“uo way abs canbe divided nt the allowing categories depending on suppor conga, 1 Slabs simply supported on all the four edges and corners free 2. Restrained sabs ie. slabs wih fixed oF continuous edges (including sy supported slabs with comers held down) ‘SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLABS WITH CORNERS NOT HELD DOWN aan ‘Simply supported slabs which do not have adequate provision to resis torsion at corny ing, the maximum moments per unit width 9 given by the following equations. (Clause D.2.1 of IS : 456) My = a, wh? My = ay wi? Where M, and M, are the design moments along short and long spans w = uniformly dis buted load on the slab 1, and J, ate the lengths of short and long spans «a, and «4, are the moment coefficients given in Table. 27 ‘Table 4.1 : Bending Moments Coetticients for Slabs Spanning in Two Di ‘Supported on Four Sides (Tat iso [aa | ua | sa [na | as 20 | 25 30 0062 0.074 01084 0.093 | 0.099 0.104 0.062 0.081 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.118 | 0.12 one 0.04 0.037 0.029 0.020001 As per IS : 456, at least 50% of the tension reinforcement provided at mid span should extend in to the supports. The remaining 50 % should extend to with in 0.1 F 0.1 4, of the support as appropriate a : u Bq esTAAINED SLABS Slabs M supported on CORKINUOUS OF mn, torsion reinforcement hes tobe provided a fevent cracking of corners. Moments developed edges) t0 Pr sragon ka and onthe ne rates en uniformly distributed loads on entire st n posi sloped ‘at the mid span and the maximum negative m ending moments in restrained slabs are ‘ons. The design bending moments in rest eae nts, obatained from Table, 4.2 (Tabi bending moment coefl satya! eu eu 43 ten on ne ee rq co or fit Lat to : eer HMWOWS ong edge iter types od support condported on Fou Sides "08456 2a0g snort Span Coefficients oy and Thee ot on Walues of by.) No _-Mament Considered Positve mement at miéspan [0.028 0.032 0.0: 3041 0.044 0.068 0.082 omy 0.087 0.083 0.067 0.077 0088, aay sitve moment at miéspan 39 0.044 0.047 0.051 0.059 0.065, 0.00 4. Two Adjacent Eeges ] Discontinuous | | | (0.047 0.053 0.060 caspian om lo 2035 0.00 0.045 0.049 0.053 0.056 0.063 0.068 5 Two Short Edger Dicontins | Negative moment at Negative moment 2t Postve moment at miéspan [0.045 0.049 0.052 0.056 0.059 0.0601 0.065 0.069) ous edge | Panes mdspan 0.018 0.937 0.040 0.043 0.044 |0.045 0.049 0.051, 0s 5 we Lon Eee Oscontues | Heanive monen at | 0.048 Ronen H miésoan 0.035 0.043 0.051 0.057/0.063 0.063 0.080 0.088 0.035 (9.057 0.064 0.071 0.076 0,080 0.084 0.091 0.087 aespi9 (0.063 0.068 0.053 0,057 0.060 0.064 0.069 (0.073, 0.083 edges , thee . (one short Edge Continuous) oment at siegotve puinuous ede moment at mid-span | 0.043 | 0.051 0.089 0.065 6.07; four Edges viscontinuoy Fave moment at mSP— “RECOMMENDATIONS OF 1S : 456 FOR DESIGN OF ASTRAMED Stats aad “The maximum bending moments per unit width inaslab are gvenby 1 ‘ My = ey whe My = aw he Where M, and M, are the design moments along short an = total design load on the slab |, and ly are the lengths of short and long span: a,and a, are the moment coefficients 4) 2. Slabs are considered as divided in each dit ips as shown in Fig.4.10. The middl For Span For Span ls FIG 4.10 : Division of Slab into Migdie and Edge 0.056 0.064 '0.072 0.079 0.035 6.089 0.100 0 v07 e 26 of IS 456ayy - ued atthe mid span i the middle stip shal oy hin 0.25 | of a continuous edge or ¢ 1 n oF, the lower part ol us edge ontinvous edges of a