Topic Matches: [#513 - 1024] / 1243

513. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Systematical Validation of

Learning in Agile Software Development Environment Outi Salo VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1100, FIN-90571
Oulu, Finland [Link]@[Link] Abstract. This paper illustrates
implications from four case studies in which Agile software
development teams conducted iterative project retrospectives to
improve and adapt their software development processes. It was
detected that the existing techniques lack a systematic approach to
iteratively validate the implementation and effectiveness of software
process improvement actions with both quantitative and qualitative
data.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

514. [ 24J W. Klas, E.J. Neuhold, and M. Schreft. Using ! In object

oriented approach to model multimedia data.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In some data models no type information is kept. Objects can be

515.
freely created using the built-in type constructors. This approach is
typically termed loose typing.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

1 Introduction Current resea. rch on Hypertext systems appears to

516.
focus around two aspects. Firstly, research is focussed on the design
of powerful user interfaces.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In this paper we are not concerned with how a subtransaction can be

517.
compensated. The design of compensating transactions is a difficult
and important topic. Several papers discuss this issue [8, 13, 15J.
For the purposes of this paper, we need only to distinguish which
transactions can be compensated.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Conclusions 5.1. Summary K~ TDA, a knowledg~-bas~d ~atabase

518.
transaction design asslst~t has been descnbed m ~IS paper. It has
been designed ~s an mt~grated and comprehensIve design tool
whose objective IS ~o aSSIst trans~tion designers in designing
efficient, safe and relIable transactIons.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

519. This principle will be followed in this paper, which expresses the
above-mentioned need while presenting the current status of the
DERINFO ( Derecho e Informatica - Law and Computing)
methodology, which was drawn up at the University of Zaragoza for
the design of juridical applications.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

2.3 THE BUSINESS MODEL'S PLACE IN THE COMPANY In order to

520.
get a better understanding of the business model and its role, it is
important to explain how it is situated in the company. As mentioned
in the previous section the business model is a conceptualization of
the money earning logic of a firm. As such it can function as a
conceptual link, forming a triangle between strategy, business
organization and ICT (see Figure 8).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

521. Shared Infrastructure In this atomic business model a firm provides

infrastructure shared by its owners. The shared infrastructure
generally offers a service that is not already available in the
marketplace, and it may also be a defensive move to thwart potential
domination by another major player.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Whole-of- Enterprise/ Government The single point of contact for the

522.
e-business customer is the essence of the whole-of-enterprise
atomic business model. This model plays an important
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Knowledge of the Problem Domain 30 Business Model Category

523.
Business Models Focused Distributor Models Retailer, Marketplace,
Aggregator, Infomediary, Exchange Portal Models Horizontal Portals,
Vertical Portals, Affinity Portals Producer Models Manufacturer,
Service Provider, Educator, Advisor, Information and news services,
Custom Supplier Infrastructure Provider Models Infrastructure portals
Table 8: Applegate’s taxonomy of business models 3.1.3 Business
Model Components While defining what business models actually
are has brought some order into the confusion, many authors have
gone further to define of what elements business models are
composed of. This is the first step to making business models a tool
for business planning that help managers understand and describe
the business logic of their firm. In this section I outline these attempts
to define the business components, also referred to as “elements”,
“building blocks”, “functions” or “attributes” of business models.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The Gillette Company, for example, earns most money on their

524.
relatively expensive disposable razor blades and not on the razor
itself. Hewlett Packard sells very cheap inkjet printers and makes
money from ink cartridges. Many mobile phone operators subsidize
new and expensive mobile phone models to make them affordable to
customers and cash in on the new services they can sell them (e.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

{ Acquisition of resources} As described above firms must reflect on

525.
what kind of partner resources could leverage their business model
and their own competencies. One frequent form of resource
acquisition are partnerships to conquer foreign markets. But many
other types of partnerships exist in this domain, such as knowledge
acquisition, data, or customer access.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

According to them it helped to understand how the elements of a

526.
business model interact. The manager of a company active in
services for financial companies stated that "people can start to see
 where some of the complexity is. It helps you visualize the
relationships, you know, with clients and with suppliers".

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

527. Ontology Applications and Future Research 154 Application Portfolio.

Besides aligning the first level of Weill and Vitale's IT portfolio (cf.
Figure 69), the IT infrastructure services, it is also interesting to align
the second and third level, a company's stable and volatile
applications. Consequently, I applied the application portfolio
concepts described in section 8.1.1 to the MJF.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

528. There are additional process factors that might influence the
interactive process; several of these factors are suggested as areas
of research, that could begin to “add flesh” to the bare bones of the
structural model (see figure 1).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

529. The web graph, therefore, does not grow forwards. We do not write a
web page with links from locations in the page to pages that do not
as yet exist, nor is a new page immediately linked-in to existing
pages, even though it may expand on information contained in those
existing pages. But this is one possible model for how human
knowledge grows, both in terms of a particular individ- uals
understanding of a subject and in terms of research in general.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The detection of terror-related web pages with a data mining

530.
approach was proposed in [1]. Their method can be viewed as data-
intensive because it relies on clustering training data to learn a model
of a typical terrorist behavior. Their studies demonstrated the
proposed method reaches almost 90% accuracy when detecting
terror-related pages.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 Moreover, we regard roles as more re- stricted, since it refers to
531.
specific capabilities rather than broader organizational roles (see fig.
2). Actors are typically modeled according to individual, task or role
factors separately. Combining these factors altogether and adding
time, enables to further customize human business actors’ models.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

532. IS modeling takes place within a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural

context. They describe a consensus-oriented approach to concep-
tual modeling. A philosophical basis to reflect this consensus-oriented
approach could be a theory which is related to aspects of the “critical
theory” of the Frankfurter Schule ( Adorno, Horkheimer, Habermas).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The terminology and the study of the method are rooted in a branch
533.
of theo- retical computer science known as Formal Methods.
Intuitively, Formal Methods are a collection of mathematical
techniques used to prove that the concrete code implementation fits
the abstract specifications of a computer system [23]. More precisely,
Formal Methods are a variety of mathematical modelling techniques
used to specify and model the behaviour of a computer system and
to verify, mathematically, that the system design and implementation
satisfy functional requirements.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Furthermore, the epistemological framework was applied to the

534.
consensus-oriented interpretivist approach to conceptual modeling.
Interdependencies between distinct epistemological theories, namely
the semantic theory of truth and the consensus theory of truth, have
been discussed intensively. For future research, the discussion of
interdependencies between certain epistemological questions and
answers has to be carried out in greater extend.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

535. Therefore, the approach being taken on this task is to merge each of
 the re-engineered data models into one medium-level logical model.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

536. Oject-oriented languages provide a form of mo dularity, through the

use of encapsulation. TIns modularity is a must for the design oflal'ge
applica tions and for software reusability. Object-oriented

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

537. For problem (2) recent research [10] seems to indicate that gra phical
modelling techniques are severly restricted in their ability to represent
rules and goals that are critical to an application. In cases where
these restrictions playa vital role the usual procedure is to an notate
the model, which ultimately leads to such problems as leaving out
information, burying information, or the inabilit. v 1,0 verify these
annotations.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

538. Timpka 1987 T. Timrka, Knowledge-based decision support for

genera practitioners: an integrated design. Comput. Methods
Programs Biomed., vol.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

539. to other items allowing the result of retrieval ope~att. ons to mclude
contextual information. Further, a preliminary explanation model of
the system is presented and some topics for research are pointed
out.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Interface design for an interactive information retrieval system: A

540.
literature survey and a research system description. I. Am. Soc. Inf.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 Research outputs cover constructs, models, methods and
541.
instantiations. Research activities comprise building, evaluating,
theorizing on and justifying artifacts.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In this dissertation I argue that the business model and strategy talk
542.
about similar issues but on a different business layer. I understand
the business model as the strategy's implementation into a
conceptual blueprint of the company's money earning logic. In other
words the vision of the company and its strategy are translated into
value propositions, customer relations and value networks (see
Figure 9).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Illustration Box 2: Relying on ICT Sometimes the link between ICT

543.
and business model is evident as in the case of online companies
such as Amazon. com or eBay (see Illustration Box 2). However, the
link between technology and business model does not have to be so
obvious.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

For him the business model spells-out how a company makes money
544.
by specifying where it is positioned in the value chain.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

545. Knowledge of the Problem Domain 28 Linder and Cantrell (2000)

propose categorizing business models focusing on two main
dimensions, which are a model’s core, profit-making activity, and its
relative position on the price/value continuum (see Table 5).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

[Link] Product-, Actor- and Network-Centric Business Model

546.
Frameworks Mahadevan (2000) indicates that a business model
consists of a configuration of three streams that are critical to the
 business. Firstly, the value stream, which identifies the value
proposition for the business partners and the buyers. Secondly, the
revenue stream, which is a plan for assuring revenue generation for
the business.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Thirdly, a business model contains the description of the architecture

547.
of value creation. The value architecture delineates the value chain,
the economic agents that participate in the value creation and their
roles. The value architecture answers the question of how the value
is created and in what configuration.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Finally, a business model describes the basis and the sources of

548.
income for the firm. The value and the sustainability of the business
are being determined by its revenue model. This component answers
the question of how a company earns money.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The second step consists of disaggregating and identifying the

549.
entities that contribute to the total value-creation system. The
following step envisions b-web enable value. In other words,
planners must step outside their day-to-day mental models to
develop creative and discontinuous views of doing business.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

550. This means asking what new business models – ways of creating,
setting, and delivering value and facilitating relationships with
customers, suppliers, and partners – could be envisaged. In the
fourth step the company must reaggregate. This step entails
repopulating the categories of value contributors and assigning
contributions to the various classes of participants.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 I believe these are, though important part of the business, exterior to
551.
the business model of the firm. Former is important to realize a
business model ( Chesbrough and Rosenbloom 2000) and latter is
important to situate a business model in the competitive landscape
(cf. section 2.3), but they are not part of the business model.
Similarly, Afuah and Tucci (2003) mention the profit site, which is a
company's location in a value configuration vis-à-vis its suppliers,
customers, rivals, potential new entrants, complementors, and
substitutes.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Actors Value exchange value exchange Petrovic, Kittl et al.

552.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

While this has not profoundly changed the shipping industry, other
553.
sectors, such as the music and film industry risk to be completely
transformed because their products can be entirely digitized. An
example of the trembling fundaments of the music industry was the
notorious fight of the major record companies against the file-trading
platform called Napster ( Rupp and Esthier 2003). This forced them
to rethink their value proposition or even their entire business model (
Durlacher 2001).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

{ Economy} This is the low-end of the price scale where a company

554.
offers a price that is more attractive than the one of the bulk of its
competitors. Often, but not necessarily this goes hand in hand with a
lower value level. In order to be able to offer attractive prices over a
sustained period of time a firm has to streamline other elements in its
business model, such as its activity configuration or its
complementary revenue streams.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In other words by applying a new business model supporting its

555.
value proposition it has modified the competitive landscape.
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 50: Revenue Model 4.5.2 Revenue Stream and Pricing

556.
Element The revenue streams a company can capture from its value
creating activities are pivotal to its long- term survival. A firm can
have one to many different revenue streams and each of them can
have one or several different pricing mechanisms. In general it can
be said that ICT has helped companies diversify their revenue
streams and has facilitated the adoption of more accurate pricing
mechanisms.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

557. To seize a business model formally and to take into account

elements, attributes and relationships can be quite cumbersome and
complicated without computer assistance. But on the other hand
computer assistance for capturing business models only becomes
possible after formalizing the concepts and making them computable.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

According to the author of the analysis developing a formal business

558.
model for the chocolate producer helped the firm to clearly define
and understand its business logic. It made clear the links between
the firm's value proposition, the customer relationships through which
this value proposition would best be communicated, and the
capabilities and resources necessary to deliver

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Finally, the business model analysis included the development of a

559.
set of BSC indicators to measure the performance of the business.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Chesbrough, H. and R. S. Rosenbloom (2000). The Role of the

560.
Business Model in capturing value from Innovation: Evidence from
XEROX Corporation’s Technology Spinoff Companies. Boston,
Massachusetts, Harvard Business School.
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

For this purpose, two orthogonal dimensions to evaluate the quality

561.
of the resulting ontology are defined; (i) the first dimension is T-Box
evaluation; (ii) the second dimension is A-Box evaluation. T-Box
Evaluation postulates the design of the constructed T-Box. Although
we cannot definitely know if the T-Box design correctly models the
domain knowledge, metrics such as the richness, and inheritance
indicate the quality of the T-Box created.

A novel approach for learning ontology from Relational [Link]

Table of Contents XVII From MASK Knowledge Management

562.
Methodology to Learning Activities Described with IMS – LD Djilali
Benmahamed, Jean-Louis Ermine, Pierre Tchounikine . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Subjunctive Interfaces in
Exploratory e-Learning Klaus P. Jantke, Aran Lunzer, Jun Fujima . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Supporting Competency Development
in Informal Workplace Learning Tobias Ley, Stefanie N. Lindstaedt,
Dietrich Albert .

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The development of SAGE was marked by two design requirements:

563.
the need to validate the data used to identify the experts, and at the
same time minimizing the impact of each of the universities’ offices of
sponsored research, who collect most of the data that SAGE requires.
For this reason, we opted to receive the raw data in its original form,
and to make the necessary data re-formatting and cleaning at the
SAGE server site. SAGE is built upon a searching criterion that is
recognized as a valid indi- cator of expertise, which is the assumption
that researchers who successfully obtain funded-research grants are
indeed experts in their fields.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

168 D. Benmahamed, J.- L. Ermine, and P. Tchounikine it has

564.
been submitted). In this paper we will limit ourselves to the "A" level,
i. e., general design of scenario as time ordered activities.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The analysis of the approach we propose can be summarized as

565.
follows. The obtained scenarios cover the key knowledge that is
proposed in the Mask models. However, some elements of the
teaching scenario cannot be directly picked in a given Mask model
but must be extracted from a combination of models.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

566. Keywords: IS development, IS research, conceptual modeling,

epistemological assumptions, epistemological framework,
consensus-oriented approach.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

567. This paper proposes an approach to achieve agility in workflow

management systems based on the integration of workflow
management and conversational case-based reasoning. Keeping
semantical knowledge about ad-hoc deviations in cases allows
starting with a lightweight initial workflow model and fosters learning
from living processes to continuously improve workflow execution.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

568. As shown in [15], there are many and various software development
methodologies. The main aim of this review is not to present or
compare all these methodologies, but to focus on the application
potential of formal ontologies mainly during the analysis and design
of software systems (information systems), together with coding and
documentation preparation. These phases correspond closely to
phases in the majority of methodologies used in software
development [16–19].

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

Involvement of Semantics Into the UML-Based Modelling

569.
Engineering requirements is a subarea of systems engineering,
where the scope of a software product is formulated with the
assistance of end users. It is an early phase in the software
 development process, where the attributes and behaviour of a
system are defined (functional requirements), together with how
these functions will be realised by a system (non-functional
requirements). The UML is a standardised modelling language used
in the analysis and design of software [51,52].

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

570. The next section summarizes those aspects of the OMS I nORM that
are necessary to follow the paper. Section 3 gives requirements for
the interface of an OMS which are not or are only partially supported
by existing OMSs, and which are design objectives for EQL. Then the
main fea tures of EQL is given in section 4.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Being our main objective to produce a logic program from an 00

571.
Specification Language and using a functional expres siveness, we
have to precise what do ~e mean by Object Oriented. There is not
still a wide accepted formalization of what an object is. We propose
here a blend between ontological concepts as presented in [3] and
the most recent definitions from IFIP WG 8.1 [4] in order to provide a
formal model to specify Information Systems from an 00 approach.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

572. However, recent contributions to hypertext systems depend highly on

hardware/software progress and the extension of hypertext
functionalities. There are very few design strategies for hypertext
systems, i. e., how to organize hypertext structures effectively [
JoMa90].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

For example, a chip design consists of several information layers; the

573.
wiring structure, the cell structure, and the functional struc ture. The
wiring level can be viewed as being composed of faces build out of
edges and edges build out of points. However, this hierarchical view
may not be adequate for an analysis of electrical interference, which
 would require the chip to structured as junc tions (points) connecting
wires (edges).

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

574. The basic idea is to represent the medical report processing as a

hypergraph. Each node represents an text component of medical
report and a hyperedge represents a functional relation among the
clinical structures making up the medical report. This ap proach
refers to the distinct cooperation of two tech nologies, one for system
design and one for data management.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

575. In my opinion one of the major impacts of ICTs has been an increase
in the possible business configurations a company can adopt
because of the reduced coordination and transaction costs (see
Coase 1937; Williamson 1975). In other words, they can increasingly
work in partnerships, offer joint value propositions, build-up multi-
channel and multi-owned distribution networks and profit from
diversified and shared revenue streams. This, however, means that a
company's business has more stakeholders, becomes more complex
and is harder to understand and communicate (for more details see
section 2.1).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The business model ontology and its business model modeling

576.
language BM2L can be understood as semi-formal in the sense of
Ushold and Gruninger (1996) and are "expressed in an artificial
formally defined language".

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Demonstration that an ontology can be the fundament for software

577.
tools in the domain of business models by providing a prototype (
BM2L).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 Chapter 4 introduces the major contribution of this dissertation: the
578.
business model ontology. In this part of the thesis the elements,
attributes and relationships of the ontology are explained and
described in detail.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Chapter 7 is about the evaluation of the business model ontology.

579.
The evaluation builds on literature review, a set of interviews with
practitioners and case studies.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Astonishingly, the concepts and software tools that help managers

580.
facilitate strategic business decisions in this difficult environment are
still scarce. Where are the tools that help managers easily explain
what their business is and how exactly they should execute it, except
maybe for simple text editors or simple charting tools? Where are the
really useful tools that allow them to assess, understand, measure,
change, communicate or even simulate their business models?

