suggest procedures relevant to the
case as given, 2 SUITABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TECHNOLOGY The ARPO-2 prototype, described in section 5, has
been developed using the IDEAL methodology [5], This methodology
propose four. phases to develop an expert system: Phase I:
Identification of the problem and conception of the solution Phase II:
Development of the prototype(s) Phase III: Construction and
execution of the full system Phase IV: Achieve the technology
transfer and the system maintenance This knowledge engineering
methodology classifies the characteristics of a problem into four
dimensions: plausibility, justification, suitability and success, The
category of a characteristic. may be essential (E) or desirable (D);
the type of a characteristic may be expert (E), task ( TA) or
management and user ( DU), The knowledge engineer must fix the
threshold values of the essential characteristics and next evaluate
the characteristics corresponding to the plausibility, justification,
 suitability and success dimensions, If an essential characteristic does
not reach its threshold value, the given problem is rejected as being
inappropriate to.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In what follows, we will concentrate on the problem of constructing

128.
knowledge bases of minimum size using ma chine learning methods,
in particular decision tree induc tion algorithms [20, 21]. These
methods belong to a wider class of learning methods called concept
learning methods [4] where a (hypothetical) concept is inferred from
a set of examples. We analyze these methods regarding the size of
"knowledge" they produce and compare them on the ba sis of
computer-simulated experiments.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

129. Author Index Abecker, Andreas 222, 499 Abels, Sven 554 Agha, Gul
19 Albert, Dietrich 189 Albuquerque, Adriano 111 Alexandrova, Irina
360 Al-Shehab, Abdullah J. 145 Amaral, Márcio 111 Andersson,
Birger 542 Atzmueller, Martin 319 Baesens, Bart 483 Bahrs, Julian
243 Balke, Wolf-Tilo 586 Bartsch-Spörl, Brigitte 719 Baumgartner,
Robert 469 Becerra-Fernandez, Irma 19 Becker, Jörg 635 Bellini,
Emilio 455 Benmahamed, Djilali 165 Bernardi, Ansgar 48, 50 Bider,
Ilia 542 Biesalski, Ernst 499 Birk, Andreas 70 Bjørnsson, Finn Olav
86, 134 Bobrowski, Christoph 339 Böhm, Karsten 530, 721 Bouaziz,
Thomas 647 Buch, Arnim 82 Büchel, Gregor 580 Buscher, Georg.
319 Buscher, Hans-Peter 319 Caetano, Artur 431 Canfora, Gerardo
455 Cimitile, Aniello 455 Courtenage, Simon 224 Curé, Olivier 373
De Backer, Manu 127 Decker, Björn 48, 60, 96 Dedene, Guido 127
Denger, Christian 121 Deshpande, Amit 304 Deussen, Thilo 580
Dingsøyr, Torgeir 70, 96, 134 Eberhart, Andreas 496 Ehrig, Marc
508, 560 Ermine, Jean-Louis 165 Fægri, Tor Erlend 96 Fajtak, Fred
Frowin 76 Fenstermacher, Kurt D. 443, 679 Figueiredo, Sávio 111
Floridi, Luciano 623 Freßmann, Andrea 420 Frölich, Oliver 469
Fujima, Jun 176 Fujisawa, Hiromichi 676 Gabel, Thomas 272 Garcia,
Felix 455 Gottlob, Georg 469 Grechenig, Thomas 91 Greco, Gian
Maria 623 Haak, Liane 554 Hädrich, Thomas 248 Hagengruber, Ruth
668 Hahn, Axel 554 Hasselbring, Wilhelm 557 Herzog, Marcus 469
Holz, Harald 48, 50, 398 Hughes, Robert T. 145 Humm, Bernhard 82
Hüttig, Matthias 319 Iwayama, Makoto 710 Jaccheri, Letizia 96
Jantke, Klaus P. 176 Jeong, Hanjo 1 Juvonen, Pasi 134 Kaner, Maya
 400 Karni, Reuven 400 Kaschek, Roland 609 Katirai, Hooman 330
Kerschberg, Larry 1, 676, 688 Keuler, Thorsten 60 Klein, Bertin 580
Klimkeit, Dirk 392 Klose, Karsten 635

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Two of the authors of this paper have con tributed to the design and
130.
implementation of an object-oriented database system prototype[14].
One of the main lessons we have drawn from this experimentation is
that the object-oriented ap proach is certainly a good approach for
defining a DBPL but it does not solve all problems if used in a rigid
way. The main problems we have encoun tered in the design of an
object-oriented database system are the following: The great
dynamicity and flexibility of object oriented languages are hard to
combine with the need of performance and reliability which are
prominent issues for databases.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The construction of a minimal decision tree is a combi natorial

131.
optimization problem. A related problem, namely the construction of a
binary d~cision tree with all weights having a value of 1 and minimum
(weighted) external path length was shown to be NP-complete [11].
Whether prob lem MDT is NP-complete is not known.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Our research on MAKO [22] indicates how user scenarios, specified

132.
as XML Topic Maps, can be shared among users who are
collaborating on a problem.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

133. The respondents respond that they like this research topic. It is hot
issue and should be given big attention from the government. They
confirm that it is one of the current big problem in Ethiopia is
UNEMPLOYMENT.

[Link]
 A student writing a research paper is another example of a process
134.
(writing a research paper) that must be instantiated with information
about the student, topic, and course (the situation). The process and
situation together constitute the needed contextual information to
support information access for problem solving. By annotating
process descriptions with templates for posing queries to information
systems, process-oriented systems can instantiate query templates
with situational information.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

135. Current knowledge management systems offer limited solutions to

the problem of knowledge provision and are frequently deserted by
users [2]. Recent research pro- jects [3] are recognizing the
subjective, social, and contextual nature of knowledge, and are
promoting a distributed approach to knowledge management.
Theoretical frameworks and technical solutions are being developed
aiming to provide a more ap- propriate support of knowledge-related
processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3.2 Event calculus development One of the characteristics of the

136.
event calculus is its extend ability and, as noted above, some of the
extensions are active areas of research. Our approach is to extend
the basic formalism only as warranted by the problem. We can
identify three kinds of change in our model: - nE'W event descriptions
(input by the user) can initiate or terminate base rE'lations -
ramification relations, which depend upon base relations, may
change indir(’ctly - relations may change autonomously (without new
events being input).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

A lot of information is usually captured through structured

137.
requirement engineering, yet there is still a risk that some problems
might be overlooked due to poor domain knowledge. Our suggestion
of using Open Space Technology in the beginning of a development
project aims at rectifying this by allowing developers and domain
experts to mingle freely and discuss topics in a far more unstructured
way than is usually done in requirement engineering. Hopefully this
 will result in creative dialogue, which surfaces topics and problem
areas that would otherwise be overlooked.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

138. g. relationship management with the customer) Existing discussions

on knowledge management focused on knowledge sharing but
struggled with handling of the context and high content management
efforts. Neuro- logical insights and developments in intelligent
technologies additionally drive the research into knowledge creation,
with the following questions for this project: What do different
disciplines understand in “knowledge creation“? How can a better
understanding contribute to solve the context problem ?

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3 COMMONSENSE BUSINESS REASONER The Commonsense

139.
Business Reasoner is a knowledge based system for reasoning
about business problems which

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

be solved by mean of artificial intelligence technology.

140.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

163 Meta-knowledge, which is the knowledge of how to use all legal

141.
knowledge (academic, heuristic and procedural) to solve problems.
This meta- knowledge can be of two types: domain independent or
domain-specific.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

142. For the exposition of the theme, a free drafting of the problem should
be carried out by jurists and not by individuals who do not possess a
knowledge of the law.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 In heterogeneous systems, each site already has a con currency
143.
control mechanism that ensures serializability among the local
transactions (including the g-local transactions of the global ones)
executed at that site. Then a global concurrency control mechanism
needs to be designed such that it, along with the existing local
concurrency control machanisms, will ensure serializability of the
global transactions (together with the local transactions). One of the
earliest papers analyzing this problem is [10J. That paper gives a set
of conditions under which such a global concurrency control
mechanism can be designed without violating the autonomy of the
local sites.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

144. The problem of integrating odd programming languages with an

ordinary software environment.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

2.1.4 Uncertainty It is widely accepted that one of the effects of the

145.
communication technology revolution of the 1990s, coupled with the
forces of globalisation and liberalisation, has been the increase in
environmental risk and uncertainty that organisations have to face (
Andriani 2001). As Wytenburg states "the greater the degree of
complexity in an environment, the more various, dynamic, and
unpredictable are those situations" (2001, p. 118). The problem with
uncertainty is that it increases the environmental risk that a company
faces because the future becomes unpredictable.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Here a lot of misunderstandings arose since some proponents of

146.
technologically aimed solutions stated openly their belief that for
every problem there would exist always a technical solution. 10 Along
to this argument it seemed to be clear that such solutions should
encompass a formal, i. e. computer supported knowledge
processing.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 There the problem of forgetting knowledge and the waste man-
147.
agement for knowledge are discussed.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

148. 1): (1) Modeling language consists of all statements that can be
made according to the syntax of the language, i. e. the alphabet and
grammar. (2) Domain represents the relevant knowledge for solving a
problem and consists of all statements that would be correct and
relevant for solving this problem.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In this step, the identified potential knowledge problems need to be

149.
evalu- ated, discussed and reduced to a set of relevant knowledge
problems, as depicted in figure 5. This is done by e. g. involving
experts and investigating if the poten- Fig. 4. The Process of
Knowledge Problem Identification

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Second, some patterns were found to be more stable than others.

150.
Among others, especially the patterns 1 and 5 that were introduced
in greater detail led to the identification of relevant knowledge
problem problems. Furthermore, we experienced that the availability
of knowl- edge problem patterns aids in focus setting.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

151. 4 Discussion and Directions for the Future The base hardware and
the Lotus software have been reliable and stable. The intranet was
integrated into the physical network structure of the high-security
medical network of the hospital without any major problems.
Management of service packs and patches to Windows NT had been
a time-consuming endeavour, and we highly recommend to use
patch deployment software in the future.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 1 Where Does Knowledge Reside? The Identification of Existing
152.
Networks In each organization, there are informal social networks
where sharing of knowledge takes place. The problem is that often
only long-standing members are involved in these networks, whereas
new staff don’t easily get access to them.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

153. Unlike in traditional CBR, CCBR does not require the user to provide a
complete a priori specification of the problem for retrieval and
knowledge about the relevance of

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

154. The two forms of knowledge are commonly classified as explicit and
tacit. Explicit knowledge can be formalized and transferred. Tacit
knowledge regards the individual capability of solving problem, and it
can be built basically by doing [5, 6, 7, 8]: applying explicit
knowledge, registering personal observations, and making personal
models for retaining it (interiorization in K. D.-

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

155. The same neglect also appears on the side of philosophy where
propositional knowledge is mostly regarded in a static way, too.
However, reference to action is not new. For instance, Craig has
already strongly emphasized the relevance of action for knowledge
[6], even if his good informant solution to the problem differs from the
present.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

156. : Agent-mediated Knowledge Management, Proceedings and Lecture

Notes of AMKM, AAAI Spring Symposium 2003, Springer, Heidelberg
(2003) 246-261 [ Bol95] Boland J., Tenkasi, R.: Perspective making
and perspective taking in communities of knowing, in: Organization
Science, 6(4), (1995) [ Bré96] Brézillon, P.: Context in human-
machine problem solving; technical report 96/29, LAFORIA, Paris
(1996) [ Cle00] Clement, M., Runte, M.: Intelligente Software-
Agenten im eCommerce, in: der Markt, Nr. 152, 39 Jg., (2000) 18-35
 [ Coh95] Cohen, J., Steward, I.: Chaos und Anti-Chaos, München
(1997), 80f., cited in: Primio, F.: Roboterkognition, GMD Report 16,
Sankt Augustin, (1998) 24f.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

: Wissen und Lernen in Virtuellen Organi- sationen, Heidelberg

157.
(2003) [ Pri95] Primio, F.: Roboterkognition, GMD Report 16, Sankt
Augustin (1998) 24f. [ Rot94] Roth, G.: Das Gehirn und seine
Wirklichkeit, Frankfurt (1994) 314 - 338 [ Sek] “ Developing the
essential semantic knowledge technologies for realizing the
European Knowledge Society” - [Link]
[Link]/ [ Tac03] Tacla, C., Barthè, J-P. : A Multi-agent
Architecture for Evolving Memories, in: van Elst, L., Dignum, V.,
Abecker, A., (eds.)

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In formal TVET institutions, the major difficulties teachers facing are

158.
lack of skill, lack of knowledge and attitude problem.

[Link]

159. a r t i c l e s sentation (e. g., whether the repre- sentation will be rules
or frames, and whether backward- or for- ward-chaining will be
employed). Newell proposed that problem- solving agents can be
characterized in terms of the knowledge and goals that can be
attributed to them, and the Principle of Rationality by means of which
intelligent agents can be assumed to use knowledge relevant to their
goals.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

160. This is the key point in knowledge modeling: once such terms are
identified, we have a lan- guage in which to model the knowl- edge in
the domain and the strate- gies to solve the problem. The terms in
the vocabulary can be used to encode knowledge, mediate
knowledge acquisition [4] and pro- vide suitable explanations [10].

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

 To overcome these problems. engineers have to add. at the
161.
knowledge level. tricks to increase the performance [ Benay & all 89].
But. data-level efficiency is the main concern of databases
designers. It seems very tempting to merge database and expert
system technologies to get better shells for data-intensive
applications.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Abstract The widespread use of relational Database Management

162.
Systems ( DBMS) has meant an increase in. the number of application
databases. Having to cope With such a large amount of data
especially when used in decision making systems leads to a number
of problems. The introduction of Expert Systems ( ES) has enabled
us to apply the domain knowledge of experts to stored data, perhaps
already existing in a Database ( DB).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

5 Future Work Based on our experiences made with knowledge

163.
problem patterns, we suggest two main directions for future work: 1)
A software tool that applies knowledge problem patterns to the
identified knowledge processes in an automated way would allow for
easily testing further empirical data and would significantly speed up
the process of experimenting. 2) Quality metrics for the assessment
of different knowledge problem patterns need to be introduced. In
analogy to retrieval metrics, we suggest to use the notion of
precision/recall as indicators for the quality of knowledge problem
patterns.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

164. scope and limitations E12 E DU They do not totally reject this
technology 7 7 a E13 D DU The system interacts in an intelligent and
6 9 friendly way with the user E14 D DU The system IS capable of
explaining its reasoning to the user 9 9 E15 D DU The insertion of the
system is carried out without problems, a 7 that is to say, without it
interfering with the daily routine E16 D DU They are committed
during the total duration of the 6 a project, Including . after its
introduction E17 E DU An adequate transfer of technology takes
 place 6 a 7 Valuation: VD4 = 7,65 Valuation of the problem: V = 4 =
7.42 documentation upon which they base their legal conclusions, In
order to measure the suitability of artificial intelligence technology to
the given problem, the task evaluation test which suggests the Phase
I of IDEAL methodology has been carried out.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

165. 2 Approach Knowledge problem patterns build on the existing

concepts of knowledge processes [4,5] and patterns [9]. Knowledge
processes represent an approach of vi- sualizing organizational
knowledge work based on business processes and thereby are
considered to represent the generation, storage, transfer and
application of certain knowledge domains across or within business
processes [4] while patterns represent a relation between a certain
context, a problem, and a solution [9].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

he ES-DB c. ommunication approach has problems with Its

166.
ImplementatIon. To implement using the first two approaches
described above, would require the development of two separate
systems to include modules for control and

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

167. This paper is organized as follow: in Section 2, we expose the

problem that we want to solve, so we define the chosen data
structure, we precise its characteristics, and we describe the data file
organization. The fuzzy search operation is analyzed in Section 3. In
Section 4, we suggest a parallel processing to manipulate data, then
we conclude in Section 5.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

168. In [2] a first approach is presented, which transforms the similarity

assessment problem for generalized cases defined over mixed,
continuous and discrete, domains into a MINLP problem. Using this
approach, the insurance formula can be trans- formed into
constraints used by MINLP taking the discrete character of insurance
values into account. The transformation will be explained on the
 concrete temporary life insurance product, which is derived from
formula (1) by using the values of f(x,n), g(x,n), and h(x,n) according
to the table 2 and by assuming the interval n∈{24,…,26}, and costs
α=0.025, β=0.01, γ=0.002.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

An even bigger obstacle yet is the lack of ontological compatibility on

169.
the clinical domain. Using terminologies like LOINC or SNOMED CT
etc. and the appropriate mapping to the Unified Medical Language
System ( UMLS)19 could be a first step to approach the problem, but
first attempts show the complexity of this task6-8.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

It is expected that the above expert system will be of great help to

170.
both potential buyers of production management software facing the
selection and implementation problem and to software houses facing
the software configuration problem for each particular customer. It
also is expected to be a significant educational tool that will help
those trying to implement advanced production management
methods and software in uninformed production environments.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The founder of a software company in the mobile industry felt that the
171.
problems he experienced in decision making where much more
related to human aspects of the deciders (q6). The CEO of an
industrial company was rather favorable, but questioned the
availability of business data, "the framework can help to better set
priorities, however, to better support the decision process, the
availability of business data needs to be ensured" (q22).
Furthermore, he stressed the importance of having to be able to
"introduce such a business model framework within reasonable
means and resources".

