BASICS OF Engineering drawing

Creating a drawing
Drawing instruments are used to draw straight lines ,circles , and curves accurately concisely

The drawing tools are like drawing board, mini drafter, instrument box containing compass,divider etc,.. set squares,protractor,french curves, drawing
sheet,pencils,erasers.....

DRAWING STANDARDS

 Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how the technical drawings are represented
 these are used so that every one can commonly understand the meaning of drawn picture

Drawing sheet
we have many types and sizes of drawing sheets.. like A4,A3,A2,A1,A0 etc
while in the drawing sheet .. first we have to draw border lines and title box and then we have to start drawing

lettering
lettering and numbering should be in a perfect manner.. for example in this figure.. the upper and lower case letters are neatly draw
 lines and its types
basically lines which are used in the representation of the diagrams are of mainly 4 types they are

 Visible line : represent features that can be seen in the current view
 Dimension line ;Extension line;Leader line: indicate the sizes and location of features
 Hidden line : represent features that can not be seenin the current view
  Center line: represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

In this way we use different types of lines in the drawing

Basic Engineering Drawing – Projection

Engineers are confronted with the task of communicating the design, development and structures of machines to manufacturers and builders. The shape and size of various parts of a machine
and its structure must be recorded on plane sheets in a systematic way for communication. The pictorial view of the object does not carry all the details, especially the inner details and correct
shape of complicated parts. Different methods, therefore, are implied for describing the exact shape based on the ‘projectors’ drawn by engineers.
Principle of Projection
If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contour of an object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining, in correct sequence, the
points at which these lines meet the plane, is called the projection of the object. The lines from the object to the plane are called projectors.
Projection on a Single Plane
If straight lines are drawn from the various points on the contour of an object to meet a plane, the figure obtained on the plane is called the Projection of the object. The object is said to be
projected on the plane. In other words, we can say that the projection of an object on a plane is the shadow of the object on the plane showing each and every edge line of the object. The
imaginary lines drawn from the object to the plane are called projectors or projection lines. The plane on which the projection of the object is taken is called plane of projection. Suppose an
object is placed in front of a screen and light thrown on the object (assuming the light rays to be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the screen) then a true shadow of the object is
obtained on the screen. This shadow is the projection on the object on the plane of screen showing the contour line of the object.
Types of Projections
The projections are classified according to the method of taking the projection on the plane. A classification of projection is shown below:
Factors on Which Type of Projection Depends
Different views of an object can be drawn by projections. Thus every drawing of an object will have four things on which projection depends
(a) Object,
(b) Projectors,
(c) Plane of projection, and
(d) Observer’s eye or station point.
Methods of Projection
In engineering drawing following four methods of projection are commonly used, these are:
(a) Isometric projection
(b) Oblique projection