mid slab a distance dle stip, the tension reinforcement shalp of 0.15 | from the support and at least ao he upper part oF a distance fe moment may arise. They depend on he deste, general. tension reinforcement equal to 5 ding 0.11 in to the span will be sufficient ity at the edge of span ext sn edge stp, parallel to that edge, shall Comply withthe my inlay be provided at any corner where the slab is simply sup comer Itshall consist of top and bottom reinforces such with ayers of bars placed parallel tothe sides of the slabs and extending a ‘minimum distance of 1/5 of the shorter span, The area of re forcement, sur layers shall be ¥ of the area required for the maximum mid sy, edges @ 4, Torsion seinorcement equal to half that described in (8) shall be provided at acon ned by edges over only one of which the slab is continuous aa 10. Torsion reinforcement need not be provided at any comer contained by edges cue both of which the siab is continuous. 1 I's greater than 2, the slab shall be designed as one way slab. 4.44 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TWO WAY SLAB 1. Assume the depth ol he slab based on stifiness, For two way slabs with shorter span less than 3.5 m and LL <3 kNim® the llowable fd ratio is : Fe 250 Fe 415 Simply supported slabs 35 28 Fixed or continuous slabs 40 32, Wi> 3.5 mand LL > 2, 3.5 mand LL > 3 kNim2, the allowable ‘ratio is same as that of one way slabs. d \d the effective spans f, and /, $e Bt weet oud contig Tac of hes in the design moment coefficients along shor ad lono sp nditions given in table 26 of IS 456 as applicable. Calculas xy multiplying the coefficients by w 1,2 te the minimum depth required fo resist the absolute maximum des caleula ) which should be less than the depth provided, otherwis (mor My) alelate the aren of ste a mid span (ond at suppor the sab consinunus| nb the directions Using + M, = 087/ Aad |Z oma) bars are provided in the bottom layer and long span bars are pro The short span rove the short span bars in the mid span regions, Thusfor short span d = D--clear cover ~ ¢/2 Long span dy = (D- clear cover- 9/2)- @ =d-¢ 5 of width eq “The main reinforcement shall be provided in the midele slab width 7. Torsion Steel = a) At corners where slab is discontinuous over bath the edges A: Ib) At comers where slab is discontinuous over one edge Ay = Asn (c) Atcorners where slab is continuous over both the edges, Ar = 0.4 steel is required. where, Ay _= Area of steel for maximum mid span moment This area of torsion reinforcement will be provide at corners in th at top and the other at bottom for a length of /y5 in each orthoge) to the sides of the slab as shown in Fig, 4.11—~——— ceement in Two Way Slab with Corners held down SECTION 8 8. Check for Deflection = corresponding maximum mid span moment the Py Take the moditication factor {MF} from Fig. 4.7 of IS : 456-2000. (1d) provided < (Vd) max = basic value x MF i 9. Check for Shear : ce at the edges of two way slab is given by 4 4 ae he Fi)g. Where re 7 Masimum shear Het 10. Check for Development Length : FIG 4.12: Typical Deta M ly s Fth ‘The check for shear and check for development length are mostly satistied in all cases slabs subjected to uniformly distributed loads and therefore omitted in design calculations 4.4.5 _ REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF TWO WAY SLAB 2 of a two way simply supported slab is shown in Fig ofa middle strip, the tension & Fig.4.14 using straight bars and bent-up bars. The tension shall extend