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

172. 121 New Generation E-Learning Technology by Web Services Guido

Dedene, Monique Snoeck, Manu De Backer, Wilfried Lemahieu . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Future
 Studies of Learning Software Organizations Kari Smolander, Kurt
Schneider, Torgeir Dingsøyr, Finn Olav Bjørnsson, Pasi Juvonen,
Päivi Ovaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Facilitating Organisational
Learning Through Causal Mapping Techniques in IS/IT Project Risk
Management Abdullah J. Al-Shehab, Robert T. Hughes, Graham
Winstanley .

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

5 Lessons Learnt The experiences from the KnowBiT-project, which

173.
lasted 12 months, showed that the conception and implementation of
an IT-based KM-solution for an SME within the short time frame was
possible and that the approach chosen satisfied the immediate needs
of the knowledge worker in the company. The project also
demonstrated, that the development of the awareness for the need of
a Knowledge Management within a company and it support by an IT-
system is an evolutionary process. It needs a defi- cit/problem (e.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

174. Conclusion Ontology research and development has gained

substantial interest recently as researchers grapple with the
information overload problem and the need to better organize and
use information in order to support information retrieval and
extraction to deliver the right information, in the right amount and at
the right time. Researchers are diverse and come from the fields of
library and information science, computer science, arti- ficial
intelligence, e-commerce and knowledge manage- ment. Ontologies
have a higher level of applicability over the traditional computing and
information science techniques in their ability to define relationships,
deeper semantics and enhanced expressiveness, all of which
collectively serve as the enabler for the next generation of the
Semantic Web to become a reality.

document [Link]

For existing various problems analyzed in section2, this paper put

175.
forward an improved mapping rules from relational model to ontology,
which is described in the following. Compared to existing methods,
the solution described in this paper have contains more domain
knowledge and easy to implement.
 An Improved Ontology Learning Algorithm from Relational [Link]

Although the software can solve most problems au tomatically, it still

176.
requires human interference in some situations. One of the most
important problems is the unambiguous assignation of the same
names to different persons. It is impossible to do this completely
automati cally, because the identity of a person can often only be
determined on the basis of the context, in which it occurs.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

These problems are investigated in [ 9J where a solution based on a

177.
constraint approach is proposed.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

178. 346 The remainder of this paper illustrates the requirements im

posed by the application domains that led to these choices. For each
application domain, we give a necessarily short description of the
problems dealt with and we indicate the requirements im posed upon
a DBPL. Small examples exemplify the Goblin syntax, where we
assume a general background on the semantics of most constructs
used.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Subjunctive Interfaces in Exploratory e-Learning 179 Fig. 1. Two

179.
trials of decision-tree induction requiring four windows for inspection
In the decision-tree case study, human learners are asked to explore
the diffi- culties of tree induction. They have to pose learning
problems to the computer, making it hard for the computer to
generate small decision-tree hypotheses.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3 Approach Fig. 1 shows the problem we address with our proposed

180.
approach. We are assuming to complement a data-intensive method
that may reach accuracy levels around 90% in text classification.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Another important direction of further research is to analyze further

181.
antibiotic sensitivity as a concept drift problem. Likewise, infection
control systems require or will require tools that recognize trends in
nosocomial infection and AR in an efficient and timely manner.
Tracking and handling concept drift, when applied at the levels of one
hospital or many hospitals in one or several countries, helps to start
necessary counter actions in time.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

From Knowledge Discovery to Implementation: A BI Approach 485 2

182.
Neural Network Rule Extraction: Neurolinear and Neurorule As
universal approximators, neural networks can achieve significantly
better pre- dictive accuracy compared to models that are linear in the
input variables. How- ever, a major drawback is their lack of
transparency: their internal structure is hard for humans to interpret.
It is precisely this black box property that hinders their acceptance by
practitioners in several real-life problem settings such as credit-risk
evaluation (where besides having accurate models, explanation of
the predictions being made is essential).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

183. In the literature, the problem of explain- ing the neural network
predictions has been tackled by techniques that extract symbolic
rules or trees from the trained networks. These neural network rule
extraction techniques attempt to open up the neural network black
box and generate symbolic, comprehensible descriptions with
approximately the same predictive power as the neural network itself.
An advantage of using neural net- works as a starting point for rule
extraction is that the neural network considers the contribution of the
inputs towards classification as a group, while decision tree
algorithms like C4.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Oblique rules allow for more powerful decision surfaces than

184.
propositional rules since the latter allow only axis-parallel decision
 boundaries. This is illus- trated in Fig. 2. The latter represents a
classification problem involving two classes, represented by ‘+’ and
‘o’ respectively, each described by two inputs x1 and x2.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

This trend especially on the side of the older employees with a high
185.
level of implicit knowledge is danger- ous. Companies could get a
problem out of the overall demographic change that takes place
because they cannot meet their recruitment requirements [2]. Both
aspects im- ply a shorting of human resources and therefore a
shortening of knowledge.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Regulae ad directionem ingenii, or the Cartesian-Kantian approach.

186.
Are there specific methods in computer science that can help us to
approach philosophical problems computationally?

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

187. Some applications of the methods discussed in this paper have al-
ready been successfully provided in computer ethics [9], in
epistemology [7], and in the philosophy of information [8]. Of course,
the adoption of the methods raises important further questions. We
mention only three of them that seem to us par- ticularly pressing: (a)
What is the logic of problem spaces?

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

188. Despite minor problems government was pleased with the results.
The decision was made to introduce electronic voting nationwide for
the local and European elections on 11th June 2004, which would
give Ireland a pioneering role in Europe. For this purposes a Dutch
company was employed to provide Ireland with an electronic voting
system [28] and the government started to implement electronic
voting system in early 2003.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 Once it has been realized that the approach is promis- ing (based on
189.
preliminary evaluations), the efficiency problems were tackled.
Specifically, for some frequent practical cases (e. g., when the
propositional formula, encoding a matching problem, appears to be
Horn) satisfiability can be tested in linear time, while a stan- dard
propositional satisfiability solver would require quadratic time [5].

Ontology matching state of the art and [Link]

TABLE I: PLAUSIBILITY DIMENSION (The possibility of developing

190.
the expert system) CHARACTE- RISTIC PI P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
P9 Pl0 CATE- TYPE GORY E EX E EX D EX D EX E TA D TA D TA D
TA D TA D DU DENOMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC
THRESHOLD T" Experts exist 7 The assigned expert is genuine 8 The
expert IS cooperative The expert IS capable of explaining his
methods but not of categorising them Sufficient cases of proof exist:
normal, 7 typical, exemplary, tough, etc. The task is well structured
and understood Only the skill of knowledge is required Optimum
results are not required, only satisfactory results The task does not
require much common sense Management IS fully committed to the
project 10 Valuation: VD1 L W1j II ( V1K I I T1K ) ;~
c-:·;..:::.1_r.7- k essentials L ~ j=l V1j WEIGHT W" 10 10 8 7
10 10 10 9 9 7 8,15 TABLE II: JUSTIFICATION DIMENSION (
Justification for the development of the expert system) CHARACTE-
CATE- RISTIC GORY Jl E J2 D J3 D J4 E JS E J6 D J7 E TYPE
DENOMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC THRESHOLD T.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

191. In this paper, we focus on query like: "for whatever pattern, select the
image that contains it". We propose an original me thod that copes
with this kind of query. The problem is to exe cute a fuzzy search and
to select an image that contains the sear ched pattern.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 The present paper aims to illustrate the problems tackled, overall
192.
project architecture and the current state of implementation.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

193. As the benefits of pushing up productivity through mechanization

have been exploited and the decrease in cost savings on this area
have been realized in post industrial organizations, the major area for
new benefits has become focused on increasing efficiency through
quality im1? rovements by the use of formalized knowledge -
information. The problem of formalization itself will not be discussed.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

194. Since this step is not restricted to the initial diagnos tic problem
domain, a knowledge base is required which is not restricted to a
certain problem domain. Rather, it has to offer structures to represent
the entire medical knowledge [9). In addi tion, the knowledge has to
be accessible by certain entry-point like factors (e.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Von Körpern strömt’ s, die Körper macht es schön, Ein Körper

195.
hemmt’ s auf seinem Gange, So hoff’ ich, dauert es nicht lange, Und
mit den Körpern wird's zugrunde gehn. ”1 1 Introduction The problem
how to acquire and to handle information, how to generate worthy
knowledge and how to hand knowledge on to other users and even
to future genera- tions has been widely discussed during the
centuries;2 and it is still an actual and – predominantly – an
organizational problem.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 e. information that can be understood actually. 15 The acquisition of
196.
information is comparably easy because it encompasses an access
with the mean of an adequate labelled carrier. The real problem
starts with the selection of information with respect to the knowledge
wanted.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

197. On the foundation level, there is basic factual information needed to

derive problem solutions. The middle level is mature knowledge,
which offers guidance for finding and developing solutions. The top
level is solution knowledge, which is problem-specific and detailed,
and can be reused "as is".

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Among the questions left open – and in every future-oriented

198.
research and development endeavour there should be open
questions – there is the problem that the real end-user activities
involved in using such a framework have yet to be figured out. Would
students be presented with applications already embedded within it,
or would they be expected to build their own exploration interfaces by
tinkering with the base applications? Would they catch on?

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

199. The principal disadvantages of our approach are (i) that each server
must act as the subscription/publication rendezvous node for a large
number of keywords, and (ii) that, at the moment, we allow free-text
in the keyword lists of the < LINKTO> and < SUMMARY> tags,
resulting in a very large namespace, as well as problems dealing with
synonyms etc.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

200. Given the definition of the problem and its characteristics, we

propose an approach to detect inconspicuous contents that relies on
a highly simplified representation formalism for patterns. The
proposed approach consists of two steps. A manual engineering step
that targets a very small set of training instances, where humans
 perform the complex understanding offline, extract semantic patterns,
and represent them in a simplified representation formalism.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

201. 5 Knowledge Implementation: From Decision Tables to Decision-

Support Systems 5.1 DT Consultation DTs can be consulted not only
visually, but also in an automated way. In Pro- loga, a generic
environment is offered that allows the user to actively apply the
decision-making knowledge to a given problem case. During a
consultation session, the provided engine will navigate through the
DT system structure and inquire the user about the condition states of
every relevant condition in the DTs thus visited.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

There are multiple research outputs, policies, proposed strategies,

202.
and initiatives aimed at tackling Addis Ababa's urban challenges,
although few that take into account the city’s complex political
economy. The African Cities Research Consortium could undertake
in-depth studies of complex problems in Addis Ababa and forge
partnerships with a range of stakeholders committed to reform and
addressing some of the city’s most pressing challenges.

ACRC_Addis-Ababa_City-[Link]

203. One-to-one approach, where for each ontology a set of translating

functions is provided to allow communication with the other
ontologies without an intermediate ontology. The problem with this
approach is one of computing complexity (e. g. OBSERVER [10]).

document [Link]

204. This pres- entation describes an application of the actor model of

computation to the de- velopment of expertise locator systems (
ELS). The actor model describes an approach to modeling
intelligence in terms of a society of communicating knowledge-based
problem experts where each expert may in turn be viewed as a
society of primitive actors. A conceptual implementation for SAGE,
 and ELS in general, based on the actor model as a design paradigm
is described.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

205. The aim of my lecture is to show some characteristics of the

interaction between technology, organization and conceptual
framework with respect to information and knowledge. The main
problems can be summarized by some questions: - How to estimate
the quality, reliability and actuality of information gained by a network
or data warehouse or other information service, that is part of a
knowledge management system? This is not only a question of IC
Technologies, but also a matter of trust.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Section 2 of this paper addresses the problem of evaluating software

206.
packages on the basis of their pure technical characteristics, as
compared with each other and with the production management
theory for the various types of production systems. A knowledge
based model is proposed whose objects and relations are described
through two main knowledge bases: (a) the type of production
system and (b) the generic PPC software package. Section 3
contains a description of the knowledge representation structures
which are going to be used for the description of the production
system and of the generic PPC software package.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

207. For example, if an attribute is set-valued in on~ elMS and single

valued in a second elass, then it is impossible to formulate a single
query that refers to this attribute in both classes. The approach from
N euhold and Schrefl helps to overcome this problem, but here the
appropriate operators have to be dtfined explicitely. For the
application discussed here, the OODBMS should allow to ignore
certain aspects of the structure of ob jects.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Future EIS also may require the coupling of different databR8es for a
208.
single application. This problem of interoperability of heterogeneous
 databases has become a major field of database research recently
[32).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

209. 1 INTRODUCTION The generic decision-making and evaluation

process referring to trends in phenomena involves the exploitation or
creation of data in the form of statistical tables ( ST). Statistical
Tables consist of data produced by a process of aggregating
elementary data. To successfully manage, manipulate and query a
Statistical Tables is a complex activity requiring a considerable
knowledge of statistical problems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

This fact is of crucial importance since one of the great problems in

210.
many knowledge based applications is to avoid the combinatorial
e;plosion, both within the machine and within the user's mind [ HJ. In
our case this means a reduction of execution time by a factor of 10
compared to other systems based on for example pure Lisp rouUnes.
In our implementation we avoid the resource consuming
recursiveness of Lisp and similar languages.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In our problem scenario we have a large corporation with production

211.
facilities distributed over many separate sites around the world. The
computer environment is heteroge neous, different sites use different
DBMSs. The hardware and software environments differ as well.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

212. TooCoM is a tool which adresses this problem. It allows the

knowledge engineer (1) to specify the conceptual vocabulary of the
domain by using the Entity-Relationship paradigm, (2) to specify the
axioms of the domain in a graphical way and (3) to easily make these
axioms operational in order to perform reasoning in the context of the
Con-

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an [Link]

 The basic idea is then to reconstruct implicit knowledge by asking a
213.
subject (or group of subjects) to put into practice technological
functions (including the relevant con- catenations between them)
respective to build an artefact that can perform this func- tion. The
good doer is available here and now. He is recognisable to be
competent enough, to put into practice a function that is a solution for
my problem with a certain probability.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2 Mask, a Method for Knowledge Capitalization Mask is an evolution