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

581. Secondly, ICT, e-commerce and e-business have made it possible to

offer completely new products and services of which many have an
important information component and which are frequently provided
in collaboration by multiple companies ( Evans and Wurster 1997).
Thirdly, ICTs have made it possible to reach customers in new and
innovative ways and through a multitude of channels. Also, the
Internet has made it easier to conduct business on a global basis and
theoretically reach and service customers at the remotest places of
the planet.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

582. As the term business model intuitively suggests it has something to

do with business and it has something to do with models. A quick
lookup in the online version of the Cambridge Learner's Dictionary (
Cambridge 2003) returns no result for the full combined term but the
following definitions for the two separate terms: business: the activity
 of buying and selling goods and services, or a particular company
that does this, or work you do to earn money.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

583. However, in the domain of process models a multitude of tools and

concepts already exist, such as UML activity diagrams or Petri nets.
In contrast, little concepts and tools exist that help companies and
their managers specify their more conceptual business model (i. e.
their business logic) on a higher level of abstraction.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 6: Business layers strategic layer business model layer

584.
process layer vision, goals & objectives money earning logic
organization & workflow planning level architectural level
implementation level

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

585. is something else than the company's business process model (

Gordijn, Akkermans et al.
2000).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Second Design Business Model Implement Business Model Finance

586.
Business Model Management defines and designs the right business
logic that responds to market circumstances Management works out
a financial structure for the business model (e. g. internal funding,
venture capital, stock market funding) The business model is
implemented into business structure, business processes and
infrastructure

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

587. Illustration Box 1: Business Organization and Business Model at

Compaq Changes in the business model bring up organizational
questions, which is illustrated by the fact that companies didn't really
know how to structurally cope with their new online outlets in the 90s.
 When a large number of companies started selling over the Internet
they used different organizational approaches regarding their new
online channels. Some created entirely new departments, others put
their existing IT department in charge and yet others created
completely new companies in which they had a majority stake.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

588. Business Organization Business Model Structure Departments Units

Processes Workflow Implement the business model into an
appropriate business structure and processes Evaluate if business
structure and processes and business model are aligned Business
Strategy Business Model Company Vision Design Fit with SWOT
Positioning Defining Goals Achieving Goals Translate strategy into a
business model Evaluate if the business model still fulfills strategy

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Origin, Definition, Place and Role of Business Models in the Firm 18

589.
Furthermore, a good understanding of the infrastructure side of a
business model leads to an optimized business organization. By
precisely defining infrastructural aspects of a business models, such
as the supply chain and the various partnerships and links a
company maintains it becomes much easier to address questions
related to processes or, for example, business process outsourcing (
BPO).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

590. Figure 11: ICT and Business Model 2.3.4 Environment and Business
Model Besides relating to the elements in the triangle a company's
business model is continuously subject to external pressures that
oblige a company to constantly adapt their business model to a
changing environment. In this section I list some of these pressures
that directly or indirectly influence a business model. Namely, these
are technological change, competitive forces, change in customer
demand and change in the social or legal environment.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 They started to outsource all non-essential business and
591.
progressively rely on partnerships. I think it is no understatement to
say that technological change is a major force of business model
change. In some cases technological change may even challenge
the mere existence of a particular business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

592. e. an ontology) for describing business models becomes necessary.

Such a framework can be understood as a common language
between stakeholders to get the ideas out of their heads in order to
formulate them in a way that everybody understands.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Using an ontology to capture business models, means that with little

593.
additional effort they can be presented graphically ( Gordijn and
Akkermans 2003).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Measure. Having captured the business model in a first step it may

594.
become easier to identify the relevant measures to follow in order to
improve management. Similar to the Balanced Scorecard Approach (
Kaplan and Norton 1992) a business model shows which areas to
monitor in a particular business.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

595. Design. Designing a coherent business model where all the elements
are mutually reinforcing or at least optimized is not an easy task.
Nowadays business models are quite complex and their success is
often based on the interaction of a number of apparently minor
elements.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Plan, Change & Implement. When a company decides to adopt a

596.
new business model or to change an existing one, capturing and
 visualizing this model will improve planning, change and
implementation (see Figure 12). It is much easier to go from one
point to an other, when one can exactly understand, say and show
what elements will change.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Amazon. com, who received a patent for its "one-click" ordering

597.
system attacked B&N for patent infringement, supposedly caused by
its "express lane" checkout system on the B&N website ( Lesavich
2001). It remains to be seen in what direction patenting business
models and business processes moves.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

For instance, some of the business model functions mentioned

598.
above principally make sense in a digitized version. Visualizing,
designing and comparing business models can be done quickly, once
software-based tools have been developed. More complex tasks,
such as simulation are simply impossible without the help of
computers.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The next step of this methodology is about identifying the nature of

599.
competition in the marketplace. The fourth and final step of the
method aims at constructing a so called "feedback chain". The
objective of the feedback chain is to examine and collect all the
information resources that could help and empower some Journey
model Extension model Renewal model Realization model No
business model change Business model change Degree to which
core logic changes

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

600. My goal is to provide a semi-formal ontology for business models by

following Ushold and Gruninger's (1996) guidelines for building an
ontology: Capturing & coding the ontology: Identify the key concepts
and relationships in the domain of interest and produce unambiguous
text definitions of them.
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Finally, in the financial perspective a company asks itself how it looks

601.
to shareholders. These perspectives seem quite adequate as a
starting point for a business model ontology, all the more since
Norton and Kaplan propose that they can serve for mapping strategy
in some of their later work ( Kaplan and Norton 2000).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

602. Table 16: The nine business model building blocks Figure 21 gives
the reader a first overview of the business model ontology and how
the specific

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

603. Basically, the nine elements of the ontology cover all the business
model building blocks mentioned by at least two authors.
Furthermore, I have excluded elements related to the competitive
landscape and to implementation, which I understand as related to
the business model but not as internal part of it. Table 17 and Table
18 name the elements proposed by the other authors and show how
they relate to the ontology.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Some authors have proposed elements not covered in the ontology.

604.
For example, Petrovic, Kittle et al. (2001) mention the capital model
and the market model as a business model component.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Finally, in the evaluation section (see section 1) I will show how the
605.
ontology relates to the other authors in the domain in regard to
modeling intensity of the different business model building blocks.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 Name of BM-Element NAME Definition Gives a precise description of
606.
the business model element. Part of Defines to which pillar of the
ontology the element belongs to or of which element it is a sub-
element Related to Describes to which other elements of the
ontology an element is related to. Set of Indicates into which sub-
elements an element can be decomposed.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

{ Free} Some companies offer a VALUE PROPOSITION to the

607.
customer without asking for financial compensation. They can do this
because their business model is based on other sources of income.
One example are the free daily newspapers that are distributed to
commuters in large agglomerations.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

608. The income of these papers are essentially based on advertising and
classified ads. Similarly, so-called "free business models" have
mushroomed during the summit of the Internet boom, but crashed
because of unsustainable revenue streams (e. g. declining
advertising revenues).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 35: Channels at Barnes & Noble (based on ( Moriarty and

609.
Moran 1990; Dolan 2000)) Another illustration of a company's
channel strategy is presented in Figure 36 where I outline the case of
the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia, who has a wide range of
virtual, physical, owned and partner CHANNELs. As in the previous
figure on Barnes & Noble the boxes represent the aggregated
channel LINKs and are connected to each other inside and/or across
different CHANNELs. Nokia's most important sales channels are the
national mobile phone network operators, which sell the bulk of its
phones, and, the various electronics or other retailers.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

610. Figure 36: Channels at Nokia Mobile Phones (based on ( Moriarty

and Moran 1990; Dolan 2000)) 4.3.7 Channel Conflict An important
 element of a channel strategy in a business model is managing
channel conflicts. When more than one channel competes for the
same customers there is a high chance of channel conflict ( Bucklin,
Thomas-Graham et al. 1997). An illustrative example is the one of
the computer manufacture Compaq (now HP).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

611. 4.3.8 Relationship Element The fourth element of the business model
ontology concerns the relationships a company builds with its
customers. All customer interactions between a firm and its clients
affect the strength of the relationship a company builds with its
customers. But as interactions come at a given cost, firms must
carefully define what kind of relationship they want to establish with
what kind of customer.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The presentation of the MJF in the next sections is structured

612.
according to the business model ontology. It is just one of the several
possible presentations.. A characteristic of the business model
ontology is that it allows presenting a business model on two, ten or
40 pages according to specific needs and usages.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

613. This particular presentation aims at giving a condensed and

understandable overview of the MJF's business model on the first
two levels of abstraction of the business model ontology. The fully
seized business model of the MJF containing all the details of the
business model ontology can be found at [Link].
ch/aosterwa/ PhD.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

614. Goal Build Outcome Evaluation Metrics Methodology Constructs

Identify the relevant issues in business models Nine business model
elements Completeness, understandability (7.1,7.2.2, 0) Literature,
interviews, student cases Model Describe the business logic of an
enterprise formally The business model ontology Fidelity with real
 word phenomena, completeness, internal consistency (7.2.2, 7.3)
Literature, interviews, student cases, instantiation Method

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

615. Testing the ontology in the field would take place indirectly through
applying an instantiation of it to a real-world business setting. (7.4)
Testing two models’ performance would also be indirect by applying
them to a real-world business setting and compare the outcome.
(7.4)

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In other words, the objective was to find out if in the interviewees’

616.
opinion the ontology was suitable to describe the business model of
a firm. The questions on the ontology's completeness, e.g. "In your
opinion, what elements are missing in the model presented before",
served to start discussing fidelity to real world phenomena.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

617. A proponent of the positive effect on innovativeness pointed out that

thinking through a business model will automatically stimulate
innovation: " Establishing/elaborating business models and business
processes requires thorough and in-depth analyses which leads by
itself to innovative ideas and incentives on how to improve key
indicators and elements of business models and how to better
process steps or phases", (q24). Similarly, another executive had the
impression that structuring the thought process could be an
advantage for brainstorming and have an effect on innovation (q20).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

618. Before you can describe processes you have to have something like
this at the generic high level" (q37). The executive of a startup,
however, emphasized that this is too sophisticated for small
companies, "in a small company this would be overkill" (q15). The
executive from the Internet industry platform had the impression that
such a model would help people keep in mind the whole, because
 they would often forget other parts of the company when designing
processes (q21).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

619. The main strengths of the business model ontology that came out of
the interviews were threefold: a) Its ability to create a transparent big
picture of a business and to externalize the relationships and
dependencies of the business elements.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

8.1.5 MJF Information Technology Alignment IT infrastructure service

620.
alignment. Firstly, I look into IT infrastructure service alignment by
outlining all the business model elements of the MJF (cf. section 5)
and reflecting on the IT services that should exist to support them
(see Table 51 and Table 52). This gives us a basic idea of what IT
services should exist to underpin the MJF's specific business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

621. Such a business model would be based on an analyzer business

strategy as it combines defender (annual Festival) and prospector
(online music sales). As regards alignment this would mean shifting
from a utility profile to an alliance profile based on partnering (see
Table 54). Clearly, this would mean that IT/IS would take a more
active role.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

622. The SAGE system design depends on participating institutions to

forward the most recent funded research data to a human agent.
Then, this human agent uploads the new data to keep the data
repository current. Recently a file transfer protocol ( FTP) utility was
developed to facilitate the maintenance of SAGE in a more automated
fashion, which makes the data maintenance process as human
independent as possi- ble.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 7 Related Work and Outlook In this paper, we presented our initial
623.
consideration about product family communities as a scalable,
member-centric approach to control the evolution of assets in product
families. Other approaches address this issue from an organizational
point of view: Bosch [15] gives an overview of four different explicit
organizational structures suitable for product families ( Development
Department, Business Units, Domain Engineering Units, Hierarchical
Domain Engineering Units) and also gives criteria when to apply
which organizational structure. In [16] he organizes these structures
according to the three dimensions concerning scope of product
family platform, responsibilities level and lifetime of product family
activities.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

This much-researched theory is axiomatic in the field of instructional

624.
design, and creates a relatively well- structured student model. The
diagnostic algorithm is much more systematic because it is based on
a learning hierarchy that fully explores gaps in subskills through a
depth-first search, guaranteeing that no missing subskill will be
overlooked or missed.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

5 Conclusions and Future Work This paper has described the use of
625.
a P2 P-based content-based publish/subscribe system to augment
the current web and allow web authors to specify what kind of pages
they want to link to, rather than explicit URLs. The advantage of this
approach is that links to matching pages are automatically added,
maintained and updated without intervention from the web page
author. This may suit domains where information is incomplete and
expanding.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

626. The approach, presented in this paper, overcomes above mentioned

disadvantages. Following the approach, the products can be
retrieved and configured according to customer requirements. The
potential customer is free to provide as much information about his
 desired degree of protection, financial, and personal situation as
she/he wants.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

627. The paper of Katirai and Sax deals with the challenge of availability
and usability of clinical document knowledge between different
hospital departments. They present an approach that uses
“compilable templates” for translating CDA conforming clinical
documents into relevant key data and vice versa. As a result many
common tasks like creating and installing web services belonging to
it can be automated and the compilable templates become a single
point of maintenance.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The parts of a business process that are well understood and stable
628.
over time are described in the explicit workflow model, while those
parts which are poorly understood or dynamic over time are implicitly
described in the system by cases.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

629. This short feed-back loop ensures that the workflow model, in
combination with the cases in the case-base, closely reflects the real
world business processes, which is fundamental for the WFMS in
order to achieve perceived integrity.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

630. The organization is viewed as a network of individual and collective

ac- tors. The model explodes the actor notion and approaches it as a
network of contexts managed by actor’s own “operating system”.
Three kinds of actors are defined: hu- man, business process actor
and organization actor.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

5 Conclusions for JIT Information Delivery and Future Research The

631.
knowledge creation framework ( KCF) serves as a new approach to
 overcome the context-problem in just-in-time information delivery
understanding knowledge crea- tion as just-in time information
delivery from a user’s point of view. It therewith ex- pands existing
models of knowledge creation (e. g. Nonaka’s SECI model) from an
organizational point of view to an individual.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

632. A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

engineering Alice H. Muntz Hughes Information Technology
Corporation MS SUS64lC410 PO Box 929 19 Los Angeles, CA 90009
ahmuntz8hac2arpa. hac. com Abstract This paper reports on the
managerial experience, technical approach, and lessons learned
from re- engineering eight departmental large-scale information
systems.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

to forward engineering tools of choice, and as a result it is not easy to

633.
implement the structures, rules, and business requirements with full
traceability. Selection of the proper tool set across the entire life cycle
requires a comprehensive strategic vision and a re- engineering
process model (across the entire IS life cycle) aligned with the
objectives of the customer organization. Tool selections should align
closely with the customer organization’s goals, priorities and resource
constraints.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

Inform. 2013, 27, 38–50. [ CrossRef] 30. Bai, L.; Koveos, P.; Liu, M.
634.
Applying an ontology-augmenting XBRL model to accounting
information system for business integration.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

Laird, J.E., Newell, A. and Rosenbloom, P.S. SOAR: An archi-

635.
tecture for general intelligence.
 Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

In the domain of IS ontologies were originally used in artificial

636.
intelligence and knowledge engineering. Now its importance is being
recognized in research fields as diverse as knowledge
representation, qualitative modelling, language engineering,
database design, information modelling, information integration,
object-oriented analysis, information retrieval and extraction,
knowledge management and organization, and agent-based systems
design. Current application areas of ontologies are also disparate,
including enterprise integration, natural language translation,
medicine, mechanical engineering, standardization of product
knowledge, electronic commerce, geographic information systems,
legal information systems2, biological information systems ( Guarino
1998).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In this paper, we describe an approach to text search that includes

637.
assigning thematic roles and entity attributes as docu ment
identifiers. Our environment concerns searching documents and
using their contents to perform the intelligent taSk of answer ing a
question. This is explained in Section 2.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

250 Another problem that raises a lot of interest recently is data

638.
abstraction. Cardelli and Wegner rCa We 85) used universal and
existential quantifiers to represent abstract data struc tures and hide
details from users. Inspired by this approach, the meta variables are
introduced in our model to achieve the goal of information hiding,
data abstraction, and inheritance.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

As for conceptual database design, several well formulated models

639.
have been proposed in order to "e-mail address:
hara@[Link] t e-mail address:
ark@[Link] le-mail address:
gio@[Link] § Authors’ address: Department of
 Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2140,
U.S.A.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

640. An Implementation Model for Multidatabase Queries Ma. rek

Rusinkiewicz’ University of Houston Bogdan Czejdo Loyola
University David W. Embley Brigham Young University Abstract In
this paper we discuss an approach to formu lation and processing of
multi database queries. The proposed approach allows incrementa.!
growth of a federated dat.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

641. Although triggers conveniently describe semi-autonomous ac tions

and can be used to refine methods, their efficient implemen tation is
far from trivial (22]. Furthermore, research is required on design tools
for trigger teams that can predict their cooperative behavior or
inconsistency.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Therefore, the approach of this paper is to evaluate temporal queries

642.
in one pass. This is done by keeping the information which substitu
tions fulfill which temporal formula in which database states. This is
done for every temporal formula occurring as qualification part of
some

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

643. Those mocWs help in abstracting what is important from a business

perspective. They are intended to give a concise picture of the
relevant aspects of reality, the emphasis of each model being on
some particular perspective. In this way, data models, for example,
aim at representing the business world exclusively from a data poiIit
of view, without considering functional and process issues.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 Thus, production, marketing, order processing, warehousing etc. are
644.
all described from the point of view of every operating unit involved,
creating a considerable diversity in the respective area descriptions.
Hence, the task in consolidating the models of the individual
operating units is much wider, because virtually all concepts used will
have a correspondent in some other operating unit. Figure 3 shows a
modified approach to modelling an international organization.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The evaluate column includes evaluating the completeness of the

645.
concepts (construct), the appropriateness of the ontology (model)
and the application of the prototype and the IS and strategy
alignment proposition to a specific case (instantiation). The theorize
and justify columns and the according cells are not covered in this
research, nevertheless they are addressed in the evaluation and
conclusion (see sections 7, 9).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

646. In the following three subsections I first try to show that the business
model concept has become popular because of a business
environment shaped by ICT and globalization and characterized by
an increasing complexity and uncertainty that leaves managers with
difficult decisions to make. Then I explain what business models
actually are and how they can be situated in the company. Finally, in
the last subsection I outline what they can be used for.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Like every conceptualization and model the business model concept

647.
aims at representing reality in a structured, simplified and
understandable way.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Or take revenue sharing. This is not a business model in itself either,

648.
but a way of exploiting partnerships to address the customer and
distribute the resulting revenues. In my opinion a business model has
to be understood as a much more holistic concept that embraces all
 such elements as pricing mechanisms, customer relationships,
partnering and revenue sharing.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

649. Because there is often quite a substantial understanding gap

between these three “worlds”, the business model concept could
serve as a federator or glue.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

650. Communicate and share. I have already made a point that the
business model concept helps capturing, understanding and
visualizing the business logic of company. Being able to
communicate and share this understanding with other stakeholders is
simply a logical consequence of the foregoing.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

2.4.2 Analyze The second area in which the business model concept
651.
can contribute is in analyzing the business logic of a company.
Concretely, they can improve measuring, observing and comparing
the business logic of a company.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

2.4.4 Prospect A fourth area of contribution of business models refers

652.
to the possible futures of a company. I believe that the business
model concept can help foster innovation and increase readiness for
the future through business model portfolios and simulation.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 It helps to understand the fundamentals of a business or to plan how
653.
a future business should look like. Magretta (2002) adds that a
business model is like a story that explains how an enterprise works.
And like Stähler she distinguishes the concept of business models
from the concept of strategy.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

654. Unlike most other authors on business model components Alt and
Zimmermann (2001) include elements such as mission, processes,
legal issues and technology into their framework. The six generic
elements they mention are outlined in Table 11.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

It consists of the following sub-models: a distribution model – the

655.
logic behind the delivery processes, a marketing model – the logic
behind reaching and maintaining customers and a service model –
the logic behind serving the customer. The revenue model describes
the logic of what, when, why, and how the company receives
compensation in return for the products. The capital model describes
the logic of how financial sourcing occurs to create a debt and equity
structure, and how that money is utilised with respect to assets and
liabilities over time.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Hamel (2000), for example, talks of the wealth potential of a business

656.
model that covers four factors. Firstly, it questions to which extent the
business concept is an efficient way of delivering customer benefits.
Secondly, it covers the extent to which the business concept is
unique.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

657. Differentiation is of immense importance because the more similar

business models, the less probable are chances for above-average
profits. Thirdly, it analyzes the degree of fit among the elements of
the business concept. Finally, it questions the extent to which the
 business concept exploits profit boosters that have the potential to
generate above-average returns.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

658. Evalueserve, an Indian company that was founded by former

executives from McKinsey and IBM, provides research an analysis to
banks, venture capitalists and consultants. SmartAnalyst, another
Indian company, can already call four of the top ten American
investment banks their clients for their tailored internet-based
research service ( Economist 2003).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

659. Below I present a dozen-page-long overview of the MJF's business

model as well as a bird's eye view (see Figure 52) 5.1.1 The
Montreux Jazz Festival In 2003 the Montreux Jazz Festival, which
was founded in 1967, celebrated its 36th anniversary in the little
Swiss city of Montreux at the shores of the Lake of Geneva. Led by
the inspirational figure, Claude Nobs, the Festival has become a
genuine international venture with a presence on four continents and
has grown to a budget of 15 million Swiss francs. Beside the main
annual festival in Montreux, Switzerland, licensing agreements have
led to the creation of "The Montreux-Detroit Jazz Festival", "The
Montreux-Atlanta Jazz Festival", " Montreux Festival On Tour" and
"The Montreux Jazz Festival in Monaco".