(c) Perspective projection

(d) Orthographic projection
In the above methods (a), (b) and (c) represent the object by a pictorial view as an observer sees it. In these methods of projection a three dimensional object is represented on a projection
plane by one view only. While in the orthographic projection an object is represented by two or three views on the mutual perpendicular projection planes. Each projection view represents two
dimensions of an object. For the complete description of the three dimensional object, at least two or three views are required. Orthographic projection comes under the category of ‘Non-Pictorial
Drawing’.
Orthographic Projections
The word orthographic means straight description. The straight description here stands for the parallel projectors from the object to infinity. If a perpendicular picture plane is inserted between
the projectors, a picture is formed having the same shape and size as that of the object. If an observer at position ‘A’ moves to infinity, the projectors to his eyes becomes parallel to the object
and he observes the same shape and size as that of the object. The view so formed is known as the orthographic projection. Similarly, the parallel projectors shall form the pictures on the
respective picture planes from the positions B and C. Usually two views are sufficient for simple objects, but the help of three or more views is necessary for complicated objects. These picture
planes are mutually perpendicular to each other and are known as ‘Principal Planes’ of projectors, named Horizontal Plane (HP), Vertical Plane (VP) and Profile Plane (PP).
Methods of Orthographic Projection
The two methods of projections are:
(a) First angle projections
(b) Third angle projections
Figure 3shows four quadrants formed by the intersection of horizontal and vertical planes. The intersecting line of the planes is called the co-ordinate axis. The revolving direction of the
horizontal plane shows that quadrants I and IIIare ”open” but II and IV quadrants become “closed” when the horizontal plane coincides with the vertical plane. It is obvious that the closed
quadrant has no use for the purpose of projectors as the views taken on these will overlap.
First Angle Projections. This method of projection is popular in Europe, especially in Britain. Bureau of Indian Standard has also recommended it now. Figure 4 shows an object placed in the first
quadrant. Parallel projectors in the direction ‘A’, from the object, forms a picture on the vertical plane (VP) which is known as Front View or Front Elevation. Similarly, parallel projectors from the
direction of ‘B’ forms the picture on the horizontal plane (HP), known as Top View or Plan. A mutually perpendicular plane to both HP and VP, known as profile plane (PP) also receives
projectors from the object from the direction C. The view on the profile plane is known as Side View or Side Elevation. The three planes containing the views are then opened on a plane. The
symbol of first angle is shown in below.
Although two or three views are enough to reveal an object, the projectors from six directions of the object in the first angle are shown, if necessary. The views are to be shown symmetrically.
The view from the top (Direction B) placed underneath. The view from the front (Direction A) is placed in the centre. The view from the left side (Direction C) is placed on the right side of view A.
The view from the right side (Direction D) is placed on the left side. The view from the bottom (direction E) is placed on the top as “E” view. The view from the rear (Direction F) may be placed on
the right or left side of C or D views.
Third Angle Projections. This system of projection is known as the American system. The object is placed in the 3rd quadrant. The planes are imagined to be made of transparent material, say a
glass box. The front wall of the box is assumed to be hinged to the other walls as shown in the figure. The parallel projectors in all the six directions form respective views on the walls of the box
serving as picture planes. The hinged walls of the box are opened and laid down on a plane. The placement of various views are in a systematic way. The view from the top is placed above the
Front View (FV). The view from the right hand side is placed on the right side of FV. The view from left hand side is placed on the left side of FV. The view from bottom is placed underneath the
FV. The view from the rear may be placed on the right or the left of the side views. The symbol for the third angle is given below.
Comparison of First Angle Projection and Third Angle Projection method
Sl
First Angle Projection Method Third Angle Projection Method
No.
The object is assumed to be kept in the
1 The object is kept in the first quadrant.
third quadrant.
The object lies between the observer and The plane of projection lies between the
2
the plane of projection. observer and the object.
The plane of projection is assumed to be The plane of projection is assumed to
3
non- transparent. be transparent
In this method, when the views are
In this method, when the views are
drawn in their relative positions, Plan
drawn in their relative positions, Plan
(Top view) comes below the elevation
4 comes above the elevation, left hand
(Front view), the view of the object as
side view is drawn to the left hand side
observed from the left- side is drawn to
of the elevation.
the right of elevation.
This method of projection is now
This method of projection is used in
5 recommended by the “Bureau of Indian
U.S.A and also in other countries.
Standards” from 1991.
Basic Engineering Drawing – Lettering

Writing of titles, dimensions, notes, and other important particulars on a drawing is called lettering. Lettering is an important part of a drawing. However accurate and neat a drawing may be
drawn, its appearance is spoiled and sometimes, its usefulness is impaired by poor lettering. Lettering should, therefore, be done properly in clear, legible and uniform style. It should be in plain
and simple style so that it could be done free hand and speedily.
Style of Lettering – There are various forms of alphabets used in the art of lettering and each type is used for some particular purpose. ‘Old Roman’ style is the parent of all these styles. It is the
basic standard for architects and artists. A variation of this style is known as ‘Modern Roman’ used by civil engineers, in maps and photographical drawings. The simplified forms called
‘Commercial Gothic’ are used almost exclusively for working drawings. ‘Gothic’ letters are elementary strokes of even width. ‘Roman’ letters have elementary strokes “accented” or consisting of
heavy and light lines. All slanting letters are classified as ‘Italics’.
Types of Lettering – Lettering may be drawn in various types. These are given below:
(a) According to the Height
(i) Lettering ‘A’
(ii) Lettering ‘B’
In lettering ‘A’ type, the height of the capital letter is divided into 14 parts, while in lettering ‘B’ type, it is divided into 10 parts. The height of letters and numerals for engineering drawing are
generally in the range of 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 20 mm according to the size of drawing.
Table 1 Lettering ‘A’ (d=h/14)
Characteristic Ratio Dimensions (mm)
Lettering height
(14/14)h 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
Height of capitals h
Height of lower case letters c
(10/14)h - 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14
(2/14)h 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.8
Spacing between characters a