in the lower part of at mid-span in the middle st a continuous edge, or 0.15 I of a discor The reiniorcement detai an ese Paar both directions the reinforcement in each direction a distance of 0.15 Lfrom the support, and at least 5! é Selb coniced 2s main reinlercerent The bars nthe shoe deco se 0f 0.30 1. Ata discontinuous edge, negative mom cone Diced in wer and tied with the bars in the longer at the edge of the slab but. in general. te ns intact dui of that provided at mid-span extending 0.1 1 " 50 percent 0 percent of the tension reinforcement provided at mid-span Reinforcement ape ae ‘o the supports up to a length of La/3, where L. inforcement. Torsional reinforcement shall be prov! sth based on the full design stress in the reinforcement. The slab has either one or both edges discontinuous, as15 «7.75 + 11.625 KN Factored lo a and Shear Forces : The sib is simply supp Hence moment co 5. Design Moment jes. The comers are not Table - 27 of IS: 456. gd - 0.074) »4/10 = 0.078 _ (0.001 ~ 0.059) » 4/10 = 0.06 0.078 = 11.625 x 3.625? = 11.92 kN-m 06 x 11.625 x 3.625? = 9.17 kN-m 11.625 x 3.625 we = 2 6, Minimum Depth Required: The minimum depth required to resist Bending Hon, 01138 fab? 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x a? = 21.07 KN 92x10" J yTiaee ays igap © 697 mm < 125 mm, provided dep ided depth is adequate nis not reduced to satisly the stifiness requirements} 7. Reinforcement : Along (1-ypttbxe | 125 (30x 1000% 125) 4g mm diameter bats, spacing of bars sing Rage a .4 S* a, 1000 = D5¢g * 1000 = 181.6 min aximum spacing is 3d = 3 x 125 = 375 mm (ii) 300 m tienes, provide 8 mm bars at 180 mm cle fection : @ placed above the bars in x-direction d= 125-8117 mm 415% Ay 20% 1000x117 9.17 x 108 = 0.87 x 415 «Ay x -—Aw 5638.6 217.1 = A, Ag? ~ 5638.6 Ay + 5638.6 217 5638.6 - 5638.6" — 4 x5638.6% 2 Ag = 5638.6 — Using 8 mm diameter bars, spacing of bars $= qt x 1000 , 222.2 mm 2262 wee 3d=3% Hence, provide 8 mm bars at 220 mm cc Maximum spacing is 351 mm (it) 300 mm whi 8. Reinforcement in Edge Strip + Ag ® OL of gross area = Using 8 mm diameter bars, spa: 9. Check for Deflection : 0 of steel at m 226.2Exe? _ 4100 = 0,223 % P= sapere “02 p= 0.58 x fy £058 x 415 = 240 N/mm? 415 : 456, modification factor = 1.6 From L Maximum permitted 5 ratio = 16 x 20 = 32 t 3625 3 Provided = [5 29< 32 Hence deflection control is safe. Dé of reinforcement . 3Fe shown in Fig. 415 Edge Suip 0 Middte ip 00 fe sip 0 Detaits of Reino ——_ IS St Retnloeement tar Two Way Siab with Corners not Held Down ————_____ 800 McK Bw Jab of a class room of 3 mx Smis 7 vorners ofthe stab are prevented from I orn /m? is tobe provided over th the support is 250 mm. Desig torsion reinforcem hos Tr gr hers? Hence, the slab is to be designed as 2 two way sab 4, Data: Short span, I= 3m Long span l= 5m Live load = 3 kN/m? Floor finish = 0.05 x 20 = 1 kNim? fe = 20 Nimm? fy = 415 Nimm? 2, Thickness of Slab : spon 3000, ‘Assume effective depth d = “55 = “pg = 107 mm Adopt effective depth d= 110mm Overall depth D = 135mm . Effective Span : Jy = 3.0+0.11=3.11m ty = 8.0+0.11- 511m Loads : Sell weight ofthe slab = 0,135 x 25 = 3.375 KNim? Live load = 3 kNim? Floor finish = 0,05 x 20 = 1 kNim?77375 WN 1.5 « 7.375 = 11.06 KNim? ‘Toul lood * Facto 5. Design Moments and Shear Forces * Jy supported on 1d from table 27 of IS 456. " Heney = 0.089 + (0.10 - 0.089) zB = 0.095 = 0,056 = awl? = 0,095 x 11.06 x 3.11? = 10.16 KN-m : My = ayteh? 