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

660. Evaluation 130 Kittl et al. 2001). The second embraces the authors
that go a step further and describe the elements they mention in
more or less detail ( Hamel 2000; Stähler 2001; Weill and Vitale
2001), whereby Hamel (2000) demonstrates a very holistic view of
the business model. The last category includes the authors that
either describe or conceptualize the business model elements they
mention ( Tapscott, Afuah, Gordijn) but leave some “business model
blind spots” compared to the nine elements used in this dissertation.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 Table 44 gives an overview of the interviews depicted in the following
661.
sections, showing the interviewee's economic domain, the number of
employees, the company's use of concepts and tools, as well as the
use of trial & error, and, the interviewee’s position concerning the
questions. The questions ranged from “can the business model
concept help in defining indicators” to “can the business model
concept improve communication” (favorable in green, reluctant in
red).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

662. Consultant 1 yes no - q32 q33, q34 q35 q36 q37 q38 Consultant 2
yes no - q39 q40 q41 q42 q43 Consultant 3 yes no - q44 = positive
answers = negative answers = neutral answers q = quote Table 44:
Interview outcome 7.2.1 Use of formal concepts and tools The first
part of the interview aimed at examining if the interviewees and their
companies used models, formal models or even more sophisticated
business tools in business planning. Of course this was not aimed at
giving us such detailed insights to business concept use, as for
example the study by Rigby (2001), but it can serve as an indicator
for companies being comfortable with the use of concepts.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Improving strategic planning. The ontology's possible direct or

663.
indirect contribution to improving strategic planning was perceived by
all but two interviewees that answered the question. The CEO of the
smallest company interviewed saw the business model concept as a
way to outline the steps necessary to achieve a strategic goal (q2).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

664. Improving communication. As explained above its ability to improve

communication between different parties was seen as one of the
strong points of the business model concept. One consultant saw it
as "a formalism that everybody understands to speak the same
language" (q43).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 It also seems that the larger the companies of the interviewees were
665.
the more favorable they tended to be regarding the use of the
business model concept - with the exception of the executive from
the transport industry. The consultants all seemed quite comfortable
with the idea of applying the business model concept to a number of
different problem domains.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

3.89 How closely do the elements of the sample document cover the
666.
aspects of the business model analyzed? 4 Was the concept
"proposition de valeur" relevant to describe the business model you
analyzed? 4.44 Was the concept "clients et canaux de distributions"
relevant to describe the business model you analyzed?

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

667. 3.78 Was the concept "relation-client et confiance" relevant to

describe the business model you analyzed? 3.78 Was the concept
"activités et compétence" relevant to describe the business model
you analyzed? 3.89 Was the concept "partenariat" relevant to
describe the business model you analyzed?

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

4.11 In your opinion is the business model concept useful? 4.33

668.
Table 46: Interview questions Masters Students

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The question on the overall usefulness of the business model

669.
concept scored a very high average of 4.33.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

670. In the open questions one student remarked that the business model
concept helped him thoroughly reflect on his own company that is in
the early stages of its development. Another student found it difficult
to apply the business model concepts. Similarly, another student
 mentioned that the description of a business model demanded a
large time investment from the interviewers and the interviewees.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

671. A business model element that relies heavily on IT infrastructure

services and that I describe in detail is the management of the so-
called Festival-own JAZZ currency and the payments with CASH-
cards (cf. 12th line in Table 52). In fact, in the 2003 edition using an
own currency required 6 from the nine IT infrastructure services and
in the future it may well require them all. As explained earlier in the
MJF business model (cf. section 5.1.4) the Festival operates its own
currency primarily to monitor revenue streams and transaction cuts (i.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

159 9 CONCLUSION The interviews with business practitioners have

672.
shown that the business model concept and related computer-based
tools have potential to be further explored. Above all, the ability to
create a transparent big picture of a business and to externalize the
relationships and dependencies of business elements seem to
interest executives and consultants. Furthermore, business models
were perceived as a tool to create a commonly understood language
to improve communication and understanding of the fundamental
questions of a business.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In this paper, we present a first step in the endeavour described

673.
above. In more detail, we present an approach to generate
applications of a product line based on service -oriented
architectures ( SOA). These applications are considered as instances
of a product line, providing services and composed services needed
to enact the adaptive workflow.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

SOA and business process models coalesce into a method bridging

674.
the gap for complete application generation by integrating
functionality provided by self-contained services.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2 The Workshop A total of 32 participants from research as well as

675.
from industry from all over the world attended the one and a half day
workshop. The participants’ background was manifold: computer
science, mathematics, as well as instructional design and
pedagogics. Some of them are working in the KM domain, others are
engaged mainly in the learning or e-Learning domain.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Although the process of building E-learning activities and curricula

676.
cannot be straightforward, approaches such as the one we propose
guides and facilitates the process. Moreover, such an approach
maintains the knowledge life cycle within the organization and allows
reusability and reengineering thanks to IMS - Learning Design
descriptions. We believe that knowledge engineering and teaching
engineering issues models and systems can then progress towards
interoperability.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

677. 5 Automated Interactivity We now introduce the idea of automated

interactivity as an aspect of a learning object. If we assume that a
learning object is a collection of tagged knowledge components (or
content pieces) that are arranged and presented according to an
instructional design theory, then a basic instructional module can be
automatically created from “standard” pieces. However, the rules for
interactivity (or adaptation) are often not clearly stated in an
instructional design model.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

264 M. Strohmaier and S.N. Lindstaedt Fig. 5. Potential and

678.
Relevant Knowledge Problems tial knowledge problems represent
real problems for organizations. A detailed investigation of relevant
knowledge problems yields the design of improvement interventions (
Step 4) that themselves need to be evaluated ( Step 5) regarding
their contribution to the addressed business goals ( Step 1).
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Introduction Strategy and Feedback from an Experience

679.
Management Project 291 5 Discussion and Related Work In this
paper, we presented a holistic approach of a case-based EM project
that integrates technical, organisational and psycho-social aspects.
We extracted the following success factors and drawbacks: It worked
well to integrate a case-based system with a discussion forum. 227
of 421 analysed queries from the first turn came directly from the
lecture’s forum page.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

680. While the first alternative is risky, the second one is cumbersome
because of many successive query formulations required. Since a
single product is nor- mally a tradeoff between customer
requirements, the possibility of providing its priorities could speed up
the search significantly. In this paper, we present an approach, which
takes priorities in account, while searching for and configuring of
insurance products.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The structure of the paper is as follows. After giving the backgrounds

681.
in Section 2, Section 3 outlines our approach towards agility in
workflow management. Section 4 then describes the CBR-cycle as
implemented in CBRFlow, followed by a discussion of related work in
Section 5 and conclusions and further studies in Section 6.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

682. Holz, H.: An incremental approach to task-specific information

delivery in se processes. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE
International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.
(2003) 295–298
16. Papavassiliou, G., Mentzas, G.: Knowledge modelling in weakly-
structured business processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 The integration of behavioral aspects has received less attention in
683.
compari- son to integration of static data models. Preuner et al. [25]
present an integration strategy for business process models given as
a Petri net derivative called ob- ject/behavior diagrams ( OBD).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

This paper is organized as follows. In section2 we briefly review the

684.
typical proc- ess of document searching and discuss the role of
document search system in the process. In section 3 we introduce a
basic design principle of DualNAVI.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

685. Data Standardization and Integration Misconceptions A dangerous

misconception is that data standardization is simply assigning related
data elements with the same name in each system. If implemented
blindly, this will cause future unforeseen and disastrous results, the
causes of which are difficult to isolate and correct. To correctly use
information from data elements, the business rules, policies, and the
functional dependencies among elements must be identified and
represented in a data model for each system.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

686. Recovering a normalized logical data model together with the

associated business rules, policies, and physical data structures is
hard, and requires significant amount of human effort, but this extra
effort is required in the long run. CASE tools may augment the
analysis to provide initial understanding of physical implementation of
the system, but CASE tools cannot replace hum effort for recovering
the conceptual and logical data requirements.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

Our approach has started from the non-first normal form relational
687.
model and the translation scheme that we have devised is based on
inclusion dependencies among participating nested relations. The
 definitions that we have obtained, have allowed us to define set
operators for classes. Finally, an object oriented interpretation of the
ISO-ODA standard for documents based on nested relations is
described in this paper.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

- Questions about the non-standard approach can be reformulated in

688.
terms of the relational model, since theoretical tools are available
there.
- New . QataJ! ase Management Systems ( DBMS) can be generated
in shorter times with the added facilities of an available relational
DBMS (i.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

2 MODELING OBJECTIVES The goal here is to develop a modeling

689.
method that naturally represents open systems and which at the
same time is in some ways complete. There is at this stage no widely
accepted theory for design model completeness, but a framework
has been suggested ( Wand, 1990). This framework categorizes a
modeling method into three parts, namely, representation, state
transition and decomposition.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

690. 4 OBJECf ORIENTED REPRESENTATION Most design

methodologies suggest that to manage design complexity, problems
must be decomposed into levels of identical purpose and generalized
semantics defined for each level. To assist design our model
structures the object library in the way shown in Figure l. There are
two major dimensions in this classification.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 [12] Katz, R.H. A database approach for managing VLSI design
691.
data. Proc. 19th ACM/ IEEE Design Automation Conference, 1982,
pp. 274-282.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The clustering of records and relations is a central design goal of our

692.
approach. Objects belonging to different relations and therefore
consisting of different internal structures may be grouped to a cluster
with respect to a common relationship, e. g. their spatial location.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

We highlight the major features of the model in section 5 and discuss

693.
related work. Finally, we discuss future research directions and
conclude this paper.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

492 Orgamzatlon Dala ConllOl FUnclions Fig. 1: Architecture of

694.
integrated information systems This already shows the critical
importance of a data model, especially within an international
organization, where no single person can have expertise in every
field of activity. In the following, a short outline of the data modelling
technique and approach will be given.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The Man-Machine Interlace ISACS is intended to act as a single,

695.
integrated interface for the operator for all operational situations. As
such, all infor mation from the process, and all commands to the
process will be passed through ISACS. Therefore, the design of the
ISACS MMI is critical, as the operator's ability to interpret and con trol
the process is entirely dependent on the MMI and its underlaying
software.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 For the design of the information system the analysis results were
696.
described in a report I Appelrath/.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

697. Gartner's Hype Cycle, introduced as early as 1995, characterizes the

typical progression of an emerging technology from over- enthusiasm
through a period of disillusionment to an eventual understanding of
the technology's relevance and role in a market. Today it is clear that
ICTs and particularly the Internet have changed the business
landscape and that they are relevant for conducting business. The
impact has been huge, even if traditional business rules have not
been abrogated, as some authors have suggested during the hype
(e.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

698. But as the notion buying and selling seems too narrow, I try to extend
it. So differently put, the business model is an abstract representation
of the business logic of a company. And under business logic I
understand an abstract comprehension of the way a company makes
money, in other words, what it offers, to whom it offers this and how it
can accomplish this.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

699. A last thing that must be considered when talking about business
models is their type. Similar to Linder and Cantrell (2000) I
distinguish between three different types. First, there is the abstract
business model concept, which is a generic model of elements,
components and relationships.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 Capture. As explained earlier, the business model of a company is a
700.
simplified representation of its business logic. However, as such
business models exist only as abstract concepts or mental models in
the head of people reasoning on them.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In this regard, Linder and Cantrell ( Linder and Cantrell 2000) speak
701.
of so-called change models that are the core logic for how a firm will
change over time to remain profitable in a dynamic environment.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Chesbrough and Rosenbloom (2000), for example, see business

702.
models as a mediating construct between technology and economic
value.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Allen suggests that agents need to have a stock of potential

703.
strategies to be set off in the face of unpredictability in environmental
change ( Andriani 2001). In the case of a company this would mean
having a stock of business models in order to cope with change.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

704. Tapscott, Ticoll et al. (2000) do not directly define business models,
but what they call b-webs (business webs). A b-web is a business on
the internet and represents a distinct system of suppliers,
distributors, commerce service providers, infrastructure providers,
and customers that use the Internet for their primary business
communication and transactions.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

705. He distinguishes between eleven generic e-business models and

classifies them according to their degree of innovation and their
functional integration (see Figure 14). The models are e-shops, e-
procurement, e-malls, e-auctions, virtual communities, collaboration
 platforms, third-party marketplaces, value chain integrators, value-
chain service providers, information brokerage and trust and other
third-party services (see Table 3).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Table 6: Weill and Vitale’s (2001) atomic business models For Rappa
706.
(2001) a business model spells-out how a company makes money by
specifying where it is positioned in the value chain. His classification
scheme consists of nine generic forms of e-business models, which
are Brokerage, Advertising, Infomediary, Merchant, Manufacturer,
Affiliate, Community, Subscription and Utility (see Table 7). These
generic models essentially classify companies among the nature of
their value proposition or their mode of generating revenues (e.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

707. BM element description Mission A critical part of the business model

is developing a high-level understanding of the overall vision,
strategic goals and the value proposition including the basic product
or service features.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Concretely, the effort to define ontologies in business has taken two

708.
different forms. Firstly, there are those ontologies that belong in the
category of the so-called enterprise ontologies that describe the
concepts related to the nature and structure of the business
enterprise. Secondly, there are the transaction related ontologies,
essentially used in e-business and aimed at specifying information in
electronic business transactions in order to improve and automate
these transactions ( Fensel 2001).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

709. The Business Model Ontology - a proposition in a design science

approach 41 defines the meaning of each term (i. e. semantics) in a
precise and as unambiguous manner as possible, implements the
semantics in a set of axioms that will enable Toronto Virtual
Enterprise to automatically deduce the answer to many "common
sense" questions about the enterprise, and defines a symbology for
 depicting a term or the concept constructed thereof in a graphical
context.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

710. { Value network} In the value network value is created by linking

clients or customers who are or wish to be interdependent. The firm
itself is not the network, but it provides a networking service ( Stabell
and Fjeldstad 1998). Afuah and Tucci (2001) see the value network
as a direct outgrowth of brokering.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 61: SVG screenshot of channel strategy In a nutshell, I applied

711.
an XSL document (cf. excerpt Figure 62) to the MJF case seized in
BM2L and got a SVG document (cf. excerpt Figure 63). This outcome
can be read by a web browser and gives me a graphical
representation of a company's distribution channels (see Figure 61).
The goal of this is to achieve a rapid understanding of a part of a
business model, in this case channels, through visualization (cf.
section 2.4.1 on visualization).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Defining indicators. While quite a few interviewees seemed favorable

712.
to the idea that the use of the business model ontology could
improve defining business indicators they particularly stressed
financial indicators. One interviewee pointed out the importance of
transparency regarding costs and risks (q1).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

713. Recapitulating, I think the interviews have shown a number of

different things. The executives of very small companies have mixed
opinions concerning the use of the business model ontology,
particularly in applying it to their firm. Though not completely reluctant
to the use of the ontology they feel that the business model of their
company is already sufficiently clear.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 g. scenarios). Within the scope of this course the students had to
714.
analyze a business model by using the elements of the business
model ontology. Furthermore, they studied alignment, application
portfolio, industry actors and prospects of the companies in question.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Technology. What is the application portfolio with its turnaround,

715.
strategic, factory and support applications ( Ward 1988)? What is the
IT infrastructure ( Weill and Vitale 2002) with its different
components?