214.
of the MKSM method [1], [3] and [4]. It is now a robust, validated and
operational method. It takes its origins in cognitive-based knowledge
engineering approaches in which problem solving methods are
represented under several aspects: classification of concepts,
relations between concepts, prescriptive actions and behaviour laws
[4].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

215. Based on such knowledge processes, problems and barriers in

organizational knowledge work can be detected. Many factors are
known that represent problems for the effec- tive execution of
knowledge processes such as a lack of technological resources,
transparency or trust [6]. Yet, these factors implicitly assume the
suitability of existing knowledge processes and do not question the
design or execution of them.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Therefore, the contribution at hand introduces a set of hypothetical

216.
knowledge problem patterns on a generic level together with
empirical expe- riences that aim to 1) point organizations to wrongly
defined or sub-optimally executed knowledge processes and 2)
sketch up solution spaces in order to enable organizations “to do the
right things” (vs. “to do things right”) when it comes to Althoff et al. (
Eds.) : WM 2005, LNAI 3782, pp. 259–268, 2005. c© Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg 2005 K. D.-

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 Application of Knowledge Problem Patterns 261 a set of hypothetical
217.
knowledge problem patterns and report on practical expe- riences
made from applying them in 3 case studies. Therefore, we introduce
a set of 10 knowledge problem patterns in section 2.2 and an
accompanying process of applying them in section 2.4 for the
identification of potential knowledge prob- lems in process-oriented
organizations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Experiences gained in the three case studies indicated that the

218.
development of concrete solutions strongly depends on
organizational environments and conditions and therefore is strongly
context dependent (in contrast to the generic knowledge problem
descriptions).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The next section introduces two cases in which the method of this
219.
contribu- tion is applied to identify relevant knowledge problems in
organizations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

After applying knowledge problem patterns to the knowledge process

220.
con- stellation of figure 6, the following can be concluded for
organization O: 1. No knowledge is being explicated in that
knowledge process ( Pattern 1 ” Implicit Fig. 6. Pattern-based
Knowledge Problem Identification

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

221. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Third German Workshop

on Experience Management ( GWEM 2005) Armin Stahl1, Martin
Schaaf2, and Ralph Traphöner1 1 German Research Center for
Artificial Intelligence ( DFKI) GmbH, Research Group Image
Understanding and Pattern Recognition ( IUPR), 67663
Kaiserslautern, Germany stahl@[Link] 2
University of Hildesheim, Institute for Mathematics and Applied
Computer Science, Data and Knowledge Management Group, 31113
 Hildesheim, Germany schaaf@[Link]
3empolis GmbH, 67657 Kaiserslautern, Germany
[Link]@[Link] 1 Workshop Description
Experience Management ( EM) as a sub-discipline of Knowledge
Management ( KM) deals with collecting, modeling, storing, reusing,
evaluating, and maintaining experience knowledge, i. e., specific
knowledge situated in a particular problem solving context.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1 Introduction Experience Management ( EM) deals with the

222.
experiential knowledge of an organisation, i. e. the experiences of the
people that are mainly stored in their heads and are used for solving
current problems. EM is a special form of knowledge management
that is restricted to task-based knowledge (see [ Bergmann, 2002]).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Applying Generalized

223.
Cases to Retrieval and Configuration of Life Insurance Policies
Alexander Tartakovski1, Martin Schaaf2, and Rainer Maximini1 1
University of Trier, Department of Business Information Systems II,
54286 Trier, Germany { Alexander. Tartakovski,
[Link]}@[Link] 2 University of
Hildesheim, Institute for Mathematics and Applied Computer
Science, Data and Knowledge Management Group, 31113
Hildesheim, Germany schaaf@[Link]
Abstract. When searching for the right life insurance product, one can
either confide in her/his insurance broker or use internet portal sites
providing interac- tive assistance for finding suitable insurance
products based on questionnaires.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The Workshop KMM05 presented concepts and solutions that show

224.
how knowledge management can be applied profitably to solve
today’s problems and challenges in the medical domain. The
Program Committee accepted the six most interesting papers out of
a total of 15 submissions for inclusion in these post- conference
proceedings.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Philosophy of Information. Using computational methods to tackle

225.
philosoph- ical problems is very refreshing, since most of the
contributions try to apply philosophical background knowledge to
current problems of computer science and not vice versa. Greco et
al.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

226. 1 Introduction The Philosophy of Information is a new area of

research at the intersection of philosophy, computer science and ICT
(information and communication technol- ogy) [6] and [8]. It concerns
(a) the critical investigation of the conceptual nature and basic
principles of information, including its dynamics (especially computa-
tion), utilization (especially ethical issues) and sciences; and (b) the
elaboration and application of computational and information-
theoretic methodologies to philosophical problems. Past work by
members of our group has concentrated on (a).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

227. These problems have become prevalent with the advent of

applications requiring run time matchers. In turn, Sections 11–13
consider matchers and alignments in their relation with users and
respectively cover how and where to involve users of the matching
technology (§11), and what explanations of matching results are
required (§12). Moreover, users can be considered collectively when
working collaboratively on alignments (§13).

Ontology matching state of the art and [Link]

The need for manual intervention in all the three aspects of ontology
228.
generation, mapping and evolving attests to the complex nature of
ontology research and its associated unresolved problems. Many
useful tools and techniques have surfaced and these serve as useful
aids to human experts to create, use and maintain exist- ing
ontologies. Nonetheless, many remaining research challenges need
to be resolved in order for ontologies to be applied on the scale
envisaged in the future.
 document [Link]

Eshelman, L. MOLE: A knowledge- acquisition tool for cover-and-

229.
differentiate systems. In Automating Knowledge Acquisition for
Expert Sys- tems, S. Marcus, Ed., Kluwer Aca- demic, 1988, pp. 37-
80.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

The problems ad dressed in this paper concerning current

230.
techniques for conceptual modelling of databases and knowledge-
bases are the following: After completion of the modelling phase,
there often still exists a problematic implementation gap between the
model agreed upon and the intended application. There can be
several re asons for this gap including the generality of the model
used, requirements that change during modelling, or the inadequacy
of the system chosen for implementation to represent certain facets
of the model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

For problem (2) recent research [10] seems to indicate that gra phical
231.
modelling techniques are severly restricted in their ability to represent
rules and goals that are critical to an application. In cases where
these restrictions playa vital role the usual procedure is to an notate
the model, which ultimately leads to such problems as leaving out
information, burying information, or the inabilit. v 1,0 verify these
annotations.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

232. Procedural heuristic knowledge, formed by the totality of the rules

which indicate efficient forms of proceeding with the possibility of
success, and which are legally acceptable for the resolution of legal
problems; these forms of proceeding are achieved following long
experience with the legal knowledge specific to the application of
these forms.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 5 Conclusion The problem of adapting any computer system, expert
233.
system or hypertext to changes in the law is very real. Although some
changes pose few problems, other essential aspects of the law, such
as the existence of loosely-defined concepts, involve complex issues.
The services of an expert jurist will be required throughout the life of
the system, not simply when it is being created.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The first two types of change are the bread and butter of the event
234.
calculus and can be used to model complex inter-relations in a very
clear way. The last type is an extension to the basic formalism which
SE'ems to be important for our problem. Typ ically knowledge about
a patient's condition can only be relied upon for a certain length of
time, after which it should be re assessed.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

This represents a substantial problem to the customer. If you look at

235.
software investments for instance, one of the biggest problems is
compatibility between different programs, operating systems and
sometimes even versions of the same software. There are many
different ways a company can address customers’ risks.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

236. { Reduction of risk and uncertainty} In the wireless industry a number

of leaders started a cooperation in 1998 to create an open standard
OS for data-enabled mobile phones in order to limit risk and
uncertainty. Jointly, Ericsson, Nokia, Panasonic, Motorola, Psion,
Samsung Electronics and Siemens set up a collectively owned
software licensing company called Symbian. By doing this they
avoided risking a balkanized mobile telephony market with
incompatible operating systems, decreased R&D costs and reduced
uncertainty.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

237. Knowledge + Skills + “x” 33 brought up new technologies themselves

and new forms of organizations and means in order to handle
 knowledge in an interlinked wired world. With the new possibilities
new problems with these knowledge technologies arose.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

238. This has two consequences for the good informant and the good
doer as well: All what may be recalcitrant against formalization is cut
away when defining the problem and answering the questions by the
good informant. Otherwise it cannot be delegated to a machine.
Consequently one has always tried to substitute the good informant
by a machine or an expert system.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

239. Communities of Practice ( CoP) [2] promise to solve parts of this

problem. On the one hand, they enable concurrent and somewhat
independent development of products. On the other, they effectively
stimulate knowledge sharing among groups of people.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

240. Exploring Communities of Practice for Product Family Engineering 99

the organization can foster specialist knowledge among the people
developing reusable assets while allowing people with solution
building strengths to exploit the asset repository in assembling
complex products. However, the effects of this segmentation have
not yet been thoroughly investigated [1]. Furthermore, another
problem from practice with this style of development is that
specialists only receive indirect and sometimes insufficient feedback
from field applications.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

241. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Facilitating Organisational

Learning Through Causal Mapping Techniques in IS/IT Project Risk
Management Abdullah J. Al-Shehab, Robert T. Hughes, and
Graham Winstanley School of Computing, Mathematical and
Information Sciences, University of Brighton, Watts Building,
Moulsecoomb, Brighton, BN2 4 GJ, UK { A.A. Shehab, R.T.
Hughes, [Link]}@[Link] Abstract. Information
System and Information Technology (IS/IT) development and
 implementation have become more difficult with the rapid introduction
of new technology and the increasing complexity of the marketplace.
IS/IT projects often encounter a range of problems that can be
described as failure.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Getting human learners engaged in exploratory problem solving

242.
means to focus their attention. Through the novelty of discoveries in
exploratory learning, the brain’s hippocampus gets activated – a
crucial step in knowledge acquisition [19,20].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

243. 2.4 Pattern-Based Identification of Knowledge Problems Knowledge

problems do not exist per se. They represent current conditions that
prevent organizations from effectively achieving their business goals.
Therefore, in order to identify knowledge problems in organizations,
first a set of business goals need to be recognized and/or defined (
Step 1 - depicted in figure 4).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

244. Fig. 3. Graphical User Interface for Adding a Case Continuous

Learning: Business process management must also deal with wicked
problems that can not be planned in every detail. There is no single
best solution to these problems, so the right the first time approach
does not work; instead the selected solution has to be continuously
improved [16].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

245. 2 Domain-Specific Standards in Healthcare Cooperation of health

care providers is required to enable shared care. Well-known
problems for interoperability with respect to correct communication
among heteroge- neous software systems of dissimilar health care
providers emerge.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 Second, Minimalism provides a way to choose critically the starting
246.
problem for the analysis of a problem space, thus guaranteeing the
strength of the next step in the forward process of answering the
philosophical question. According to a minimalist approach, the
tractability of a philosophical problem is a function of the three criteria
outlined above. They allow the use of dynamic systems to test
possible solutions and to derive properties of the problem space.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Instead of seeing technology as ‘universal’ solution to our societal

247.
problems, technology should underlie social rules. When following
this line of thought, one would recognise that, despite all
technological advantages of e-voting, for instance some societies
would still prefer to vote manually. In other words, although the e-
voting would speed up the voting procedure, it would not necessarily
modernise a country’s democracy.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

248. Interoperability of Information Systems Information systems are often

connected to heterogeneous data or information sources which are
built and managed by different parties. Communication with other
information systems is often inevitable and is critical for efficient
decision making and problem solving. The problem is that
communication between these systems is often based on different
conceptual schemas (terminologies) which arise from different firm
cultures, experience, or habits.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

In this paper, we discussed these fundamental problems and outlined

249.
the architecture of our MDBMS system. One contribution of our paper
is the formulation of a partial matching algorithm that uses domain
knowledge, represent ed using an object-oriented data model, and a
weight rank ing system to assign weights to different multimedia data
stored in a database and selects those multimedia data that partially
match a given user query description. Our parser. unlike others,
provides an interpretation of natural language descriptions needed to
achieve an intelligent retrieval of multimedia data.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

There are two main problems with this method: project members
250.
tend to make wrong statements about the project. There is almost no
strategy to avoid this except to raise to level of confidence between
project members and management. The second problem is that most
software engineers (and not only them) dislike the creation of paper
based reports.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

e language such as MSQL [ Lit90] must be replaced by a collection of

251.
site subqueries. The standard approach to this problem is t. o
perform query decomposition [ ECR87] and translation in the
languages of the LDMSs (if neccesary).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

7.3 Maintaining Temporal Information Several authors discuss the

252.
problem of infinite data arising in the con text of temporal query
processing [1, 14]. This problem also occurs in the context of the
query language of this paper.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

253. 4.2.2 Multilinguality Apart from all the basic conceptual problems
modelling, it is also necessary to decide on a language used within
the modelling effort. For the generalized data model of the
organization, it is obvious that it has to be described in the "official"
common language of the organization. For the lower-level models,
the decision clearly depends on organizational standards.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

254. According to this the analogy to Craigs good informant can be

expressed as fol- lows: implicit technological knowledge is a state
that enables a subject (group, institu- tion) to be a good doer in a
given problem situation. The form of linguistic or formal expressions
 like in a database cannot handle this. These abilities are mediated by
a “body”.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

255. g., problem solving, decision making). Methods for measuring the
former exist, generally by listing the skills and the related experience;
current literature reports several attempts in this direction [2, 3]. The
latter is harder to describe, especially from the perspective of either a
project manager or a developer.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

5 Conclusions and Future Work In this paper we outlined integration

256.
problems in the context of heterogeneous BPM schemas. The
example of BPEL and PNML was given to highlight differ- ent control
flow representations as a major challenge in this area. Using
classical schema integration and the upward inheritance principle
would yield an inte- grated schema that could still include redundant
behavioral concepts.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

257. A realist view gives technology itself a value and claims to be

observer in- dependent. Anything can be solved with “the right tool
for the task at hand”. Realism supposes that a community can be
convinced of a certain technology (i.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

258. In the following sections we answer this last question by introducing

three main methods: Minimalism, the Method of Abstraction and
Constructionism. Each one is discussed separately 2 Minimalism
Philosophical questions pose multi-faceted problems. According to
Descartes, a problem space can be decomposed by a divide-and-
conquer approach [19].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 Researchers and practitioners who subscribe to the position of
259.
ontological realism see technology as a tool, which serves humanity
by achieving its common objectives. While they would concede that
technology is created by humans, it eventually matures from human
tutelage and leads an existence of its own. The resulting view is than
that a technological tool is tailored towards a certain task, which can
successfully be used to address the task and solve the problem.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Introduction The large variety and complexity of the commercial

260.
software packages offered to support the production planning and
control function ( PPC) requires a difficult expert evaluation of these
packages in order to cover the needs of a particular manufacturing
firm. The selection problem derives from the lack of slandardisation
out of a large variety of different types of manufacturing settings and
the lack of know-how on behalf of the potential buyers as to the real
capabilities of PPC software packages. It is suggested here that an
industry-specific PPC software evaluation procedure should be
developed, based on the knowledge domain of production
management theory about the needs of the utilizing production
system, according to its charac teristic structures and processes (e.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

10 10 8 10 8 7 8 6,95 TABLE III: SUITABILITY DIMENSION (

261.
Suitability of the problem to the technology of expert systems)
CHARACTE- CATE- TYPE DENOMINATION OF THE
CHARACTERISTIC THRESHOLD WEIGHT RISTIC GORY T. W.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

262. 162 TABLE IV: SUCCESS DIMENSION ( Possibility of success of the

expert system) CHARACTE- CATE- TYPE DENOMINATION OF THE
CHARACTERISTIC THRESHOLD WEIGHT VALUE RISTIC GORY T~ W,
V.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 To estimate the benefit of AI techniques, some basic understanding
263.
of the ideas behind expert systems is required. AI focuses on
problem solving techniques rather then on the use of exact
algorithms.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Finally, the Commonsense Business Reasoner will be integrated with

264.
an existing expert system for evaluation using real-world problems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

If, on the other hand, we view the problem from the officers
265.
perspective, the solu tion would be to find the exact billet that fills his
needs and desires. In most branches of NMPC there are two officers
working on officer placement, one who works with the officer being
reassigned and one who works with the commands that are trying to
fill their billets. Each of these officers is an ex pert, one queries the
officer database to find the best qualified officer for the billets and the
other queries the billet database to find the best possible billet for the
officer.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

250 Another problem that raises a lot of interest recently is data

266.
abstraction. Cardelli and Wegner rCa We 85) used universal and
existential quantifiers to represent abstract data struc tures and hide
details from users. Inspired by this approach, the meta variables are
introduced in our model to achieve the goal of information hiding,
data abstraction, and inheritance.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present

267.
the framework for the description of models, by first describing the
basic constructs used in the models and then giving the language for
the definition of models, and the consequent language for describing
schemes within each model. In Section 3 we show how the
translation process can be specified: we first motivate the problem
and illustrate the main difficulties, and then, after a brief presentation
 of the LOGIDATA+ model and language, we show some examples of
translations.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

268. 2.2 The Planning Process and The System Behaviour The system
provides aid to the process of incremental problem solvmg in a cyclic
manner. By ranking and highlighting certain facts at certain decision
points it enliances the percepuon of the user.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Here we have the limits of formal representation as a usual problem.