4 = 0,056 = 11.06 x 3.11? = 5.99 kN-m 4 _ wd, 106 31 172 gy t 2 2 6. Minimum Depth Required : The minimum depth required to resist Bending Moy M, = 0.138. far bd? t 10.16 « 105 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x a as ae 10.16 x10° * ¥0138% 20% 1000 = 60,67 mm < 110 mm Hence provided depth is adequate 7. Reinforcement » Along x-direction (shorter span} fy Aa i) My = 087 fy aa(t 10.16 x 105 = 0.87 « 415 x Ay x (- ita Aa * 110 [295 1000% 110 255.82 = Aa (Ig 3) Aq? ~ 5301.2 Ay + 5301.2 x 255.82 = 0 —— = 269.5 min? sing & mm diameter bar, spacing of bors 5 berg Se a 1000 = tae x 1000 Maximum spacing is 3d = 3% 110 = 330 mm 300 mm which ever is less Hence, provide 8 mm bars at 180 mm cle ‘Along y-direction “These bars will be placed above the bars in X-din Hence, d = 110 - 8 = 102 mm (1 SA Mu = 087 f, Aud| x 108 = x 415 x Ag x 102 (1- poe 5.99 x 10° = 0.87 x 415 x Ag roe { x10 A, - a, (leat 162.65 = Au |! 9915.66 Ag? — 4915.66 Ay + 4915.66 « 162,65 = 0 4915.66 - 915.668 - 4 4915.65 » 162.65 2 Ag = 168.4 mm? Using 8 mm diameter bars, spacing of bars pe oe S = Ex 1000 = nee x 1000 = 298.5 mm Maximum spacing is (i) 3d = 3 x 102 = 306 mm (ii). 300 mm which ever is less Hence, provide 8 mm bars at 290 mm cle8 "lnfxcement in Edge Si ‘Ag + 0:1296 of gross ate | 012, 1900%135 = 162 mm? * 700 sing 8 mm diameter bars, spacing oF Pats fxs! ° « 4 «1000 = 310 mm s+ “@ * acing is () Sd= 5 x 110 = 550 ‘Maximum sp 450 mm which ever Is less Hence, provide 8 mm bars a 300 mm cle in edge strips both drectong Torsion Reinforcement : scement in each layer ‘Ay + Bagg = 8 269.5 = 202 mm? Area of jistance over whic 1 et Distance over which torsion reinforcement isto be provided = = short span id 5 Using 6 mm bars, spacing S* ee x 1000 202 = 139.9 mm Hence, provide 6 mm bars at 130 mm cic at all the four corners in four layers Check for Deflection : For simply supported slabs basic value of t ratio = 20 Modification factor for tension steel Fy % of steel at mid span as Ss se im ae % i gE e 4 ___ Zs rr f. = 058% fy = 0.58 x 415 = 240 Nimm? grom Fig. of 18.456, Maximum ae 5 provided = = 28.27.< 30 tionce defies 1 ction control is safe {forcement are shown in Fig. 4.16 so@20c% : \poign of Slabs Ay x 100 341.1100 Py = bd 1000x140 fe = 0.58 * fy = 0.58 x 415 = 240 Nimm? IS : 456, modification factor = 1.5 = 0.244% rom Fig. 4 of | L Maximum permitted a ratio = 1.5 x 20 = 30 j 3500 | povided = a9. * 25 < 30 Hence deflection control is safe. petals of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 4.7. 109 @230cle 8 @ @ 250 cle 50 % Bars | 350 ' Yy 3500 ———————=! Z MI FIG 4.7: ‘DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS the four edges and if the ratio of longer span to likely to bend along the two directions f two way slabs, the bending + loading and When the slab is supported on all shorter span is less than or equal to 2, the slab is and such slabs are called as two way slabs. In case o| less compared to one way slabs for simila moments and deflections are I orcements have to be designed in hence the thickness required will be less. Main reinf both the directions. + free to lift. When the slab is simply loads, the bending of the slab in moment as shown in Two way slabs may have their corners held down o Supported on alll the four sides is subjected to transverse 'n the two directions cause the corners to lift up due to torsiol Fig. 4.8, If the corners are held down against lifting, torsion rein Drovided at the comners (at discontinuous edges) to prevent cracking forcement has to be of corners.