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

716. Figure 72: CASH transactions Because the MJF takes a transaction
cut of the independent merchant's revenue the functioning of the
CASH system at the Festival is quite different. The terminals in the
shops and in the bars are not directly connected to a telephone line
but are physically synchronized with a docking station every end of
the day at the MJF operations office. The transactions stored on the
terminals are seized by the docking station and are communicated
over an ISDN-line to a sort of bookkeeping- application and hosted
by Ergonomics, the company that operates the CASH system at the
MJF.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Value Configuration/ Degree of Business Model Integration. The

717.
value configuration could be characterized by the degree of
integration of the business model. The computer manufacturer Dell,
for example, has a very integrated business model where everything
from the supply chain to customer service is highly integrated.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

718. In the actor model, actors represent a local model of computation,

and they interact by sending messages to each other. Regardless of
its application, the actor model has two distinct characteristics: asyn-
chronous communication among actors and fairness of message
 passing [8]. Due to these two features, actors in any actor model
based design typically execute within an actor framework [7].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

719. 3 Method Due to the cooperative nature of this research project, we

decided to adopt action research as our approach. The most
prevalent description of action research is found in [4]. The approach
requires the establishment of a client-system infrastructure or
research environment.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Second, the student model (and exert/content model) is based on a

720.
learning hierarchy as popularized by Robert Gagne and his
colleagues [10, 11]. Gagne's approach claims that skills can be
decomposed into requisite subskills. If any of those subskills are
lacking, a higher level of skill cannot be achieved.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

721. Modeling on Demand: In dynamic and uncertain business

environments not all eventualities and possible deviations can be
considered in advance. Requirements change or evolve over time,
exceptions and ad-hoc events may arise. Due to the significant
modeling time needed, workflow models are often obsolete right after
their specification is “completed”.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

722. Basically, further research is needed in at least two areas. Firstly, the
specifics of behav- ioral aspects have to be clearly identified in order
to either adapt the schema integration process for static aspects as
given e. g. in [11], or to come up with an integration process for
behavioral aspects building on a specific common data model.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Moreover, providers also may anticipate different possibilities for

723.
usage of the service (possibly also in different situation scenarios).
 Generally in well-defined services only a certain number of typical
requests/business processes will exist. These typical inter- actions
for different users/groups also are preference patterns or usage
patterns open for our personalization approach.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

A debate has been going on as to what an ontology in IT should be

724.
as opposed to what an ontology is supposed to be in philosophy,
[50]. This paper contributes to that debate by means of putting
forward its own view on what an ontology is. In doing so it reuses an
idea in [18] and extends and corrects the approach taken in [17].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Here, research methods such as field experiments, surveys, case

725.
studies or action research can be applied. Based on these results a
revision of the conceptual model may be required.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

726. 8 Conclusion: Towards a New Approach in Software Engineering

When Allen Newell wrote his paper The Knowledge Level in 1982 [4],
he in- vented a new meaning for knowledge, that allowed computer
scientists to think differently the notions of digital document and
browsing among content. But the analysis of recent systems, such as
those mentioned above, reveals that the Knowledge approach is
being built down and replaced by a Collection approach.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

New business models, enabled by digital platforms bypass

727.
established regulations for social security and for work related taxes,
which are an important source of public budgets. Will politics manage
to device an adequate regulatory system for these new business
models and services, while allowing the economy and the society to
benefit from innovative ideas?

[Link]
 As show in Figure 5, we first construct an “as-is logical data model”
728.
to represent the requirements, the logical structures and semantics,
and the physical implementation of databases, screens, and reports.
We then normalize the “as-is logical data model” to an “as-is
normalized data model”, up to the fifth normal form when possible, by
using the up-to-date business strategies, business rules, and
functional dependency information. The usage of each data object (i.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

729. The third point of view is that the UML and the OWL can enhance each
other. Perreiras and Staab [65] introduce the Transforming and
Weaving Ontologies and UML in Software Engineering ( TwoUse)
approach, where UML and OWL can be used together for the
specification of integrated models in software development. The
TwoUse is a framework using strengths of the UML and the OWL in
model-driven software development where it is possible to: “describe
classes in UML class

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

Also, the approach is "ex tensible": should a model with a completely

730.
new construct be proposed. the corresponding type could be
introduced in the metamodel. In the rest of this section we discuss
the set of basic constructs we have considered and the model
definition language ( MDL), to be used by a model engineer to define
models. It is important to note that, in a first effort, we have not
considered all known constructs: for ex ample, generalizations (or is-
a) have been omitted.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

[11] Su, S.Y.W., Lo, D.H.: A semantic association model for

731.
conceptual database design, in: Chen, P.P ( Hrsg.) : Entity-
Relationship Approach to Software Engineering ( Proceedings of the
International Conference on Entity-Relationship Approach to System
Analysis and Design, Los Angeles 1979), Amsterdam et al’ 1980, p.
169-192.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Chapter 2 investigates the origins, the term and the concept of

732.
business models. It defines what is meant by business models in this
dissertation and how they are situated in the context of the firm. In
addition this chapter outlines the possible uses of the business model
concept.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

733. Anti-spamming laws may (hopefully) wipe-out business models

based on sending out large trunks of unsolicited mails. Regulating
advertisement over mobile phones may limit the range of possible
business models in m-commerce. New taxes may make a company's
value proposition too costly and thus uninteresting for the customer.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

2.5 BUSINESS MODEL ONTOLOGY AND BUSINESS MODEL TOOLS A

734.
last but fundamental area of contribution of business models is in
building the foundation for a set of new computer-assisted
management tools. Management literature is famous for producing
concepts and models. Yet, little of these concepts have been
translated into software-based tools, although, in my opinion this
could bring enormous value to management.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

735. (2001) perceive business models as the logic of a business system

for creating value. They specify that this is in opposition to a
description of a complex social system itself with all its actors,
relations and processes. Referring to this Gordijn, Akkermans et al.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 19: e3-value ontology for e-business ( Gordijn, Akkermans et

736.
al. 2001) The e3-value methodology has been applied to a real world
business case and evaluated one-year-and- a-half later ( Gordijn and
Akkermans 2003). Lessons learned include that the method is
lacking a marketing perspective, that business units should be
 included in the analysis and that it would be helpful to work with
evolutionary scenarios.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

737. The realization model focuses on small changes in the existing

business model of a firm in order to maximize its potential. It often
involves preoccupations, such as brand maintenance, product line
extensions, geographic expansions or additional sales channels.
Renewal models are characterized by consistent revitalization of
product and service platforms, brands, cost structures and
technology bases.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

However, unlike the semi-formal Enterprise Ontology, the Toronto

738.
Virtual Enterprise is rigorously formal. In other words, it has
meticulously defined terms with formal semantics, theorems and
proofs of such properties as soundness and completeness ( Ushold
and Gruninger 1996). Basically, the generic, reusable enterprise data
model has the following characteristics ( TOVE 2002).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 29: Customer Interface 4.3.1 Target Customer Element The

739.
TARGET CUSTOMER is the second element of the business model
ontology. Selecting a company's target customers is all about
segmentation. Effective segmentation enables a company to allocate
investment resources to target customers that will be most attracted
by its value proposition.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

740. 63 4.3.4 Channel Element The distribution CHANNEL is the third

element of the business model ontology. Distribution channels are
the connection between a firm's VALUE PROPOSITIONs and its
TARGET CUSTOMERs. A distribution CHANNEL allows a company to
deliver value to its customers, either directly, for example through a
sales force or over a Website, or indirectly through intermediaries,
such as resellers, brokers or cybermediaries.
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

And even though they provided magnificent consumer-friendly

741.
shopping sites with home delivery, practically all of them failed. This
is essentially due to their biased business models. Although they
created impressive customer value through reducing customer
efforts, they have neglected other business model elements, like
infrastructure management and the resulting costs.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The VALUE CONFIGURATION shows all activities necessary and the

742.
links among them, in order to create value for the customer. To define
the value creation process in a business model, I use the value chain
framework ( Porter 2001) and its extension, such as defined by
Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998). These two authors extend the idea of
the value chain with the value shop and the value network.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 49: Financial Aspects 4.5.1 Revenue Model Element The

743.
REVENUE MODEL is the eighth element of the business model
ontology and it measures the ability of a firm to translate the value it
offers its customers into money and incoming revenue streams. A
firm’s REVENUE MODEL can be composed of different revenue
streams that can all have different pricing mechanisms.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Furthermore, the heights of the bars indicate if a specific element has

744.
been simply mentioned, described or modelled. The graphs show
that the authors can be classified among three rough categories. The
first contains the authors that mention a relatively large number of
business model elements, but do neither describe them further, nor
model them ( Chesbrough and Rosenbloom 2000; Linder and
Cantrell 2000; Petrovic,

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 Masters students’ case studies. The business model concepts that
745.
underpin the business model ontology were taught during the first
half of an IS strategy course of the Masters in Business Information
Systems by Professor Yves Pigneur at the business school of the
University of Lausanne. The second part of the course was on
business-IT alignment, industry analysis, disruptive technologies and
prospecting methods (e.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

145 In terms of IT alignment with business I propose two things.

746.
Firstly, to cross the nine basic building blocks describing a company's
business model with Weill and Vitale's (2002) first layer of IT
infrastructure services, which they divided into nine service areas
(see Table 47). Using this matrix as a basis for analysis it may be
able to achieve a better alignment between the business logic of a
company and the IT services provided by the IS department.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

747. Figure 70: Application Portfolio 8.1.2 Organizational Alignment

Alignment between strategy and business organization is another
field where the business model ontology might be able to contribute.
This is, however, less clear than the previous proposition on
alignment between strategy and technology.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Table 53 shows an excerpt of the MJF's application portfolio

748.
illustrating those applications underpinning its activities in the
Festival's value configuration. They have been classified among
strategic, key operational, support and high potential applications (
Ward 1988). Their return on investment ( ROI), however, has not
been assessed, as some application portfolio theories propose (
Nairn 2003).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

749. Currently, based on the understanding of the MJF's business model,

in terms of business strategy the Festival is mainly a defender. After
 many years of growth it has now reached its capacity limits
concerning the main event, the annual Festival in Montreux, on which
the majority of its value proposition s are based. The MJF now lasts
three weeks, compared to a few days initially, attracts 240’000
visitors, which the venue can just manage to absorb and sells close
to 100 percent of concert seats.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The problematic project started in 1998-1999 and raised many failure

750.
issues at the beginning of 2000, and suffered from various setbacks
during the following two years. At one point the project was stopped
for a period of time, and many stakeholders thought that it had failed
and been abandoned. However it was reinitiated and went through
much revision of the project design and management approaches,
but problems and issues remain with the project up to the current
time.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

751. a modeling language could give hints for the design of KMS and
selection of supportive services of an enterprise knowledge
infrastructure. Altogether, this paper calls for a flexible modeling of
knowl- edge work by taking its unstructured, communicative and
creative features into ac- count. The concept of knowledge stance
may be a promising step into this direction.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

752. Rationale for the Sampling of the Population. Students of Software

Engineering courses are suitable for such an experiment because
they study software architecture and software system design.
Furthermore they usually are employed as software architects or
designers after the graduation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

BPS as a Basis for Computerized Knowledge Management 545

753.
based and generalized knowledge are quite similar to those works.
 Our research differs in two respects. Firstly, we apply these ideas to
a specific domain—loosely structured business processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

754. Working Together in Philosophy and Informatics 583 Ontologies and

Ontology. The design of an information system (IS) starts gen- erally
with the construction of a semantic model (e. g., an ERM) of the data,
which should be stored in the system.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Qualitative research offers with the Grounded Theory a multi-

755.
discipline desk research linked to existing use cases at Siemens
Business Services for the development of the relevant framework [
Gla98, p. 8 and 15]. The Grounded theory supports the develop-
ment of theories and models (e. g. the knowledge creation
framework) based on hy- pothesis and concepts.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

756. This matrix is also used to capture the operations performed on the
data for a specific process, whether the data is optional or
mandatory, and is system- supplied or user-entered. After the
physical components of the model are defined (in the design
dictionary) and validated, are “extracted” from the design dictionary,
they are placed in the logical data dictionary as candidate objects
and used to populate the model views. Preliminary linkages from
physical to logical are established as part of this extraction process to
establish the pedigree of the candidate logical objects.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

We then give a detailed descrip- tion, based on the task structure, of

757.
our knowledge-model ing approach and illustrate it with task
structures for diagnosis and design. Finally, we show how the task
structure can be used to compare and uni fy the other approaches. ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Knowledge-Based Systems: What are
they?
 Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

All the above knowledge forms the knowledge base of an expert

758.
system that can be used as a decision support tool to help those who
design Production Planning and Control systems and want to select
the appropriate PPC software for their firm.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

JACK W. SMITH is associate professor of pathology and computer

759.
and infor- mation science and director of the Divi- sion of Medical
Informatics at The Ohio State University. Current research in- terests
include task-specific and cogni- tive architectures in knowledge inten-
sive domains, abductive problem- solving, and decision support
systems in medicine. Authors ’ Present Address : Laboratory for
Knowledge-Based Medi- cal Systems, 376 W. 10th Room 571,
Columbus, Oh. 43210; email: tj@ [Link];
smith.30@[Link] Permission to copy without fee all or part of
this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or
distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice
and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given
that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing
Machinery.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

In [ RU90] model, the type of a class describes how property

760.
characteristics are to be inherited. Also, there are design rules that
define how properties are inherited through set operations. The rules
allow multi-valued versus single-valued and required versus optional
property characteristics.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

761. Despite differences in data model and implementation as pects, all

research projects on MDBMS have decided to or ganize multimedia
data using the abstract data type ( ADT) concept. This is generally
accepted as the adequate ap proach. However, none of the projects
have addressed the problem of content retrieval of multimedia data.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Cardelli and Wegner [ CaWe 85] introduced quantifiers 3 and V to

762.
solve those problems. Even though IQL adopted the semantics of
Cardelli [ Card 88], it seems only data inheritance is achieved It is not
clear from [ AbKa 89] what is the method and ho~ methods are being
inherited among classes and their sub classes. In this paper, we take
a different approach to attack t~s problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

A metamodel approach for the management of multiple models in

763.
CASE tools Paolo Atzeni Dip. di Informatica e Sistemistica Universita
di Roma " La Sapienza" Via Salaria, 113 00198 Roma, Italy A hstrm t
,~ llT1Y dlffFrtnt data models aT( currently USEd In conceptual de·
81gn F.’8ptcially within CASE environments, it may therefore be u "ful
to have the possibility of defining different models and man· aging
translations of schemes from one model to another.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

3 Scheme translation The final goal of our research is a system that,

764.
given two models defined by means of the metamodel, is able of
trans lating schemes from a model to the other, preserving equiv
alence. As we said, a first problem here is that there is no agreed
definition of equivalence. Also, there are problems that arise
whichever notion of equivalence we assume.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The physical design was carried out with pencil and paper, since at
765.
that time the design tool ORACLE* CASE was not yet available. The
internal schema of INEKS was verified with the design tool GAMBIT.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Of course every manager and entrepreneur does have an intuitive

766.
understanding of how his business works and how value is created.
In other words he does have an intuitive understanding of the
company’s business model, but even though this business model
 influences all important decisions, in many cases she or he is rarely
able to communicate it in a clear and simple way ( Linder and
Cantrell 2000). And how can one decide on a particular business
issue or change it, if it is not clearly understood by the parties
involved?

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

767. When communication and coordination costs dramatically decreased

because of shrinking ICT costs, this had an enormous indirect
impact on business models. It became much easier for companies to
work in networks and offer joint or complementary value propositions.
Also, companies increasingly included informational aspects or even
ICT enriched components into their products and services.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

768. Finally, the business model concept improves the alignment of

strategy, business organization and technology.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Align. I have already argued earlier that the business model concept
769.
can serve as a federator between the triangle of business strategy,
business organization and technology. In other words, the business
model forms a sort of conceptual bridge that makes it easier to align
these three.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

770. Table 11: Alt and Zimmermann's (2001) business model elements
[Link] Marketing-Specific Frameworks Authors presented in this
section include marketing specific issues into their business model
frameworks. A very interesting business model proposition has been
developed by Hamel (2000). For him a business model is simply a
business concept that has been put into practice, but for which he
develops a number of elements.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 He identifies four main business model components that range from
771.
core strategy, strategic resources over value network to customer
interface. These components are related to each other through three
“bridges” and are decomposed into different sub-elements. The main
contribution of this concept illustrated in Figure 16 and Table 12 is a
view of the overall picture of a firm.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 16: Hamel’s (2000) business model concept Fulfillment &

772.
Support Information & Insight Relationship Dynamics Pricing
Structure CUSTOMER INTERFACE Business Mission Product/ Market
Scope Basis for Differentiation CORE STRATEGY Core Competencies
Strategic Assets Core Processes STRATEGIC RESOURCES Suppliers
Partners Coalitions VALUE NETWORK CUSTOMER BENEFITS
CONFIGURATION COMPANY BOUNDARIES EFFICIENT / UNIQUE /
FIT / PROFIT BOOSTERS

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

773. Figure 20: Change Models ( Linder and Cantrell 2000) Tapscott,
Ticoll et al. (2000) propose a change methodology in six steps
towards creating a b-web company (cf. Figure 15 and Table 4). The
first step consists of describing the current value proposition by
defining end-customers, offerings, customer value and the value
proposition’s strengths and weaknesses from a customer’s
perspective.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The Business Model Ontology 78 Customer Equity { Acquisition} {

774.
Retention} { Add-on selling} Relationship description Orange tries to
make new phone models affordable and tries to be present in the
market as a young brand for communicating human emotions.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Stähler 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 Weill and Vitale 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 Petrovic,

775.
Kittl et al. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Gordijn 1 1 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 Afuah and Tucci
2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 2 Tapscott, Ticoll et al. 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 Linder and
 Cantrell 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Hamel 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Chesbrough and
Rosenbloom 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Number of times the element is
mentioned 8/9 5/9 4/9 3/9 8/9 4/9 4/9 4/9 7/9 Table 42: Business
Model Literature Compared Figure 67 graphically represents Table
42 and shows which of the nine business model elements have been
used by the other relevant authors.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

A very interesting application which is further investigated in section

776.
8.1 and is currently quite important to the MJF is the alignment
between its business model and future information systems. The MJF
is in the phase of evaluating new possibilities to manage its JAZZ
currency and eventually new access systems for concert visitors and
staff members.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

7.3.3 Use of the ontology in other contexts The business model

777.
ontology was also used in a developing economy context. Some
propositions were made to apply the ontology for business model
knowledge transfer to developing countries ( Osterwalder 2002;
Osterwalder, Rossi et al. 2002; Osterwalder 2004).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

778. Concretely, I argue that the business model concept can serve as a
federator between "the worlds of business and IT". In other words,
business people have to be able to clearly formulate their vision and
what they expect from IS people and IS staff has to be able to point
out how Information and Communication Technology ( ICT) can
improve a company's business goals. Yet, these two worlds, the one
of business and the one of technology, sometimes seem quite
distant.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Indicator current target alarm Value Proposition Target Customer

779.
Distribution Channels Relationship Management Value Configuration
Capabilities Partnerships Cost Structure Revenue Model Table 50:
Strategy Alignment 8.1.4 Montreux Jazz Festival In this section I
 apply some of the ideas presented above to the Montreux Jazz
Festival ( MJF). The example shall illustrate the presented concepts
of alignment and stimulate reflection rather than serve as a fully
elaborated case. The information used come from a number of
interviews and personal work experience at the Montreux Jazz
Festival.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

One element of possible change would be the intensification of its

780.
franchising activities. Until now, this has only modestly contributed to
the MJF's turnover, but this could rapidly change. For the existing
business model this would probably not mean a substantial change,
except for a new emphasis of the franchise value proposition.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

781. 2.6.4 Data analysis and triangulation The Assessment Team used
the multilevel combinations approach to ensure proper triangulation
of the data ( USAID 2013). First, data from the desk review, informant
interviews and the surveys were analysed separately, and key
findings were agreed within the Assessment Team. Second, key
findings were linked to the research objectives.