269.
But the con- ceptual damage is not given by the alleged inability of
the implicit everyday knowl- edge to cope with a certain kind of
problems, but the source is given by the paradigm of a machine
information processing. This states that any knowledge leading to a
successful action is not only an explicit knowledge but also a
knowledge that can be formalized.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Small organizations have problems with their credibility and

270.
resources related to global operation. Global forest industry
customers see the asymmetry as a problem and consider that small
organizations are not able to act as their global software partner.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

They are mainly based on the written contributions to the workshop,

271.
the discussions done during the workshop and other problems
identified in the literature that have not been explicitly addressed
during the workshop: 1. Problems on a Conceptual Level Ley et al.
propose a division of a typical workplace into a work space, a
learning space, and a knowledge space. In order to enable effective
learning, these spaces have to be linked.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 264 M. Strohmaier and S.N. Lindstaedt Fig. 5. Potential and
272.
Relevant Knowledge Problems tial knowledge problems represent
real problems for organizations. A detailed investigation of relevant
knowledge problems yields the design of improvement interventions (
Step 4) that themselves need to be evaluated ( Step 5) regarding
their contribution to the addressed business goals ( Step 1).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2.2 Case-Based Reasoning and Learning in Workflow Management

273.
Case-based reasoning ( CBR) is a contemporary approach to
problem solving and learning where new problems are solved by
using past experiences and by adapting their solutions to new
problem situations [10]. CBR is also an approach to incremental and
sustained learning. Every time a new problem is solved, the
information about the problem and its solution is retained and
immediately made available for solving future problems [11].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

274. However, the taxonomy proposed here is extended and built in a

software tool using object-oriented programming concepts. This
software tool facilitates the connection of the functional taxonomy to
the industrial sectors taxonomy and all relative classes, i. e. problem
areas, objectives, environmental factors and aliases (terminology of
production management across industrial sectors).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

275. Definition: Problem " Minimum Decision Tree" ( MDT) is the problem
to construct a decision tree for a given object collection M such that it
is minimal with respect to /- LN (/- LH, /- Lw).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

276. There exists a prototype used in the initial phase of the bus system
[5]. For the overall problem a distributed solution with co-operating
XPS is taking shape [4]. In such an application the knowledge of one
of the cooperating XPS must be available to the others.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

1 State of the art in the IRIDA project 1.1 The problems In the
277.
course of recent international congresses it was pointed out that the
problem of documentation, particularly of a bibliographic nature, in
the field of ancient law, must be tackled with extreme urgency using
state of the art technology.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

278. PROBLEMS OF SPECIAL INTEREST In this section we will discuss

some other than purely implementational aspects of expert system
development The topics are 1? resented as brief notes and
reflections on our work. Here we will give no solutions to the
problems listed.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The basic representation that we are developing is an inheritance

279.
hierarchy of case frames, each describ ing a class of event. For
example a by-pass operation inherits cases such as time, clinician,
patient as well as contributing specific cases such as material of
graft, operation outcome[l). Within this structure we still have the
complex knowledge representation problem of choosing approriate
cases.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

280. However, Gordijn and Akkermans are positive about their

methodology enhancing the common understanding of business
ideas, which was not possible by traditional e. g. verbal ways.
Furthermore, they believe that a model-based approach to business
problems can help asses the consequences of changes in business
models.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

281. From a formal point of view the reception of a foolish or misplaced TV

show may represent the same information processing procedures as
the understanding of a mathematical textbook or a philosophical
 lecture. The difference was not quite clear when Plato put forward the
emphatic meaning of knowledge: he defined knowledge as a true
justified opinion. But the generation procedure of this knowledge was
strug- gled on a high level in Plato’s dialogue Theaitetos and this
problem was not solved there.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

282. - The information available is more expensive than you are ready to
pay. 21 These questions represent also the basic problems of an
effective knowledge man- agement.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

283. SINUS was a flop. This was because the environment for its use was
not set up properly: no common understanding of reusable
components, no reliable statement on the quality, nobody responsible
for the software in the repository, and, finally, no support in the case
of problems with the code.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

By having such knowledge problem patterns available, organizations

284.
would be able to algorithmically investigate their knowledge process
models and iden- tify potential knowledge problems and -deficits. In
this contribution, we present

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2.3 Details on Two Selected Knowledge Problem Patterns In order to

285.
enhance understanding about these patterns, two of them are intro-
duced in greater detail: Fig. 2. Knowledge Problem Pattern 1: Implicit
Knowledge Pattern 1 ” Implicit Knowledge”, schematically depicted in
figure 2, refers to constellations of knowledge processes that do not
include any kind of knowledge storage respectively explication,
inferring that the only knowledge available in such situations is
considered to be implicit. Organizations suffering from high employee
turnover rates might increase the degree of explication concerning
the affected knowledge domains in order to overcome this knowledge
problem.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Based on business goals, organizational knowledge domains and

286.
according identified knowledge processes can be selected ( Step 2)
that are considered to be of utmost importance for achieving these
goals. Subsequently, knowledge problem patterns are applied to the
selected knowledge processes in order to identify potential
knowledge problems ( Step 3).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Knowledge usage: A typical problem of knowledge usage in internal

287.
medicine is the implementation of new information into the daily
workflow routine (e. g. usage of a new laboratory parameter in
intensive care). We had identified an instance of this problem as we
had provided an annotated laboratory guide.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

288. Besides, in this paper we demonstrated how complex many-sided

analysis of a real-world problem could have been performed, how
application of different DM techniques has helped us to understand
better the nature of the data that represents the problem.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

13 SOCIAL AND COLLABORATIVE MATCHING In an open

289.
environment like the web, social support has been the key in solving
hard and large problems. This approach can be also applied to
ontology match- ing.

Ontology matching state of the art and [Link]

The Object-oriented approach has recently received a great deal of

290.
attention from the area of database management systems ( DBMS's)
for new applications such as CAD-CAM. AI. etc .. The well estab
lished technology of relational DBMS's is not able to provide effec
tive and efficient solutions to the problems which these applications
raise. on one hand because of the lack of high level data abstraction
 primitives. and on the other hand because of the strong separation
be tween data and operations on them.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

291. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for rep

resenting and manipulating polymorphic object state and behav- ior
in the process of modeling data intensive applications. In this paper
we view the object-oriented paradigm under a modeling driven
perspective where the use of objects amounts to adopting data
modeling constructs that are direct mappings of problem domain
concepts. Evolution of objects is supported by allow ing them to
undertake or relinquish numerous ephemeral roles.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

WIthout planning, the problems of scale are not understood or

292.
adequately antiCIpated. In large software systems, the most severe
problems are not obvious until testing gets into trouble. Without a
plan it has shown that we consider testing itself as the problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

293. As we can see the problem consists of two parts, firstly there are all
the ’old’ problems from the crisis in the 60’s and secondly there are a
series of new aspects that we have no knowledge about at all from
this point of view. These topics can be summarized as follows: The
lack of methods to support exploratory programming [12].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Ontology learning can solve the problems of knowledge acquisition

294.
and greatly facili- tates the building of ontologies compared with the
scratching methods.

A novel approach for learning ontology from Relational [Link]

Various actor frameworks have been designed to resolve differ- ent

295.
distributed computation problem. Many recent actor frameworks are
trying to resolve real-time computation problems [9]. Here we
 propose to utilize actor model to improve knowledge management
systems, such as ELS.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

296. According to this short analysis that may be generalized cautiously,

the transforma- tion from information to knowledge (understanding)
and the transformation from knowledge to information
(communicating) are slightly modified in the field of tech- nology. The
fulfilment of the problem solving expression is simpler in case of
tech- nology, if one reduces it to an artefact in a narrow sense. Using
a wider concept of

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

State of the art e-learning approaches provide very sophisticated

297.
ideas for improving the learning process. However, its focus on
didactically well-founded learning material with rich media content
and complex interaction profiles makes it impractical, especially in
cost-sensitive corporate settings. While it is true that a clear
didactical approach and rich learning programs facilitate the learning
of the individual significantly, e-learning approaches have so far not
been able to solve the problem of producing these kind of materials.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

298. Fig. 1. Knowledge Processes Visualize Distributed Organizational

Knowledge Work Observations of reoccurring knowledge work
patterns (e. g. [12]) and the sup- position that patterns of certain
knowledge process constellations are able to indicate relevant
knowledge problems give reason for the following definition of the
term knowledge problem pattern: Knowledge problem patterns are
generic constellations of knowledge processes that indicate potential
knowledge problems and -deficits in organizations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Since all introduced knowledge problem patterns build on formal

299.
descriptions of knowledge processes (as introduced in greater detail
 in [5]), they easily can be applied by performing automated analysis
on top of identified knowledge processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

300. Since we have identified between 20 and 50 knowledge processes in

each of our case studies so far, instruments that aid in focus setting
are crucial. Knowledge problem patterns help in focussing on
relevant areas for improvement.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2 Related Work The particular data-intensive application for web

301.
detection that motivated our research is Elovici et al. [1]. Their
method relies on modeling terrorist behavior based on the particular
characteristics of this problem. The distribution of terrorists on the
web is neither stable nor balanced.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

302. Workflow Model CCBR-Case Knowledge type general knowledge

specific knowledge, exceptions, ad-hoc events Domain well
understood, narrow, stable over time poorly understood, wide,
dynamic over time Actor workflow modeler workflow user Time of
creation build-time run-time Reuse automated requires user
interaction The general knowledge of a domain is represented in the
workflow model, while cases are able to utilize specific knowledge of
previously experienced concrete problem situations. In general, the
workflow model captures broad trends in a domain, while cases are
good at covering details and at describing exceptions and ad- hoc
events. The declarative knowledge encoded in the workflow model
can be adapted to changing environments by cases, without
necessarily requiring the workflow model to be rewritten at every new
turn of events.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Synonymy causes additional problems since the same entity can

303.
mean different types of things on different domains, e. g., “ Magpie” is
a research project on the KMi Web site [4], but a type of bird on the
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB) Web site [5].
 Current NER tools relying on lexicon and patterns specific to a given
domain give good NER results on the home domain.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

304. In the next section, I summarize the principles of just-in-time

manufacturing, including the Japanese kanban system, and the
problems these systems address and create. Following that, I
explore whether the analogy to the problems of manufacturing
carries over to knowledge management. I will then argue that
applying K. D.-

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

305. Discussion. The above mentioned problems share common

characteristics: (i) the search space is very large, and (ii) the decision
is made involving multiple criteria. Resolving these two problems
simultaneously at run time makes ontology matching even harder.

Ontology matching state of the art and [Link]

306. The problem is that frames and frame languages do not provide a
task- level vocabulary for modeling con- trol knowledge. When frame
lan- guages were used, control of a sys- tem was often described at
a syntactic level: for example, in terms of which links to pursue for
inheritance.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

Conclusions The proposed expert system for the PPC software

307.
packages’ technical evaluation, can be applied during projects in
manufacturing firms seeking to buy/develop and implement
integrated production management software. In all these cases the
main problem is to define suitable software requirements in the form
of desired module attributes (features) as compared with the
characteristics of a certain type of manufacturing setting. Such
evaluation and selection decisions are far too complex to be faced
either by quantitative multi-criteria methods or by simple guessing.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 2.2 Persistent Object Management In this paper, "object" is used as a
308.
general name for class objects and instance objects, which are
stored and managed in the Object Managing System( OMS). The
function of the OMS is memorizing objects into files. As already
proposed in OODB research, this problem is solved by realizing
persistent object file management where the object appears to exist
after the system has finished its work.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

It is quite obvious that it is no acceptable solution to create a relation

309.
for each class in which each attribute corresponds to one variable
(including the inherited variables) of the class. With such a design the
generalization (an important feature of object oriented modelling)
cannot be correctly expressed in the database, because information
of the general class would have to be stored several times in each of
its subclasses which entails the problems of inconsistency an
redundancy of data. The approach chosen in this paper also requires
a relation for each class declaration.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Despite differences in data model and implementation as pects, all

310.
research projects on MDBMS have decided to or ganize multimedia
data using the abstract data type ( ADT) concept. This is generally
accepted as the adequate ap proach. However, none of the projects
have addressed the problem of content retrieval of multimedia data.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

3.4 Multimedia information systems According to the different kinds of

311.
environmental data, an EIS should be able to store knowledge in
differ!’ nt forms of representation. Allthough there is increMing
r~~tllrch IIctiv it)’ conc~rning multimedia information systems, th~re is
littl~ work on the retrieval problem in th~se syst~m.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

312. 3 Scheme translation The final goal of our research is a system that,
given two models defined by means of the metamodel, is able of
 trans lating schemes from a model to the other, preserving equiv
alence. As we said, a first problem here is that there is no agreed
definition of equivalence. Also, there are problems that arise
whichever notion of equivalence we assume.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The need for a detailed study of the problems created by changes in

313.
the law was brought home to us last year, when the Canadian
Unemployment Insurance Act was substantially amended. Overnight,
many of the rules in our expert system needed revising, and a
sizeable collection of cases which we had analysed in view of
experiments in case-based reasoning became largely irrelevant.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Coming together with the expert system paradigm are are a number
314.
of new problems. From an historical point of view we should act with
utmost care when introducing these new concepts to society.
Nevertheless, today certain application domams are still to be found.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

315. INTRODlJCTlON The starting point of this research* was a problem

with which the scholars, particularly of history and art, have
frequently to deal: that is the identification of a person, or at least of
the family to which he belongs, on the basis of his coat-of-arms, and
when only the coat-of-arms and anything else is known. A coat-of-
arms can adorn a portrait, a painting, an altar, of which other
documentary data are lacking (or they are unknown); therefore the
coat-of-arms may represent the first access key for the right
classification and study of that object, provided that it can be possible
to know to whom it belongs.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

3.1.7 Business Model Evaluation and Indicators A last, but

316.
nevertheless very important and challenging field of business model
research concerns the definition of indicators, business model
measurement and evaluation. A number of authors have written on
 this question, attacking the problem from different angels ( Hamel
2000; Gordijn 2002; Afuah and Tucci 2003).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

317. Of course the above mentioned strengths are simply impressions of

the interviewed business practitioners and would have to be
empirically tested, but which would go beyond the possible of this
dissertation. Therefore I formulate a set of three hypotheses that
could be used in further business model research. One of the
problems of testing these hypotheses is that they demand specific
tools (i.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The problem of the relation between knowledge and knowledge