Minimum spacing of base lines b (20/14)h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28

Minimum spacing between words e
(6/14)h 1.05 1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4
Thickness of lines d (1/14)h 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4

Table 2 Lettering ‘B’ (d=h/10)

Characteristic Ratio Dimensions (mm)

Lettering height
(10/10)h
2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14 20
Height of capitals h
Height of lower case letters c
- 2.5 3.5 5 7 10 14
(7/10)h
(2/10)h 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.8 4
Spacing between characters a

Minimum spacing of base lines b (14/10)h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28

Minimum spacing between words e
(6/10)h 1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4 12
Thickness of lines d (1/10)h 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2

(b) According to the Proportion of Width and Height

(i) Normal Letters. Normal letters have usual height and width and are used for general purpose written in usual space.
(ii) Compressed or Condensed Letters. Compressed or condensed letters are those which are written narrow in their proportion of width to height, i.e. height of these letters is more than the
width. These are used when the space is limited.
(iii) Extended Letters. Extended letters are those which are written wide in their proportion of width to height, i.e. height of these letters is less or equal to the width.
(c) According to the Stem Thickness. Letters also vary in the thickness of the stems or strokes. Letters having very thin stems are called light face, while those having heavy stems are called
bold face.
LIGHT FACE
BOLD FACE
Light and Bold Face Letters
(d) According to the Stroke of Pencil
(i) Single Stroke Letters. The thickness of the lines of the single-stroke letters is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. This is the reason why these are called single stroke letters. These letters
being simple are usually employed in most of the engineering drawings. Single stroke letters are of two types: (i) vertical (ii) inclined. Both vertical and inclined letters and numerals are suitable
for general use. One can resort to any of these two, depending upon convenience. The lines of the inclined letters are drawn at an approximate inclination of 75O to the right.
(ii) Double Stroke Letters. The thickness of the lines of the double-stroke letters cannot be obtained by a single stroke of pencil and hence, two strokes of the pencil are used. This is the reason
why these are called double stroke letters. The letters and numerals have uniform thickness in this style. The ratio of thickness and height of letters is 1:10 and 1: 14.
A good style of single stroke lettering should aim at:
(a) Uniformity of Thickness. Conical point pencil is used for uniformity. Pencil should not be too sharp as it would pierce into the surface of the drawing paper.
(b) Uniformity of [Link] width of the stroke of the pencil or pen is to be same as the width of the letter. Light guide lines for both top and bottom of letters should always be drawn with a sharp
pencil.
(c) Uniformity of [Link] of the two styles, vertical or inclined, should be used. Vertical lettering is usually preferred. Both vertical and inclined letters are standard and the technicians should
use them according to their practice and convenience.
(d) Uniformity of Spacing. Uniformity in spacing of letters, whether they are vertical or inclined, is a matter of equalizing the spaces between alphabets, words, lines, etc. The background area
between letters, not only the distance between them, should be approximately equal.
(e) Uniformity of Shape. The shape of all the letters, irrespective of the styles or types used, should be uniform. If inclined letters are used, all of them must have the same inclination and should
be inclined towards the right hand side.
Engineering Drawing And Workshop Drawing