Labour market [Link]

782. 3 Actor Model and Its Applicability to Distributed Systems In this

section we discuss some of the aspects of the actor model of
computation. The actor model describes an approach to modeling
intelligence in terms of a “society of communicating knowledge-
based problem experts” [6], where each expert may in turn be viewed
as a society of primitive actors. The actor model of computation pro-
vides a framework for effective problem solving, by investigating the
nature of the communication mechanisms by a society of experts.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

To leverage the full opportunities offered by PFE, its introduction and

783.
use requires effective coordination of people and organizational units.
This paper presents a solution to support this coordination by
exploring concepts from the area of communities of practices for
 PFE. The expected benefit is that communities offer a more adaptive
approach supporting the transition towards PFE compared to formal
organizational restructuring.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3.2 Knowledge About Part Lists In the second case, the effective
784.
design and ongoing improvement of its sup- ply chain is a critical
business goal for organization P. When manufacturing automobiles,
knowledge about automotive components (part lists) is impor- tant to
both organizations and their suppliers. Figure 7 depicts the knowl-
edge process related to knowledge about part lists within
organization P. In this knowledge process, engineers ( Engin.)
generate this knowledge within plan- ning processes and store it in
engineering data systems. Logisticians ( Logist.) and controllers (
Contr.) need to apply that knowledge in their respective ad-
ministrative business processes while suppliers need it in their
product delivery processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

On the downside, pattern application at the moment is labor intensive

785.
and needs interpretation. While the patterns can be applied
algorithmically by a computer program, during the time of conducting
this research we had to ap- ply them manually because of our
explorative research approach. Furthermore, each potential
knowledge problem needed to be investigated, verified and dis-
cussed with representatives of the organization in detail.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

This feedback supports continuous process improvement, resulting in

786.
more manageable and more efficient business processes over time.
When the knowledge encoded in cases becomes frequently reused,
it is refactored and explicitly included in the workflow model.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

787. How to Do Philosophy Informationally Gian Maria Greco, Gianluca

Paronitti, Matteo Turilli, and Luciano Floridi Information Ethics Group,
Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
 Abstract. In this paper we introduce three methods to approach philo-
sophical problems informationally: Minimalism, the Method of
Abstrac- tion and Constructionism. Minimalism considers the
specifications of the starting problems and systems that are tractable
for a philosophical anal- ysis.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

788. The approach is implemented using Apache Jena in Java and MYSQL
and validated with examples using an ontol- ogy validator. The paper
is very exhaustive in explain- ing the rules, which can cover the
translation of various RDB patterns into Owl. It also proposes and
shows several examples and explains the evaluation protocol used.

Ontology learning from relational database a [Link]

The share of informal sector employment in Addis Ababa has

789.
significantly declined from 37% in 2003 to 6.6% in 2020 (see Figure
5). Since early 2000, the government adopted a two-pronged
approach towards informality. First, through strict enforcement of
business registration and tax regulations, especially for small
businesses.

ACRC_Addis-Ababa_City-[Link]

Data ti created by and & used by processes. Likewise, there are no

790.
business processes which don’t use data. Failure to recognize these
fundamental truths leads to confusion and artificial or theoretical
results, not practical models and solutions.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

791. Figure 8. New Physical Schema Derived from the Re-Engineered

Data Model Forward Engineering and Model-Driven Development
elements from the two systems as a small example to Upon
completion, the normalized model can be archived illustrate
integration complexity and our approach to as a baseline for
configuration management purposes, and integration. In this
example, we have cross-level a new model is generated from the
 normalized model to integration between a mid-level model which
reflects meet two possible scenarios.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

[56] use the ontology for modelling business classes, instances,

792.
taxonomical relationships, domain-specific associations and the
hierarchy of these relationships. These ontological elements are
translated by an analyst into a UML class diagram, which can be
additionally refined by an expert who understands a business
domain. This translation can be partly or fully

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

Another important model components is coordination between roles

793.
in an activity. To encourage reusability, our models separate
coordination from task modules and provide generalized coordination
modules that can be reused in systems. Earlier research has
identified coordination methods that are used in our models.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

794. This development differs from the miUnstream research in deduc tive
databases where deductive query languages are developed within
the paradigm of logic programming (sf'e [4) for an over view) as it
follows a pragmatic approach introducing only small extensions and
maintiUning full upward compatibility with SQL.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

In this paper we extend the approach of [15] to handle both recursion

795.
and abstract data types with user-defined functions. Since recursive
rules are handled in other approaches, the emphasis in this paper is
on abstract data types and functions. Data types are defined in the
style of an algebraic specification [9, 11].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 Section 2 describes the concept of database abstrac tions and its
796.
problems. In Section 3, we propose a model of relationship
abstractions by extending the database abstractions. Section 4
presents a hypertext design strategy using our model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

He also mentions "new and varied organizational forms devised to

797.
increase productivity and to manage an exponentially expanding
number of products and processes" as drivers of complexity (
Hodgson 2003, p. 471). Indeed, the decomposition of the integrated
company and the formation of business networks as described above
has contributed to complexity because it is a mechanism that
generates diversity ( Andriani 2001). The business model concept
may be one of the tools that helps tackling at least some aspects of
complexity by highlighting important issues and pointing out the
relationships between them (see section 2.4.1 and 2.4.4).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

798. In the following sections I will outline some of the roles the business
model concept (i. e. the use of a specification of a conceptualization
of business models) can play in business management, and,
particularly in regard to e-business issues. I have identified five
categories of functions, which are understanding & sharing,
analyzing, managing, prospects and patenting of business models.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

799. In their business model definition Linder and Cantrell (2000) from the
Accenture Institute for Strategic Change differentiate between three
different types of models: the components of a business model, real
operating business models and change models. They define a
business model as an organization’s core logic for creating value.
Similarly, Petrovic, Kittl et al.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

800. Hawkins (2001) describes a business model as the commercial

relationship between a business enterprise and the products and/or
 services it provides in the market. He explains that it is a way of
structuring various cost and revenue streams such that a business
becomes viable, usually in the sense of being able to sustain itself on
the basis of income it generates. Rappa (2001) defines a business
model as the method of doing business by which a company can
sustain itself that is, generate revenue.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Secondly, he introduces a link between the firm and the customer,

801.
which is the product. Thus, a business model contains a description
of the product or services the firm is providing the market. It answers
the question of what the firm sells.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

3.1.4 Representation Tools In addition to outlining the components of

802.
a business model, some authors offer a set of business model
representation tools. Weill and Vitale (2001) have developed a
formalism to assist analyzing e- business initiatives, which they call
e-business model schematic. The schematic is a pictorial
representation, aiming to high-light a business model's important
elements.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

803. Cost Structure The Cost Structure is the representation in money of

all the means employed in the business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The car manufacturer BMW reaches its customers in the United States
804.
through about 300 franchised dealers selling its automobiles, but
designs and implements national advertising itself ( Dolan 2000). As
illustrated earlier, the computer manufacture Compaq (now HP) sells
its products primarily through third-party resellers, whereas Dell
concentrates on direct channels, such as the Internet and telephone.
These examples illustrate just some of the multiple ways to go to
market, while the advances in ICT promise even more to come (
Wyner 1995).
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

123 6.3 TRANSFORMING XML DOCUMENTS In section 6.2 I have

805.
demonstrated how the BM2L schema (i. e. its structure) is conceived,
how a BM2L document looks like and how it can capture a business
model. In the following, I demonstrate some of the potential usages
that become possible once one has seized a business model with
BM2L.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Different communications ask for different document types with

806.
different information. These can easily be generated, for example as
PDF documents, from the basic business model description captured
in BM2L. These could target: managers employees customers
investors

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

807. The second part consisted of a short explanation of the business

model ontology by presenting the simulated instantiation/tool that
generates certain business model views mentioned previously. The
third part was destined at discussing these views with the goal of
getting an indirect feedback on the ontology's ability to present a
business model and aimed at getting information on its
completeness. The goal of the fourth part was to investigate in what
fields the business model concept and specifically the ontology could
make a contribution.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

808. Evaluation 136 interviewees bought in on the idea of not only

defining financial indicators, but defining indicators throughout the
business model pillars. One consultant that understood this asked in
what the idea of deriving indicators from the ontology was different
from the balance scorecard concept (q39).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 Note: The concept of business models and the business model
809.
ontology have been presented at several peer-reviewed conferences
( Ben Lagha, Osterwalder et al. 2001; Osterwalder, Ben Lagha et al.
2002; Osterwalder and Pigneur 2002), doctoral workshops (
Osterwalder 2002; Osterwalder and Pigneur 2002), published at a
number of occasions ( Dubosson, Osterwalder et al.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The first step can be improved by departing from the captured and
810.
described business model. The second step can be achieved by
applying portfolio management theories coming from finance to IT/IS
applications, as more and more companies are starting to do (
Hoffman 2003; Nairn 2003). In this proposition I apply Ward's
Application Portfolio Framework ( Ward 1988).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Building on existing knowledge of the domain the ontology describes

811.
the terms, elements, attributes and relationships of the business
model concept. In regard to comparable concepts the business
model ontology represents a synthesis of the overall literature and a
step forward in the rigor of conceptualization.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

812. The first-generation XML-base Web service is based on three

specifications: Web Service Description Language ( WSDL), Simple
Object Access Protocol ( SOAP), and Universal Description Discovery
and Integration ( UDDI). In the conceptual design model presented in
Figure 3, each actor is required to provide a description or service
definition about itself, so that it can receive re- quests from other
trusted actors. A necessary pre-condition to establish communica-
tion between actors is to have a trust-based relationship among the
same actors.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

813. Self assessment: Self assessment is a common approach in

psychology to investigate personality profiles or personal attitudes
 and skills. Self assessment technically spoken is a survey with
reflective questions that ask the test person to give answers
according to personal feelings or to rate certain items. The answers
are compiled into profiles according to a theoretical model which
underlies the questions (e.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

814. Fig. 1. Generalized Process of Modelling and Analysis of KiBP In

alignment with business strategy, knowledge processes in specific
knowledge domains are analyzed using a pattern-based approach.
Nine patterns of knowledge

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

All accepted contributions all available either from the conference

815.
proceedings or, in an extended version, from our website1. The post
proceedings feature contributions (1) dealing with aspects to be
modelled and (4) analysis of business process models.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Our essential requirements were: System development and

816.
integration costs should be marginal, and authorization and
production of documents should be supported by the software. We
decided to base the intranet entirely based on Lotus Notes/ Domino.
Principles governing the design and the structure of websites
containing guidelines have been described before. e.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In this paper, I explore the analogy implied by the idea of delivering

817.
knowledge “just- in-time” and argue that this necessarily requires a
process-oriented approach to knowledge management.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In the refine example we saw that anatomic structure is one of the di-
818.
mensions along which refinement could be done. So-called model-
based reasoning is an approach in which structural descriptions of
 the device under diagnosis are used to generate refinement
hypotheses. From this device model, we can generate a list of
malfunctions (e.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

A Flexible and Extensible Index Manager for Spatial Database

819.
Systems* Hans-Peter KriegeP, Peter Heep2, Stephan Heep3,
Michael Schiwietzl , Ralf Schneiderl 1 Institut fUr Informatik,
Universitlit Miinchen, LeopoldstraBe 11, D-8000 Miinchen 40 2 NANU
NANA GmbH, Lange StraBe 48, D-2900 Oldenburg 3 Praktische
Informatik, Universitiit Bremen, BibliothekstraBe, D-2800 Bremen 33
AbslIaCt The management of spatial data in applications such as
graphics and image processing, geography. as well as computer
aided design ( CAD) imposes stringent new requirements on socalled
spatial database systems. In this paper we propose a flexible and
extensible index manager for efficient query processing in spatial
database systems by integrating spatial access methods.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

6 Conclusion Motivated by mission-critical or literally life-critical

820.
domains from the AMIRA project, in this paper we presented the
CAKE approach, a concept for coping with business and time-critical
processes. Based on requirements derived from the fire service
domain, CAKE rejoins several approaches for supporting application-
driven scenarios. Besides providing workflow knowledge and agent
mediation the CAKE approach also integrates planning skills and
agile documentations as well.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

821. Type of Knowledge 1o Organization best practices for coding 2o

Organization best practices for tests 3o Organization best practices
for software documentation 4o Organization best practices for quality
assurance 5o Knowledge about the organization software processes
5o Organization best practices for the problem solving process 7o
Organization best practices for specification and analysis of software
requirements 8o Organization best practices for software. design 9o
Knowledge about the application domain 10o Organization best
practices for project management 11o Organization best practices for
 system engineering 12o Templates of documents, including real
examples of their use 13o Organization best practices for the
evaluation and improvement of software processes 14o Software
items such as specifications, system architecture, source code and
test cases 15o Organization best practices for process modelling.
16o Organization best practices for software maintenance 17o
Knowledge about the evaluation of the organization software
processes 18o Knowledge about the distribution of competences
among the organization professionals 19o Reports on the best
practices in the software industry 20o Knowledge about
organizational objectives and goals 20o Organization best practices
for training 22o Organization historical data related to project
management 23o Organization.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Using ideas for graphical object oriented design from [4] , a wide
822.
spectrum 00 specification language is presented in Bearing et aI.[ 5]
dealing with Open and Active Specification of IS ( OASIS). The
present paper is a first working version of this enhanced OASIS, built
by adding to MOL active capabilities for expressing active
relationships between objects by means of the triggering
relationships.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

823. [13] Chen, G.W., and Parng, T.M. A database management system
for a VLSI design system. Proc. 25th ACM/ IEEE Design Automation
Conference, 1988, pp. 257-262.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

824. Semantic modeling was an object of considerable database research

in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. A brief overview can be found in
[2]. Essentially, the semantic modeling approach identified concepts
useful in talking informally about the real world.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 THE COMMONSENSE BUSINESS REASONER Robert C. Goldstein
825.
University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C. Canada Abstract The
Commonsense Business Reasoner is a knowledge-based system
whose function is to provide commonsense reasoning capabil ities
for business expert systems. A generic business model provides the
basis for the system. This model is described as is the system's
ability to acquire and reason with commonsense knowledge.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

2.3 An example Let us consider the design of a database of

826.
information about movies in order to illustrate the example of aggre
gation and generalization. Figure 1 shows an example of
abstractions on the relational model. We can recogmze how these
abstractions are organized.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

7 Conclusions In this paper we proposed an or~anization of a rela

827.
tional database on the basis of views. The design is based on the
mixed decomposition procedure which uses the vertical, horizontal
and derived horizontal decomposition operators to produce a set of
disjoint candidate fragments. The final fragments are gen erated after
a normalization step which is necessary to avoid known/rocessing
anomalies.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

496 It should be stated, that, in addition, the data modelling approach

828.
outlined above requires a 8Ophist~cated functionality to ensure
consistency of the data base ill the stage of model implementation.
The task is in translating the contents of the individual data bases
according to the rules described by the organization-wide model and
its links to the individual models. Those rules are described by the
generalization operators used as links between the individual models
and the overall organizational model; they go beyond the integrity
rules usually stated for a data base [17].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 Conclusions The spreadview idea is currently being used in the
829.
design and implementation of an updated version of the Logiform
system [3]. Logiform is a powerful spreadsheet based system in
which the programming of the computation is performed in a rule
base fashion rooted in the logic programming approach.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

830. Today's business landscape is characterized by the intense use of

ICT (e. g. for e-business), fierce global competition, rapid change
and results in increasing complexity, high risk and greater uncertainty
than ever before. Responding to these challenges described below I
will later address how the business model concept can improve
manageability of some of these issues in the sections 2.3 and 2.4.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

831. In general the purpose of creating a model is to help understand,

describe, or predict how things work in the real world by exploring a
simplified representation of a particular entity or phenomenon. Thus,
in the case of a business model the model (i. e. representation) shall
help understand, describe and predict the "activity of buying and
selling goods and services" and "earning money" of a particular
company.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Therefore the process of modeling social systems and in this case

832.
business models help identifying and understanding the relevant
elements in a specific domain and the relationships between them (
Morecroft 1994; Ushold and King 1995). In addition, the visual
representation of a business model can dramatically enhance
understanding.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The first two columns of the table name author and year of
833.
contribution and the following columns reveal the major business
model areas covered and whether a specific author has contributed
to this area. The first "definition" column shows if an author provides
 a short comprehensible definition of what a business model is. The
"taxonomy" column indicates which authors propose a classification
of business models.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Papakiriakopoulos and Poulymenakou (2001) propose a

834.
transformation method for constructing e- business models based on
their analytical framework outlined in section [Link]. The method
includes 4 steps, ranging from the identification of players, over
highlighting the value flows and identifying key competitive drivers to
constructing a feedback chain. Thus, the first step consists of
defining the context and the scope of the business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Knowledge of the Problem Domain 38 processes that are placed on

835.
the value chain. The authors have applied this method to a case in
the media industry that broadcasts advertisements in the form of
video and/or interactive content and wants to measure efficiency in
order to offer personalized information through a TV set-top box in
the consumer's household. Papakiriakopoulos and Poulymenakou
found that the framework and methodology helped highlighting
several issues corresponding to the four elements of their model,
namely coordination, customer value, competition and core
competencies.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

836. 47 4.1.2 Notation and Labeling of the Ontology Elements The

business model ontology is a set of elements and their relationships
that aim at describing the money earning logic of a firm. As outlined
above the ontology contains nine business model building blocks, so-
called business model elements. The characteristics of each of them
is described in the form of a table (cf. Table 19) and thereafter
explained in more detail in the following pages.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Such a formal representation and the multitude of existing tools to

837.
manipulate XML documents have a number of advantages. It
 becomes easy to verify the validity of a business model to the
business model ontology. Different business models can be
compared or can be evaluated to one another.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

IT research and development includes identifying and testing new

838.
technologies for business purposes and evaluating proposals for new
information systems initiatives.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The popular service oriented architecture ( SOA) of information

839.
system design is essentially an extension of the actor computation
model. A true SOA encapsulates application logic within services that
interact via a common communication protocol. Therefore, it is
natural to explore the applicability of SOA-related technologies as a
strategy to improve the accuracy and breadth of the SAGE system.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

840. Requirements are one of the sources of project information. A

systematic software project has to channel this information to all
places in which it will be needed for subsequent process steps. For
example, requirements will directly flow to design activities.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

A line of research that deals with automating the instructional process

841.
comes from the development of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) that
are generally attempting to model the interactive nature of instruction,
rather than the static creation of instructional materials. Most ITSs
are dialogue-based, and the instructional process is created by the
interactions between student and ITS system. In some cases [3],
these interactions are modeled after actual transcripts from human
tutors.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 At the moment, student modeling is generally ad hoc; there is no
842.
standard approach nor is there consensus as to what constitutes an
appropriate student model [6]. Depending upon the task
circumstances, and the desired characteristics of the complete
system, different aspects of a student may be modeled and
monitored, such as learning style preferences, presentation modality
strengths and weaknesses, or time and speed preferences. For this
article, we limit our discussion to a cognitive model, limited to
monitoring a student’s structural knowledge, rather than learning
style or other potentially adaptive characteristics.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Yet, heterogeneity of business process modelling schemas is not

843.
discussed in this context. Therefore, it is not clear in how far OBD
represents a suitable common data model for integration of
behavioral aspects. Integration is often related to some notion of
inheritance.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

680 K.D. Fenstermacher just-in-time notions to knowledge

844.
management requires a process-oriented approach to knowledge
delivery. Finally, I conclude by offering research directions suggested
by the analogy.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

728 A. Scherf and K. Böhm the specific requirements and

845.
conditions for the knowledge management in small research oriented
businesses, a pragmatic approach was pursued, so that the solution
can be easily integrated in various contexts and it barely costs efforts
for adaptation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

We conjecture that significant improvements can be obtained only by

846.
addressing important challenges for ontology matching. We present
such challenges with insights on how to approach them, thereby
 aiming to direct research into the most promising tracks and to
facilitate the progress of the field.