318.
representation or between knowledge and information concerns
some of the workshop’s contri- butions. In an early work, the
philosopher Hegel discussed the relation between

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Technical Solution A further problem is the decision to use the right

319.
operating system. The application should run on small machines (like
POs) and if available on larger machines. This fact let us to opt for
the programming language 0 which is very popular among languages
on different oper ating systems ( MS-DOS, UNIX, etc.).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

320. With respect to the legal problems contemplated by the expert

system, these must be very specific, as has been the case with those
systems which have been developed up to now: [6], [3], [8], [9], [2],
[4].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

International Model Regional Model 1 Regional Model n Fig. 4 :

321.
Relationship between model layers 4.2 Model Design A13 pointed
out above, the data modelling effort for an international organization
 requires a modified approach. Apart from this proceeding, specific
problems are encountered within the particular stages of the model
design, too.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The usefulness of knowledge can be defined by its power for

322.
problem solving. Therefore the value of information can be estimated
as the difference between the effectiveness of a problem solving with
and without having available the relevant information in order to
produce the necessary knowledge. This presupposes a very
restrictive and precise definition what the problem is for which given
information is needed.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

One solution to the problem with a dispersed workforce is experience

323.
repositories. A lot of research has gone into this field, however most
of this research has been focused on large companies and little data
exists on the application of this in small companies [1, 2].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

324. Exploratory learning is a key didactic principle, which aims at learning

expe- riences that offer opportunities to recognise patterns of
knowledge. Such pattern recognition is particularly satisfying if the
human learner has the impression that it is her personal success to
arrive at a certain insight, and if the insight has a touch of novelty.
This novelty on the one hand excites the hippocampus, and on the
other hand stimulates the release of dopamine.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

325. 5.1 Scenario A: Enhancing Supervisor-Employee Learning Interaction

At Research Ltd., project managers are required to write a
management summary at the end of each project (as part of a
defined project-close-out process). In this management summary the
goals of the project, the approach taken, the results achieved and the
value generated are stated within a few pages. However, many
project managers have difficulties taking a step back from the specific
 project problems and technical details to give a clear, abstract
description of what was achieved.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

326. Supporting Competency Development in Informal Workplace

Learning 199 5.2 Scenario B: Using a Document Repository for Self-
organized Learning Searching the company’s document repository
for documents that have been produced in previous projects and
finding pointers to the people that have produced them is a different
form of informal learning that takes place at knowledge intensive
workplaces. The problem is that the document repository is usually
not structured according to learning requirements. Again, we suggest
that competence performance structures may offer such structuring
that is based on learning prerequisites among the documents that
have been created.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Within the IS research discipline, conceptual modeling is widely

327.
discussed by all epistemological doctrines which are most relevant in
the IS field, such as positivism and interpretivism [11]. Conceptual
models are regarded as design artifacts which are result of a design
science research process [21]. Design artefacts are supposed to
deliver value by being applied to a problem situation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2.2 Conceptual Architecture The observations presented in the

328.
section suggest a generic approach, which – also in contrast to other
approaches for IT-based knowledge management solutions – puts
communication into the centre of a knowledge management system
and links them to sources of information, in which relevant
knowledge is stored in form of information, available in the business.
In doing so, the conceptual architecture is based on commu- nication
structures existing in a digital form with the objective of (implicitly) re-
cording a knowledge acquisition process once solved in
communication so it can be reused for similar problems. Beyond that,
providers and inquirers of knowledge can be identified in digitized
communication structure to enable the localization of experts which
bundle certain knowledge.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

As mentioned earlier, in group development of software, docu ments

329.
have to be transmitted among developers. In a bug report system, a
bug found by a person has to be announced to the man ager, and the
manager then determine who should be in charge of the problem.
Thus, a document needs to be transmitted according to the contents,
the type, the state of development, and so on.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Thereby the problem can be transformed to graph search, and an

330.
algorithm for reachability in graphs can be applied to calculate the
danger zonerecursively. A variant of this algorithm can be used to
determine the danger zone, if water bursts into the hollow spaces
underground. ( This modifIcation is actually implemented, cf. [29])
Risk assessment in mine planning [10] A comprehensive knowledge
based system for risk assessment is developed at the Technical
University of Clausthal-Zellerfeld.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

331. The task requires only cognitive skills.

2. At least one genuine expert, who is willing to cooperate, exists.
3. The experts involved can articulate their methods of problem
solving.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Our work make progress along the lines of the fourth type of
332.
approach above in that: i) We provide a fo=al language and interface
which is problem and thus user oriented. ii) We give computer
support that allows to directly execute specifications, thus facilitating
rapid prototyping and simulation. iii) We attempt to generate code in
a language suitable to implement specifications above.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In the approach proposed in (10) types of an entity may also be

333.
versioned. These are represented by multi version classes that are
 sets of class versions. However, the problem that remains unsolved
in these approaches is how to represent relationships between object
and class versions that appear in the real world.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Designing a Hypermedia Information System H.P. Frei, P. Schauble

334.
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ( ETH) Zurich Department of
Computer Science, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland This paper addresses
some problems arising when a Hypermedia Information System is
designed. In contrast to authoring sys tems that primarily support
document preparation, the system de scribed here is intended mainly
to support the administration of hypermedia information, i. e., storage
and retrieval of as well as browsing in information.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

335. They offer a best solution for resolving the heterogeneity problem
that occurs between two or more information systems, by providing a
generic knowledge that can be shared and reused by different kind of
domains such as artificial intelligence, seman- tic web services,
knowledge engineering and computer science [5]. As ontologies tend
to evolve rapidly over time and between different applications, there
is an increasing need in recent years towards their construction
approaches.

A novel approach for learning ontology from Relational [Link]

It may be possible to refer to an expert in the studied domain to

336.
resolve some problems concerning the gathered data such as the
database conceptualization problems [47].

A novel approach for learning ontology from Relational [Link]

com/agility/ampapers. html.
337.
10. Whalen, T., Samaddar, S.: Problem solving: a knowledge
management process.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 ✦ 1 INTRODUCTION The progress of information and communication
338.
tech- nologies has made available a huge amount of dis- parate
information. The problem of managing het- erogeneity among various
information resources is increasing. For example, most of the
database research self-assessment reports recognize that the thorny
question of semantic heterogeneity, that is of handling variations in
meaning or ambiguity in entity interpre- tation, remains open [1].

Ontology matching state of the art and [Link]

In one sense, knowledge is of general u t i l i ty - - the same piece

339.
can be utilized in di f ferent contexts and problems; so, unlike tradit
ional procedura l approaches , knowledge should not be tied to one
task or goal. On the other hand, it is diffi- cult to know what
knowledge to put in a system without having an idea of the tasks the
KBS will confront. In spite of claims of generality, all KBSs are
designed with some task or class of tasks in mind.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

340. message passing. Another problem to overcome is the time ~aken to

load each module into main memory. In the Independent module
approach of ES-DB communication there exists the overhead of
creating an extra program module for control and process
management.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Problems may even never have occurred before. AI aims not to

341.
model these problems, but to model the management or decision
making process.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses re lated work.

342.
Section 3 addresses fundamental problems and outlines the
architecture of the Multimedia Database Man agement System (
MDBMS). Section 4 describes the natural language interpretation
capabilities of the parser, Section 5 the approximate match algorithm
 used for retrieval of mul timedia data and Section 6 gives a short
overview of the user interface.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

343. In general physicians are not experienced computer users and have
a lack of time. Therefore, technical aids have to be transparent, fully
understandable, explicable, easily and quickly accessible for them.
We use the term knowledge-based assistance system instead of
expert system due to the role of a system which respects the above
mentioned constraints being a cooperative assistant, who has a staff
function, providing advice like a consultant, and having the same
understanding of the problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Nevertheless, their way of problem-solving has not been the way of

344.
humans’ problem solving because the knowledge was applied in a
very mechanistic way by the inference mechanism. Thus, MYCIN has
been restructured for tutorial purposes which require a high degree of
transparency of the problem-solving process [4]. The successor of
MYCIN, NEOMYCIN has used the fact that humans solve problems by
the hierarchical decomposition in subtasks until means are found to
solve the subtasks [1].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The importance of core skills also came up in several of the

345.
stakeholder interviews: “I choose workers from any skill levels with
the ability to quickly become familiar with technology and ability to
come up with creative solutions for work-related problems” (
Employer)

Labour market [Link]

346. It is already noted that the field of software engineering is largely

influenced by and based on the needs of large organizations like US
Department of Defence [cf. 10, 15] and military applications, whose
problems are in many ways different from the problems of small
organizations.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Application of Knowledge Problem Patterns 265 Knowledge” in figure

347.
6) and 2. The generation as well as the transfer of knowl- edge about
customers is not covered respectively organizationally supported in
any business process ( Pattern 5 ” Knowledge Outage” in figure 6).
Findings like these might pose severe problems for organization O’s
goal to improve satisfac- tion among its customers.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Application of Knowledge Problem Patterns 267 6 Conclusions

348.
Knowledge problem patterns point organizations to conditions that
potentially prevent them from effectively achieving their business
goals. In this contribution, a set of knowledge problem patterns and
an according process of applying them was introduced. Thereby it is
important to keep in mind that the introduced knowledge problem
patterns represent indicators for potential knowledge prob- lems and
no bullet-proof triggers for improvement actions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

349. However, in this paper we emphasize the data and problem

understanding perspective. We see the main contribution of this
paper in demonstrating how the many-sided analysis of a real-world
problem has been performed and how the application of diversified
DM techniques has helped us to enhance our understanding of the
nature of the data that represents the problem.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 7 Future Work Despite the recent work on inference engines,
350.
efficiency stays a problem, especially when reasoning on schema
and instance level. Our experiment showed that the current
implementation of Ontobroker was able to deal with non-toy
ontologies. However, more experimental settings with different kinds
of ontologies are needed to understand the behavior of our approach
in different situations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

A DEDUCTIVE DATABASE SYSTEM WITH APPLICATIONS TO ROUTE

351.
PLANNING Malcolm C. Taylor Department of Computer Science
University of Houston Houston, TX 77204 ABSTRACT The issue of
deductive query optimization has received widespread attention, yet
the problem of dealing with functions defined on com plex data
structures remains unresolved. In this paper we present an approach
which allows for abstract data types and arbitrary user defined
functions within the framework of an extended relational model.
Functions may appear in both rules and queries, and the op
timization process uses a combination of term rewriting and distribu
tion of selections.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The subsequent contribution [3] described an integrated application

352.
of Knowledge Discovery in Databases ( KDD), related to practical
problems. The authors developed a decision table based framework
to connect KDD processes with business intelli- gence system
implementations and a knowledge management strategy. The ability
of decision tables to offer a highly intuitive visualization of the
extracted knowledge was shown by a series of real-life credit scoring
cases.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

353. One of the serious problems by retrieving code of Prolog know ledge
bases from secondary storage is the large load time, which is quite
prohibitive for a run time retrieval of large knowlegde bases. The load
time of knowledge bases comprises the transfer time and the
translation time; the latter incures 90% of the total load time [ Boc90].
The following diagrams show an exponential load time by an
 increasing knowledge base size; the load times are measured by
interpreting (consult) and compiling (compile) source code by
QUINTUS Prolog 2.4 under AIX on a IBM RT computer: ·The work
reported here has been carried out at IBM Stuttgart as part of the
EUREKA project PROTOS ( EUS6): Prolog 1’2.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

354. The system acts as an aid to the jurist in discovering whether it is

possible to make a legal claim relative to a building contract as well
as documenting the posture to be taken with respect to the case.
Some results of the use of IDEAL methodology for expert system
development are shown, as obtained for ARPO-2. Future lines of work
are discussed, with the aim of improving this prototype.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

355. As was stated in Section 4, the ARPO-2 prototype, as a model of a

legal expert system, deals with a very specific legal problem: the
building contract. Nevertheless, it is possible to think in terms of
developing a bigger system which covers the problems relating to
breach of contract in general.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

LOCO tackles this problem by allowing query entities to be stored in

356.
the pennanent database as well. Consider the simple example where
we want to query the knowledge base of Example 2 for all hotels with
big conference facilities which are affordable (rate < 40(0). This que
ry can be expressed in LOCO as ’* Example 11 a .,

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

357. As it stands, the progam invites the user to describe the case, and
progressively builds up a formulation of the case in a form decided by
the user by choosing between different options, so as to satisfy the
premises on which the conclusion off~ red by SIRED OJ will be
based. The conclusions consist of the limited set of extra-juridical and
juri dical solutions and law suits which can be imple mented to solve
the dispute between the parties as a result of constructing a building.
 The substantive description of the problem, and’ the link between
premises and conclusions were performed by a pro fessor of Civil
Law, who is an expert in the general principles and doctrinal trends
laid down by dog matics with regard to obligations and contracts, and
by a magistrate who is an expert in professio nal practice.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

358. It turns out that internationally operating companies actually face

specific problems that affect as well the data and the functional
aspects of the business. There is a growing need in international
organizations for sound solutions to the problems encountered when
trying to design organization-wide information models. In the
following, the focus will be on the data side of the modelling effort as
the key prerequisite for any integration approach.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

3.1 Distributed Operating Units The most prevalent property of an

359.
internatio~al organization is the international distribution of Its
operating units. Hence, an international company does ~ot only sell
to international markets, but runs operating units in the areas of
sales, production, research IiIl:d development on an international
level. The geographic dispersion of the operating units itself already
presents a cause for many problems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

This way the process improvements could be traced all the way back
360.
to the groups of findings in certain workshop. The purpose of the “
Finding” field is to provide sufficiently detailed explicit knowledge of
the specific problems in each topic area based on the discussion of
the project team. “ Action point” field clarifies what is the mutually
agreed concrete action to be taken in the next iteration to improve
the situation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

361. The error/failure management allows deriving checkitems from

experiences about actual problems encountered during testing and
operation of developed software. Of particular interest are problems
 that are difficult to detect during tests or take long to detect during
operation (e. g., memory management mistakes).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

362. 4.2 Context Model Essential for any context-aware system is the
formalization of what “can used to characterize the situation of an
entity” [10], i. e. the definition of a context model or schema for
context information. Past research approaches have shown that
there is no canonical set of context feature for a certain problem
domain.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

363. It is important to note that all of these patterns are supposed to be

applied on a generic level and do not take specifics of certain
process instantiations into account. The benefit that can be reaped
from such a restriction is that the patterns are potentially applicable
across business process instances and organizations as well. Also,
although patterns in the sense of [9] include the elements 1. problem
2. context and 3. solution, the knowledge problem patterns at hand
predominately focus on the elements problems and context and only
sketch out solution spaces.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

364. According to this approach each insurance product is represented as

a generalized case. Similarity assessment and retrieval methods
already developed for generalized cases are applied here, solving
the task of finding and configuring of insurance products.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

365. 4.1 Basic Classifiers As one stage of our preliminary analysis we

formulated a classification problem aimed to predict the sensitivity of
a pathogen to an antibiotic based on the data about the antibiotic, the
isolated pathogen, and the demographic and clinical features of the
patient ( Table 1 above). The classification problem was tried to be
solved using six classifiers (columns in Table 2): Naïve Bayes ( NB),
Bayesian Network ( BN), three nearest neighbor-based classifiers (1
 NN, 3 NN, and 15NN with weights), and a decision tree classifier (C4.
5). As the seventh classifier the rule-based Jrip ( Figure 1) was used.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

366. Further problems to be considered are, for example, efficient data

butTering in the expert system, communication and database update
opera tions.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

367. A similar problem is addressed in research on efficient checking of in

tegrity constraints specified in first order logic [11, 20). The algorithms
developped for this task exploit the property that before the database
update the formula to be checked was valid. The methods for check
ing space reduction and formula minimization developped for efficient
integrity checking seem to apply for temporal query optimization, too.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