Engineering drawing is a language which is understood throughout the world by engineers and fabricators. Other languages may fail to describe the size, shape, physical aspects, inner details,
finish, etc., but the engineers’ language known as ‘Engineering Drawing’ never fails. The most intricate assemblies with their various complicated parts can be easily represented by engineering
graphics. There are various types of engineering drawings and all have one simple purpose, i.e. the communication of ideas to others. The drawings used for communicating the ideas of the
design engineer to the production engineer and technicians is known as ‘Workshop Drawing’.
Engineering Drawing – A drawing Prepared by an engineer, for an engineering purpose is known as an engineering drawing. It is the graphic representation of physical objects and their
relationship. It is prepared, based on certain basic principles, symbolic representations, standard conventions, notations, etc. It is the only universal means of communication used by engineers
and technicians.
Pictorial Drawing – Every person cannot understand the orthographic projection. Its execution requires a thorough understanding of the principles of projection and its reading requires a good
practice of constructive imagination. We can describe the shape of a job by means of pictorial drawing also, which can be understood quite easily. Pictorial drawing is the drawing of a picture in
graphic language of engineers, to represent a real thing by means of picture views. It shows the appearance of the object by one view only. Following three methods of pictorial projections are
commonly used in engineering drawing:
(a) Isometric projection
(b) Oblique projection
(c) Perspective projection
Isometric Projection
A trained eye and good imagination will be able to understand the three dimensions of an object. Several orthographic views on different planes are to be drawn to understand fully an object. But
in isometric projection, only one view on a plane is sufficient to represent an object in its realistic appearance. Anyone can understand by looking at a view what the job is by isometric projection.
Isometric projection is a type of pictorial projection. Isometric means equal measure. In this isometric projection, all the plane surfaces and the edges formed of these plane surfaces should be
equally inclined to the metric plane. Metric plane is the same horizontal plane which is used in orthographic projection.
To represent the three dimensions (length, breadth and height) of the object, there are three axes known as ISOMETRIC AXES. To start an isometric drawing, a reference line (horizontal line)
and the three axes (X, Y Z) are drawn by taking an angle of 30° from the reference horizontal line as drawn in Fig 7.2. Z axis is a vertical line to the horizontal line drawn from intersection point
of X and Y axes.
Oblique Projection.
Oblique projection may be illustrated in different ways, according to the choice of axes, length of inclined side and direction of looking the side. As compared with isometric projection, in oblique
projection, one side of the object is horizontal, second side is vertical and the third side is inclined at 30Oor 45O to the horizontal. The lengths of the horizontal and vertical sides are equal to the
actual lengths, but the length of the inclined side is taken as three-fourth or half of the actual length.
In oblique projection, an object is placed with its front face parallel to a vertical plane of projection and the visual rays parallel to each other pierce the plane of projection obliquely (Oblique
means inclined). The projection represents the front face of the object in its true shape and size. The rest of the object is not projected true in its shape and size. Both the isometric and oblique
projections are the methods of representing the object pictorially. But the oblique projection is preferable to the isometric projection in representing the objects of circular shapes, because the
front face is in actual shape and size. It is not distorted.
Perspective Projection.
Perspective projection or perspective drawing is the representation of an object on a plane surface, called the picture plane, as it would appear to the eye, when viewed from a fixed position. It
may also be defined as the figure formed on the picture plane when visual rays from the eye to the object cut the picture plane. Perspective is mainly used in architecture. By means of
perspective, the architecture is able to show how an object would appear when constructed.
Non-Pictorial Drawing
It is not always possible to visualize the object merely by looking at the drawing. It requires the help of certain rules and convention of engineering drawing. It can be charts, maps, lay-outs,
aerial photographs and orthographic projections.