Ontology matching state of the art and [Link]

847. GOAL-BASED MODELING METHOD TO CAPTURE AND MODEL

COMPETENCY QUES- TIONS This section represents the core of this
article, presenting our contribution to support competency questions
via goal modeling. In subsection 5.1, we justify the use of Tropos in
our work; subsection 5.2 summarizes our proposed Ontology
Engineering approach, setting the context for the work presented in
this article; and subsection 5.3 explains in detail how we apply
Tropos to capture and model competency questions.

Using Goal Modeling to Capture Competency [Link]

e., how these graphs-based structures can be beneficial during the

848.
analysis and design of the information systems. Specific online
databases were used to identify studies focused on the
interconnections between ontologies and systems engineering. One-
hundred eighty-seven studies were found during the first phase of the
investigation.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

We selected 121 original documents of all types which were

849.
published in English. We extracted documents that 122 offered full
access to content. The following keywords and noun phrases were
used when searching 123 the online databases: ontologies in
information systems, ontology-driven information systems, 124
ontologies in design or analysis of information systems, ontologies
and unified modelling language 125 ( UML), and ontologies and
information systems in case studies.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

The schema and query editor have been analyzed, with a focus on
850.
functionalities and the underlying design choices. Finally, we have
shown the suitability of toolboxes to implement the data models and
to support the direct manipUlation plll'adigm.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

That is, our approach in this paper makes it possible to add these
851.
several uncertainties wit. h out restructuring a database schema.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

852. And since technology is increasingly applied to every aspect of

business, technological change pressures managers to reflect on
how technology can be adopted to improve the business logic of the
firm. With the rise of the Internet companies started Relying on ICT:
Amazon. com and eBay The most extreme examples of the
relationship between ICT and business model are web- based
companies like Amazon.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Improve decision-making. Having claimed that the business model

853.
concept enhances understanding and communicating the business
logic of the firm I deduce that decision makers make more informed,
and hence, better decisions. Asides from this, business models are a
new unit of analysis ( Stähler 2002) that can be observed and
compared, help defining measures and should therefore also
improve decisions.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Business Model New Business Model Time tfuture t0 The

854.
management analyzes the current business model's adequacy to
environmental pressures and designs a new business model if
necessary The new business model becomes a goal to achieve and
guides planning, change and implementation plan, change,
implement

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Processes Processes provide a more detailed view on the mission

855.
and the structure of the business model. It shows the elements of the
value creation process.
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Table 14: Appraising a Business Model: Component Measures (

856.
Afuah and Tucci 2003) The probably most advanced proposition for
evaluating business models is outlined by Gordijn (2002) and is part
of their e3-value method. They propose studying the economic
feasibility of an e-business idea in quantitative terms by creating a
profit sheet and assessing the value of objects for all actors involved.
This is possible because their method is highly actor-, network- and
value-centered and focuses and the value exchanges among
business model participants (cf. 3.1.5).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Nokia, the Finnish mobile phone manufacturer, established a strong

857.
brand in the mobile phone market. The brand is an important but not
the most important part of Nokia's business model. The company
contributes to its image of a young and dynamic innovator by
sponsoring such events as the Nokia Snowboard FIS World Cup tour
or sponsoring a number of top-ranked beach volleyball professionals.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Figure 41: fit, flow or share an ACTIVITY 4.4.3 Value Configuration

858.
Element The VALUE CONFIGURATION is the sixth element of the
business model ontology. As outlined above, the main purpose of a
company is the creation of value that customers are willing to pay for.
This value is the outcome of a configuration of inside and outside
activities and processes.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

89 4.4.6 Partnership Network Element The seventh element of the

859.
business model ontology is the PARTNERSHIP NETWORK. A
company’s partner network outlines, which parts of the activity
configuration and which resources are distributed among the firm’s
partners. In e-business literature there are several terms arising for
these new forms of strategic networks in the value creation process,
some call them b-webs ( Tapscott, Lowi et al.
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Application Prototypes: BM2L 118 6 APPLICATION PROTOTYPES:

860.
BM2L As described in section 1.2 the business model ontology aims
at being a generic framework to describe and capture any possible
business model. Because the process of capturing a business model
is largely facilitated by using a formalized language I introduce the
so-called Business Model Modeling Language BM2L. This is nothing
else than a codification of the ontology with an eXtensible Markup
Language XML structure, XML being a meta-language to describe
information. BM2L can then serve to describe and capture a specific
business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Interrogating business people on the business model ontology is

861.
insofar problematic as it is a theoretical construct that cannot directly
be evaluated by practitioners as such. To ask them if the ontology is
capable of describing the business logic of a firm I had to present
them some form of instantiation. Therefore I simulated a tool that
could visually display the bird's eye view of easyJet's business
model, its value proposition, ColorMailer's infrastructure management
and Nokia's or Barnes & Noble's distribution channel strategy .

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

A business model change with much larger consequences would be

862.
the introduction of selling downloads form its huge collection of
recordings or selling live concert streaming over the Internet to
individual customers. This would mean the introduction of a
completely new value proposition targeting new segments of
customers with a strong impact on the value configuration and
partnering. As the MJF does obviously not possess the capabilities to
offer music downloading partnerships with companies offering such
services would be imaginable.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Facilitating sustainable linkages between farmers’ cooperative unions

863.
and agro industries through awareness creation, support in quality
 control and certification, and trainings on business management (e.
g. through inclusive business partnerships and contract farming
models).

annex_fi_-_inception_phase_report.pdf

Facilitating sustainable linkages between farmers’ cooperative unions

864.
and agro industries through awareness creation, support in quality
control and certification, and trainings on business management (e.
g. through inclusive business partnerships and contract farming
models).

annex_fi_-_inception_phase_report.pdf

865. Besides, for efficient application of the approach a tool is needed that
provides the transformation of a graphical modeling notation into XML
format. There exist solutions for partial aspects of that transformation,
but a holistic tool support for model import, export and consistency
checking is not available yet.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

● The modeling of causal networks in the paper by Al-Shebab et al. ●

866.
A new approach to building infrastructures for E-Learning systems for
Learning Software Organizations in the paper by Dedene et al. ●
Combining electronic process guides and experience repositories as
described in a case study by Bjørnsson and Stålhane.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

867. DeBacker, [Link]}@[Link] 2

Universiteit Van Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics and
Econometrics, Roetersstraat 11, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The
Netherlands Abstract. This paper discusses a new approach to build
infrastructures for E- Learning systems for Learning Software
Organizations on the basis of Web Services. A requirements context
is developed to determine which type of E- Learning applications that
can be Web Service Enabled.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 The second contribution shows that the process of modeling
868.
knowledge intensive processes itself can be significantly enhanced
by utilizing an ontology in order to externalize process knowledge.
For that purpose design decisions are allocated to single elements of
the business process. Benefits include increased transparency as
well as a greater flexibility for adapting to changing environmental
parameters.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Compared to existing clinical guidelines or workflow models our

869.
approach mainly focus on characteristics of clinical pathways that are
considered in the ICP schema model in an explicit way: Dealing with
Time: Clinical pathways should support the organization of medical
treatment in an appropriate way. Therefore ICP schemes allow
arranging actions within a coarse timetable based on treatment days
or time windows of several hours. Actions can be executed in any
order within a time window, and action states must be

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

4 A Context-Based and Business Process-Oriented Model Due to

870.
their multi-tasking capabilities, human business actors are capable of
handling several action contexts and participating in several
interaction contexts. We propose a model to describe the execution
of business activities that explicitly address human multi-tasking
context identification and management operations. Figure 4
illustrates our model.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Adaptive, agent-based and event-driven WFMS [8,6,16] are working

871.
towards this end. Rather, we address the model context-related
elements from a business process perspective. Explicit con- text
models offer another means to support the execution of agile
processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 SEKI Model [4]). This kind of knowledge cannot be easily formalized
872.
and transferred, except for the dialogue. Software design asks for a
continuous and significant application of tacit knowledge, due to the
high abstraction that characterizes software design: as matter of fact,
a software programmer becomes a software designer only after
some years of practice.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The prevalent ontology in technology and technological research,

873.
particularly in Information Systems (IS) is that of realism, as
presented in the research approach of positivism [1, 2]. Realism
claims that reality exists independently of the observer’s K. D.-

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The ontology created in the ontology modeling activity, can be used

874.
both as a conceptual reference model (design time), as a model to
be used computationally (runtime) allowing, for example, the use of
an inference engine. Furthermore, the ontology (design time) could
also be translated into another model, for instance, the model
database.

Using Goal Modeling to Capture Competency [Link]

A DEDUCTIVE DATABASE SYSTEM WITH APPLICATIONS TO ROUTE

875.
PLANNING Malcolm C. Taylor Department of Computer Science
University of Houston Houston, TX 77204 ABSTRACT The issue of
deductive query optimization has received widespread attention, yet
the problem of dealing with functions defined on com plex data
structures remains unresolved. In this paper we present an approach
which allows for abstract data types and arbitrary user defined
functions within the framework of an extended relational model.
Functions may appear in both rules and queries, and the op
timization process uses a combination of term rewriting and distribu
tion of selections.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 In this paper, we introduce a data mapping facility, which we call a
876.
data-structure builder. The data-structure builder is built on top of a
relational database management system, and i, converts VLSI
design data stored in relational tables into data structures best suited
for each VLSI/ CAD program. This data conversion process follows a
script written in a non-procedural mapping language.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

We have taken the route to develop a database programming

877.
langnage, called Goblin, as an intermediate step towards a domain
specific DBMS, i. e. with a domain specific data model, query lan
guage, and user interface. Its design has produced a balanced solu
tion between common practice (and expertise) to write applications in
a mixture of C and SQL and the need for a new full-fledged high level
programming language to obtain a seamless interface to the
database management system.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

878. OWNER MANAGER supertJ1:ses ~ ~ is-a 125 EMPLOYEE owns 2s-a

works for ENTERPRISE ~ PERSON FACILITY has CUSTOMER
_________ ~sells makes ~ PRODUCT Figure 1: Generic Business
Model not closely related to ours. We are concentrating on a small
subset of general knowledge; namely, that related to business
applications. We also wish to explore the possibilities of a much more
parsimonious approach to the problem.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Other areas for further work concern the applicability of the pro
879.
posed approach to other research areas in knowledge-base systems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

880. * supported by Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft ( German

Research Society) by grant no Schw 41511-1 Michael Seewald
Technische Universitat Berlin, Dept. of Mining Engineering, StraBe
des 17. Juni 135, D-1000 Berlin 12 Thereafter some essential
requirements to the expert system are discussed and a first approach
 to integrate external data bases, to reason with uncertain knowledge
and to spatial rea soning is presented. As these topics are not
exclusively relat ed to mining, the research work done is fundamental
for re cent expert systems.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Object oriented database is currently an active research area. This is

881.
because object oriented concepts can more easily model the real
world and capture its semantics than more tradi tional DBMSs.
Besides this, the object oriented data model allows us to reuse
components by producing enhancements based on the original.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Chapter 6 shows an instantiation of the ontology into a prototype tool:

882.
the Business Model Modelling Language BM2L. This is an XML-
based description language that allows to capture and describe the
business model of a firm and has a large potential for further
applications.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

883. In general, technology people should ask themselves how ICT can
contribute to improving a company's business model. And the other
way around, business people should ask themselves what
technological consequences a change in the business model could
have (see Figure 11).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The third component, customer value, aligns the business model with
884.
the market and customer needs. Finally, the core competencies
define how a firm exploits its resources facing the opportunities of the
market.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

3.1.6 Business Models and Change Because models are static by

885.
nature and simply take a snapshot of a current situation, a number of
 authors add a time trajectory to business models and introduce the
concept of change. This allows them to go from a current state or
business model to a desired state or new business model. Linder and
Cantrell (2000), for example, mention that business models are a
picture at a point in time, but that most firm’s business models are
under constant pressure to change because of numerous pressures
in the firm’s environment (e.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

According to Linder and Cantrell a renewing firm leverages its core

886.
skills to create new positions on the price/value curve. This kind of
change model also often involves attacking untouched markets and
introducing new retailing formats. Extension models expand
businesses to cover new ground.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

6.1 FROM THE ONTOLOGY TO A FORMAL MARKUP LANGUAGE As it

887.
seemed appropriate to translate the business model ontology into a
formal description language and as the eXtensible Markup Language
XML has rapidly become the first choice for defining document and
data interchange formats I have chosen this technology to formalize
the business model ontology.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Concretely, BM2L translates the business model ontology's

888.
semantics and syntax into an XML based language defined by an
XML schema. It can then be applied to a real world business model,
as I have done to capture the business logic of the Montreux Jazz
Festival (see annex at [Link]. ch/aosterwa/ PhD).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

889. The chief operating officer ( COO) of a company with 15 employees

was rather critical and remarked that "in a company like ours
everything is in the heads of the people". He saw the value of the
ontology elsewhere: "Where it can be very important is on the
 venture capital side or the investor side where you have to map
business models quickly" (q11). Astonishingly, few

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

890. Evaluation 138 can imagine talking about hundred different things.
It’s about presenting things in a simple way that is certainly the most
important" (q38). One interviewee saw tools based on the business
model ontology as a means to communicate with employees,
customers and for training purposes (q26).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

A business model ontology based visualization tool can help

891.
business practitioners more quickly understand a business model
and the relationships behind its elements.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

A business model ontology based tool creates a common langue to

892.
address business model issues and in this regard improves
communication between business practitioners.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Discussing business model issues with a business model ontology

893.
based tool (to understand business models) has an impact on
discussion quality.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Firstly, by using the business model ontology to describe the

894.
business model of the Montreux Jazz Festival an instantiation of the
ontology is created. Secondly, testing if the ontology is able to
represent the business model of a real-world business by discussing
the captured MJF case study with its manager signifies getting
insights on the instantiation's fidelity with real word phenomena and
its understandability. Thirdly, if it is possible to implement the
ontology in a prototype and capture the MJF's business model it
 demonstrates feasibility, without, of course, expressing anything
about its value for business.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

895. Therefore I asked the students to fill out a questionnaire assessing

the usefulness of the ontology and the concepts applied to their
particular case study. The closed questions that the students were
asked to rate between 1 and 5 (1 = very definitely not, 3 = to some
extent, 5 = very definitely) are shown in Table 46. In addition some
open ended question investigated the students’ experience using the
business model concept.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

141 The students seemed quite happy with the concepts chosen to
896.
describe the business model elements as there was no score under
3 and the average score of the first question was close to 4 (=
definitely). Also, the structure of the sample document modelled after
the ontology seemed to satisfyingly cover the aspects of the students’
business model case studies scoring an average of 4. From the
specific concepts the value proposition was the most appreciated,
while all of them seemed sufficiently relevant to describe the
business model element in question.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

A business model ontology based tool creates a common langue to

897.
address business model issues and in this regard improves
communication between business practitioners.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

898. Discussing business model issues with a business model ontology

based tool (to understand business models) has an impact on
discussion quality.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 The most recent version of the ontology will appear as a book
899.
chapter in a book on " Value Creation from E-Business Models" (
Currie 2003). Some of the constructs have also been presented as
separate papers at peer-reviewed IS conferences ( Osterwalder and
Pigneur 2003; Osterwalder and Pigneur 2003). One paper presented
the business model ontology as a means to achieve an alignment
between business strategy and information systems ( Osterwalder
and Pigneur 2003).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

900. g., with prior experiences during risk management), activities can be
denoted in a notation similar to IDEF0. Figure 4 (left) shows a
situation in which project information is processed by a design
activity. It comes in as an input from the left and passes on to
subsequent activities to the right.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Issue (1) will be addressed by a framework which establishes a

901.
competency- performance connection (see section 4). We present
results of a case study in a research institute of 30 members, in the
following referred to as Research Ltd., where the framework was
applied. Issue (2) will be addressed by two scenarios that show how
our framework can be applied within an informal workplace learning
approach (see section 5).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

902. 4.2 Context Model Essential for any context-aware system is the
formalization of what “can used to characterize the situation of an
entity” [10], i. e. the definition of a context model or schema for
context information. Past research approaches have shown that
there is no canonical set of context feature for a certain problem
domain.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

903. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Contrary Positions About

Modeling Knowledge Work Thomas Hädrich Martin-Luther-University
 Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle ( Saale), Germany
[Link]@[Link] Abstract. Modeling for
knowledge management ( KM) is fundamentally influ- enced by
decisions about which approach, focus, perspectives or modeling
lan- guage should be used. This paper characterizes three key
decisions with regard to what modeling should focus on, which units
of description are appropriate and what level of granularity is suited
and relates them to a general framework that structures the quality of
conceptual modeling.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

4 Data Analysis In this section we report both the results achieved by

904.
different classification models and our experimental many-sided
analysis approach including diversified DM techniques. In our
experimental studies we have used various data-mining techniques
available in the machine learning library with Java implementation
WEKA 3.4.2 [14].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Fig 5-b shows an ad-hoc flow among two actors, not handled by a
905.
business process actor but by the post-graduate department
organization. Upon unexpected problems in elaborating student list,
Susan asks Alice for help, since she knows from previous in-
teractions, that Alice has the required capabilities and is a
collaborative person. The model shows (1) the flows where requests
help with student list and Alice’s commit to that request (informal
information item) (2) Alice control flow activating the corre- sponding
action context when free and (3) the flow where the list is actually
sent (formal information item).