368. The thesaurus flle consists of a structured set of terms (currently

about 8000) representing a specific collection of disciplines referring
to ancient law. The set is structured in the sense that all the terms are
linked together by a tree classification structure (which reproduces
the logical categories typical of the juridical disciplines) but also in the
sense that the system makes provision for cross references between
the common language terms used by the user to express his
research needs and the controlled terms, which act as descriptions,
or subjects, of the bibliographic documents. Creating the thesaurus
involved 443 solving problems related to choosing the fundamental
nodes of the scientific field considered.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The static facts are retrieved from the database while the declarative,
369.
heuristic knowledge components are expressed as rules. The rule
based knowledge is classified as Knowledge that is fra~entary,
modular and often difficult, at a first sight, to place Wlthin a context.
We could say that the system reflects reality by this mix of knowledge
representations; a structured reality which corresponds to a
specification of the problem and drawing, and an unstructured reality
 which corresponds to the operators mind and individual interpretation
of the problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

370. 1 Introduction Information analysis and presentation are increasingly

impor tant activities in modem control rooms of industrial processes
and power plants. The introduction of different Computerised
Operator Support Systems ( COSSs) in the control room, calls for a
new approach in handling and presenting information to the operator.
To deal with these problems, the project on the Integrated
Surveillance and Control System ( ISACS) was ini tiated at the
Halden Reactor Project [1,2].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The managers of the company wish to leverage the company in the

371.
market by providing solutions to the problems of their customers. The
solutions should make them stand out and increase the probability
that the customers later returns with new projects. In order to do this,
they wish to foster an environment were all ideas and knowledge are
shared freely among the employees, and where the employees can
draw upon the experience of each other to provide good services to
their customers.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The problem of missing flexibility in WFMS has been addressed in the

372.
last few years by adaptive workflow management research (e. g.,
ADEPT [1], METEOR [2], WIDE [3]). In general, these approaches rely
on a predefined workflow model and try to avoid user interactions
whenever possible.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

373. An Extended Hierarchical Censored Production Rules ( EHCPRs) is

a knowledge representation system for reasoning with real life
problems and a step towards a generalized representation system.
An EHCPR is a unit of knowledge resulting in a knowledge base
which is modular and hierarchical in nature. Jain and Jain used the
 Extended Hierarchical Censored Production Rules ( EHCPRs) to
denote the knowledge in intelligent systems [26, 27, 28].

Super [Link]

374. By doing this, we ensure that the method can be appl ied to as wide
a range of task instances as possible. In contrast, early GT work often
overconstrained the sequencing of subtasks, limiting the use of each
method to a narrow range of prob- lems.
2. Search control knowledge en- sures a dynamic or situated system.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

For example, the task structure for Diagnosis in- cludes mult iple
375.
methods for evalu- ating a hypothesis. When a system has two or
more of these methods, method selection knowledge must be
present to de te rmine the best method to take for the task instance
being solved.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

376. The design task can be solved using a family of methods called
propose-critique-modify ( PCM) [7]. These methods have the sub-
tasks of proposing partial or com- plete design solutions, critiquing
the proposals by identifying causes of failure, if any, and modifying
proposals to satisfy design goals; hence the three subtasks shown
for PCM: propose, critique and mod- ify. These subtasks can be com-
bined in fairly complex ways, but the following method is one
straightforward way in which a PCM method can organize and
combine the subtasks.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

377. On the knowledge management side, there has also been some
research on linking KM systems to their organizational context, in
particular to their business process context [2]. These approaches
were a major step into the direction of facilitating workplace learning
with a broader scope, but they have not acknowledged the
importance of pedagogical guidance. Context-aware delivery of e-
 learning material is not just the same problem as just-in-time
information retrieval.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

378. E1 D EX They do n? t feel threatened by the project; a 9 they are

oapable of feeling intellectually united with respect to it E2 D EX
They have a brilliant history In carrying out this task 6 a E3 D EX
There is agreement as to what constitutes a 5 a good solution to the
task E4 D EX The only lustification to take a step towards 5 a the
solution is the quality of the final solution E5 D TA There IS no fixed
period for completion and nor 6 7 IS there another project dependent
upon. thiS task E6 E TA It is not Influenced by poli~cal changes a 7 a
E7 D TA Expert systems already exist which solve thiS or similar
tasks a 7 Ea D TA There are minrmal changes in habitual procedures
a 7 E9 D TA The solutions are explicable or Interactive 5 a E10 E TA
The task IS of an R+D or of a practical 6 7 6 character, but not the
two Simultaneously E11 D DU They are mentally adjusted to the
problem and 6 a have reahstic expectations with respect to both.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

tSupported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under grant

379.
En184/1 Numerous attempts have been made to enhance data
models and database technology with the capability to handle time.
Many ap proaches extend the relational model [3, 7 J. Researcll in
this area faces the problem of preserving the orthogonality of the
relational model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH Since medical diagnostic

380.
support has to be based on more comprehensive knowledge bases
than usually provided by appli cations designed for restricted problem
domains, we introduced a concept for diagnostic problem domain-
and case-independent information structuring. Moreover, it provides
active support for the diagnostician to accumulate individual
knowledge and to test diagnostic hypothesis.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 Putting strategy, business models and process models together one
381.
can say that they address similar problems (e. g. the one of earning
money in a sustainable way) on different business layers (see Figure
6). In general, such a multi-layer approach is quite common in IS.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

204 A. Schmidt The language of knowledge management is to some

382.
degree naïve because it assumes that knowledge is an (almost
tangible) good that can be “produced”, “captured” or “transferred” and
that can be summed up to a corporate memory. Starting from
metadata-driven document management, knowledge management
has now adopted communication and collaboration solutions in order
to address the problem of tacit knowledge. Still, knowledge
management does not fully realize that it is mainly about facilitating
purpose-oriented learning in organizations and that thus
understanding how learning takes place is extremely important to
consider.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

An information system involves output that tries to solve specific

383.
problem(s) occurring in an organisation. Problems often arise when
an organisation feels that its productivity is not as expected, or when
pursuing competitive advantage. Software development is focused
on building software products effectively and of the desired quality,
where a customer and a software company are satisfied with a final
product.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

The knowledge-level view does not include a specific account of how

384.
the problem will be solved (i. e., it does not indicate the representa-
tions and inference methods uti- lized to accomplish the task). How-
ever, the knowledge-level view can be applied recursively: that is,
some commitment to an inference method can be made fairly ab-
stractly: then this too can be repre- sented as knowledge at the
knowl- edge level.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

 The methodology we adopt consists of associating natural language
385.
captions to each multimedia data and using the description to
retrieve the rel evant data. More precisely, the description of a
multimedia data is matched against the description of a user query
which is also expressed using natural language captions. The major
problem with this approach is that it is generally the case that the
description of a multimedia data does not exactly match the
description of a user query.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

386. 1 INTRODUCTION One of the well-known problems associated with

expert systems is that, while they possess a high degree of ex
pertise in their specific application area, they usually know very little
about anything outside that area. As a result, they often ask
questions that appear unnecessary or trivial to the user. This not only
increases the effort required to use these systems, but also detracts
from their credibility as experts.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The introduction of object constructors allows us to define and

387.
maintain different views of the same knowledge base while overcom
ing the problems mentioned above. Introducing object constructors
also implies that we have extended the set of objects in LOCO from
simple constants to general (object) termsJroJo ... 0,,). A LOCO pro
gram can then be considered as a mapping from object termsJro/.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The software that we developed addresses the efficiency issue with

388.
an architecture containing a master module, which create
subprocesses that will read the data and send it to the master
through interprocesses communication channels. Each subprocess
(three of them presently exist) is designed to optimize the access
time to the particular data it must handle. The flexibility problem was
resolved by defining a conceptual view of the data, where each
record is described in a similar way, independent of its actual
representation in the database.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The LF is the intermediate representation between the syntactic form

389.
of sentence and a pragmatic representation of the sentence. An
intermediate semantic representation is desirable because it provides
a natural division between two separate problems: one concerns
word sense and sentence ambiguity, and the other involves to use
the knowledge of the world and the present context to identify the
particular consequences of a certain sentence.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

It means designing and building a model that makes it possible to

390.
represent the business model of a firm. The question that must
immediately follow is, if this is valid and viable research or if it is mere
consultancy work, meaning finding a solution to a problem. This
question is significant because the research in this dissertation
neither contributes to theory building as defined above nor to theory
falsification and testing, which is the second major scientific
preoccupation.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Bridging the Gap Between

391.
Knowledge Management and E-Learning with Context-Aware
Corporate Learning Andreas Schmidt FZI Research Center for
Information Technologies, Karlsruhe, Germany
[Link]@[Link] Abstract. Knowledge management and
e-learning both address the same fundamental problem: facilitating
learning in organizations. But they approach the problem with two
different paradigms, resulting in two different types of system.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

392. They distinguish between three corresponding levels of granularity:

(1) Value chains arrange value-adding activities [30], (2) business
processes connect functions and (3) workflows orchestrate tasks.
The approaches discussed above (see sections 1 and 3) extend this
perspective to include some of the specifics of knowl- edge work.
However, they are still limited mainly to routine work solving
 structured problems that primarily aims at the exploitation or
application of knowledge.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

393. Organizations aiming to tackle this problem might emphasize on the

stronger integration of these knowledge activities in their respective
business processes and thereby increase organizational knowledge
support for business process BP.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Based on these insights, the organization might focus on increased

394.
explication of knowledge (e. g. introduction of meeting minutes) or on
the detailed modeling and implementation of sales processes that
take knowl- edge aspects into account to overcome the identified
knowledge problems and thereby meet their respective business
goals. In doing that, organizations are en- abled to implement
necessary knowledge management interventions that visibly
contribute to organizational business processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

395. In this paper we have presented the results of our experimental study
in AR prediction for nosocomial infections. We have achieved rather
high generalization accuracy (84.5%) that is quite promising in terms
of better understanding the problem and patterns of AR. The results
were achieved using data with patients having meningitis over the
last three years only, and we plan to continue our analysis of the
whole NSI database of nosocomial infections including older data
collected since 1997.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

With ontologies generation, ontology engineers subsequently face

396.
the problem of how to reuse these existing ontologies, and how to
map various different ontologies in order to enable a common
interface and understanding to emerge for the support of communi-
cation between existing and new domains. As such, ontology
 mapping has turned out to be another impor- tant research area for
ontology learning.

document [Link]

397. Musen investigated ways to model classes of planning problems and

the required domain knowl- edge [26]. He advocated the devel-
opment of a task model followed by the use of the model to acquire
domain facts. His system, Protege, provides a language for modeling
classes of planning problems based on skeletal plan refinement.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

The task structure view, on the other hand, views the solution of
398.
complex problems as arising from the interaction of many local meth-
ods for local tasks. In any domain having a record of successful
human problem-solving, the knowledge in the domain helps to
decompose the task into manage- able chunks, so each of the prob-
lems can be solved to the degree of precision and accuracy needed
for the domain. It then becomes the task of the AI theorist to develop
vocabularies of generic tasks, meth- ods and knowledge.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

1 Introduction From the beginning of the 80’s up to now, there have

399.
been a lot of proposals for extending rela tional database systems in
order to cope with the problem of application programming. Database
systems are more and more sophisticated and now range from the
"rough" C+ SQL systems up to fully integrated softwares, usually
called database pro gramming languages ( DBPL). Database
program ming languages are gruning a great importance in database
research.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

400. Another important problem to which the de signer of an OODBS is

faced, is to define a design methodology which would be consistent
with the object-oriented approach. Up to now, there exists a lot of
proposals for database design. They range from the Abrial
 proposal[2] to sophisticated seman tic data models such as IFO[l] or
INSYDE[13].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

401. The difficulty which arises when dealing with bigger problems is that
the knowledge base has to be so large that the search for information
within it, in order to produce a reasoning, can be very slow and
complicated. In order to increase the ARPO-2 prototype, we propose
the construction of various knowledge bases, by means of classifying
the legal normative which is common to all types of contract and that
which is specific to each type. Thus, when passing through the
determination of the scene phase, the type of contract which relates
the parties is determined and, therefore, the group of knowledge
bases which have to be referred to is restricted.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Indeed, so that knowledge is re-used, it must be understood by the

402.
worker i. e. is integrated into its experiments and knowledge base
and constantly mobilized in the action [10]. This approval and this
reuse wished are therefore possible via a learning process, during
which we show to the learner different domain difficulties and let's
bring him the possible solutions that answer to these situations
problems of operational order.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In addition, the separation of working, learning, and teaching

403.
becomes blurred in knowledge intensive organizations. Increasingly
interdisciplinary teams work together to perform a task. They all have
to learn from each other (and thus also teach each other) to be able
to solve the given problems.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3 Competency Development and Workplace Learning It is generally

404.
agreed that learning at the workplace can take different forms. As we
have discussed in the previous section, one can differentiate
between short-term performance support that would involve learning
simple procedures or problem solving strategies, and long-term
 people development (e. g. [11], [12]). In this paper we look at the
latter kind of these learning activities, namely at how employees
develop competencies that enable them to perform competently in a
broad range of situations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

We put forward the view that the realist ontology tends to

405.
overemphasise the use of technology. However, the expected goals
are very often not met. The problem lies not in the technology itself
but in its poor management, which often takes the technology out of
social context.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

[16-21] Second, we know that collaboration plays a central role in

406.
knowledge management. [22-25] In my analysis here, I have largely
ignored collaboration because we struggle with the problems of even
single-user knowledge management. However, collaborative work is
likely the norm for knowledge workers, who must often respond to
their colleagues’ work efforts.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Ontology mapping Effective use or reuse of knowledge is essential.