Workshop Drawing
The purpose of a workshop drawing is to convey the instructions of the designer to the mechanic concerned, in such a manner that the work to be done can be completed with accuracy and as
rapidly as possible. The drawing will show all necessary measurements, which are expressed clearly without the need for any calculation. The limits of accuracy or the class of fit and the raw
materials from which the parts are to be made, are also indicated.
The drawing may not be of actual size, but for convenience may be made larger or smaller than the actual job, i.e. it will be drawn to scale. The scale is indicated in the title block. Owing to
usage and the possibility of being torn, it is undesirable that the original drawing should be used in the workshop. Instead, a number of prints are reproduced.
Types of Workshop Drawing
There are three types of workshop drawing:
(a) Detail Drawing. This type of drawing provides all necessary dimensions and working instructions for the production of an item, e.g. one part of a hydraulic component.
(b) Assembly Drawing. This type of drawing shows the component or assembly in an assembled state, e.g. the assembly of the various parts of a hydraulic component.
(c) General Arrangement Drawing. This type of drawing shows a number of components in an assembled condition to form a self- contained unit, e.g. the complete hydraulic system of an
aircraft.
Requirement of a Good Workshop Drawing
Workshop drawings are intended to convey the requirements of thedesigner to the tradesman in such a way that the intended work can be carried out accurately and rapidly. To facilitate its
reading, a good workshop drawing should satisfy the following requirements:
(a) It should show all the necessary measurements without superfluous data or repetition.
(b) It should not entail any kind of calculations.
(c) Clearly indicate the raw material from which parts are to be made.
(d) Clearly indicate the limit of accuracy or class of fit as applicable.
(e) Provide a key to machining and other symbols.
(f) Any other information not provided in the above clauses that may be required for satisfactory completion of work.
Workshop Notes
The use of properly composed notes often adds clarity to the presentation of dimensional information involving specific operations. Notes are also used to convey supplementary instruction
about the kind of material, kind of fit, degree of finish, etc. It is a good practice to specify information representing a specific tool operation or a series of tool operations by notes rather than by
figured dimensions. Brevity in form is desirable for notes of general information or specific instructions.
Introduction
One of the best ways to communicate one's ideas is through some form of picture or drawing. This is especially true for the engineer. The purpose of this guide is to give you the basics of
engineering sketching and drawing.
We will treat "sketching" and "drawing" as one. "Sketching" generally means freehand drawing. "Drawing" usually means using drawing instruments, from compasses to computers to bring
precision to the drawings.
This is just an introduction. Don't worry about understanding every detail right now - just get a general feel for the language of graphics.
We hope you like the object in Figure 1, because you'll be seeing a lot of it. Before we get started on any technical drawings, let's get a good look at this strange block from several angles.
Figure 1 - A Machined Block

Technical Lettering
INTRODUCTION
Technical Lettering is a barren piece of engineering drawing. It gives data concerning measures, and guidelines, as notes and
measurements. On a drawing, the entire of the composed data is consistently through lettering. It isn't manually written.
Likewise, it very well might be added here, that Lettering is fitting and right words however not (Printing implies the creation of
literature on a print machine)

 Lettering

The writing of alphabets and numerals such as A, B, C, D…………………….Z and 1, 2, 3……………9, 0 respectively is
called Lettering.

Mainly, there are two types of lettering most commonly used in engineering drawing viz. Gothic Lettering and Roman Lettering.

 Classification Of Lettering

The lettering, in general, is classified in two categories :-

1. Gothic Lettering.
2. Roman Lettering.
 Gothic Lettering
Lettering having all the alphabets or numerals of uniform thickness is called Gothic Lettering.
1. Vertical Gothic Lettering
2. Italic or Inclined Gothic Lettering.
 Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering

These are vertical letter having thickness of each line of alphabet or numerals etc. Same as the single stroke of a [Link]
Stroke means that the letter is written with one or more stems or curves and each made with single stroke.
 Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering
 Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering

These are single stroke letter inclined at 75' to the Horizontal.

Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering

 Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering

Vertical letter drawn by double Stroke of pencil with uniform thickness between these strokes are called Double Stroke Vertical
Gothic Lettering.

Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering

 Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering
 Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering

Double stroke gothic when inclined at an angle of 75' is called Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.

Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering

 Lower Case Vertical Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Lower case vertical gothic lettering is shown along with its sizes. Which is quite self explanatory.

Lower Case Vertical Single Stroke Gothic Lettering

 Lower Case Vertical Double Stroke Gothic Lettering

It is shown along with its size which is quite self explanatory.

Lower Case Vertical Double Stroke Gothic Lettering

 Lower Case Inclined Single Stroke Gothic Lettering

It is shown with its sizes which is self explanatory.

 Lower Case Inclined Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
 Roman Lettering

The lettering in which all the letters are formed by thick and thin elements is called Roman Lettering.

It may be vertical or inclined or inclined. It can be written with a chisel pointed Pencil or D-3 type Speed Ball Pen.

Roman Lettering
 Free Hand Lettering

The writing of alphabets without the use of drawing instruments and in free hand is called Free Hand Lettering.

It may be vertical or Inclined Gothic Lettering.