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The difference between the models used in information science, and

906.
the approach we try here is the assertion that it offers a
representation basis capable of mapping a world. Models use
categories (i. e. structures or relations) that are meant to refer to a
real world scenario, we get to know them usually “post quem” – after
being consti- tuted.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Recent breakthroughs in Information and Communication

907.
Technologies ( ICTs) are unleashing new capabilities and
fundamentally changing the nature of work through automation.
Increasingly, machines are available to replace or complement
workers at all levels. Economic models are being disrupted creating
new industries and business models based on emerging platform
economies.

[Link]

Thus, this proceeding assures the highest possible degree of

908.
reliability in the basic data for the various design, prediction and
analysis tasks. Let us illustrate the importance of completeness and
reliability by a simple example: If a runway is planned to be advanced
at point x, the miner underground has no possibility to recognize, that
behind the face (very near point x) there is a water zone with a height
of 200 meters. If the database would not include this information,
advancing at point x would immediately cause the bursting of the
water at a pressure of 20 attn.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

This paper proposes the relationship abstractions to support

909.
hypertext design phases. They are augmenta tion and globalization,
which are the extension of ag gregation and generalization,
respectively. We show the advantages of these abstractions by using
an example of a movie database.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

316 Figure 1: The framework for Schema Analysis of multiple

910.
information sources, we propose a revised expert sys tem like
approach - conceptually viewed as illustrated in Figure-I. This
integration framework assumes that underlying information sources
are described in some variant of the object-oriented data model and
extends the object management facilities at each host information
source by offering orthogonal functionality. It com prises the following
components: 1.
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The rationale is that a database programming language should not

911.
force users to convert existing software. Instead, it should attract
users by providing a more con venient programming platform with an
open interface to reuse ex isting software. A design track also
followed in the O2 project [7].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

912. Diagnostic Support by Means of Rules. Although object oriented

design supports data and control encapsulation, we can identify
cases of medical decision making which cannot be handled by
objects exclusively: Most ofthe diagnoses include constellations of
findings, which cannot be described comprehensively by attributes
and cor related methods: To evaluate a diagnosis, e. g. breast
cancer, specific relationships which are no built-in relationships, e.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Chapter 5 presents a case study of the Montreux Jazz Festival

913.
which's business model was captured by applying the structure and
concepts of the ontology. In fact, it gives an impression of how a
business model description based on the ontology looks like.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Table 3: Timmer’s architectures of business models ( Timmers 1998)

914.
Alt and Zimmermann (2001) point out that there are two major
categories of business models, one based on the object of the
business model and the other based on the purpose of the business
model. The first group includes market and role models, sector and
industry models and finally revenue models. The second group
includes business models, reference models and simulation models.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

915. Business Model Category Business Models Price Models Buying

Club, One-stop, low-price shopping Fee for advertising, Razor and
blade Convenience Models One-stop, convenient shopping,
 Comprehensive offering, Instant gratification Commodity-Plus Models
Low-price reliable commodity, Mass customised commodity, Service-
wrapped commodity Experience Models Experience selling, Cool
brands Channel Models Channel maximisation, Quality selling,
Value-added reseller Intermediary Models Market aggregation, Open
market-making, . Multi-party market aggregation Trust Models
Trusted operations, Trusted product leadership, Trusted service
leadership Innovation Models Incomparable products, Incomparable
services, Breakthrough markets Table 5: Linder and Cantrell’s (2000)
categorization of business models Weill and Vitale (2001) describe
eight so-called atomic business models. Each model describes a
different way of conducting business electronically.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Component Questions for all business models Customer Value The

916.
firm must ask itself if it is offering its customers something distinctive
or at a lower cost than its competitors Scope A company must define
to what customers it is offering value and what range of products and
services embody this value Pricing Pricing is about how a firm prices
the value it offers Revenue Source A firm must ask itself where the
income comes from and who will pay for what. value and when. It
must also define margins in each market and find out what drives
them.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Petrovic, Kittl et al. (2001) specify that the improvement and change
917.
of a real world business model is related to the ability to change a
manager’s mental model. According to them, people often talk about
reducing time and costs via automating or redesigning processes
when really they want to improve their business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

918. Applying this to the concept of the business model ontology this
means that if one has seized a business model with BM2L one can
easily generate different documents tailored to specific needs. A
venture capitalist might want a two-pager to compare different
business models while an executive in a company may need a 10
page report to understand a business model and make decisions.
 And the business process designer might want a really detailed 50
page report to be able to engineer processes and workflows.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

919. The business model concept exposes the business aspects of the
festival". Mr. Jaton saw the structured business model as a way to
analyze the Festival and to communicate some aspects to certain
stakeholders. He was interested in further analysis and feedback on
the case study.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Value Proposition Target Customer Distribution Channel

920.
Relationships Value Configuration Capabilities Partnerships Cost
Structure Revenue Model price/value leadership market share
channel complexity customer integration degree of bm integration
capability spread degree of networkedness low-cost leadership
revenue diversity low high

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In designing the project activities the Inception Phase followed an

921.
approach based on the selected value chains. Where necessary and
in order to better achieve the project objectives (e. g.
entrepreneurship development), the value chain approach was
combined with a demand-driven approach to the identification of
business activities.

annex_fi_-_inception_phase_report.pdf

In designing the project activities the Inception Phase followed an

922.
approach based on the selected value chains. Where necessary and
in order to better achieve the project objectives (e. g.
entrepreneurship development), the value chain approach was
combined with a demand-driven approach for the identification of
business activities.

annex_fi_-_inception_phase_report.pdf
 The ability to visualise cause and effect risk networks and the
923.
capability for interactive network building and modification have the
potential for individual and group risk identification, justification and
prediction. In this paper we introduce Causal Mapping as a method
of accomplishing this, and describe two experiments: one carried out
with a group of masters-level students and a second with
practitioners from a government organization who had experienced
an IS/IT project failure. These two exploratory experiments have
demonstrated the potential (and also some of the problems) of the
approach in identifying problem areas in past projects, through the
collaborative construction of cause and effect maps that allow project
participants to visualise their perceptions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

They differ with respect to several aspects, e. g., the points that are
924.
focused during analysis of business processes, the concepts and
metaphors considered to be suited for describing knowledge work,
the perspectives that are modeled (e. g., person, process,
knowledge, resource), and the level of granularity of modeling.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

925. The problem of missing flexibility in WFMS has been addressed in the
last few years by adaptive workflow management research (e. g.,
ADEPT [1], METEOR [2], WIDE [3]). In general, these approaches rely
on a predefined workflow model and try to avoid user interactions
whenever possible.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In this section, I present an example based on data collected as part

926.
of a test of the TaskTracer system at the University of Arizona. The
test participants were all graduate students in the University’s
masters program in Management Information Systems and all were
enrolled in a course in software design. The participants were asked
to write a summary (shown in Figure 2) of Radio Frequency
Identification ( RFID) technology [14] for non-technical, corporate
executives and were given 90 minutes to do so.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In general, it can be observed that humans act according to the

927.
principle of the least possible short-term effort in order to obtain the
highest possible long-term profit (principle of efficiency). The explicit
documentation of ones own knowledge and the acquisition of
external knowledge (such as data and documentation as a result of
stud- ies) often does not have first priority and remains in the
background in favour of in- quiring communication with a knowledge
medium, since the former requires more time and apparently seems
to hold back from the actual tasks. Relevant research in business
contexts found that direct communication with colleagues and
managers is still the primary and most used source of information in
a company [7].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

536 K. Böhm and A. Scherf 3 Technical Architecture of the KnowBiT

928.
Solution The conceptual model, described above, was transformed
into a software solution, shown in figure 4 below and is currently put
into practice at a pilot user from the biotechnology business. In this
section we describe the practical demands from the chosen
application area, sketch the technical architecture of the software and
highlight some of their innovative aspects.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Metamodelling of Domain-Specific Standards for Semantic

929.
Interoperability 559 3 Summary Domain-specific standards play an
important role for achieving semantic interoperabil- ity among
federated information systems. In the present paper, we discuss our
efforts for uniform structuring of these relevant standards on the
metamodel level. The proposed approach is evaluated within the
context of an epidemiologic cancer registry system.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

930. Because our world changes constantly, our knowledge of that world
must also change. This mainly occurs by restructuring existing
knowledge and remapping known coherencies to form new ones.
This mapping process is based on reality, whereas a model-based
 approach prefers the perceptions gained via the model to the
original.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

931. Knowledge Creation Framework – Enabling Just-in-Time Information

Delivery 701 2 Knowledge and the Knowledge Creation Framework
Most research and applications in business- and artificial intelligence
understand knowledge according to the „knowledge stairs“ of North
[Nor98] as information in context. Within Siemens it is understood as
potential for action [ Dav02] in the dimen- sions of proficiency,
codification and diffusion. Nonaka [ Non95, p.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The work in [89] proposed an approach to tune a library of schema

932.
matchers at design time: given a particular matching task, it
automatically tunes a matching system by choosing suitable
matchers, and the best parameters to be used, such as thresholds.
The work in [129] discussed consensus building after many methods
have been used.

Ontology matching state of the art and [Link]

The approach to defining the notion of depth of knowledge in the

933.
framework of the task/ methods/knowledge triple general- izes the
intuitive notion that has equated structural models with deep models,
Under our definition depth is a relative notion (i. e., it is relative to a
method for a task), and there is no notion of characterizing
knowledge as deep or shallow in some absolute way.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

934. That concept corresponds to the view concept in relational model

and allows many developpers to simultaneously design and
implement the 00 database.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 The above mentioned major design decisions to implement
935.
communication as a datagram service and to send a table of
information one element at a time were made knowing that future
versions of monitor and management station have to support the
SNMP. This protocol is a proposed standard to pass management
information between network management stations and agents
responsible for performing network management functions requested
by the management stations.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

936. - OODRMS qUNy models (e. g. [22]. see also [ 17J for a sur vey)
exploit the class hierllrchy for a top-down approach, where a query
may refer to the objects in a class and all its subclasses. However,
only attributes occurring in all

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

4.3 The ERC+ Toolbox This section gives an overview of the ERC+
937.
toolbox design and interface to upper layers. Like InterViews, the
ERC+ toolbox is a C.++ class. hbr~ry providing the four abstractions
of the ERC+ model: enllty, relatIOnshIp, attribute types and schemas
with operations on them. The operatIOns mclude creation. attaching
attributes to entities. linking entities to relationships. etc ..

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The transaction modification approach. This paper pro poses a

938.
technique for integrity constraint handling that deals with the
problems mentioned above; the technique is called transaction
modification, and is designed to meet full transaction semantics. In
this approach, transactions are modified such, that they can be
executed in the regular way, but cannot violate the integrity of the
database.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Here we will concentrate on the so called Exploratory programming

939.
model since it is obvious that this approach is the most common for
the type of applications described in this J? aper. This model is based
 on the idea of development of an lmtial implementation and exposing
this to user commitment and refining this according to the wishes
from the user without using a formal plan for the activity.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Active task models also have applications in CAD / CAM and CASE
940.
systems, where a design is stored persistently in a database. A group
of designers intend to work cooperatively on a specific design. They
therefore check out the design into an active task model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

2.1 TECHNOLOGY, E-BUSINESS, COMPLEXITY AND UNCERTAINTY I

941.
argue that the business model concept has become popular because
today's managers are spoilt for choice when it comes to defining their
value proposition, configuring their value network, choosing their
partners, looking for ways to reach the customer and many other
similar decisions. This has not always been the case and is
essentially the outcome of the interaction between increasingly rapid
technological change and globalization ( Archibugi and Iammarino
2002). However, new technologies, globalization and the abundant
reservoir of choices to configure a business makes managing an
ever harder task ( Zahra and O'Neill 1998).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

For the purpose of this thesis we will shortly survey the efforts in the
942.
former category. These are enterprise models with the goal of being
a computational representation of the structure, activities, processes,
information, resources, people, behavior, goals and constraints of a
business, government, or other enterprise ( Fox and Grüninger
1997).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

How do we make money in this business Chesbrough and

943.
Rosenbloom 2000 Value proposition Market segment

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 Improving decision making. The reactions to the question on
944.
improved decision making through tools based on the business
model ontology where mixed. Many of the interviewed saw an
indirect influence on decision making through discussing the
fundamentals of a business (q34, q40, q18. q28) and through
improving communication.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

7.4 TESTING ONTOLOGIES – WHAT’S NEXT More in depth

945.
validation of the ontology and its components with different
approaches are imaginable. It could be interesting to give the same
case study information to different people and ask them to use the
business model ontology to capture the case’ business model.
Similar outcomes would give more information on the ontology's
domain authority.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The overall development process applying BPMN and SOA is strongly

946.
model- driven. Following model-driven development paradigms, the
workflow description can be considered as a service-independent
modeling artifact and the service composition as a service-specific
modeling artifact. Due to implementation independence, the transfer
of business processes to other domains is facilitated.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1 Introduction In this paper, we present an approach for selecting life

947.
insurance policies that makes use of the Structural Case-Based-
Reasoning ( SCBR) extended by the concept of generalized cases [3].
It is developed to overcome several drawbacks by searching for a
suitable policy by a prospective customer.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

What Links does he/she follow?) and the conclusion of a visitor’s

948.
preferences and interests from this data to create a visitor’s profile
[4]. Later, the Web Intelligence Consortium4 ( WIC) defined WI as the
key technology for the intelligent Web-based business. Combining
 research results from the fields of Artificial Intelligence ( AI) and
advanced Information Technology, the WIC defined 9 key topics in
the area of WI, including Web mining, Web agents, Knowledge
Management and Web information retrieval.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

6 Concluding Remarks Many related approaches have already been

949.
mentioned throughout the paper. We here cite an approach also
using machine learning, GLUE [2]. However, their learning is
restricted on concept classifiers for instances based on instance
descriptions, i.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Most of these approaches share the view that knowledge must be

950.
modeled wi th respect to a goal or task. In this arti- cle, we outl ine
our model ing approach in terms of the not ion of a task-structure,
which recursively l inks a task to alternative methods and to their
subtasks. Our emphasis is on the notion of model ing domain
knowledge using tasks and methods as mediat ing concepts.

Task-Structure Analysis for [Link]

3.1 Set Operators Recently, [ RU90] has presented a framework for

951.
executing set theoretic operations on complex objects. In his
approach. set theory has been extended to the world of classes. He
has borrowed the concept of object identity from data modeling
research to express the effect of set operations on class members.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

952. Current VLSI/ CAD systems generally use a file system provided by
an operating system to store design data. Although these systems
show good performance, they do not achieve a level of integration
that accrues from a centralized database management system. For
example, to use rnl, which is a timing logic simulator described in the
VLSI design tools reference manual [1], one needs to create a
network description .
 Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Globalization E : subset or "is-a" relation Fig. 5 Globalization 3.6 An

953.
example: A movie database Let us consider the design of a movie
database in order to illustrate the example of augmentation and
global ization. Figure 6 shows an example of abstractions on the
relational model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

954. In this section, it was shown that infonnation retrieval function ality
can be added to a functional database query language by ex tending
the set of built-in functions by a few elementary similar ity functions.
Further work is needed to model the similarity of images and spoken
words. A possible approach to detennine the similarities of audio
recordings containing spoken words is dis cussed in [15].

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

955. Figure 2 shows the elaborated schema of the lNEKS database in the
fonn of an ER model, in which to the seven above mentioned
relations another seven (support) relations, implied by the design
process are added.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

If this assumption is true one can argue that the existing

956.
management concepts and tools may not be sufficient enough
anymore and that new ones have to be found. For example,
Rentmeister and Klein (2003) call for new modeling methods in the
domain of business models. Effectively, a whole range of authors
propose using the relatively new concept of business models for
managing companies in the Internet era ( Chesbrough and
Rosenbloom 2000; Afuah and Tucci 2001; Applegate 2001; Pateli
and Giaglis 2003).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Related to the first definition it can be said that the term business in
957.
the expression business model relates to "the activity of buying and
 selling goods and services" and "earning money". Related to the
second definition it can be said that the term model relates to "a
representation of something as a simple description of the object
which might be used in calculations". By combining the two we get a
first simple understanding which is that a business model is a
representation of how a company buys and sells goods and services
and earns money.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

2.4.5 Patenting Increasingly entrepreneurs and companies in e-

958.
business seek to patent e-business processes and even entire
aspects of their business model. Therefore business modeling may
potentially have an important role to play in this legal domain. For
example, Priceline based much of its business strategy on a patent
whose technology matches bids from buyers with interested sellers
on the Net ( Angwin 2000).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

959. But in order to be able to use computer assistance as outlined above,

an ontology of the business model domain has to be provided. And
this is exactly one of the aims of this dissertation (see section 1.2).
Once the elements and relationships of the business model concept
have been defined one can start building a set of software-based
tools to simplify the life of managers.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

960. In terms of IT service alignment this allows exploring which other

elements of the business model such a system would affect and in
which element it would open up new opportunities (see Table 51 and
Table 52). In an in-depth alignment study the different cells of the
matrix would of course be described in detail.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

3.3 Experiences Taken Seriously Project information needs to flow

961.
through project activities: One cannot design a product when
requirements are missing. However, project information is not
sufficient. Projects participants will need access to basic software
 engineering knowledge, and they will perform much better when they
operate on a higher level of experience.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

962. Beside that, a significant level of virtual concept drift is pertinent to

the AR domain. Hidden changes in context may not only be a cause
of a change of target concept, but may also cause a change of the
underlying data distribution. Even if the target concept remains the
same, and it is only the data distribution that changes, this may often
lead to the necessity of revising the current model, as the model’s
error may no longer be acceptable with the new data distribution.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

2.1 Workflow Management WFM involves the modeling, the execution

963.
and the monitoring of workflows [9]. During workflow modeling an
abstract representation of a business process is created, specifying
which tasks are executed and in what order. A workflow model thus
includes functions (i.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

964. For instance, an executor task for “send notification” may be defined
for use within a workflow definition. Triggering a CAKE workflow
definition is also covered by the task definition, so hierarchical
decomposition of a complex activity de- scription like “design
component” is achieved by following the way a human agent would
solve this instead of following a fixed process model.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

965. However, this approach does not de- scribe actor behavior changing
patterns. In order to give business actors a proactive and timely
knowledge support, it is necessary to address actor behavior
changing dy- namics. This entails capturing actor engagement and
disengagement patterns to tasks and roles.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

 Moreover, agile methods are a sensible approach in dynamic
966.
environments. For example, the quickly changing requirements of
retail business lead to rapidly changing software specifications and
agile methods offer techniques for such environments. While some in
the software development community might argue that agile
techniques ignore years of strongly process-oriented developments,
agile methods bring software development much closer to other
kinds of knowledge- intensive work.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

967. 5 Evaluation To evaluate our implementation we basically take two

ontologies and create mappings between the entities based on a
given strategy. These mappings are validated against the correct
mappings which had been created in beforehand for the evaluation in
the accompanying paper where we compared our approach also
against other approaches.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

968. Knackstedt, Becker}@[Link] [Link]

Abstract. Within the information systems (IS) research discipline,
conceptual modeling is widely discussed as a fundamental task for
IS-development as it leads to shared domain knowledge between IS
developers and business person- nel. As well as IS-research
modeling takes place within a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural
context.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

To build up the pipeline for the 4IR and nurture viable digital business
969.
models and entrepreneurs, Ethiopia needs to address barriers such
as the availability and reliability of digital infrastructure and lack of
digital and business skills. This study has identified that almost all of
the interviewed persons do not have an awareness and knowledge
on the 4 IR.