407.
This is especially so now because of the overwhelming amount of
information that is being continually generated, which in turn has
forced organizations, businesses and people to manage their
knowledge more effectively and efficiently. Simply combining
knowledge from distinct domains creates several problems, for
instance different knowledge representation formats, semantic
inconsis- tencies, and so on.

document [Link]

408. Each of the PCM subtasks can be achieved using various methods. T
h r e e such families of methods are shown for the proposal task (see
Figure 4): decomposit ion, case- based and constraint satisfaction. In
decomposi t ion methods, domain knowledge is used to map subsets
of design specifications into a set of smaller design problems.
 Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

Keywords: CIM, scheduling, planning, constraints, con straint

409.
propagation 1 Introduction In this paper we present a system for
generating produc tion schedules for the German Processing and
Archiving Fa cility for ERS-l satellite data( D-PAF). The scheduling
pro cedure bases on constraint-guided scheduling, where one
represents the scheduling problem by a network of restric tions. This
representation allows the application of con straint satisfaction and
constraint propagation techniques for supporting the scheduler.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

410. g. becoming aware of knowledge gaps and formulating a

corresponding query in whatever form). In order to overcome these
problems, LIP has elaborated a third type of learning process:
context-steered learning. Here the system observes the (potential)
learner’s work activities, while she interacts with her everyday
applications.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

411. Fig. 2. Overlapping of knowledge management in the fields of

communication and information management The underlying
methodology is based on the observation that knowledge distribu-
tion and management (in businesses and beyond) is mainly a
communication process about information, which contains the
sought-after knowledge or creates it in the course of the
communication (e. g. through collaborative problem solving of the
com- munication partners involved).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Towards an Integrated BPM Schema: Control Flow Heterogeneity of

412.
PNML and BPEL4WS Jan Mendling1, Cristian Pérez de Laborda2,
and Uwe Zdun1 1 Dept. of Information Systems and New Media, WU
Vienna, Austria [Link]@[Link] [Link]@wu-
[Link] 2 Dept. of Computer Science, Databases and
Information Systems, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
perezdel@[Link] Abstract. Although there
 have been standardization efforts for more than ten years,
heterogeneity of business process modelling schemas is still a big
problem for business process management. This paper dis- cusses
the applicability of schema integration methodology in this con- text
and illustrates specific integration problems by discussing the ex-
ample of BPEL and PNML.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

About 1,000 of these rules consti- tute the symbol-level view of Red-
413.
Soar. However, this description fails to capture the task-level con- trol
and knowledge in the system. To do this, RedSoar can be de- scribed
at a computational level by listing the problem spaces defined by the
Soar production rules, as in Figure 5b.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

414. 3.4.1 A New Software Crisis The most fundamental reason for such a
cnSlS is that programming methods and most existing software tools
only adress the implementation part of the software development
process. They provide no assistance to the software specifier and
only liImted assistance to the software designer [11J. In spite of the
increasing number of high-level development platforms available on
market and their user friendliness the problem remains the same; to
end up with a smooth-running, well documented and understood,
easy maintainable, portable, reliable and an efficient system. Good
software engineering criterias are valid and should be followed also
by expert system developers.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Ley, Lindstaedt & Albert refer in their paper to recent work stating
415.
that one can differentiate between short- term performance support
that would involve learning simple procedures or problem solving
strategies, and long-term people development [8]. Regarding the
short-term performance support, learning is often based on getting
involved in communities of practice, accessing knowledge
repositories in order to find suitable knowledge, or on receiving the
right information for a specific situation pro-actively by the system.
Learning is happening just-in-time and in context.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Introduction The amount and complexity of the data that occur in high
416.
energy physics experiments urgently require the use of ’intelligent’
systems for automatic deduction and classification of events. One of
the projects that approaches this problem is ’ Expert Systems
Applications in the field of natural science" . The aim of the project is
to support various aspects of the experiments by knowledge based
techniques.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

1 Introduction The realization of knowledge-based access to

417.
distributed het erogeneous knowledge sources is a great challenge
today and deals with one of the central problems in the "information
so ciety": to care for connectivity and availability of distributed facts
stored as data for the reason of knowledge extraction by relating data
to a given context. One of the major problems in broader data usage
and availability is missing knowledge about the data stored (nature,
storing process etc.). Storing processes are deeply interrelated with
the designers subjec tive perspective to the represented world and
his view on the data storage system (see figure 1).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

418. The different aspects for the BOM prOcessor in terms of database
design, system architecture, operational interface, and storage
administration are discussed in the following chapters. A list of open
problems with possible solutions concludes the paper.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Most of our investigated approaches ( Figure 1) pursued the goal to

419.
assist physicians and/or medical specialists in finding a diagnosis
within a limited medical problem domain. Basically, different methods
for knowledge representation have been used: rules (e. g. MYCIN
[3]), objects (e.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 In order to address this problem, we extended this to-do list by a
420.
component that displays the results of BrainFiler’s classifications of
documents with regard to the current task. Technically, a
corresponding concept is automatically cre- ated for each task,
containing a file with the task name and description, as well as
documents (including e-mails) that the knowledge worker manually
associ- ated with the task (e. g. by simple drag-and-drop).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The documentation of software architecture is also an important step

421.
in a software project, especially for new workers who have to
become familiar with the software as fast as possible. The problem is
that different users (e. g., software designers, software architects,
testers, programmers) often use different terminology during software
development.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

Whenever any of the four types of knowledge is not directly avail-

422.
able, subtasks to acquire the knowl- edge can be created and set up
as new problems. These subtasks are viewed like any o ther task:
they have an initial state and a goal state and can be accomplished
by the applicat ion of a method consisting of a set of operat ions.
Hence, al- though a method requires certain kinds of kn, "ledge to be
appl ied to a task, this knowledge does not have to be known before
problem- solving can begin, but can be dy- namically acquired or der
ived at run-t ime.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

Fourth, the task structure em- phasizes that different kinds of

423.
methods can be combined: quanti- tative and qualitative knowledge,
heuristic and algorithmic knowl- edge can be appropriately com-
bined for the accomplishment of a task. For example, if a subtask
can be achieved using a known tech- nique, for instance by solving a
set of differential equations, that method can be used instead of more
traditional AI methods. Since the method that set up this subtask is
concerned with the solution, rather than how it was determined, the
 original task can be imple- mented using a different kind of method or
even a different compu- tational architecture.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

424. As a first attempt a single m-dimensional (m ;,: 1) (super-)index may

be formed over all the m attributes. Such an index defmes object
organization and localization on secondary storage. Additional to
managing problems in the case of a high number of attributes the
main problem due to this approach is the performance of any m-
dimensional access method degenerates in the case of partial match
queries specifying n « m attributes.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In such rapidly-evolving systems the methods used in artificial

425.
intelligence are often preferable to the procedural techniques of
traditional computer programming; they are easier to adapt to less
stable problem areas. In particular, artificial intelligence uses an
explicit representation of the necessary knowledge, making it
relatively easy to determine those areas of the knowledge base
which correspond to a particular part of the problem domain. Thus
when this domain is modified, it is easier to modify the corresponding
structures in the knowledge base.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In the first role and the last one problems of communication occur
426.
because in these roles more than one person is involved. The task is
either to provide someone with information or to explain something to
somebody. The process of knowledge acquisition is the most time
consuming of our activities.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

427. Goals. According to the scenario above, and the fact that there is still
a lack of frameworks for comprehensive representa tion of medical
knowledge supporting diagnosis (see below), we developed a
medical knowledge base which provides structures to represent the
entire medical knowl edge, regardless of the original diagnostic
problem domain, supports not only the static description of diseases,
 symp toms, etc., but also the process of medical diagnosis ( Le.
access by symptoms, diseases, signs, etc.), and takes into account
severa.! entry points for a variety of med ical tasks, which have to be
presented to the user by an appropriate user interface.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Kick-Off Workshops and Project Retrospectives 79 A typical project

428.
retrospective agenda at PSE includes at least the following steps:
Welcome and warm-up phase Collect everyone’s memories of the
whole project period Identify and prioritize core topics: problems,
puzzles and success factors Selected topics are analyzed in greater
depth in parallel working groups Plenary presentation of the group
work results and derivation of mandatory measures or insights
Welcome the management to add their point of view and for a final
discussion of the results Agree on the next steps to ensure that the
workshop results will be integrated into daily life 6 Success Factors
for Kick-Off Workshops and Project Retrospectives Kick-offs as well
as retrospectives require skilful preparation and objective guidance
during the workshop and should therefore be led by a neutral and
professional facilitator.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3 Causal Mapping Our research is focussed on the use of the

429.
diagrammatic technique of Causal Mapping ( CM) as a method of
documenting past experience using IS/IT case studies. It involves
assessing the ability of stakeholders to identify the relationships
among problem areas in a case study by creating a visible map.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

430. Schmidt highlights the problem that both KM and e-Learning have a
limited and isolated consideration of context. First, e-Learning
solutions often do not consider that corporate learning takes place in
an organizational context and that learning goals are based on real-
world needs. In addition, the author states that also the authoring
process takes place (and is encouraged to take place) in the same
context as the learning itself, which relates obviously to the peer-to-
 peer knowledge sharing philosophy where the “knowledge re-users”
(i.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

431. The ontology’s vocabulary and taxonomy together provide a

conceptual framework for discussion, analysis, and information
retrieval in a given domain [ Gasevic et al. 2009; Guizzardi et al.
2007]. Bringing this to the health care domain, for example, they can
support professionals and patients to acquire the right piece of
knowledge in face of a certain health care problem or situation.

Using Goal Modeling to Capture Competency [Link]

432. The idea of supporting learning on demand and the interweaving of

learning and working processes has also been the foundation for the
“ Knowledge on Demand” ( KOD) project[17], which has concentrated
on resource metadata rather than “user metadata”, and the AD-HOC
platform [9], which demonstrates the potential of knowledge
management systems for learning. However, these approach do not
fully realize neither the full potential of a thorough consideration of
context, nor the non- trivial problem of dealing with imperfect and
dynamic user context information. This becomes most apparent with
their lack of a generic user context management functionality.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3 Realization Aspects 3.1 The System Architecture The system

433.
architecture (figure 3) reflects the division of the access procedure as
shown in figure 1. First, at the access level, problems of
heterogeneity of hardware and database systems, as well as
problems of data distribution and location transparency have to be
solved. Up to the level of the com munication knowledgebases the
access process is supported by the KEElink software.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Our aim is to establish a coherent explanation of the situation and

434.
issues of software and systems development that the local
companies are facing when dealing with their global customers. The
analysis will include an explanation of observed common problems
 and good practises concerning software and system development in
target organizations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

435. 3.5 Similarity Assessment and Configuration In this work we use the
methods of mathematical optimization for solving the similar- ity
assessment and configuration problem for generalized cases [2]. As
mentioned before, the similarity assessment can be viewed as a
specific optimization problem. When making use of optimization
software, it should be transferred to the adequate standard class of
optimization problems.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

An important part of this ontology focuses on drug related data, a

436.
field with a high update rate which requires storage in a database.
Starting from the fact that "databases are similar to knowledge base
because they are usually used to maintain models of some domain of
discourse"[3], the idea of DBOM is to tackle the problem of database-
to-ontology mapping.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In the database community, the problems concerning the integration

437.
of heterogeneous databases were raised long ago. Initial research in
heterogeneous databases was largely directed towards the issues of
resolving schema and data heterogeneity conflicts across multiple
auto- nomous databases [27], and of developing a global schema to
provide integration [28–30]. Some of these researches are worthy of
mention since they offer results that could indicate potential solutions
for ontology mapping and merging.

document [Link]

438. The outcome of the process of semantic analysis results in a wealth

of knowledge which supplements and refines that found during the
process of structural analysis. This process can be enormously
facilitated if a similarity-based classification scheme is employed by
 the schema analysis framework. In this way, one can address the
problem of fitting an individual case, i.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

439. The supporting system is presented as a frame of reference on wliich

we apply one Internal and one extemal view, i. e. we will adress
some methodological problems concerning expert system
development and a qualitative discussion of what properly managed
expert systems could provide to the user.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In our view a schema contains the knowledge regarding the structure

440.
and semantics of its underlying object-base which not only describes
the actual data structure and organization within the system but also
the semantics of the problem domain. Unfor tunately, this type of
knowledge is buried deeply in the schemas, and one needs to rely on
an interactive environment to analyze schemas, extract and structure
this body of knowledge. There are two sorts of comparisons
considered here: one is based on the structure, while the other is
based on the semantics of the schemas.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Other references Further references to the problem of dealing with

441.
change can be found in [ Oskamp 90, Quast 89, Smits 89, Weusten
89] and in our own work [ Poulin 88]. Oskamp devotes much of the
penultimate chapter of her thesis to the problem of maintenance.
Quast and de Wildt have built a rule base to deal with the concept of
"commensurate work" in Dutch unemployment insurance law, based
on an expert analysis of some 150 cases.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

442. EX The expert will not be available 7 EX There is scarce human

experience TA The need for experience exists simultaneously in
many places TA There IS a need for experience In hostile, 6 difficult
andlor unrewarding environments TA Alternative admissible solutions
do not exist 6 DU A high rate of return on the Investment is expected
 DU It fulfils a useful and necessary task 7 7 Valuation: VD2 L W2j II
( V2K I I T2K ) -;j;;:::=l" _ k essentials t W2j j=l V2j. WEIGHT W.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

443. This often causes problems when organizations want to exploit the
potential in component-based software engineering of producing
multiple products based on common assets. We call this Product
Family Engineering ( PFE) 2 . PFE seeks to optimize the resource
usage in this production process through management of business,
architecture, process and organization [1].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

444. 2 Web Services and Education Environments Whenever education

institutes decide to add computer-based training elements to their
courses, and introductory first-year courses in particular, they may
face some significant organizational problems. In particular, in a
typical non-computer science department, such as economics
students, the computer background of the average student is limited
to Web surfing and using Text editors and Spreadsheets. Installing
and running a (learning) software environment is not an easy process
for this type of students.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

445. It is known that the requirements engineering activity must be

thoroughly and precisely executed to guarantee the success of a
software development project, thus being critical to assure software
quality. [ Boehm 1987] affirms that “ Finding and fixing a software
problem after delivery is 100 times more expensive than finding and
fixing it during the requirements and early design activities.” What
Boehm means is that omissions, contradictions, ambiguity, not
discovered during the initial requirements will propagate to the other
software development activities.

Using Goal Modeling to Capture Competency [Link]

446. 2 A conceptual model for EIS We describe a conceptual model for

EIS in order to clarify some essential problems in the design of these
system. For the specification of our model, we start with the
 application requirements, from which the functions that are to be
provided by the EIS are derived. This approach is different from the
traditional method of developing information systems, where first a
DBMS is selected (according to the major requiremenh of the
application), and then the specific application problems have to be
solved by additional application prograIrul.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The seman tic relationships considered in current research which are

447.
based on the atttibute equivalence are too weak to be used as a
basis to unravel and resolve problems relating to the previous cases
[9], [10]. Only when we understand the semantic relationships among
the entities involved in the integration process in their entirety, can we
resolve any potential integration problems. The main structural
conflicts we consider in a corporate information system are: name
differences, domain or type differences, onto logical differences [9],
[10), [8).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Ontological issues remain, as is the apparent problem of the disparity

448.
of perceptions between participants. However, the processes
involved in producing causal maps describing risks within a project
are useful as an elicitation method, and the differences that emerge
are in themselves important in brainstorming (group) sessions. The
ability to visualise cause and effect networks, plus facilities to
dynamically modify them, has the potential, not only to create agreed
and justified risk models, but also to facilitate documentation, model
re-use and knowledge management and to reach a level of
consensus.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1 Introduction Increasing costs for health care and the resulting

449.
changes of the accounting systems forced health care organizations
to think about knowledge management not only con- cerning medical
aspects like diagnose and therapy but also economic aspects like
specialization and process optimization. One major problem of
knowledge manage- ment in health care organizations is the
separation of medical knowledge, organiza- tional knowledge and
 management information in different information systems with- out
any connection to each other.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

450. – Usability: Poorly designed user interfaces cause a loss of efficiency

as well as severe quality and acceptance problems due to the high
cognitive strain of the users. Since people tend to use knowledge
management systems on a voluntary basis and not because they are
mandatory for the work to be done, they will refuse to use them if the
ergonomic design does not comply with state-of-the-art usability
guidelines.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The problem of process-oriented knowledge management systems is

451.
what I call the knowledge-work process paradox. The paradox lies in
the conflict between the descriptive power of process and the nature
of knowledge work, which often requires creativity and intuition, and
hence is difficult to capture in a well-defined process. (I call a process
well-defined if there exists a total order of tasks with known pre-
conditions and post-conditions, both of which can be formally stated.)

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Service agents in contrast are more likely to support individual

452.
knowledge devel- opment itself and address the context problem
indirectly. Each process step described in the KCF could be replaced
or supported by an agent. The whole perspective taking and making
would though resemble a multi-agent system based on holistic,
rather than analytical, context capturing or creation (perspective) of
the situation and address the context problem though indirectly.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

453. The ARPO-2: an expert system for building contracts1 Pilar Lasala
Statistical Methods Department. Zaragoza University 50009
Zaragoza ( Spain) ABSTRACT The theme of expert legal systems is
considered in a general form and a general model for such systems
is suggested. A description is given of the ARPO-2 prototype which
 has been developed to deal with problems relating to building
contracts.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

454. But this point of view is debatable and needs to be confirmed (or re
futed) experimentally. This structural approach could be generalized
within a much wider framework, where the relation s on objects of
type T would no longer defme a set of trees but a set of connected
com ponents in the graph (class(T), s). Primitives adapted to search
for sets of remarkable nodes or particular paths could lead to the
direct formulation of several graph problems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The main goal of applying ontologies in IS is the development and

455.
implementation of an explicit account of a shared understanding in a
given subject area in order to solve a problem ( Ushold and
Gruninger 1996). Furthermore, Moschella (2002, p. 25) describes IT
ontologies as "logical supersets that combine metadata, taxonomies
and semantics into formal systems that can be encoded in software,
enabling diverse Web applications to truly understand one another".