Free Hand Lettering

Free Hand Lettering

 Mechanical Lettering

In Mechanical Lettering, standard uniform characters that are executed with a special pen held in a scribe and guided by a
template. Mechanical lettering does not normally require the use of lettering guidelines. You will use mechanical lettering
principally for title blocks and notes on drawings, marginal data for special maps, briefing charts, display charts, graphs, titles on
photographs, signs, and any other time that clear, legible, standardized lettering is required. One of the most popular types of
mechanical lettering sets is the LEROY lettering set.

The Mechanical Lettering is some times done using special type of device called a Panto-graph.

A PANTO-GRAPH is basically a device consisting of four links which are pinned to each other in a parallelogram fashion. The
links can move about the hinge. The lowermost link of the parallelogram is fixed to two rigid supports. One vertical link at one
end is connected to a profile tracer which traces the profile of the letter to be drawn and the second vertical link and the other
horizontal link are jointly connected to a pencil that draws the exact shape of the profile traced.

 Height Of Lettering

The height "h" of the capital letter is taken as the base of dimension.

The main requirement of lettering on engineering drawing are legibility, uniformity, ease and rapidity in execution.

Both upright and inclined letter are suitable for general use. All letters should be capital, except where lower case letters are
accepted internationally for abbreviations.

The recommended size of lettering is as under :-

ITEM SIZE h, mm
Drawing number in Title Block and letters denoting Cutting 10, 12
Plane Section
Title of Drawing 6, 8
Sub-titles and Headings 3, 4, 5, 6,
Notes, such as Legends, Schedules, Material list, Dimension 3, 4, 5
Alteration, Entries and Tolerances 2, 3
 Guide Lines

The light thin lines drawn to obtain uniform and correct height of letters are called Guide Lines.

Guide line should be drawn very light and thin, so that, they need not be erased after the lettering is finished. To erase guide
lines after finishing the lettering is not easily possible. Guide line for capital and lower case lettering.
 Guide Lines

Guide Lines
 How To Draw Graph For Lettering

The letters are drawn in a graph. Before drawing the alphabets or numerals of 7:4, 5:4 or any other ratio, a graph is needed.

 First of all take the height of the lettering and draw two parallel horizontal lines.
 Draw Graph For Lettering
 Draw an inclined line at A and mark, 7 or 5 or as required number of vertical squares or rhomboid, parts of any suitable size.
Join B1 with B.

Draw Graph For Lettering

 Draw parallel line to B1B from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 meeting the line AB at A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6.

Draw Graph For Lettering

 From A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6 draw horizontal line.
 Draw Graph For Lettering
 From point B draw line at 45' to the horizontal.

Draw Graph For Lettering

 Draw the vertical line for making lines for making squares and inclined line at an angle of 75' for making graph for inclined
letters.
 Vertical Letters

Inclined Letters
Problems For Practice

1. Rewrite the following in free hand vertical up right printing. Take height of letters = 10 mm. "GROW MORE FOOD"?
2. Print free hand 10 mm height in capital up right letters the following :- DIFFERENT MATERIALS SHOULD BE INDICATED
BY NOTES ON DRAWING?
3. Write your name and the name of your institution in free hand single stroke vertical lettering, taking height of letters as 3
mm, 5 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm?
4. Rewrite the following in free hand vertical upright and inclined lettering. I AM PROUD OF MY COUNTRY, take height of
letters = 3 mm,4 mm,6 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm?
5. Print the following neatly on the drawing sheet in vertical capital letters free hand only :- GOD HELPS THOSE WHO HELP
THEMSELVES?
6. Write alphabets A to Z and numerals 1 to 9 and "0" vertical upright and inclined lettering, free hand, single stroke. Height of
letters = 3 mm, 45 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm,10 mm and 12 mm?
7. Draw single stroke vertical capital letters of ratio 7 : 4 and 6 : 5, INDIAN STANDARD INSTITUTIONS?
8. Print the single stroke vertical letters in height 28 mm in 7 : 4 ratio, BUY NATIONAL SAVING CERTIFICATES?
9. Draw double stroke vertical lettering. A to Z ratio = 5 :4, Height =25 mm, ENGINEERING DRAWING?

Questions For Self Examination

1. What is the purpose of lettering on a drawing sheet?

2. What is the purpose of Guide Line in littering?
3. What is the inclination of inclined lettering?
4. What is the height of lettering for lower case lettering?