[Link]
 However, there are situations where one would prefer to have the
970.
best from both worlds. As proposed in this paper, this can be
achieved by mapping non-standard features into a relational
platform. By using this approach, there are a number of benefits that
can be obtained: - Queries can be formulated in both ways: by using
the traditional relational way and by using the higher level approach
by means of concepts such as classes and class hierarchies.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The Design of an Efficient Data Structure for Manipulating Data in an

971.
Image DataBase System A. Touir Ecole Nationale Superieure des
Telecommunications 46, rue Barrault - 75013 Paris - FRANCE e-mail:
{touir}@[Link] Abstract: This paper reports the design of
the Inverted Quadtree, a dynamic index structure for image
database. The set of the inserted images are stored in a way that
permits to perform content-oriented retrieval. The content search
manipulates directly the bitmap representation of the image, so this
structure support the pattern searching.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

2.2 A Data Modelling Process The effort of designing a data model

972.
requires a sound procedure to assure consistency of the model.
Expe~ence has shown that it is best to first model the enterpnse on
an information object level, without assigning descriptive attributes to
those objects in the first step. To efficiently guide the design process,
area data models are d,:veloped for the individual functional areas of
the enterpnse (e.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

973. In accordance to the hereinbefore named conditions the following

design goals for knowledge-based assistance systems can be
defined: - authenticity meaning that the result of the reasoning
process is correct and that the reasoning process is a good imitation
of the human problem-solving process; - transparency implying that
all data which are important for one case have to be presented in a
highly structured manner and the decision process has to be
comprehensiable to the user; explicability. conslstmg of the possibility
to give "why" explanations, strategic "how"-explanations, and other
 "how" explanations; - the possibility for the user to override the
conclusions of the system; - efficiency as short response time of the
inference mechanism and as high information transfer capacity of the
user interface; and

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

They can serve different ends like fostering innovation, simulating

974.
opportunities or acting as a guideline in change management. They
represent a virtual instance of the generic business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Table 10: Stähler’s business model components (based on ( Stähler

975.
2001; Stähler 2002) Similar to Stähler (2001) and also based on
Timmers (1998), Papakiriakopoulos and Poulymenakou (2001)
propose a network-centric business model framework that focuses
on actors and relationships. Their model consists of four main
components, namely coordination issues, collective competition,
customer value and core competences. The first component aims at
defining the management of dependencies among activities.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

In his e3-value methodology Gordijn (2002) outlines a change

976.
methodology based on value model deconstruction and
reconstruction, which is mainly inspired by Tapscott, Ticoll et al.
(2000) Evans and Wurster (2000) and Timmers (1999). He splits the
process into two questions, namely, which value adding activities
exist, and which actors are willing to perform these activities.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

977. The discussion of the formally captured MJF case with the Mathieu
Jaton, the number two and principle manager of the Festival,
exposed two qualities of the business model ontology. One was its
ability to display the big picture and the other one was its ability to
transparently display the different aspects of a business model. He
said that "often people don't perceive the Montreux Jazz Festival as
 a business because they associate it to music and party rather than
to hard work, management and budgets.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

978. Evaluation 140 them. Above all, the business model seemed to serve
to define the IT infrastructure enabling the implementation of the
business logic. For each part of the business model, the supporting
IT infrastructure services were defined, and the corresponding
application portfolio developed and analyzed in terms of its life cycle
management.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

979. Concretely, I propose that future work on business models includes

testing the following hypotheses developed on the basis of the
interviews with business practitioners (see section 7.2): h1. A
business model ontology based visualization tool can help business
practitioners more quickly understand a business model and the
relationships behind its elements.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

980. IT Infrastructure Services Alignment. As explained above, one

proposition is to improve business and IT infrastructure service
alignment by crossing the business model concept with the IT service
areas defined by Weill and Vitale (2002). These contain nine areas,
namely Application Infrastructure, Communications, Management,
Data Management, IT Management, Security, Architecture and
Standards, Channel Management, IT Research and Development
and Training and Education in IT.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The problem with the adopted approach is that our results will be
981.
difficult to generalize due to our single case. Rather they will
contribute to the understanding of the concepts of Experience
Repositories. If the results from our study should coincide with the
research literature some generalization might be possible.
 Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

For defining the LIP context schema, a pragmatic approach was

982.
chosen that is based on three pillars: (1) the analysis of existing
approaches (including both research

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Agile Process Modeling. Zacarias et al. propose to model relations

983.
between actors involved in complex processes with action and
interaction contexts. The goal is to provide better modeling means for
analyzing and finally support people in knowledge-intensive business
processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

984. By a combination of sophisticated knowledge management and a

light-weight workflow model, this approach pro- vides guidance and
knowledge as required to perform the individual activities. Moreover,
we discuss aspects for maintaining project history, as well as pos-
sibilities for integrating tools regarding computer-supported
collaborative work already deployed in organizations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

985. 1 Introduction Many businesses have eagerly adopted data storing

facilities to record informa- tion regarding their daily operations. The
advent of knowledge discovery in data ( KDD) technology has created
new opportunities to extract powerful knowledge from the stored data
using data mining algorithms. Although many of these algorithms
yield very accurate models, one regularly sees that the extracted
models fail to be successfully integrated into the existing business
environment and supporting information systems infrastructure.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

5 Evaluation Evaluation Setting. This paper mainly focuses on an

986.
approach to improve methods for the alignment of two ontologies.
 Neither the learning process APFEL itself nor the quality of the
alignment method PAM can be evaluated directly.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

987. In a fourth steps, this federated schema is transformed to external

schemas in data models that the user can easily understand. The
question is whether schema integration as proposed for static
concepts can be applied for deriving an integrated BPM schema. In
[11] the straight-forward application of schema integration of static
aspects to behavioral aspects is doubted and further research in this
area is encouraged.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

These advantages and disadvantages are true when implementing a

988.
particular way of representing graphs in traditional algorithmic
programming languages. However, the modern approach to
designing information systems requires dividing them into modules,
each of which performs its own function: data storing, processing,
and displaying for the user. At the same time, for the data storage
there are always used such databases, for the design of which a
large number of formal requirements must be met, and the
assessment of compliance with these requirements is made on the
basis of normal forms.

Graph to [Link]

We first use the strategic systems. level enterprise data and process
989.
models to isolate the relevant concepts and identify relationships
between Integration Scope tactical data and process models. Next,
we use the relevant tactical data and process models to identify The
scope of this task is the information exchanged grouping of business
processes and possible entities and between the two systems for the
pay calculation. As associations.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

[Link]

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems Development describes a

990.
wide spectrum of application domains which are represented by
 ontological structures or which are embedded in the information
system. Many solutions were identified, suggesting how ontologies
can help in information systems analysis or design. This is why the
mind map was developed.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

This paper presents the design and implementation of a prototype

991.
expert database system for placing TAR officers in their upcoming
duty assignments. The organization of the paper is as follows.
Section 2 explains the domain of expertise needed for the ex pert
system.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

F02 has been developped using a bootstrap approach too and we

992.
have defined a FA for every key concept of our model. The Schema
and Rule FAs are only used for the implementation of F02 and an
application programmer cannot use them to write FA_expressions.
This is justified by the re quirement for safe manipulation of the data.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

993. An example form model having these characteristics is presented in

[17]. Another approach for an application generator is to "wrap"
database objects in some graphic objects to which are associated
actions. However, with this approach a designer has to learn the
language of the un derlying DBMS and the primitives of generator to
know how to express the semantics of an application.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

994. Generalization is useful because it provides a h igh level semantic

structure and its compact representation . It also contributes to the
information usability both in a utilization phase and in a design
phase. However, it is mainly focused on the complex structures of
entities in the E-R model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 We have extended OSQL to include primitives for monitor ing state
995.
changes in Iris databases and implemented the ex tension for the Iris
prototype [12, 13]. Related research in cludes work on coordinating
long running activities [5, 23], blackboard architectures [11], forward
chaining rule based systems[4], and constraint propagation
languages[18]. We use the same extended OSQL language both for
passive and active queries and both within task models and for
persistent databases.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

996. Due to the user interface management system methodology [23] the
object-oriented knowledge-based module and the object-oriented
graphical user interface are independant and communicate by
message passing because of their object oriented design. Thus, one
knowledge-based module could have several graphical user
interfaces dedicated to different groups of users. In KEE’" an object-
oriented knowledge engineering tool and an object-oriented
development kit for user interfaces are offered in one toolbox.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Surprisingly, the mainstream appearance of the term business model

997.
is a relatively young phenomenon that has found its first peak during
the Internet hype at the beginning of this millennium. A query in
Business Source Premier, a leading electronic database for business
magazines and scholarly business journals, shows that the term
appeared in 1960 in the title and the abstract of a paper in the
Accounting Review ( Jones 1960). But as Figure 13 shows, the boom
of the expression business model has taken place in the 1990s with
144 occurrences in abstracts and 29 appearances in the title of peer-
reviewed articles in the year 2003 in the Business Source Premier
database of scholarly business journals (see also ( Stähler 2002)).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

e. data on data) in documents. This makes it ideal for my purpose of

998.
describing a business model in a formalized manner. Thus, based on
the business model ontology I developed BM2L to formally describe
business models.
 The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Contrary to most existing xml languages in business that represent

999.
structures for the exchange of transaction- oriented messages or
documents, BM2L focuses on the representation of a company's
business model. Rather than concentrating on e-business processes,
like for example the Electronic Business using eXtensible Markup
Language, short ebXML ( ebXML 2003), BM2L is situated at a higher
level of abstraction, the one of the business model/business logic of
a firm. BM2L aims at making it possible to encode the business
model of any given company.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

This paper also presented a successful approach for deployment of

1000.
software processes in small and medium organizations supported by
the TABA workstation. The results of the QualiSoft Project are
excellent under different aspects. First, it showed the feasibility of
carrying out a project involving various organizations with very
particular characteristics since the costs were significantly
diminished.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The foundation of actions are the actual context and environment as

1001.
well as goals of joint activities ([8], [27]). Moreover, human expertise
can principally not be described with context-free rules or in an
algorithmic form since it is based on intuition, creativity and
experience [7]. This calls for alternative units of description to
structure knowledge work like models of situation handling [43] and
new design metaphors like “situations in life” [5].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1002. The integration of clinical pathways into healthcare information

systems (HIS) is one approach to interconnect knowledge about
medical and economic goals, tasks and processes. Clinical pathways
are multidisciplinary plans of best clinical practice for a homogeneous
group of medical cases. Each clinical pathway model defines the
range of actions in the areas of diagnose, therapy, care and
 administration that could and should be performed as part of the
treatment [1, 2].

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1003. 1 Introduction The “business process revolution” has introduced a

paradigm shift in management – the process view of the firm [1]. This
perspective has also been adopted in project management, as
emphasized by Brandt and Nick [2]: “There is general agreement
today that increasing individualization of business performance and
business proc- esses is the reason for the assimilation of routine-
oriented business processes to the classic project model”.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

Fig. 1. Integration of WFM and CCBR During workflow modeling an

1004.
initial computerized representation of selected business processes is
developed. At run-time an instance of the workflow model is created
and the process is executed as specified in the workflow model.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

First an initial workflow model is created, covering a business

1005.
process only in economically justifiable detail. The decision how to
model a business process precisely is delayed until the company’s
needs are more clearly understood and business value can be
achieved. When changes become necessary during run-time, the
existing workflow model is extended with additional knowledge stored
in cases.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1006. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Modeling Contexts for

Business Process Oriented Knowledge Support Marielba
Zacarias1,2, Artur Caetano1,3, H. Sofia Pinto3,4, and José
Tribolet1,3 1 Center for Organizational Engineering, INESC, Lisboa,
Portugal 2 Universidade do Algarve, ADEEC-FCT, Faro, Portugal 3
Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, IST/
UTL, Lisbon, Portugal 4 ALGOS, INESC-ID, Lisboa, Portugal
mzacaria@[Link] [Link]@[Link]
 sofia@[Link] [Link]@[Link]
Abstract. In this paper, we propose an organizational model to
describe the execution of business activities. The model offers a
dynamic, actor centered, context based and business process
oriented perspective of the organization that explicitly addresses the
information and collaboration requirements derived from human
multi-tasking capabilities.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

In the above model, a minimum context that could/should be taken

1007.
into consideration when executing or planning an action is the state
of the business process instance in which frame the action should be
undertaken. If this is not enough to make a decision or complete the
action, historic information can be consulted, which includes both the
process’s history and chronicle. The latter could show who produced
the previous actions, and why, if it is written in the comments.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1008. They derive on an inductive way from a systematic discussion and

link to the underlying “data” (here proposals at SBS). The transfer of
the theoreti- cal model into technological architectures will proof the
concept in practice using the introduced use-case of proposal
development at SBS based on action research. Action research aims
to combine change in some organization and to increase
understanding on part of the researcher.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

The following keywords and noun phrases were used when

1009.
searching the online databases: ontologies in information systems,
ontology-driven information systems, ontologies in design or analysis
of information systems, ontologies and unified modelling language (
UML), and ontologies and information systems in case studies. An
advanced search using the

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

Introduction to object-oriented modelling is a subject taught at the

1010.
University of Hradec Králové in the Applied Informatics and
 Information Management bachelor degree study program. A
successful project is one way to acquire credits. The project consists
of the analysis and design of an information system.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

In order to design an effective integrated database by means of a

1011.
new concept, we have to do two works. Firstly, we should translate
each existing databank into a database in new DBMS, so that
syntactic mismatches would disappear. It is also impor tant to discuss
what kind of schema we should choose for them, ·In order to avoid
semantical overloading of a term "database", I use a term "databank"
for a collection of data and "database" for data related to a data
model or DBMS or how to parse valuable knowledge written in their
comments.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

The different aspects for the BOM prOcessor in terms of database

1012.
design, system architecture, operational interface, and storage
administration are discussed in the following chapters. A list of open
problems with possible solutions concludes the paper.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

Maitland and Van de Kar (2002) apply a business model concept to a

1013.
number of case studies in the mobile information and entertainment
services. They describe the value proposition, the market segment,
the companies involved and the revenue model of different innovative
companies in the mobile telecommunications service industry.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

1014. Revenue Model Applegate and Collura 2001 Product and Services
offered Market opportunity Marketing/sales model Brand and
reputation Operating model ( Organization and culture, management
model) Partners

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
 The firm used the ontology to get a better understanding of the
1015.
business logic of the company in order to go online. Furthermore, the
application of the business model concept aimed at facilitating the
alignment between IT infrastructure and the business (based on the
concepts of Weill and Vitale 2002). The ontology was also used to
define the required application portfolio (based on the matrix by Ward
1988) and to identify indicators to measure business performance
(based on the BSC by Kaplan and Norton 1992).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

1016. Various computing technologies have played a significant role in the

development of ELS. To address the first and second design concern,
research on ontologies and semantic networks have been the focus
of contemporary ELS design [1, 2]. For ex- ample, semantic networks
serve to structure concepts and terms in networks, which could be
useful to represent knowledge taxonomies ( Becerra-Fernandez et al.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1017. Remus, U.: Prozeßorientiertes Wissensmanagement - Konzepte und

Modellierung. PhD thesis, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der
Universität Regensburg, Re- gensburg, Deutschland (2002) 4.
Strohmaier, M.: A business process oriented approach for the
identification and support of organizational knowledge processes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

3 Mapping Identification Our mapping approach extends the

1018.
accompanying paper [17] by encoding similarity rules as logical
expressions. Our implemented approach is based on several
similarity methods which are manually encoded and allow for
detection of possible mappings (see also Figure 1). The manual effort
is necessary because coherences in ontologies are too complex to
be directly learned by machines.

Lecture Notes in Artificial [Link]

1019. Information 2020, 11, 66 10 of 18 automated. The authors claim that:

“This approach is recommended if the domain knowledge of analysts
 is not sufficient to properly define a domain model, for example in
case of difficulties in communicating with prospective users of the
system.” If an analyst has a solid notion about software product
requirements, deeper analysis can be achieved with the next UML-
based diagrams.

Formal Ontologies in Information [Link]

1020. The reason is that it is difficult for different users or even the same
user at different times to describe the same thing identically be cause
they can use synonyms, generalize/specialize catego ries and so on.
Hence, the key to efficient retrieval is to automatically perform partial
or approximate match of the description of multimedia data to the
description of a user query whenever exact match is not possible. In
this paper, we propose an intelligent approach to approximate match
ing by integrating object-oriented and natural language un
derstanding techniques.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

1021. 6 Conclusion We have presented a method for conceptual modelling

in a knowledge based environment. The approach makes use of the
ability of the SYL LOG Expert Database System to execute near-
English specifications directly over SQL databases. This capability
can help in bridging the gap between a conventional conceptual
semantic data model and the intended application.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

1022. It is possible therefore to consider that, in order to design an expert

system which reproduces legal reasoning, one of these three
functions should be chosen to be used as a model in the system.
Nevertheless, these three functions take place by way of a common
rational process, such that a body of legal knowledge can be applied
to the facts of the case in order to reach a legal conclusion. Once this
legal conclusion has been reached, some jurists can choose to justify
it, others can use it as an element in their predictive calculations,
whilst others can use it in their rhetorical opinions.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

 In order to design a system integrating, in a homogeneous way, the
1023.
features of a DBMS and those of an application generator we propose
to extend the form notion [3], [8]. This approach breaks the
separation between application programs and the DBMS, and gives
the possibility to manage at the same time structural and semantic
aspects of data. The form notion allows designing such a system with
a top-down approach by taking the form notion at the interface level
and extending this notion in several ways.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]

1024. Object-oriented DBMSs ( OODBMSs)[7] provide a richer modelling

capability, strong complex-object man agement capability and a
higher extensibility compared with relational databases. Therefore, in
order to com pensate the above drawbacks, we propose an
approach to realize the fuzzy database functionalities based on the
OODB model.

Database and Expert Systems [Link]