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

554 Metamodelling of Domain-Specific Standards for Semantic

456.
Interoperability Wilhelm Hasselbring, Susanne Pedersen . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Ontology Mapping by Axioms ( OMA) Marc
Ehrig, York Sure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
560 Towards an Integrated BPM Schema: Control Flow
Heterogeneity of PNML and BPEL4WS Jan Mendling, Cristian Pérez
de Laborda, Uwe Zdun .

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

457. Mendling, J.; de Laborda, C. P.; Zdun, U.: Towards an Integrated

BPM Schema: Control Flow Heterogeneity of PNML and BPEL4WS
Although there have been standardization efforts for more than ten
years, heterogene- ity of business process modelling schemas is still
a big problem for business process management. This paper
discusses the applicability of schema integration methodol- ogy in
 this context and illustrates specific integration problems by
discussing the ex- ample of BPEL and PNML.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

458. To return to the metaphor of the tool, if one is shown a hammer but is
not allowed to touch it or to hammer with it, then there is probably
good reason to doubt it is indeed a hammer. One can thus argue that
the main problem of the project was bad management and oversight
and that does not have anything to do with ontological assumptions.
Yet, as we discuss in this paper an inadequate ontology might be the
underlying reason for it.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

All the respondents from the three organizations confirmed that

459.
academic programs should consider the needs of the industry
capacitate the students with the required up to date knowledge and
skills, enhance practical sessions and demonstrations link academic
program with local problems. Moreover, the education system should
be designed to produce a hardworking workforce that truly loves their
country. Furthermore, the education system must be updated
following the current globalization trend and needs of the labor
market and be competent in the global and local market.

[Link]

The sole basis of the thesaurus is the relational and semantic aspect,
460.
avoiding as far as possible problems of definition and attempts at
standardizing sectorial language. In fact, at this stage, terminological
uniformity would involve linguistic problems (for instance, owing to
the simultaneous presence of terms in Latin and in other modem
languages), as well as theoretical problems, which are usually of little
help in information retrieval and content analysis. The semantic
networks it is intended to create are aimed at representing
knowledge of a given sector of ancient law.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Financial and accounting analyses provide large and complex

461.
information which is valuable for managerial and business decision
 making. The problem is that various heterogeneous parties are
connected to financial analyses which are based on different
information sources. Specific XML-based standards, representing
financial and business processes, are provided for information
exchange between various financial institutions, especially Financial
Products Markup Language ( FpML), Research Information
eXtensible Markup Language ( RIXML), e-business XML ( ebXML),
and Interactive Financial eXchange ( NewsML, IFX). eXtensible
Business Reporting Language ( XBRL) is an XML, XMLS and XLink-
based format for simplification of the automated exchange of
financial information.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

462. The Task Structure The Task Structure is the tree of tasks, methods
and subtasks ap- plied recursively until tasks are reached that are in
some sense per- formed directly using available knowledge. Figure 2
graphically represents par t of the task structure for diagnosis. A task
(as we def ined earlier) is a problem type, such as diagnosis.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

In order to achieve a content based retrieval, in our approach, we

463.
use natural language captions which allow the user to describe the
contents of multimedia data. In a similar manner, users will specify
their queries on multimedia data contents in natural language form. A
problem is that different or even the same user describe the same
thing differently at differ ent times which results in the descriptions of
the contents of mul timedia data to rarely exactly match the
descriptions of the user queries.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Although several medical information systems have been de veloped

464.
with the intention to provide accurate and comfortable access to
medical knowledge for diagnostic support, medical prac ticioners
mostly refused to use such diagnostic support tools steadily because
of: Karl Fasching Technical University of Vienna Department for
Information Systems Paniglgasse 16-187/1 1040 Vienna, Austria e-
mail: vexpert!fasching@[Link] inadequate access
 facilities and interface features, and orientation towards a particular
medical problem domain [20).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

465. Both preceding workshops on WM’2001 and WM’2003 already had

evinced the way how concepts and methods of knowledge
management could be applied success- fully to support similar
problems and tasks of the abovementioned first MSS generation.
Thus, the goal of the subsequent workshop on WM 2005 was to
extend the spectrum of the "integration of knowledge management
and MSS" to the focus of business intelligence.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Type of Knowledge 1o Organization best practices for coding 2o

466.
Organization best practices for tests 3o Organization best practices
for software documentation 4o Organization best practices for quality
assurance 5o Knowledge about the organization software processes
5o Organization best practices for the problem solving process 7o
Organization best practices for specification and analysis of software
requirements 8o Organization best practices for software. design 9o
Knowledge about the application domain 10o Organization best
practices for project management 11o Organization best practices for
system engineering 12o Templates of documents, including real
examples of their use 13o Organization best practices for the
evaluation and improvement of software processes 14o Software
items such as specifications, system architecture, source code and
test cases 15o Organization best practices for process modelling.
16o Organization best practices for software maintenance 17o
Knowledge about the evaluation of the organization software
processes 18o Knowledge about the distribution of competences
among the organization professionals 19o Reports on the best
practices in the software industry 20o Knowledge about
organizational objectives and goals 20o Organization best practices
for training 22o Organization historical data related to project
management 23o Organization.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 The concept of role in the AI community has been tradition ally used
467.
to describe attributes by relating objects to each other through the
use of binary relationships in the modeled problem domain [10], [11],
[12]. In the remainder of this section, we will restrict our attention to
the role concept as suggested by the knowledge representation
system KL-ONE [10]. The principal elements of KL-ONE are called
structured conceptual objects or Concepts and are used to group
individual objects into collec tions indirectly by way of descriptions
that collectively apply to all members of such a collection.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

They thereby repre- sent ”objects-to-think-with” for analysts who aim

468.
to improve knowledge work in organizations. By identifying
knowledge problems in organizations, knowledge problem patterns
bear the potential to significantly accelerate analysis efforts and aid in
the design of improvement interventions in critical business areas.
Thereby, organizations are enabled to exploit previously unknown
improvement potentials from a knowledge management perspective
for successfully addressing their business challenges.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

469. 2 E-Learning and Knowledge Management — Two Paradigms 2.1

Knowledge Management Knowledge management is a discipline
originating from management studies, but always going hand in hand
with information technologies both as a reason for its necessity and
as a technical solution for the implementation. Knowledge
management takes an organizational perspective on learning, and
the main problem it tries to address is the lack of sharing knowledge
among members of the organization. Its solutions try to enable and
encourage the individuals’ making explicit their knowledge by
creating knowledge assets or engaging in discussion forums.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Chapter one has provided general background of the study,

470.
statements of the problem justification for doing this research,
objective of the research and research questions. Chapter two
presents literatures in which relevant theories and concepts reviews.
It explains how human capital theory, youth school to work transition
 model and unemployment concept are constrained in the current
changing youth labor markets reality.

Unemployment Experience of Youth in .pdf

471. Our uni form f ramework for describing methods is based on the
problem-space computat ional model 2 [28] and was adopted as a
result of work on TIPS [31], an ar- chitecture for dynamically integrat-
ing generic tasks, and work done integrat ing generic tasks using
problem spaces in the Soar archi- tecture [ 18]. We def ine a method
to be a set of subtasks that can be used to t ransform the initial state
of a task to the goal state. The method may contain addit ional
informat ion about o rder ing the subtasks, called search-control
knowledge [21], or this knowledge can be genera ted at run time.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

472. In recent years, the need for adequate database support became
more and more obvious, but the shortcomings of conventional
commercially available systems and technology turned out to be a
decisive impediment regarding these applications. This chapter
outlines the specific requirements, which such an information system
must satisfy, and describes arising problems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

473. Many object-oriented database systems (like EXODUS [6], Starburst

[26]. GENESIS [4]) address the problem of functionalities (modular
and layered architecture) which offers high-level support for
extensibility; software development techniques and programming
languages that provide low· level support for extensibility are needed.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The main goal of RL is to integrate these three technologies in one

474.
knowl edge base system. In the current prototype RL/l we focus on
the integration of a constraint solving subsystem with a relational
database system; the associated language RL/l was presented
previously at this conference [2]. All exam ples presented in this
paper were processed successfully by this RL/l prototype.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Rather, they should perceive customer relationships and CRM as a

475.
conceptual management problem that can be resolved with the
assistance of IT. Therefore managers should consider a conceptual
approach to customer relationship as I do in the customer
relationship pillar of the business model ontology. This will help
understanding the essence of and the relation between a company's
value proposition, target customer segments, distribution channels
and the actual customer interactions.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

476. Arguments supporting the workflow perspective are that knowledge

work in a broad view includes routine fractions that can be automated
with workflows [35] and that beyond automating activities, workflows
could be used for information support and reflection on steps to solve
recurrent problems when they are modeled lazy or late on instance
level [41]. Nevertheless, a fundamental advantage of the situational
per- spective is its closeness to common characterizations of
knowledge work, which calls for units of description that enable and
operationalize this view and incorporate it into modeling.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

477. The InterSect_ DM is the data model of our prototype sys tem
InterSect. As we described above, the main reason for the problems
of hypertext systems is that the data model of current hypertext
systems is too simple. We have chosen an object oriented database
as an information repository for our approach because of its superior
capabilities for modelling semantics which are described· by defining
the appropriate database schema.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In organizations where KM and e-Learning systems are used, most

478.
working processes are very knowledge intensive and involve many
people working at different locations and on different tasks. The
context in which people are working is changing constantly through
 changing work processes, different tasks or problems to be solved.
These facts require continuous competence development.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

479. From this perspective, exploratory learning looks like a great idea
that should be employed in e-learning wherever possible. A closer
look reveals severe difficul- ties. When learners are sent out to
search for information, to collect information, to compare information,
to evaluate their results of comparison, and to draw con- clusions
from what they have explored with respect to their learning tasks or
goals, they usually face serious problems of knowledge
management.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Apart from researching the fundamental problem of user context

480.
management, we plan to explore the possibilities of automatically
contextualizing resources to provide contextually enhanced
navigation support [7] as a next step. This will allows for an
exploratory learning environment in which both didactically prepared
learning resources and knowledge assets created by users can be
presented in a uniform way. These navigational support elements will
not only be based on the user's context, but also on the context of
the resource.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Factors like management objectives and measures of performance,

481.
main problem areas, special technological processes and specific
environmental constraints, which are connected to the various
industrial sectors and subsectors, are equally important for the
determination of PPC requirements. The proposed taxonomy in this
study is of a twofold nature, a functional taxonomy and a taxonomy
based on industrial sectors. For the first one, a system of classes of
parameters and values has its origin in the Schomburg [15]
classification model which was built specifically for engineering firms.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 3.2 Software Process Definition and Training The first step in the
482.
execution of the project was to be acquainted of the individual
characteristics of the organizations. In order to do so, each
organization filled out a detailed form and the process specialists had
to schedule regular visits on the organizations. The form contained
questions related to the organizational culture, software process
stages and quality management systems, adopted software
development practices, main problems in the current software
development and maintenance processes, and organizational
objectives related to software process improvement.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

700 M. Siebert Context problem within classical knowledge

483.
management (re-use) and just-in time delivery High content
management efforts to handle K-objects From passive to active
process support Potential of new intelligent technologies
Neurological insights to cognition processes (e. g. role of emotions [
Dam03]) Semantic Web Knowledge creation Drivers Enablers
Optimization of knowledge-intensive processes masters business
complexity and focussed usage of human resources JIT information
delivery

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

After the current state analysis phase, our project will produce a plan
484.
about the types of organizational learning initiatives that can be
introduced to local companies that must cope with global
competition. We will particularly focus on software and systems
development processes and the issues and problems identified in the
current state analysis. The initiatives will be piloted in selected
software organizations and the experiences on the learning and
development initiatives will be collected.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Workshop on Current

485.
Aspects of Knowledge Management in Medicine ( KMM05) Marita
Muscholl1 and Kerstin Maximini2 1 International Healthcare
Management Institute, University of Trier, 54286 Trier, Germany
muscholl@[Link] 2 Department of Business Information
 Systems II, University of Trier, 54286 Trier, Germany
[Link]@[Link] 1 Current Challenges
for Medical Knowledge Management Traditional Knowledge
Management systems in the medical field mainly focus on medical
knowledge and problem solving like diagnosis, prognosis, therapy
planning and critiquing, image processing with image classification,
and teaching or practising medical knowledge. Today, also
economical, organizational, and quality aspects move into the centre
of medical knowledge management, such as efficiency, analysis, and
optimisation of hospital processes, workflow management and
collaborative treatments by physicians of remote health care
facilities. Using the changing accounting system based on flat rates,
health care organizations have to change their operating
philosophies to become profitable, enterprise-like organizations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

486. If necessary, when the objective of the learning is to work out

accurately a given procedure, the learning activity can be further
detailed using the tasks model of the considered activity (the task
model describes, in particular, the "expert" problem resolving
strategy). Finally, Table 1 presents an example of general learning
scenario obtained following this process in the case of project
management.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Various applications for the formal ontologies (mainly expressed in

487.
the OWL language) were noted in the context of the software
development and we provide ideas about how to extend them, which
is closely related to teaching and learning. The UOMO Validation
Service is actually based on syntactical validation of the UML class
and sequence diagrams. It would be beneficial to include the
semantics-based validation of these models with the SWRL rules and
rule engine, which would detect incorrect statements in the UML
diagrams and provide feedback to students about where the problem
is and how to solve it.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

 Our first experiment with InterSect shows that the extended hypertext
488.
data model can support both the modelling of the application and the
hypertext structure of instances. We benefit from the mechanisms of
the object oriented datanbase management sys tem, especially the
version mechanism and complex entity type definition mechanism.
We are following this experimental approach because we would like
to find out practically how object oriented database can support
hypertext systems and how such a combination can be used as a
solution to solve some of the problems of the next generation
hypermedia systems pro posed by Halasz[2].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Therefore the human capital development approach alone doesn‟t

489.
seem solution to the multifaceted youth problems, such as increased
insecurity in the labor market, long term unemployment, lower wage
earnings, and difficulty in finding decent work.

Unemployment Experience of Youth in .pdf

490. Factors contributing for the ineffectiveness and inefficiency of the

TVET system include a lack of awareness among students of the
benefits of TVET, inadequate participation on the part of
stakeholders, lack of competence and capacity on the part of experts
and trainers (including the adoption and transfer of technology), poor
monitoring and evaluation, inadequate labour market information, an
insufficient supply of human and material resources, and inefficiency.
in the use of the resources and equipment available ( Edukans
Foundation, 2012). These problems are of course not unique to
Ethiopia.

[Link]

Yet, entrepreneurship must be viewed in the context of a broader

491.
youth employment strategy and not seen as the main approach to
youth employment ( Di Nunzio, 2015; United Nations, 2018), as it
comes with risks. For instance, a review of TVET education projects
in Amhara found that soft/life skills needed are: costumer handling,
communication, work ethics, and professional ethics, working with
others, team leading and team work, cooperation, facial expression
skills, business know-how, problem solving skills, business attitudinal
 skills, and time management (SINCE, 2018). These skills are cross-
cutting through various sectors.

[Link]

492. Despite those efforts made by the government, there are a number of
problems and challenges including poor implementation of the
strategy, poor quality of TVET graduates, poor teacher competency,
insufficient facilities and infrastructures. Therefore, it is essential to
strengthen the outcome-based TVET system in Ethiopia and ensure
that TVET is relevant to skill needs of the labor market and facilitate
the employment of all learners particularly youth to contribute in the
technology and economic development of the country.

[Link]